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<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of California, Berkeley</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of California, Berkeley"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for mTORC1-dependent regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic transcription factor TFEB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor TFEB is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. The phosphorylation of TFEB by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is unique in its mTORC1 substrate recruitment mechanism, which is strictly dependent on the amino-acid-mediated activation of the RagC GAP FLCN. TFEB lacks the TOR signaling (TOS) motif responsible for the recruitment of other mTORC1 substrates. We used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of TFEB as presented to mTORC1 for phosphorylation. Two full Rag-Ragulator complexes present each molecule of TFEB to the mTOR active site. One Rag-Ragulator complex is bound to Raptor in the canonical mode seen previously in the absence of TFEB. A second Rag-Ragulator complex (non-canonical) docks onto the first via a RagC GDP-dependent contact with the second Ragulator complex. The non-canonical Rag dimer binds the first helix of TFEB in a RagCGDP-dependent aspartate clamp in the cleft between the Rag G domains. Mutation of the clamp drives TFEB constitutively into the nucleus whilst having no effect on mTORC1 localization. The remainder of the 108-amino acid TFEB docking domain winds around Raptor and then back to RagA. This structure presents the phosphorylatable Ser residues of TFEB to the mTORC1 active site in a suitable geometry for their phosphorylation. The double use of RagC GDP contacts in both Rag dimers explains the strong dependence of TFEB phosphorylation on FLCN and the RagC GDP state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monfregola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballabio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for mTORC1-dependent regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic transcription factor TFEB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological landscape of human lymph nodes during ex vivo measles virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, lymph nodes are the primary site of measles virus (MeV) replication. To understand the immunological events that occur at this site, we infected human lymphoid tissue explants using a pathogenic strain of MeV that expresses GFP. We found that MeV infected between 5-15% of cells across donors. Using single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) and flow cytometry, we found that while most of the 29 cell populations identified in the lymphoid culture were susceptible to MeV, there was a broad preferential infection of B cells and reduced infection of T cells. Further subsetting of T cells revealed that this reduction may be driven by the decreased infection of naive T cells. Transcriptional changes in infected B cells were dominated by an interferon stimulated gene (ISG) signature. To determine which of these ISGs were most substantial, we evaluated the proteome of MeV-infected Raji cells by mass spectrometry. We found that IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, CXCL10, MX2, and XAF1 proteins were the most highly induced, and positively correlated with their expression in the transcriptome. These data provide insight into the immunological events that occur in lymph nodes during infection and may lead to the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acklin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degrace, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegame, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological landscape of human lymph nodes during ex vivo measles virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPRAY-INDUCED GENE SILENCING IDENTIFIES PATHOGEN PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO POWDERY MILDEW PROLIFERATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an emerging tool for crop pest protection. It utilizes exogenously applied double stranded RNA to specifically reduce pest target gene expression using endogenous RNA interference machinery. Powdery mildews, widespread obligate biotrophic fungi infect agricultural crops including wheat, barley, cucurbits, grapevine, and ornamentals such as roses. In this study, SIGS methods were developed and optimized for powdery mildews using the known azole-fungicide target CYP51 and the Golovinomyces orontii-Arabidopsis thaliana pathosystem. Additional screening resulted in the identification of conserved gene targets and processes important to powdery mildew proliferation: apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor in essential cellular metabolism and stress response; lipase a, lipase 1, and acetyl-CoA oxidase in lipid catabolism; 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, and a putative abscisic acid G-protein coupled receptor predicted to function in manipulation of the plant hormone abscisic acid; and the secreted effector EC2. Powdery mildew is the dominant disease impacting grapes and extensive powdery mildew resistance to applied fungicides has been reported. Therefore, we developed SIGS for the Erysiphe necator-Vitis vinifera system and tested six successful targets identified using the G. orontii-A. thaliana system. For all targets tested, a similar reduction in powdery mildew disease was observed between systems. This indicates screening of broadly conserved targets in the G. orontii-A. thaliana pathosystem identifies targets and processes for the successful control of other powdery mildews. The flexibility, specificity, reduced environmental and health risks, and rapid transition from the bench to the field make SIGS an exciting prospect for commercial powdery mildew control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McRae, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaButti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildermuth, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPRAY-INDUCED GENE SILENCING IDENTIFIES PATHOGEN PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO POWDERY MILDEW PROLIFERATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vowel and formant representation in human auditory speech cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vowel sounds are a fundamental component of human speech across all languages. Vowels are cued acoustically by formants, the resonance frequencies determined by the shape of the vocal tract during speaking. An outstanding question in neurolinguistics is how the human brain processes vowel formants during speech perception. We used high-density intracranial recordings from the human speech cortex on the superior temporal gyrus (STG) while participants listened to natural continuous speech to address this question. We derived two-dimensional receptive fields based on the first and second formants to characterize tuning to vowel sounds. We found that neural activity at single STG sites was highly selective for particular zones in the formant space. Furthermore, this formant tuning shifted dynamically to adjust for speaker-specific spectral context. Despite this formant selectivity, local cortical responses were not sufficient to reliably discriminate between vowel categories. Instead, vowel category representations could be accurately decoded when using the entire population of formant encoding electrodes. Together, our results reveal that vowels are locally encoded in STG with complex acoustic tuning in two-dimensional formant space. As a population code this gives rise to phonological vowel perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaya-Grossman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vowel and formant representation in human auditory speech cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying host genes essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to reveal novel drug targets and further our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We previously performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify pro-viral host factors for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Very few host factors were required by diverse coronaviruses across multiple cell types, but DYRK1A was one such exception. Although its role in coronavirus infection was completely unknown, DYRK1A encodes Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A and regulates cell proliferation, and neuronal development, among other cellular processes. Interestingly, individuals with Down syndrome overexpress DYRK1A 1.5-fold and exhibit 5-10x higher hospitalization and mortality rates from COVID-19 infection. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK1A regulates ACE2 and DPP4 transcription independent of its catalytic kinase function to support SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV entry. We show that DYRK1A promotes DNA accessibility at the ACE2 promoter and a putative distal enhancer, facilitating transcription and gene expression. Finally, we validate that the pro-viral activity of DYRK1A is conserved across species using cells of monkey and human origin and an in vivo mouse model. In summary, we report that DYRK1A is a novel regulator of ACE2 and DPP4 expression that may dictate susceptibility to multiple highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Whether DYRK1A overexpression contributes to heightened COVID-19 severity in individuals with Down syndrome through ACE2 regulation warrants further future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collings, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeirdt, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, membrane localization and self-assembly of the Gag polyproteins induce membrane deformation and budding. However, release of the immature virion requires direct interaction between Gag lattice and upstream ESCRT machinery at the budding site, followed by assembly of the downstream ESCRT-III factors, culminating in membrane scission. In this work, using "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we investigated the interactions between Gag and different upstream ESCRT components to delineate the molecular organization of proteins at the membrane neck of the HIV-1 budding site. We developed CG models of upstream ESCRT proteins and HIV-1 structural protein Gag based on experimental structural data and extensive all-atom MD simulations. We find that ESCRT-I proteins bound to the immature Gag lattice can recruit multiple copies of ESCRT-II coating the membrane neck. ESCRT-I can effectively oligomerize to higher-order complexes both in absence of ESCRT-II and when multiple copies of ESCRT-II are localized at the bud neck. The ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes observed in our simulations exhibit predominantly extended conformations. Importantly, the ESCRT-I/II supercomplex modulates the membrane mechanical properties at the budding site by decreasing the overall Gaussian curvature of membrane neck. Our findings serve to elucidate a network of interactions between the upstream ESCRT machinery, immature Gag lattice, and membrane bud neck that regulate the protein assemblies and enable bud neck constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of human lateral prefrontal sulcal morphology and its relation to reasoning performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous findings show that the morphology of folds (sulci) of the human cerebral cortex flatten during postnatal development. However, previous studies did not consider the relationship between sulcal morphology and cognitive development in individual participants. Here, we fill this gap in knowledge by leveraging cross-sectional morphological neuroimaging data in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) from individual human participants (6-36 years old, males and females; N = 108; 3672 sulci), as well as longitudinal morphological and behavioral data from a subset of child and adolescent participants scanned at two timepoints (6-18 years old; N = 44; 2992 sulci). Manually defining thousands of sulci revealed that LPFC sulcal morphology (depth, surface area, gray matter thickness, and local gyrification index) differed between children (6-11 years old)/adolescents (11-18 years old) and young adults (22-36 years old) cross-sectionally, but only cortical thickness showed both cross-sectional differences between children and adolescents and presented longitudinal changes during childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, a data-driven approach relating morphology and cognition identified that longitudinal changes in cortical thickness of four rostral LPFC sulci predicted longitudinal changes in reasoning performance, a higher-level cognitive ability that relies on LPFC. Contrary to previous findings, these results suggest that sulci may flatten either after this time frame or over a longer longitudinal period of time than previously presented. Crucially, these results also suggest that longitudinal changes in the cortex within specific LPFC sulci are behaviorally meaningful--providing targeted structures, and areas of the cortex, for future neuroimaging studies examining the development of cognitive abilities.

Significance StatementRecent work has shown that individual differences in neuroanatomical structures (indentations, or sulci) within the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are behaviorally meaningful during childhood and adolescence. Here, we describe how specific LPFC sulci develop at the level of individual participants for the first time--from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Further, we show, also for the first time, that the longitudinal morphological changes in these structures are behaviorally relevant. These findings lay the foundation for a future avenue to precisely study the development of the cortex and highlight the importance of studying the development of sulci in other cortical expanses and charting how these changes relate to the cognitive abilities those areas support at the level of individual participants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of human lateral prefrontal sulcal morphology and its relation to reasoning performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dispensing with unnecessary assumptions in population genetics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parametric assumptions in population genetics analysis - including linearity, sources of population stratification and additivity of variance as part of a Gaussian noise - are often made, yet their (approximate) validity depends on variant and traits of interest, as well as genetic ancestry and population dependence structure of the sample cohort. We present a unified statistical workflow, called TarGene, for targeted estimation of effect sizes, as well as two-point and higher-order epistatic interactions of genomic variants on polygenic traits, which dispenses with these unnecessary assumptions. Our approach is founded on Targeted Learning, a framework for estimation that integrates mathematical statistics, machine learning and causal inference. TarGene maximises power whilst simultaneously maximising control over false discoveries by: (i) guaranteeing optimal bias-variance trade-off, (ii) taking into account potential covariate non-linearities, sources of population stratification and dependence structure, and (iii) detecting genetic non-linearities. The necessity of this model-independent approach is demonstrated via extensive simulations. We validate the effectiveness of our method by reproducing previously verified effect sizes on UK Biobank data, whilst simultaneously discovering non-linear effect sizes of additional allelic copies on trait or disease, in a PheWAS study involving 781 traits. Specifically, we demonstrate genetic non-linearity at the FTO locus is significant for 54 traits in this study. We further find three pairs of epistatic loci associated with skin color that have been previously reported to be associated with hair color. Finally, we illustrate how TarGene can be used to investigate higher-order interactions using three variants linked to the vitamin D receptor complex. TarGene provides a platform for comparative analyses across biobanks, or integration of multiple biobanks and heterogeneous populations to simultaneously increase power and control for type I errors, whilst taking into account population stratification and complex dependence structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labayle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetley-Campbell, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beentjes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamseh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dispensing with unnecessary assumptions in population genetics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultraviolet radiation and dehydration stress induce overlapping transcriptional and metabolic responses in Syntrichia mosses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIProtection from excess solar radiation and access to sufficient water are important problems for terrestrial plants to solve. Desiccation tolerance (DT), defined as the ability to equilibrate to dry air and resume normal metabolic activity after rehydration, allows organisms to survive dry periods by limiting metabolic activity to periods of moisture availability. We compared separate and combined effects of chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) treatments (UV-A and UV-A/B) and a dehydration treatment (as a surrogate for desiccation) in the mosses Syntrichia ruralis and S. caninervis to uncover the nature of correlation between DT and UVR tolerance (UVRT).
C_LIO_LIUsing a fully factorial experiment with combined transcriptomics and metabolomics, we tested for cross-talk (overlap in signaling pathways in response to different stressors but separate mechanisms of protection) in the genetic underpinnings of DT and UVRT and cross-tolerance (overlap in the mechanism of protection) these two stressors.
C_LIO_LIShared transcriptomic response to the two stressors with no significant interaction between them suggested cross-talk between UVRT and DT for S. caninervis. Phenolic metabolites and transcripts were involved in the response to UVR and dehydration in both species.
C_LIO_LISome candidate UVRT genes and metabolites were induced by UVR in S. ruralis, but not S. caninervis, supporting the hypothesis that S. ruralis has a more plastic, acclimatable UVR response than S. caninervis, and that these differences are predictable by their unique interaction with these stressors as poikilohydric organisms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekwealor, J. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultraviolet radiation and dehydration stress induce overlapping transcriptional and metabolic responses in Syntrichia mosses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced Feedback Enhances Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely recognized that sensorimotor learning is enhanced when the feedback is provided throughout the movement compared to when it is provided at the end of the movement. However, the source of this advantage is unclear: Continuous feedback is more ecological, dynamic, and available earlier than endpoint feedback. Here we assess the relative merits of these factors using a method that allows us to manipulate feedback timing independent of actual hand position. By manipulating the onset time of  endpoint feedback, we found that adaptation was modulated in a non-monotonic manner, with the peak of the function occurring in advance of the hand reaching the target. Moreover, at this optimal time, learning was of similar magnitude as that observed with continuous feedback. By varying movement duration, we demonstrate that this optimal time occurs at a relatively fixed time after movement onset, an interval we hypothesize corresponds to when the comparison of the sensory prediction and feedback generates the strongest error signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced Feedback Enhances Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovering how neural computations are implemented in the cortex at the level of monosynaptic connectivity requires probing for the existence of synapses from possibly thousands of presynaptic candidate neurons. Two-photon optogenetics has been shown to be a promising technology for mapping such monosynaptic connections via serial stimulation of neurons with single-cell resolution. However, this approach is limited in its ability to uncover connectivity at large scales because stimulating neurons one-by-one requires prohibitively long experiments. Here we developed novel computational tools that, when combined, enable learning of monosynaptic connectivity from high-speed holographic neural ensemble stimulation. First, we developed a model-based compressed sensing algorithm that identifies connections from postsynaptic responses evoked by stimulation of many neurons at once, considerably increasing the rate at which the existence and strength of synapses are screened. We show that this model-based approach, explicitly incorporating known biophysics of optogenetic mapping experiments, is critical for accurately determining synaptic connectivity using compressed sensing. Second, we developed a deep learning method that isolates the postsynaptic response evoked by each stimulus, allowing stimulation to rapidly switch between ensembles without waiting for the postsynaptic response to return to baseline. We then validated our approach by performing large-scale connectivity mapping experiments in slices from layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex. Together, our system increases the throughput of monosynaptic connectivity mapping by an order of magnitude over existing approaches, enabling the acquisition of connectivity maps at speeds needed to discover the synaptic circuitry implementing neural computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triplett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic Instruction of Cell Fate by Temporal Patterning of Mechanobiological Signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the intricate process by which cells give rise to tissues, embryonic and adult stem cells are exposed to diverse mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) that influence their fate. Cells can sense these cues in part through dynamic generation of protrusions, modulated and controlled by cyclic activation of Rho GTPases. However, it remains unclear how extracellular mechanical signals regulate Rho GTPase activation dynamics and how such rapid, transient activation dynamics are integrated to yield long-term, irreversible cell fate decisions. Here, we report that ECM stiffness cues alter not only the magnitude but also the temporal frequency of RhoA and Cdc42 activation in adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Using optogenetics to control the frequency of RhoA and Cdc42 activation, we further demonstrate that these dynamics are functionally significant, where high- or low-frequency activation of RhoA and Cdc42 drives astrocytic or neuronal differentiation, respectively. In addition, high-frequency Rho GTPase activation induces sustained phosphorylation of the TGF{beta} pathway effector SMAD1, which in turn promotes astrocytic differentiation. By contrast, under low-frequency Rho GTPase stimulation, cells fail to accumulate SMAD1 phosphorylation and undergo neurogenesis. Our findings reveal the temporal patterning of Rho GTPase signaling and the resulting accumulation of a SMAD1 signal as a critical mechanism through which ECM stiffness cues regulate NSC fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampayo, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic Instruction of Cell Fate by Temporal Patterning of Mechanobiological Signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA processing by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus alkaline exonuclease SOX contributes to viral gene expression and infectious virion production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkaline exonucleases (AE) are present in several large DNA viruses including bacteriophage {lambda} and herpesviruses, where they play roles in viral DNA processing during genome replication. Given the genetic conservation of AEs across viruses infecting different kingdoms of life, these enzymes likely assume central roles in the lifecycles of viruses where they have yet to be well characterized. Here, we applied a structure-guided functional analysis of the bifunctional AE in the oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), called SOX. In addition to identifying a preferred DNA substrate preference for SOX, we define key residues important for DNA binding and DNA processing, and how SOX activity on DNA partially overlaps with its functionally separable cleavage of mRNA. By engineering these SOX mutants into KSHV, we reveal roles for its DNase activity in viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Our results provide mechanistic insight into gammaherpesviral AE activity as well as areas of functional conservation between this mammalian virus AE and its distant relative in phage {lambda}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA processing by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus alkaline exonuclease SOX contributes to viral gene expression and infectious virion production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species of bacteria from the genus Cupriavidus are known, in part, for their ability to produce high amounts of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) making them attractive candidate bioplastic producers. The native production of PHB occurs during periods of metabolic stress, and the process regulating the initiation of PHB accumulation in these organisms is not fully understood. Screening an RB-TnSeq transposon library of Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 allowed us to identify two genes of an apparent, uncharacterized two component system which, when omitted from the genome, are capable of increased PHB productivity in balanced, non-stress growth conditions. We observe average increases in PHB productivity of 56% and 41% relative to the wildtype parent strain, upon deleting each of two genes individually from the genome. The increased PHB phenotype disappears, however, in nitrogen-free unbalanced growth conditions suggesting the phenotype is specific to fast-growing, replete, non-stress growth. Bioproduction modeling suggests this phenotype could be due to a decreased reliance on metabolic stress induced by nitrogen limitation to initiate PHB production in the mutant strains. Such strains may allow for the use of single stage, continuous bioreactor systems, which are far simpler than PHB bioproduction schemes used previously. Bioproductivity modeling suggests that omitting this regulation in the cells may increase PHB productivity up to 24% relative to the wildtype organism when using single stage continuous systems. This work furthermore expands our understanding of the regulation of PHB accumulation in Cupriavidus, in particular the initiation of this process upon transition into unbalanced growth regimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sander, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic scale dopamine disruption in Huntington's Disease model mice imaged with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neuromodulation is a critical process that facilitates learning, motivation, and motor control. Disruption of these processes has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders including Huntingtons Disease (HD). While several treatments for physical and psychiatric HD symptoms target dopaminergic neuromodulation, the mechanism by which dopaminergic dysfunction occurs during HD is unknown. This is partly due to limited capability to visualize dopamine dynamics at the spatiotemporal resolution of both neuromodulator release (ms) and dopaminergic boutons ({micro}m). Here we employ near-infrared fluorescent catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) to image dopamine release within the brain striatum of R6/2 Huntingtons Disease Model (R6/2) mice. We find that stimulated dorsal striatal dopamine release decreases with progressive motor degeneration and that these decreases are primarily driven by a decrease in the number of dopamine hotspots combined with decreased release intensity and decreased release fidelity. Using nIRCats high spatial resolution, we show that dopamine hotspots in late HD show increased ability to add new dopamine hotspots at high extracellular calcium concentrations and track individual dopamine hotspots over repeated stimulations and pharmacological wash to measure dopamine hotspots release fidelity. Compellingly, we demonstrate that antagonism of D2-autoreceptors using Sulpiride and direct blocking of Kv1.2 channels using 4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) increases the fidelity of dopamine hotspot activity in WT striatum but not in late HD striatum, indicating that D2-autoreceptor regulation of dopamine release through Kv1.2 channels is compromised in late HD. These findings, enabled by nIRCats, provide a more detailed look into how dopamine release is disrupted and dysregulated during Huntingtons Disease to alter the coverage of dopamine modulation across the dorsal striatum.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuntingtons Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. Dysfunction of dopamine signaling is known to deteriorate in HD but has not been studied at the spatial level of individual release sites. Here, we image dopamine release from individual hotspots in brain slices from R6/2 HD mice at early and late disease timepoints with dopamine nanosensors. We track single dopamine hotspots and find that dopamine hotspot number, release intensity, and release fidelity decrease in HD, and demonstrate that changes in D2-autoreceptor regulation manifest through changes in hotspot release fidelity thus compromising dopamine coverage across the dorsal lateral striatum. These findings highlight dopaminergic neurons in cortico-striatal signaling during HD as a promising new therapeutic target for HD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordani, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irrinki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic scale dopamine disruption in Huntington's Disease model mice imaged with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells form biomolecular condensates to sense and adapt to their environment1,2. Poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1), a canonical stress granule marker3,4, condenses upon heat shock or starvation, promoting adaptation5. The molecular basis of condensation has remained elusive due to a dearth of techniques to probe structure directly in condensates. Here we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate the molecular mechanism of Pab1s condensation. We find that Pab1s four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) undergo different levels of partial unfolding upon condensation, and the changes are similar for thermal and pH stresses. Although structural heterogeneity is observed, the ability of MS to describe individual subpopulations allows us to identify which regions become partially unfolded and contribute to the condensates interaction network. Our data yield a clear molecular picture of Pab1s stress-triggered condensation, which we term sequential activation, wherein each RRM becomes activated at a temperature where it partially unfolds and associates with other likewise activated RRMs to form the condensate. This model thus implies that sequential activation is dictated by the underlying free energy surface, an effect we refer to as thermodynamic specificity. Our study represents a methodological advance for elucidating the interactions that drive biomolecular condensation that we anticipate will be widely applicable. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate how condensation can use thermodynamic specificity to perform an acute response to multiple, stresses, a potentially general mechanism for stress-responsive proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangguan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease driven by bacterial colonization of colonic intestinal epithelial cells. Vertebrates have evolved programmed cell death pathways that sense invasive enteric pathogens and eliminate their intracellular niche. Previously we reported that genetic removal of one such pathway, the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, is sufficient to convert mice from resistant to susceptible to oral Shigella flexneri challenge (Mitchell, Roncaioli et al., 2020). Here, we investigate the protective role of additional cell death pathways during oral mouse Shigella infection. We find that the Caspase-11 inflammasome, which senses Shigella LPS, restricts Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium in the absence of NAIP-NLRC4. However, this protection is limited when Shigella expresses OspC3, an effector that antagonizes Caspase-11 activity. TNF, a cytokine that activates Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, also provides protection from Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium, but only in the absence of both NAIP- NLRC4 and Caspase-11. The combined genetic removal of Caspases-1,-11, and -8 renders mice hyper-susceptible to oral Shigella infection. Our findings uncover a layered hierarchy of cell death pathways that limit the ability of an invasive gastrointestinal pathogen to cause disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roncaioli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babirye, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent cortical activity sculpts visual perception by refining, amplifying, or suppressing incoming visual signals. Despite the importance of recurrent circuits for cortical processing, the basic rules that govern how nearby cortical neurons influence each other remains enigmatic. We used two-photon holographic optogenetics to activate ensembles of neurons in Layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the absence of external stimuli to isolate the impact of local recurrence from external inputs. We find that the spatial arrangement and the stimulus feature preference of both the stimulated and the target ensemble jointly determine the net effect of recurrent activity, defining the cortical activity patterns that drive competition versus facilitation in L2/3 circuits. Computational modeling suggests that a combination of highly local recurrent excitatory connectivity and selective convergence onto inhibitory neurons give rise to these principles of recurrent activity. Our data and modeling reveal that recurrent activity can have varied impact, but a logic emerges through an understanding of the precise spatial distribution and feature preference of the multicellular pattern of activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hosts have evolved diverse strategies to respond to microbial infections, including the detection of pathogen-encoded proteases by inflammasome-forming sensors such as NLRP1 and CARD8. Here, we find that the 3CL protease (3CLpro) encoded by diverse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cleaves a rapidly evolving region of human CARD8 and activates a robust inflammasome response. CARD8 is required for cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further find that natural variation alters CARD8 sensing of 3CLpro, including 3CLpro-mediated antagonism rather than activation of megabat CARD8. Likewise, we find that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in humans reduces CARD8s ability to sense coronavirus 3CLpros, and instead enables sensing of 3C proteases (3Cpro) from select picornaviruses. Our findings demonstrate that CARD8 is a broad sensor of viral protease activities and suggests that CARD8 diversity contributes to inter- and intra-species variation in inflammasome-mediated viral sensing and immunopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Selection Landscape and Genetic Legacy of Ancient Eurasians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Holocene (beginning [~]12,000 years ago) encompassed some of the most significant changes in human evolution, with far-reaching consequences for the dietary, physical, and mental health of present-day populations. Using a dataset of >1600 imputed ancient genomes 1, we modelled the selection landscape during the transition from hunting and gathering, to farming and pastoralism across West Eurasia. We identify major selection signals related to metabolism, including that selection at the FADS cluster began earlier than previously reported, and that selection near the LCT locus predates the emergence of the lactase persistence allele by thousands of years. We also find strong selection in the HLA region, possibly due to increased exposure to pathogens during the Bronze Age. Using ancient individuals to infer local ancestry tracts in >400,000 samples from the UK Biobank, we identify widespread differences in the distribution of Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age ancestries across Eurasia. By calculating ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores, we show that height differences between Northern and Southern Europe are associated with differential Steppe ancestry, rather than selection, and that risk alleles for mood-related phenotypes are enriched for Neolithic farmer ancestry, while risk alleles for diabetes and Alzheimers disease are enriched for Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry. Our results suggest that ancient selection and migration were major contributors to the distribution of phenotypic diversity in present-day Europeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speidel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosengren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Selection Landscape and Genetic Legacy of Ancient Eurasians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural language fMRI dataset for voxelwise encoding models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech comprehension is a complex process that draws on humans abilities to extract lexical information, parse syntax, and form semantic understanding. These sub-processes have traditionally been studied using separate neuroimaging experiments that attempt to isolate specific effects of interest. More recently it has become possible to study all stages of language comprehension in a single neuroimaging experiment using narrative natural language stimuli. The resulting data are richly varied at every level, enabling analyses that can probe everything from spectral representations to high-level representations of semantic meaning. We provide a dataset containing BOLD fMRI responses recorded while 8 subjects each listened to 27 complete, natural, narrative stories (~6 hours). This dataset includes pre-processed and raw MRIs, as well as hand-constructed 3D cortical surfaces for each participant. To address the challenges of analyzing naturalistic data, this dataset is accompanied by a python library containing basic code for creating voxelwise encoding models. Altogether, this dataset provides a large and novel resource for understanding speech and language processing in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari-Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenthal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural language fMRI dataset for voxelwise encoding models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic risk for Multiple Sclerosis originated in Pastoralist Steppe populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a modern neuro-inflammatory and -degenerative disease, which is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Whilst it is known that inherited risk to MS is located within or within close proximity to immune genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated 1. By using the largest ancient genome dataset from the Stone Age 2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that many of the genetic risk variants for MS rose to higher frequency among pastoralists located on the Pontic Steppe, and were brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the Steppe population, and later in Europe, likely driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with dietary, lifestyle, and population density changes. This study highlights the critical importance of this period as a determinant of modern immune responses and its subsequent impact on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attfield, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorkov, M. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springborg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klassen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyldgard, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, A. K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic risk for Multiple Sclerosis originated in Pastoralist Steppe populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Models of Throughput for Multi-Cell, Multi-Type Droplet Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New experimental platforms encapsulate multiple cells per microfluidic droplet, with each cell belonging to one of multiple possible types. The motivating example comes from microbial ecology, where we want to observe the interactions of microbial strains. Because droplets are formed randomly, we want to accurately predict the data throughput, the numbers of droplets containing desired combinations of cell types.

Herein I identify the default statistical model for predicting the data throughput of multi-cell, multi-type droplet microfluidics experiments, which fits to cell type count data. I explain the assumptions behind this model and issues that in practice may cause these assumptions to fail. One such issue, "compositional heterogeneity", is unique to multi-type experiments. I show how to modify the default statistical model to describe the consequences of these issues, without needing to mechanistically model their causes.

In practice, only two of these issues may substantially change the data throughput predictions. The changes depend on both (1) which combination of these issues are present, and (2) the precise definition of data throughput. Finally, I show that for a given experimental platform one can estimate the severity of these two issues, enabling more accurate data throughput predictions that account for these two issues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krinsman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Models of Throughput for Multi-Cell, Multi-Type Droplet Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending Comparison Methods for Unsigned Networks to Signed Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We can allow the edges of networks to have both negative and positive weights. For example, signed networks can describe the interactions of microbes. To evaluate the performance of estimators for signed networks, we need quantitative comparison methods for signed networks. Finding such comparison methods is done most easily by extending a comparison method for unsigned networks.

Almost all methods reported in the literature for quantitatively comparing networks implicitly assume that edge weights are non-negative. Naive attempts to modify these methods to be applicable to signed networks can lead to nonsensical conclusions. Herein I identify requirements that should be satisfied by reasonable methods for comparing signed networks, most importantly the "double penalization principle". I extend several comparison methods for unsigned networks while satisfying these requirements. Finally, I give examples where these extensions behave reasonably but naive extensions do not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krinsman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending Comparison Methods for Unsigned Networks to Signed Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a major disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in warm and humid production environments. Use of genetically resistant cultivars is an effective approach to manage bacterial spot. Two recessive resistance genes, bs5 and bs6, confer non-race-specific resistance against bacterial spot. The objective of our study was to map these two loci in the pepper genome. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to initially map the position of the two resistances. Segregant populations for bs5 and bs6 were developed by crossing susceptible Early CalWonder (ECW) with near-isogenic lines ECW50R (bs5 introgression) or ECW60R (bs6 introgression). Following fine-mapping, bs5 was delimited to a ~535 Kbp interval on chromosome 3, and bs6 to a ~666 Kbp interval in chromosome 6 of pepper. We also identified 14 and 8 candidate resistance genes for bs5 and bs6, respectively, based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent. Mapping of bs5 and bs6 will facilitate their use in breeding programs through marker-assisted selection and is also a crucial step towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance.

Key messageTwo recessive bacterial spot resistance genes were mapped in the pepper genome, which will facilitate their advancement in commercial pepper for management of all races of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wente, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsavage, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejos, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazourek, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stall, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial Findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insufficient sleep is a major health issue. Inadequate sleep is associated with an array of poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, certain forms of cancer, Alzheimers disease, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Given concerns with typical sedative hypnotic drugs for treating sleep difficulties, there is a compelling need for added alternative interventions. Here, we report results of a non-invasive electrical brain stimulation approach to optimizing sleep involving transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

A total of 25 participants (mean age: 46.3, S.D. {+/-}12.4, 15 females) were recruited for a null-stimulation controlled (Control condition), within subjects, randomized crossed design, that included two variants of an active condition involving 15 minutes pre-sleep tACS stimulation. To evaluate the impact on sleep quality, the two active tACS stimulation conditions were designed to modulate sleep-dependent neural activity in the theta/alpha frequency bands, with both stimulation types applied to all subjects in separate sessions. The first tACS condition used a fixed stimulation pattern across all participants, a pattern composed of stimulation at 5Hz and 10Hz. The second tACS condition used a personalized stimulation approach with the stimulation frequencies determined by each individuals peak EEG frequencies in the 4-6Hz and 9-11Hz bands.

Personalized tACS stimulation increased sleep quantity (duration) by 22 minutes compared to a Control condition (p=.04), and 19 minutes compared to Fixed tACS stimulation (p=.03). Fixed stimulation did not significantly increase sleep duration compared to Control (mean: 3 minutes; p=0.75). For sleep onset, the Personalized tACS stimulation resulted in reducing the onset by 28% compared to the Fixed tACS stimulation (6 minutes faster, p=.02). For a Poor Sleep sub-group (n=13) categorized with Clinical Insomnia and with a high insomnia severity, Personalized tACS stimulation improved sleep duration by 33 minutes compared to Fixed stimulation (p=0.02), and 30 minutes compared to Control condition (p<0.1).

Together, these results suggest that Personalized stimulation improves sleep quantity and time taken to fall asleep relative to Control and Fixed stimulation providing motivation for larger-scale trials for Personalized tACS as a sleep therapeutic, including for those with insomnia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurumoorthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayanampudi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial Findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MHC-E restricted CD8 T cells show promise in vaccine settings, but their development and specificity remain poorly understood. Here we focus on a CD8 T cell population reactive to a self-peptide (FL9) bound to mouse MHC-E (Qa-1b) that is presented in response to loss of the MHC I processing enzyme ERAAP, termed QFL T cells. We find that mature QFL thymocytes are predominantly CD8{beta}+CD4-, show signs of agonist selection, and give rise to both CD8 and CD8{beta} intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), as well as memory phenotype CD8{beta} T cells. QFL T cells require the MHC I subunit {beta}-2 microglobulin ({beta}2m), but do not require Qa1b or classical MHC I for positive selection. However, QFL thymocytes do require Qa1b for agonist selection and full functionality. Our data highlight the relaxed requirements for positive selection of an MHC-E restricted T cell population and suggest a CD8{beta}+CD4-pathway for development of CD8 IELs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide CRISPR screen implicates plasma membrane asymmetry in exogenous C6-ceramide toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide impacts diverse cellular processes (e.g., apoptosis and cell proliferation) through its effects on membrane dynamics and intracellular signalling pathways. The dysregulation of ceramide metabolism has been implicated in cancer evasion of apoptosis and targeting ceramide metabolism has potential therapeutic benefits as a strategy to kill cancer cells and slow tumor growth. However, the mechanisms of cancer cell resistance to ceramide-mediated cell death are vastly intertwined and incompletely understood. To shed light on this mystery, we performed a genome wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to systematically identify regulators of cancer resistance to the soluble short chain ceramide, C6 ceramide (C6-Cer). Our results reveal a complex landscape of genetic modifiers of C6-Cer toxicity, including genes associated with ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular trafficking, and membrane biology. Furthermore, we find that loss of the phospholipid flippase subunit TMEM30A impairs the plasma membrane trafficking of its binding partner the P4-type ATPase ATP11B, and depletion of TMEM30A or ATP11B disrupts plasma membrane asymmetry and promotes resistance to C6-Cer toxicity independent of alterations in C6-Cer uptake. Together, our findings provide a resource of genetic modifiers of C6-Cer toxicity and reveal an unexpected role of plasma membrane asymmetry in C6-Cer induced cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, S. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide CRISPR screen implicates plasma membrane asymmetry in exogenous C6-ceramide toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaphic specialization onto bare, rocky outcrops as a factor in the evolution of desert angiosperms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the processes that enable organisms to shift into more arid environments as they emerge is critical for gauging resilience to climate change, yet these forces remain poorly known. In a comprehensive clade-based study, we investigate recent shifts into North American deserts in the rock daisies (Perityleae), a diverse tribe of desert sunflowers (Compositae). We sample Perityleae across two separate contact zones between tropical deciduous forest and desert biomes in western North America and infer a time-calibrated phylogeny based on target capture sequence data. We reconstruct biome shifts using Bayesian inference with paleobiome-informed models and find evidence for seven independent shifts into desert habitats since the onset of aridification in the late Miocene epoch. The earliest shift occurred out of tropical deciduous forests and led to an extensive radiation throughout North American deserts that accounts for the majority of extant desert Perityleae. Reconstructions of life history and micro-habitat in Perityleae reveal a correlation between a suffrutescent perennial life history and edaphic endemism onto rocky outcrops, an ecological specialization that evolved prior to establishment and diversification in deserts. That the insular radiation of desert rock daisies stemmed from ancestors pre-adapted for dry conditions as edaphic endemics in otherwise densely vegetated tropical deciduous forests in northwest Mexico underscores the crucial role of exaptation and dispersal for shifts into arid environments.

Significance StatementThe environmentally stressful conditions found in desert regions have often been implicated as the main factor in the evolution of drought tolerance in desert plants. Yet many iconic desert plant lineages evolved prior to the recent emergence of widespread arid climates, suggesting an important role for pre-adaptation (exaptation). In the desert rock daisies (Perityleae), we provide empirical support for this view by showing that life history evolution associated with their ecological specialization onto rock outcrops was a precursor to their establishment and extensive diversification in North American deserts. We caution against assuming the presence of ancient dry biomes based on time-calibrated phylogenies and we emphasize the fundamental roles that exaptation and dispersal play during community assembly in novel environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lichter-Marck, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaphic specialization onto bare, rocky outcrops as a factor in the evolution of desert angiosperms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pericytes control vascular stability and auditory spiral ganglion neuron survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner ear has a rich population of pericytes, a multi-functional mural cell essential for sensory hair cell heath and normal hearing. However, the mechanics of how pericytes contribute to the homeostasis of the auditory vascular-neuronal complex in the spiral ganglion is not yet known. In this study, using an inducible and conditional pericyte depletion mouse (PdgfrbCreERT2+/-; ROSA26iDTR+/-) model, we demonstrate, for the first time, that pericyte depletion causes loss of vascular volume and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and adversely affects hearing sensitivity. Using an in vitro trans-well co-culture system, we show pericytes markedly promote neurite and vascular branch growth in neonatal SGN explants and adult SGNs. The pericyte-controlled neural growth is strongly mediated by pericyte-released exosomes containing vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Treatment of neonatal SGN explants or adult SGNs with pericyte-derived exosomes significantly enhances angiogenesis, SGN survival, and neurite growth, all of which were inhibited by a selective blocker of the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1). Our study demonstrates that pericytes in the adult ear are critical for vascular stability and SGN health. Cross-talk between pericytes and SGNs via exosomes is essential for neuronal and vascular health and normal hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabdoub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pericytes control vascular stability and auditory spiral ganglion neuron survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel evolution and cryptic diversification in the common and widespread Amazonian tree, Protium subserratum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lowland Amazon rainforest houses some of the greatest tree diversity on earth. While the vast majority of these species are rare, a small number are common and widespread and thus considered to play a disproportionate role in many of the global ecosystem services provided by the Amazon. However, the extent to which dominant Amazonian tree species actually include multiple clades, each on their own unique evolutionary trajectory, is unknown. Here we investigate the extent to which lineage divergence may be occurring within Protium subserratum (Burseraceae), a common and widespread tree species that is monophyletic with populations exhibiting genotypic and phenotypic differences associated with soil and geography. Utilizing a combination of phylogenomic and population genomic methods with sampling from across the range, we found that P. subserratum contains at least eight distinct clades. Specialization onto white-sand soils has evolved independently at least two times within the species; however, phenotype is not correlated with soil type. Finally, cryptic diversity at the base of the Andes is associated with elevational shifts. Together these results lend support to the hypothesis that common and widespread Amazon tree species may not represent evolutionary cohesive units. Instead, these dominant species may more commonly represent species complexes, undergoing evolutionary transitions on a trajectory to become multiple range restricted, specialist species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Misiewicz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel evolution and cryptic diversification in the common and widespread Amazonian tree, Protium subserratum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A brain-computer interface that decodes continuous language from non-invasive recordings would have many scientific and practical applications. Currently, however, decoders that reconstruct continuous language use invasive recordings from surgically implanted electrodes1-3, while decoders that use non-invasive recordings can only identify stimuli from among a small set of letters, words, or phrases4-7. Here we introduce a non-invasive decoder that reconstructs continuous natural language from cortical representations of semantic meaning8 recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Given novel brain recordings, this decoder generates intelligible word sequences that recover the meaning of perceived speech, imagined speech, and even silent videos, demonstrating that a single language decoder can be applied to a range of semantic tasks. To study how language is represented across the brain, we tested the decoder on different cortical networks, and found that natural language can be separately decoded from multiple cortical networks in each hemisphere. As brain-computer interfaces should respect mental privacy9, we tested whether successful decoding requires subject cooperation, and found that subject cooperation is required both to train and to apply the decoder. Our study demonstrates that continuous language can be decoded from non-invasive brain recordings, enabling future multipurpose brain-computer interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.509744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical somatostatin interneuron subtypes form cell-type specific circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cardinal interneuron classes are a useful simplification of cortical interneuron diversity, but such broad subgroupings glosses over the molecular, morphological, and circuit specificity of interneuron subtypes, most notably among the somatostatin interneuron class. The organizing principles by which the connectivity of these subtypes is specified are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we designed a series of genetic strategies to target the breadth of somatostatin interneuron subtypes. Using these strategies to target three subtypes that span the entire cortical column, we examined their afferent and efferent connectivity. Our data demonstrated that each of these possesses remarkable reciprocal connectivity with the intracortical or corticofugal pyramidal classes, as well as parvalbumin interneurons. Even when two interneuron subtypes shared the same efferent target, their synaptic targeting proved selective for particular dendritic compartments. We thus provide evidence that subtypes of somatostatin cortical interneurons form cell-type specific cortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldi, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pörnneke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical somatostatin interneuron subtypes form cell-type specific circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) are common sources of structural variation, and insertions originating from spontaneous DNA lesions are frequent in cancer. We developed a highly sensitive assay in human cells (Indel-Seq) to monitor rearrangements at the TRIM37 acceptor locus which reports indels stemming from experimentally-induced and spontaneous genome instability. Templated insertions derive from sequences genome-wide and are enriched within 100 kb of donor regions flanking a DSB. Insertions require contact between donor and acceptor loci as well as DNA-PK catalytic activity. Notably, these templated insertions originate from actively transcribed loci, underscoring transcription as a critical source of spontaneous genome instability. Transcription-coupled insertions involve a DNA/RNA hybrid intermediate and are stimulated by DNA end-processing. Using engineered Cas9 breaks, we establish that ssDNA overhangs at the acceptor site greatly stimulate insertions. Indel-Seq revels that insertions are generated via at least three distinct pathways. Our studies indicate that insertions result from movement and subsequent contact between acceptor and donor loci followed invasion or annealing, then by non-homologous end-joining at the acceptor site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.509517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of spatial and temporal cis-regulatory divergence between marine and freshwater sticklebacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory changes are thought to play a major role in adaptation. Threespine sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized freshwater habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, where they have evolved a suite of phenotypes that distinguish them from marine populations, including changes in physiology, behavior, and morphology. To understand the role of gene regulatory evolution in adaptive divergence, here we investigate cis-regulatory changes in gene expression between marine and freshwater ecotypes through allele-specific expression (ASE) in F1 hybrids. Surveying seven ecologically relevant tissues, including three sampled across two developmental stages, we identified cis-regulatory divergence affecting a third of genes, nearly half of which were tissue-specific. Next, we compared allele-specific expression in dental tissues at two timepoints to characterize cis-regulatory changes during development between marine and freshwater fish. Applying a genome-wide test for selection on cis-regulatory changes, we find evidence for lineage-specific selection on several processes, including the Wnt signaling pathway in dental tissues. Finally, we show that genes with ASE, particularly those that are tissue-specific, are enriched in genomic regions associated with marine-freshwater divergence, supporting an important role for cis-regulatory differences in adaptive evolution of sticklebacks. Altogether, our results provide insight into the cis-regulatory landscape of divergence between stickleback ecotypes and supports a fundamental role for cis-regulatory changes in rapid adaptation to new environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of spatial and temporal cis-regulatory divergence between marine and freshwater sticklebacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isotope-enrichment reveals active viruses follow microbial host dynamics during rewetting of a California grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are abundant, ubiquitous members of soil communities that kill microbial cells, but how they respond to perturbation of soil ecosystems is essentially unknown. Here, we investigated lineage-specific virus-host dynamics in grassland soil following "wet-up", when resident microbes are both resuscitated and lysed after a prolonged dry period. Quantitative isotope tracing, time-resolved metagenomics and viromic analyses indicated that dry soil held a diverse but low biomass reservoir of virions, of which only a subset thrived following wet-up. Viral richness decreased by 50% within 24 h post wet-up, while viral biomass increased four-fold within one week. Counter to recent hypotheses suggesting temperate viruses predominate in soil, our evidence indicates that wet-up is dominated by viruses in lytic cycles. We estimate that viruses drive a measurable and continuous rate of cell lysis, with up to 46% of microbial death driven by viral lysis one week following wet-up. Thus, viruses contribute to turnover of soil microbial biomass and the widely reported CO2 efflux following wet-up of seasonally dry soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isotope-enrichment reveals active viruses follow microbial host dynamics during rewetting of a California grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JGI Plant Gene Atlas: An updateable transcriptome resource to improve structural annotations and functional gene descriptions across the plant kingdom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene functional descriptions, which are typically derived from sequence similarity to experimentally validated genes in a handful of model species, offer a crucial line of evidence when searching for candidate genes that underlie trait variation. Plant responses to environmental cues, including gene expression regulatory variation, represent important resources for understanding gene function and crucial targets for plant improvement through gene editing and other biotechnologies. However, even after years of effort and numerous large-scale functional characterization studies, biological roles of large proportions of protein coding genes across the plant phylogeny are poorly annotated. Here we describe the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Plant Gene Atlas, a public and updateable data resource consisting of transcript abundance assays from 2,090 samples derived from 604 tissues or conditions across 18 diverse species. We integrated across these diverse conditions and genotypes by analyzing expression profiles, building gene clusters that exhibited tissue/condition specific expression, and testing for transcriptional modulation in response to environmental queues. For example, we discovered extensive phylogenetically constrained and condition-specific expression profiles across many gene families and genes without any functional annotation. Such conserved expression patterns and other tightly co-expressed gene clusters let us assign expression derived functional descriptions to 64,620 genes with otherwise unknown functions. The ever-expanding Gene Atlas resource is available at JGI Plant Gene Atlas (https://plantgeneatlas.jgi.doe.gov) and Phytozome (https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov), providing bulk access to data and user-specified queries of gene sets. Combined, these web interfaces let users access differentially expressed genes, track orthologs across the Gene Atlas plants, graphically represent co-expressed genes, and visualize gene ontology and pathway enrichments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreedasyam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perroud, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jawdy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakirov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Jerez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchlinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiben, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allona, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grattapaglia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JGI Plant Gene Atlas: An updateable transcriptome resource to improve structural annotations and functional gene descriptions across the plant kingdom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MarR-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of mmpSL5 Induces Ethionamide Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is an emerging non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen responsible for a wide variety of respiratory and cutaneous infections that are difficult to treat with standard antibacterial therapy. Mabs has a high degree of both innate and acquired antibiotic resistance to most clinically relevant drugs, including standard anti-mycobacterial agents. Ethionamide (ETH), an inhibitor of mycolic acid biosynthesis is currently utilized as a second-line agent for treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections. Here, we show that ETH has activity against clinical strains of Mabs in vitro at concentrations that are therapeutically achievable. Using transposon mutagenesis and whole genome sequencing of spontaneous drug-resistant mutants, we identified marR (MAB_2648c) as a genetic determinant of ETH sensitivity in Mabs. The gene marR encodes a transcriptional regulator of the TetR family of regulators. We show that MarR represses expression of MAB_2649 (mmpS5) and MAB_2650 (mmpL5). Further, we show that de-repression of these genes in marR mutants confers resistance to ETH, but not other antibiotics. To identify determinants of resistance that may be shared across antibiotics, we also performed Tn-Seq during treatment with amikacin and clarithromycin, drugs currently used clinically to treat Mabs. We found very little overlap in genes that modulate the sensitivity of Mabs to all three antibiotics, suggesting a high degree of specificity for resistance mechanisms in this emerging pathogen.

ImportanceAntibiotic resistant infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) have been increasing in prevalence and treatment is often unsuccessful. Success rates range from 30-50%, primarily due to the high intrinsic resistance of Mabs to most clinically useful antibiotics. New therapeutic strategies, including repurposing of existing antibiotics, are urgently needed to improve treatment success rates. Here, we show that the anti-TB antibiotic ethionamide (ETH) has repurposing potential against Mabs, displaying bacteriostatic activity and delaying emergence of drug resistance when combined with clinically relevant antibiotics currently used against Mabs in vitro. We identified genes that modulated susceptibility of Mabs to ETH. marR encodes a transcriptional regulator that when deleted, confers ETH resistance. Our collective findings can be used to further explore the function of other genes that contribute to ETH susceptibility and help design the next generation of antibacterial regimens against Mabs that may potentially include ETH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Kruger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Camba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetterman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MarR-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of mmpSL5 Induces Ethionamide Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human-specific motif facilitates CARD8 inflammasome activation after HIV-1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate immune complexes that play a critical role in host defense against pathogens but can also contribute to inflammatory pathogenesis. Here, we find that the human inflammasome-forming sensor CARD8 senses HIV-1 infection via site-specific cleavage of the CARD8 N-terminus by the HIV protease (HIV-1PR). HIV-1PR cleavage of CARD8 induces pyroptotic cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from infected cells, processes that we find are dependent on Toll-like receptor stimulation prior to viral infection. Our evolutionary analyses reveal that the HIV-1PR cleavage site in CARD8 is unique to humans, and that chimpanzee CARD8 does not recognize proteases from HIV or simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees (SIVcpz). In contrast, SIVcpz does cleave human CARD8, suggesting that SIVcpz was poised to activate the human CARD8 inflammasome prior to its cross-species transmission into humans and implicating the CARD8 inflammasome as a potential driver of HIV pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human-specific motif facilitates CARD8 inflammasome activation after HIV-1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photosynthetically active radiation is required for seedling growth promotion by volcanic dacitic tuff breccia (Azomite) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A plants growth and development are shaped by its genome and the capacity to negotiate its environment for access to light, water, and nutrients. There is a vital need to understand the interactions between the plant, its physical environment, and the fertilizers used in agriculture. In this study, a commercially available volcanic ash fertilizer, Azomite(R), characterized as dacitic (rhyolitic) tuff breccia (DTB), was tested for its effect on promoting early seedling vigor. Early growth and photomorphogenesis processes are well studied in Arabidopsis. Seedling assays under different light conditions were used to dissect the underlying mechanisms involved. These assays are well established and can be translated to agriculturally important crop plants. The volcanic ash fertilizer was tested at different concentrations on seedlings grown on basic media lacking sucrose either in continuous darkness (Dc), continuous Red (Rc), Far-Red (FRc), or White Light (WLc). Micronutrients in the volcanic ash significantly increased seedling growth under Rc and WLc, but not under Dc and FRc, indicating that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was required for the observed growth increase. Furthermore, red-light photoreceptor mutant, phyB-9 lacked the growth response, and higher amount of fertilizer reduced growth in all conditions tested. These data suggest that light triggers the ability of the seedling to utilize micronutrients in volcanic ash in a dose-dependent manner. The methods described here can be used to establish mechanisms of activity of various nutrient inputs, and coupled with whole-genome expression profiling, can lead to better insights into optimizing nutrient field applications to improve crop production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCue, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photosynthetically active radiation is required for seedling growth promotion by volcanic dacitic tuff breccia (Azomite)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change may impact human health through the influence of weather on environmental transmission of diarrhea. Previous studies have found that high temperatures and heavy precipitation are associated with increased diarrhea prevalence, but the underlying causal mechanisms are not clear. We linked measurements of Escherichia coli in source water (n=1,673), stored drinking water (n=8,924), and hand rinses from children <2 years old (n=2,660) with publicly available gridded temperature and precipitation data (at [&le;]0.2 degree spatial resolution and daily temporal resolution) by the GPS coordinates and date of sample collection. Measurements were collected over a 3-year period across a 2500 km2 area in rural Kenya. In drinking water sources, high 7-day temperature was associated with a 0.16 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001), while heavy 7-day total precipitation was associated with a 0.29 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001). In household stored drinking water, heavy 7-day precipitation was associated with a 0.079 increase in log10 E. coli levels (p=0.042). On child hands, high 7-day temperature was associated with a 0.39 decrease in log10 E. coli levels (p<0.001). Our findings provide insight on how climate change could impact environmental transmission of bacterial pathogens in Kenya, and suggest water treatment could be a mitigation strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureithi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mboya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campolo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural model of proximity to reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout learning, refinement of cortical activity in cortex, a process termed "credit assignment", underlies the refinement of behavioral actions leading to reward. While previous research shows striatums role in linking behavior to reward, striatums role in linking the underlying behaviorally-relevant cortical activity to reward remains unclear. Leveraging a neuroprosthetic task while recording from the rat cortex and striatum, we demonstrate that the striatum encodes the dynamics of the proximity of cortical activity to reward. Such encoding was independent from external task feedback and emerged as cortical activity consolidated over learning, with dorsal and ventral striatum playing complementary yet distinct roles. Striatal activity thus constitutes a neural model of cortical progress towards reward, suggesting one mechanism by which the brain implements credit assignment to refine behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Llopis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural model of proximity to reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of single-cell genomics is now observing a marked increase in the prevalence of cohort-level studies that include hundreds of samples and feature complex designs. These data have tremendous potential for discovering how sample or tissue-level phenotypes relate to cellular and molecular composition. However, current analyses are based on simplified representations of these data by averaging information across cells. We present MrVI, a deep generative model designed to realize the potential of cohort studies at the single-cell level. MrVI tackles two fundamental and intertwined problems: stratifying samples into groups and evaluating the cellular and molecular differences between groups, both without requiring a priori grouping of cells into types or states. Due to its single-cell perspective, MrVI is able to detect clinically relevant stratifications of patients in COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohorts that are only manifested in certain cellular subsets, thus enabling new discoveries that would otherwise be overlooked. Similarly, we demonstrate that MrVI can de-novo identify groups of small molecules with similar biochemical properties and evaluate their effects on cellular composition and gene expression in large-scale perturbation studies. MrVI is available as open source at scvi-tools.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative modeling for quantifying sample-level heterogeneity in single-cell omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does prefrontal connectivity during task switching help or hinder children's performance? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to flexibly switch between tasks is key for goal-directed behavior and continues to improve across childhood. Childrens task switching difficulties are thought to reflect less efficient engagement of sustained and transient control processes, resulting in lower performance on blocks that intermix tasks (sustained demand) and trials that require a task switch (transient demand). Sustained and transient control processes are associated with frontoparietal regions, which develop throughout childhood and may contribute to task switching development. We examined age differences in the modulation of frontoparietal regions by sustained and transient control demands in children (8-11 years) and adults. Children showed greater performance costs than adults, especially under sustained demand, along with less upregulation of sustained and transient control activation in frontoparietal regions. Compared to adults, children showed increased connectivity between the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) from single to mixed blocks. For children whose sustained activation was less adult-like, increased IFJ-lPFC connectivity was associated with better performance. Children with more adult-like sustained activation showed the inverse effect. These results suggest that individual differences in task switching in later childhood at least partly depend on the recruitment of frontoparietal regions in an adult-like manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwarze, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laube, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenberger, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fandakova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does prefrontal connectivity during task switching help or hinder children's performance?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment, calibration, and validation of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope optimized for resolving human cones in the central fovea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) technology have enabled cones in the human fovea to be reliably resolved, providing new insight into human foveal anatomy, visual perception, and retinal degenerative diseases. These high-resolution ophthalmoscopes require careful alignment of each optical subsystem to ensure diffraction-limited imaging performance, which is necessary for resolving the smallest foveal cones. This paper presents a systematic and rigorous methodology for building, aligning, calibrating, and testing an AOSLO designed for imaging the cone mosaic of the central fovea in humans with cellular resolution. This methodology uses a two-stage alignment procedure and thorough system testing to achieve diffraction-limited performance. Results from retinal imaging of healthy human subjects show that the system can resolve cones at the very center of the fovea, the region where the cones are smallest and most densely packed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linebach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment, calibration, and validation of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope optimized for resolving human cones in the central fovea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Majority of the highly variable NLRs in maize share genomic location and contain additional target-binding domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide-binding, Leucine Rich Repeat proteins (NLRs) are a major class of immune receptors in plants. NLRs include both conserved and rapidly evolving members, however their evolutionary trajectory in crops remains understudied. Availability of crop pan-genomes enables analysis of the recent events in the evolution of this highly complex gene family within domesticated species. Here, we investigated the NLR complement of 26 nested association mapping (NAM) founder lines of maize. We found that maize has just four main subfamilies containing rapidly evolving highly variable NLR (hvNLR) receptors. Curiously, three of these phylogenetically distinct hvNLR lineages are located in adjacent clusters on chromosome 10. Members of the same hvNLR clade show variable expression and methylation across lines and tissues, consistent with their rapid evolution. By combining sequence diversity analysis and AlphaFold2 computational structure prediction we predicted ligand binding sites in the hvNLRs. We also observed novel insertion domains in the LRR regions of two hvNLR subfamilies that likely contribute to target recogniton. To make this analysis accessible, we created NLRCladeFinder, a Google Colaboratory notebook, that accepts any newly identified NLR sequence, places it in the evolutionary context of the maize pan-NLRome, and provides an updated clade alignment, phylogenetic tree, and sequence diversity information for the gene of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangavajjhala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Majority of the highly variable NLRs in maize share genomic location and contain additional target-binding domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near Infrared Nanosensors Enable Optical Imaging of Oxytocin with Selectivity over Vasopressin in Acute Mouse Brain Slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin plays a critical role in regulating social behaviors, yet our understanding of its role in both neurological health and disease remains incomplete. Real-time oxytocin imaging probes with the spatiotemporal resolution relevant to its endogenous signaling are required to fully elucidate oxytocin function in the brain. Herein we describe a near-infrared oxytocin nanosensor (nIROx), a synthetic probe capable of imaging oxytocin in the brain without interference from its structural analogue, vasopressin. nIROx leverages the inherent tissue-transparent fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and the molecular recognition capacity of an oxytocin receptor peptide fragment (OXTp) to selectively and reversibly image oxytocin. We employ these nanosensors to monitor electrically stimulated oxytocin release in brain tissue, revealing oxytocin release sites with a median size of 3 m which putatively represents the spatial diffusion of oxytocin from its point of release. These data demonstrate that covalent SWCNT constructs such as nIROx are powerful optical tools that can be leveraged to measure neuropeptide release in brain tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near Infrared Nanosensors Enable Optical Imaging of Oxytocin with Selectivity over Vasopressin in Acute Mouse Brain Slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary shift from a single-element ear, multi-element jaw to a multi-element ear, single-element jaw during the transition to crown mammals marks one of the most dramatic structural transformations in vertebrates. Research on this transformation has focused on mammalian middle-ear evolution, but a mandible comprised of only the dentary is equally emblematic of this evolutionary radiation. Here we show that the remarkably diverse jaw shapes of crown mammals are coupled with surprisingly stereotyped jaw stiffness. This strength-based morphofunctional regime has a genetic basis and allowed mammalian jaws to effectively resist deformation as they radiated into highly disparate forms with markedly distinct diets. The main functional consequences for the mandible of decoupling hearing and mastication were a trade-off between higher jaw stiffness versus decreased mechanical efficiency and speed compared to non-mammals. This fundamental and consequential shift in jaw form-function underpins the ecological and taxonomic diversification of crown mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBiodiversity has typically been quantified using species richness, but this ignores evolutionary history. Due to the increasing availability of robust phylogenies, methods have been developed that incorporate phylogenetic relationships into quantification of biodiversity. CANAPE (categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism) is one such method that can provide insight into the evolutionary processes generating biodiversity. The only currently available software implementing CANAPE is Biodiverse, which is written in Perl and can be used either through a graphical user interface (GUI) or user-developed scripts. However, many researchers, particularly in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, use the R programming language to conduct their analyses.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present canaper, a new R package that provides functions to conduct CANAPE in R. canaper implements methods for efficient computation, including parallelization and encoding of community data as sparse matrices. The interface is designed for maximum simplicity and reproducibility; CANAPE can be conducted with two functions, and parallel computing can be enabled with one line of code.
C_LIO_LIOur case study shows that canaper produces equivalent results to Biodiverse and can complete computations on moderately sized datasets quickly (< 10 min to reproduce a canonical study).
C_LIO_LIcanaper allows researchers to conduct all analyses from data import and cleaning through CANAPE within R, thereby averting the need to manually import and export data and analysis results between programs. We anticipate canaper will become a part of the toolkit for analyzing biodiversity in R.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in deuterostomes have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. While Nodal signaling is required for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) across bilaterian species, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in the deuterostome common ancestor was the necessary step in inducing a gain-of-function in LRA regulation. This study shows that that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the bilaterian stem lineage, before being adopted as a master mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in deuterostomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truchado-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavodeassi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of AGO4 slicing-enhanced RNA-directed DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-directed DNA methylation in plants is guided by 24 nt siRNAs generated in parallel with 23 nt RNAs of unknown function. We show that 23 nt RNAs function as passenger strands during 24 nt siRNA incorporation into AGO4. The 23 nt RNAs are then sliced into 11 and 12 nt fragments, with 12 nt fragments remaining associated with AGO4. Slicing recapitulated with recombinant AGO4 and synthetic RNAs reveals that siRNAs of 21-24 nt, with any 5 terminal nucleotide, can guide slicing, with sliced RNAs then retained by AGO4. In vivo, RdDM target locus RNAs that copurify with AGO4 also display a sequence signature of slicing. Comparing plants expressing slicing-competent versus slicing-defective AGO4 shows that slicing elevates cytosine methylation levels at virtually all RdDM loci. We propose that siRNA passenger strand elimination and AGO4 tethering to sliced target RNAs are distinct modes by which AGO4 slicing enhances RNA-directed DNA methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of AGO4 slicing-enhanced RNA-directed DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular sources and targets of type I interferons that drive susceptibility to tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes 1.6 million deaths annually. Active tuberculosis correlates with a neutrophil-driven type I interferon (IFN) signature, but the cellular mechanisms underlying tuberculosis pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We found interstitial macrophages (IMs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are dominant producers of type I IFN during Mtb infection in mice and non-human primates, and pDCs localize near human Mtb granulomas. Depletion of pDCs reduces Mtb burdens, implicating pDCs in tuberculosis pathogenesis. During IFN-driven disease, we observe abundant DNA-containing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) known to activate pDCs. Cell type-specific disruption of the type I IFN receptor suggests IFNs act on IMs to inhibit Mtb control. Single cell RNA-seq indicates type I IFN-responsive cells are defective in their response to IFN{gamma}, a cytokine critical for Mtb control. We propose pDC-derived type I IFNs act on IMs to drive bacterial replication, further neutrophil recruitment, and active tuberculosis disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stetson, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaye, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular sources and targets of type I interferons that drive susceptibility to tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal Structure of the kinase domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase from a choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic analysis of the unicellular choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis (MB), revealed the remarkable presence of cell signaling and adhesion protein domains that are characteristically associated with metazoans. Strikingly, receptor tyrosine kinases, one of the most critical elements of signal transduction and communication in metazoans, are present in choanoflagellates. We determined the crystal structure at 1.95 [A] resolution of the kinase domain of the M. brevicollis receptor tyrosine kinase C8 (RTKC8, a member of the choanoflagellate receptor tyrosine kinase C family) bound to the kinase inhibitor staurospaurine. The chonanoflagellate kinase domain is closely related in sequence to mammalian tyrosine kinases ([~] 40% sequence identity to the human Ephrin kinase domain EphA3) and, as expected, has the canonical protein kinase fold. The kinase is structurally most similar to human Ephrin (EphA5), even though the extracellular sensor domain is completely different from that of Ephrin. The RTKC8 kinase domain is in an active conformation, with two staurosporine molecules bound to the kinase, one at the active site and another at the peptide-substrate binding site. We show that the RTKC8 kinase domain can phosphorylate tyrosine residues in peptides from its C-terminal tail segment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal Structure of the kinase domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase from a choanoflagellate, Monosiga brevicollis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar degeneration impairs strategy discovery but not strategy recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is recognized to play a critical role in the automatic and implicit process by which movement errors are used to keep the sensorimotor system precisely calibrated. However, its role in other learning processes frequently engaged during sensorimotor adaptation tasks remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the performance of individuals with cerebellar degeneration on a variant of a visuomotor adaptation task in which learning requires the use of strategic re-aiming, a process that can nullify movement errors in a rapid and volitional manner. Our design allowed us to assess two components of this learning process, the discovery of an appropriate strategy and the recall of a learned strategy. Participants were exposed to a 60{degrees} visuomotor rotation twice, with the initial exposure block assessing strategy discovery and the re-exposure block assessing strategy recall. Compared to age-matched controls, individuals with cerebellar degeneration were slower to derive an appropriate aiming strategy in the initial Discovery block but exhibited similar recall of the aiming strategy during the Recall block. This dissociation underscores the multi-faceted contributions of the cerebellum to sensorimotor learning, highlighting one way in which this subcortical structure facilitates volitional action selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar degeneration impairs strategy discovery but not strategy recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within epithelial cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its type three secretion system (T3SS) to escape vacuoles and replicate rapidly in the cytosol. Previously, it was assumed that intracellular subpopulations remaining T3SS-negative (and therefore in vacuoles) were destined for degradation in lysosomes, supported by data showing vacuole acidification. Here, we report in both corneal and bronchial human epithelial cells that vacuole associated-bacteria can persist, sometimes in the same cells as cytosolic bacteria. Using a combination of phase-contrast, confocal, and correlative light and electron microscopy, we also found they can demonstrate biofilm-associated markers: cdrA and cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Vacuolar-associated bacteria, but not cytosolic counterparts, tolerated the cell-permeable antibiotic ofloxacin. Surprisingly, use of mutants showed that both persistence in vacuoles and ofloxacin tolerance were independent of the biofilm-associated protein CdrA or exopolysaccharides (Psl, Pel, alginate). A T3SS mutant ({Delta}exsA) unable to escape vacuoles phenocopied vacuolar-associated sub-populations in wild-type PAO1-infected cells, results revealing that epithelial cell death depended upon bacterial viability. Intra-vital confocal imaging of infected mouse corneas confirmed that P. aeruginosa formed similar intracellular sub-populations within epithelial cells in vivo. Together, these results show that P. aeruginosa differs from other pathogens by diversifying intracellularly into vacuolar and cytosolic sub-populations that both contribute to pathogenesis. Their different gene expression and behavior (e.g., rapid replication versus slow replication/persistence) suggest cooperation favoring both short- and long-term interests and another potential pathway to treatment failure. How this intracellular diversification relates to previously described "acute versus chronic" virulence gene-expression phenotypes of P. aeruginosa remains to be determined.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa can cause sight- and life-threatening opportunistic infections, and its evolving antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. Most P. aeruginosa strains can invade host cells, presenting a challenge to therapies that do not penetrate host cell membranes. Previously, we showed that the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a pivotal role in survival within epithelial cells, allowing escape from vacuoles, rapid replication in the cytoplasm, and suppression of host cell death. Here, we report the discovery of a novel T3SS-negative sub-population of intracellular P. aeruginosa within epithelial cells that persist in vacuoles rather than the cytoplasm, and that tolerate a cell-permeable antibiotic (ofloxacin) that is able to kill cytosolic bacteria. Classical biofilm-associated markers, although demonstrated by this sub-population, are not required for vacuolar persistence or antibiotic tolerance. These findings advance our understanding of how P. aeruginosa hijacks host cells, showing it diversifies into multiple populations with T3SS-negative members enabling persistence whilst rapid replication is accomplished by more vulnerable T3SS-positive siblings. Intracellular P. aeruginosa persisting and tolerating antibiotics independently of the T3SS or biofilm-associated factors could present additional challenges to development of more effective therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroken, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosser, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallsten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metruccio, M. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa can diversify after host cell invasion to establish multiple intracellular niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and drive nociceptive behavioral outputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) that detect and transduce mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli densely innervate an animals skin. However, although epidermal cells provide the first point of contact for sensory stimuli. our understanding of roles that epidermal cells play in SSN function, particularly nociception, remains limited. Here, we show that stimulating Drosophila epidermal cells elicits activation of SSNs including nociceptors and triggers a variety of behavior outputs, including avoidance and escape. Further, we find that epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and that epidermal mechanically evoked calcium responses require the store-operated calcium channel Orai. Epidermal cell stimulation augments larval responses to acute nociceptive stimuli and promotes prolonged hypersensitivity to subsequent mechanical stimuli. Hence, epidermal cells are key determinants of nociceptive sensitivity and sensitization, acting as primary sensors of noxious stimuli that tune nociceptor output and drive protective behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motoyoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila epidermal cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive and drive nociceptive behavioral outputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siderophores belonging to the ferrichrome family are essential for the viability of fungal species and play a key role for virulence of numerous pathogenic fungi. Despite their biological significance, our understanding of how these iron-chelating cyclic hexapeptides are assembled by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines remains poorly understood, primarily due to the nonlinearity exhibited by the domain architecture. Herein, we report the biochemical characterization of the SidC NRPS, responsible for construction of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. In vitro reconstitution of purified SidC revealed its ability to produce ferricrocin and its structural variant, ferrichrome. Application of intact protein mass spectrometry uncovered several non-canonical events during peptidyl siderophore biosynthesis, including inter-modular loading of amino acid substrates and an adenylation domain capable of poly-amide bond formation. This work expands the scope of NRPS programming, allows biosynthetic assignment of ferrichrome NRPSs, and sets the stage for reprogramming towards novel hydroxamate scaffolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyrud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the molecular programming of a nonlinear nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for fungal siderophore biosynthesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional screens of barcoded expression libraries uncover new gene functions in carbon utilization among gut Bactereroidales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A mechanistic understanding of host-microbe interactions in the gut microbiome is hindered by poorly annotated bacterial genomes. While functional genomics can generate large gene-to- phenotype datasets to accelerate functional discovery, their applications to study gut anaerobes have been limited. For instance, most gain-of-function screens of gut-derived genes have been performed in Escherichia coli and assayed in a small number of conditions. To address these challenges, we developed Barcoded Overexpression BActerial shotgun library sequencing (Boba-seq). We demonstrate the power of this approach by assaying genes from diverse gut Bacteroidales overexpressed in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. From hundreds of experiments, we identified new functions and novel phenotypes for 29 genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism or tolerance to antibiotics or bile salts. Highlights include the discovery of a D- glucosamine kinase, a raffinose transporter, and several routes that increase tolerance to bile salts through lipid biosynthesis. This approach can be readily applied to develop screens in other strains and additional phenotypic assay types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Oz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional screens of barcoded expression libraries uncover new gene functions in carbon utilization among gut Bactereroidales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A description of the genus Denitromonas nom. rev.: Denitromonas iodatirespirans sp. nov. a novel iodate-reducing bacterium and two novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Denitromonas halophila and Denitromonas ohlonensis isolated from San Francisco Bay intertidal mudflats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Denitromonas is currently a non-validated taxon that has been identified in several recent publications as members of microbial communities arising from marine environments. Very little is known about the biology of Denitromonas spp., and no pure cultures are presently found in any culture collections. The current epitaph of Denitromonas was given to the organism under the assumption that all members of this genus are denitrifying bacteria. This study performs phenotypic and genomic analyses on three new Denitromonas spp. isolated from tidal mudflats in the San Francisco Bay. We demonstrate that Denitromonas spp. are indeed all facultative denitrifying bacteria that utilize a variety of carbon sources such as acetate, lactate, and succinate. In addition, individual strains also use the esoteric electron acceptors perchlorate, chlorate, and iodate. Both 16S and Rps/Rpl phylogenetic analyses place Denitromonas spp. as a deep branching clade in the family Zoogloeaceae, separate from either Thauera spp., Azoarcus spp., or Aromatoleum spp. Genome sequencing reveals a G+C content ranging from 63.72% to 66.54%, and genome sizes range between 4.39-5.18 Mb. Genes for salt tolerance and denitrification are distinguishing features that separate Denitromonas spp. from the closely related Azoarcus and Aromatoleum genera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Umana, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A description of the genus Denitromonas nom. rev.: Denitromonas iodatirespirans sp. nov. a novel iodate-reducing bacterium and two novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Denitromonas halophila and Denitromonas ohlonensis isolated from San Francisco Bay intertidal mudflats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
wMel replacement of dengue-competent mosquitoes is robust to near-term climate change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising temperatures and increasing temperature variability are impacting the range and prevalence of mosquito-borne disease. A promising biocontrol technology replaces wild mosquitoes with those carrying the virus-blocking Wolbachia bacterium. Laboratory and field observations show that the most widely used strain, wMel, is adversely affected by heat stress. Here, we examine whether and how climate warming may impact wMel-based replacement. We integrate empirical data on the temperature sensitivity of wMel bacteria into a mechanistic model of population dynamics for the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and use CMIP5 climate projections and historical temperature records from Cairns, Australia to simulate vector control interventions. We show that higher mean temperatures are predicted to lower wMel infection frequency and that extended heatwaves have the potential to reverse the public health benefits of this intervention. Sensitivity analysis probing the thermal limits of wMel replacement reveal that, under existing projections, operational adaptations would be required for heatwaves lasting longer than two weeks. We conclude that this technology is expected to be robust to both the increased mean temperatures and heatwaves associated with near-term climate change in temperate regions. However, more rapid warming or tropical and inland regions that presently feature hotter baselines may challenge these tested limits, requiring further research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kueppers, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[wMel replacement of dengue-competent mosquitoes is robust to near-term climate change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disulfide stabilization reveals conserved dynamic features between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spikes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) is structurally dynamic and has been observed by cryo-EM to adopt a variety of prefusion conformations that can be categorized as locked, closed and open. The locked conformations feature tightly packed trimers with structural elements incompatible with RBD in "up" position. For SARS-CoV-2 S, it has been shown that the locked conformations are transient under neutral pH. Probably due to their transience, locked conformations remain largely uncharacterized for SARS-CoV-1 S. Intriguingly, locked conformations were the only conformations captured for S proteins of bat and pangolin origin SARS-related coronaviruses. In this study, we introduced x1, x2, and x3 disulfides into SARS-CoV-1 S. Some of these disulfides have been shown to preserve rare locked conformations when introduced to SARS-CoV-2 S. Introduction of these disulfides allowed us to image a variety of locked and other rare conformations for SARS-CoV-1 S by cryo-EM. We identified bound cofactors and structural features that are associated with SARS-CoV-1 S locked conformations. We compare newly determined structures to other available spike structures of Sarbecoviruses to identify conserved features and discuss their possible functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disulfide stabilization reveals conserved dynamic features between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spikes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-viral gene editing in utero with lipid nanoparticles complexed to mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have the potential to revolutionize medicine but their low vascular permeability and rapid clearance by phagocytic cells have limited their medical impact. Nanoparticles delivered at the in utero stage have the potential to overcome these key limitations, due to the high rate of angiogenesis and cell division in fetal tissue, and the under-developed immune system. However, very little is known about nanoparticle drug delivery at the fetal stage of development. In this report, using Ai9 CRE reporter mice, we demonstrate that lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA complexes can deliver mRNA for gene editing enzymes in utero after an intrahepatic injection, and can access and edit major organs, such as the heart, the liver, kidneys, lungs and the gastrointestinal tract with remarkable efficiency and low toxicity. In addition, we show here that Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA complexed to LNPs were able to edit the fetal organs in utero after an intrahepatic injection. These experiments demonstrate the possibility of non-viral delivery of gene editing enzymes in utero and nanoparticle drug delivery has great potential for delivering macromolecules to organs outside of the liver in utero, which provides a promising strategy for treating a wide variety of devastating genetic diseases before birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-viral gene editing in utero with lipid nanoparticles complexed to mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Protein Dynamics on Residue-Residue Coevolution and Contact Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The need to maintain protein structure constrains evolution at the sequence level, and patterns of coevolution in homologous protein sequences can be used to predict their 3D structures with high accuracy. Our understanding of the relationship between protein structure and evolution has traditionally been benchmarked by computational models ability to predict contacts from a single representative, experimentally determined structure per protein family. However, proteins in vivo are highly dynamic and can adopt multiple functionally relevant conformations. Here we demonstrate that interactions that stabilize alternate conformations, as well those that mediate conformational changes, impose an underappreciated but significant set of evolutionary constraints. We analyze the extent of these constraints over 56 paralogous G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), {beta}-arrestin and the human SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2. Specifically, we observe that contacts uniquely found in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data and alternate-conformation crystal structures are successfully predicted by unsupervised language models. In GPCRs, adding these contacts as positives increases the percentage of top contacts classified as true positives, as predicted by a state-of-the-art language model, from 69% to 87%. Our results show that protein dynamics impose constraints on molecular evolution and demonstrate the ability of unsupervised language models to measure these constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Protein Dynamics on Residue-Residue Coevolution and Contact Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding of YAP levels and dynamics by pluripotency factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YAP is a transcriptional regulator that controls pluripotency, germ layer specification, and proliferation. Different subsets of YAP target genes are engaged in each physiological setting, but how YAP selectively regulates different effectors in different contexts is not known. Here we use optogenetics to investigate how the levels and dynamics of YAP activation control its pluripotency effectors Oct4 and Nanog. We observe different thresholds for repression of Oct4 and Nanog, enabling differential control of both genes through YAP levels. Pluripotency factors also decode YAP dynamics. Oct4 preferentially responds to oscillatory YAP inputs that mimic endogenous pulsatile YAP dynamics. Using single-cell live imaging of Oct4 transcription and computational-theoretical analysis of transcriptional regulation, we demonstrate that YAP dynamics are decoded by an adaptive change sensor that modulates Oct4 transcription burst frequency. Our results reveal how the levels and timing of YAP activation enable multiplexing of information transmission for key regulators of cellular differentiation and pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugaj, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding of YAP levels and dynamics by pluripotency factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING activation depends on ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-regulating proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STING induces transcription of pro-inflammatory genes upon activation at the Golgi apparatus. Many of the regulators involved in STING activation are unknown. We found that ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosohate (PI4P) regulating proteins play a critical role in STING activation. We show that proper STING localization and activation at the Golgi depended on ACBD3 and PI4KB expression. Furthermore, depleting PI4P by inactivating PI4KB or overexpressing Sac1 diminished STING activation. STING signalling was also regulated by the lipid-shuttling protein OSBP, which removes PI4P from the Golgi. OSBP inhibition by the FDA-approved antifungal itraconazole and other OSBP inhibitors greatly enhanced STING activation by increasing the levels of STING-activating phospholipids. Itraconazole-enhanced STING activation resulted in a hundred to thousand-fold increased expression of interferon-beta and other cytokines. In conclusion, the phospholipid PI4P is critical for STING activation and manipulating PI4P levels is a promising therapeutic strategy to alter the STING immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luteijn, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Terwisga, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ver Eecke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaver, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kuppeveld, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING activation depends on ACBD3 and other phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-regulating proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ploidy modulates cell size and metabolic rate in Xenopus embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A positive correlation between genome size and cell size is well documented, but impacts on animal physiology are poorly understood. In Xenopus frogs, the number of genome copies (ploidy) varies across species and can be manipulated within a species. Here we show that triploid tadpoles contain fewer, larger cells than diploids and consume oxygen at a lower rate. Treatments that altered cell membrane stability or electrical potential abolished this difference, suggesting that a decrease in total cell surface area reduces basal energy consumption in triploids. Comparison of Xenopus species that evolved through polyploidization revealed that metabolic differences emerged during development when cell size scaled with genome size. Thus, ploidy affects metabolism by altering the cell surface area to volume ratio in a multicellular organism.

One-Sentence SummaryThe amount of DNA per cell in a vertebrate modulates basal metabolism by altering cell size and plasma membrane energetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oaks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ploidy modulates cell size and metabolic rate in Xenopus embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA Wheeler graph represents a collection of strings in a way that is particularly easy to index and query. Such a graph is a practical choice for representing a graph-shaped pangenome, and it is the foundation for current graph-based pangenome indexes. However, there are no practical tools to visualize or to check graphs that may have the Wheeler properties. Here we present Wheelie, an algorithm that combines a renaming heuristic with a permutation solver (Wheelie-PR) or a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver (Wheelie-SMT) to check whether a given graph has the Wheeler properties, a problem that is NP complete in general. Wheelie can check a variety of random and real-world graphs in far less time than any algorithm proposed to date. It can check a graph with 1,000s of nodes in seconds. We implement these algorithms together with complementary visualization tools in the WGT toolkit, available as open source software at https://github.com/Kuanhao-Chao/Wheeler_Graph_Toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin B2 enables peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulation of fasting glucose availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) interacts with flavoproteins to mediate oxidation-reduction reactions required for cellular energy demands. Not surprisingly, mutations that alter FAD binding to flavoproteins cause rare inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that disrupt liver function and render fasting intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and lipodystrophy. In our study, depleting FAD pools in mice with a vitamin B2 deficient diet (B2D) caused phenotypes associated with organic acidemias and other IEMs, including reduced body weight, hypoglycemia, and fatty liver disease. Integrated discovery approaches revealed B2D tempered fasting activation of target genes for the nuclear receptor PPAR, including those required for gluconeogenesis. Treatment with the PPAR agonist fenofibrate activated the integrated stress response and refilled amino acid substrates to rescue fasting glucose availability and overcome B2D phenotypes. Overall, these findings reveal PPAR governs metabolic responses to FAD availability and nominate its pharmacologic activation as strategies for organic acidemias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masschelin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuotio-Antar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiapparettu, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartig, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin B2 enables peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α regulation of fasting glucose availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The densely packed inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is vital for bioenergy generation and its dynamics control mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis. IMM structure is complex, however, and imaging its dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution is complicated by the photosensitivity of IMM-resident enzymes. Here we describe the cell-permeant, lipid-like acridine orange derivative MAO-N3 and use it to assemble high-density, environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes that selectively label and image the IMM in live cells. MAO-N3 pairs with multiple SPAAC-reactive fluorophores to support HIDE imaging via confocal, Structured Illumination, Single Molecule Localization, and Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy, all with significantly improved resistance against photobleaching. The HIDE probes generated using MAO-N3 require no genetic manipulations, are non-toxic in model cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes, even under conditions that amplify the effects of mitochondrial toxins, and visualize the IMM for up to 12.5 hours with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Linker Histone H1 in the Maternal Genome Influences DEMETER-Mediated Demethylation and Affects the Endosperm DNA Methylation Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Arabidopsis DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase demethylates the central cell genome prior to fertilization. This epigenetic reconfiguration of the female gamete companion cell establishes gene imprinting in the endosperm and is essential for seed viability. DME demethylates small and genic-flanking transposons as well as intergenic and heterochromatin sequences, but how DME is recruited to these target loci remains unknown. H1.2 was identified as a DME-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and maternal genome H1 loss affects DNA methylation and expression of selected imprinted genes in the endosperm. Yet, the extent to which how H1 influences DME demethylation and gene imprinting in the Arabidopsis endosperm has not been investigated. Here, we showed that unlike in the vegetative cell, both canonical histone H1 variants are present in the central cell. Our endosperm methylome analysis revealed that without the maternal linker histones, DME-mediated demethylation is facilitated, particularly in the heterochromatin regions, indicating that H1-containing nucleosomes are barriers for DME demethylation. Loss of H1 in the maternal genome has a very limited effect on gene transcription or gene imprinting regulation in the endosperm; however, it variably influences euchromatin TE methylation and causes a slight hypermethylation and a reduced expression in selected imprinted genes. We conclude that loss of maternal H1 indirectly influences DME-mediated demethylation and endosperm DNA methylation landscape but does not appear to affect endosperm gene transcription and overall imprinting regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fsicher, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Linker Histone H1 in the Maternal Genome Influences DEMETER-Mediated Demethylation and Affects the Endosperm DNA Methylation Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.510514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diurnality shapes the visual opsin genes of colorful Neotropical frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.510514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphibians are ideal for studying visual system evolution because their biphasic (aquatic and terrestrial) life history and ecological diversity expose them to a broad range of visual conditions. Here we evaluate signatures of selection on visual opsin genes across Neotropical anurans and focus on three diurnal clades that are well-known for the concurrence of conspicuous colors and chemical defense (i.e., aposematism): poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), Harlequin toads (Bufonidae: Atelopus), and pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalidae: Brachycephalus). We found evidence of positive selection on 44 amino acid sites in LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and RH1 opsin genes, of which one in LWS and two in RH1 have been previously identified as spectral tuning sites in other vertebrates. Given that anurans have mostly nocturnal habits, the patterns of selection revealed new sites that might be important in spectral tuning for frogs, potentially for adaptation to diurnal habits and for color-based intraspecific communication. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SWS2, normally expressed in rod cells in amphibians, has likely been lost in the ancestor of Dendrobatidae, suggesting that under low-light levels, dendrobatids have inferior wavelength discrimination compared to other frogs. This loss might follow the origin of diurnal activity in dendrobatids and could have implications for their chemical ecology, biodiversity, and behavior. Our analyses show that assessments of opsin diversification in understudied groups could expand our understanding of the role of sensory system evolution in ecological adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricchio, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancourth-Cundar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pie, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards-Zawacki, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannatella, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarvin, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.510514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diurnality shapes the visual opsin genes of colorful Neotropical frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mating activates neuroendocrine pathways signaling hunger in Drosophila females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mated females reallocate resources to offspring production, causing changes in nutritional requirements and challenges to energy homeostasis. Although observed in most species, the neural and endocrine mechanisms that regulate the nutritional needs of mated females are not well understood. Here, we investigate the neural circuitry that regulates sugar appetite in mated Drosophila melanogaster females. During copulation, a male-derived sex peptide is transferred to females, silencing the mating status circuit to elicit many postmating behavioral changes1-3. We find that increased sucrose consumption is a postmated female behavior and show that it is mediated by the mating status circuit. We discovered that sexually dimorphic insulin receptor (Lgr3) neurons integrate mating status and nutritional state signals to adjust sucrose consumption. Lgr3+ cells receive inhibitory input from the mating status circuit via female specific pCd-2 neurons. In mated females, the inhibition of Lgr3 cells from pCd-2 is attenuated, transforming the mated signal into a long-term hunger signal that promotes sugar intake. Our results thus demonstrate that the mating circuit alters nutrient sensing centers in females to promote sugar consumption, providing a mechanism to increase intake in anticipation of the energetic costs associated with reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laturney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mating activates neuroendocrine pathways signaling hunger in Drosophila females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal dopamine synthesis and cognitive flexibility differ between hormonal contraceptive users and non-users 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents and nonhuman primates, sex hormones are powerful modulators of dopamine neurotransmission. Yet little is known about hormonal regulation of the dopamine system in the human brain. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), we address this gap by comparing hormonal contraceptive users and non-users across multiple aspects of dopamine function: dopamine synthesis capacity via the PET radioligand 6-[18F]fluoro-m-tyrosine ([18F]FMT), baseline D2/3 receptor binding potential using [11C]raclopride, and dopamine release using methylphenidate-paired [11C]raclopride. Participants consisted of 36 healthy women (n=21 naturally cycling; n=15 hormonal contraceptive users), and men (n=20) as a comparison group. A behavioral index of cognitive flexibility was assessed prior to PET imaging. Hormonal contraceptive users exhibited greater dopamine synthesis capacity than naturally cycling participants, particularly in dorsal caudate, and greater cognitive flexibility. Further, across individuals the magnitude of striatal DA synthesis capacity was associated with cognitive flexibility. No group differences were observed in D2/3 receptor binding or dopamine release. Analyses by sex alone may obscure underlying differences in DA synthesis tied to womens hormone status. Hormonal contraception (in the form of pill, shot, implant, ring or IUD) is used by ~400 million women worldwide, yet few studies have examined whether chronic hormonal manipulations impact basic properties of the dopamine system. Findings from this study begin to address this critical gap in womens health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal dopamine synthesis and cognitive flexibility differ between hormonal contraceptive users and non-users]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the rapid and reductive cleavage divisions of early embryogenesis, subcellular structures such as the nucleus and mitotic spindle scale to decreasing cell size. Mitotic chromosomes also decrease in size during development, presumably to coordinately scale with mitotic spindles, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine in vivo and in vitro approaches using eggs and embryos from the frog Xenopus laevis to show that mitotic chromosome scaling is mechanistically distinct from other forms of subcellular scaling. We found that mitotic chromosomes scale continuously with cell, spindle and nuclear size in vivo. However, unlike for spindles and nuclei, mitotic chromosome size cannot be re-set by cytoplasmic factors from earlier developmental stages. In vitro, increasing nucleo-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is sufficient to recapitulate mitotic chromosome scaling, but not nuclear or spindle scaling, through differential loading of maternal factors during interphase. An additional pathway involving importin  scales mitotic chromosomes to cell surface area/volume (SA/V) during metaphase. Finally, single-chromosome immunofluorescence and analysis of Hi-C data suggest that mitotic chromosomes scale through decreased recruitment of condensin I, resulting in major rearrangements of DNA loop architecture to accommodate the same amount of DNA on a shorter axis. Together, our findings demonstrate how mitotic chromosome size is set by spatially and temporally distinct developmental cues in the early embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double emulsions as a high-throughput enrichment and isolation platform for slower-growing microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of in situ microbial physiology is primarily based on physiological characterization of fast-growing and readily-isolatable microbes. Microbial enrichments to obtain novel isolates with slower growth rates or physiologies adapted to low nutrient environments are plagued by intrinsic biases for fastest-growing species when using standard laboratory isolation protocols. New cultivation tools to minimize these biases and enrich for less well-studied taxa are needed. In this study, we developed a high-throughput bacterial enrichment platform based on single cell encapsulation and growth within double emulsions (GrowMiDE). We showed that GrowMiDE can cultivate many different microorganisms and enrich for novel taxa that are never observed in traditional batch enrichments. For example, preventing dominance of the enrichment by fast-growing microbes due to nutrient privatization within the double emulsion droplets allowed cultivation of novel Negativicutes and Methanobacteria from stool samples in rich media enrichment cultures. In competition experiments between growth rate and growth yield specialist strains, GrowMiDE enrichments prevented competition for shared nutrient pools and enriched for slower-growing but more efficient strains. Finally, we demonstrated the compatibility of GrowMiDE with commercial fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain isolates from GrowMiDE enrichments. Together, GrowMiDE + DE-FACS is a promising new high-throughput enrichment platform that can be easily applied to diverse microbial enrichments or screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCully, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double emulsions as a high-throughput enrichment and isolation platform for slower-growing microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Discovery of Ancestry Informative Markers and Genetic Admixture Proportions in Biobank-Scale Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture estimation plays a crucial role in ancestry inference and genomewide association studies (GWAS). Computer programs such as ADMIXTURE and STRUCTURE are commonly employed to estimate the admixture proportions of sample individuals. However, these programs can be overwhelmed by the computational burdens imposed by the 105 to 106 samples and millions of markers commonly found in modern biobanks. An attractive strategy is to run these programs on a set of ancestry informative SNP markers (AIMs) that exhibit substantially different frequencies across populations. Unfortunately, existing methods for identifying AIMs require knowing ancestry labels for a subset of the sample. This supervised learning approach creates a chicken and the egg scenario. In this paper, we present an unsupervised, scalable framework that seamlessly carries out AIM selection and likelihood-based estimation of admixture proportions. Our simulated and real data examples show that this approach is scalable to modern biobank data sets. Our implementation of the method is called OpenADMIXTURE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okenwa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.22.513294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Discovery of Ancestry Informative Markers and Genetic Admixture Proportions in Biobank-Scale Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trans-regulatory landscape of gene networks in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effector domains of transcription factors play a key role in controlling gene expression; however, their functional nature is poorly understood, hampering our ability to explore this fundamental dimension of gene regulatory networks. To map the trans-regulatory landscape in a complex eukaryote, we systematically characterized the putative effector domains of over 400 Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors for their capacity to modulate transcription. We demonstrate that transcriptional effector activity can be integrated into gene regulatory networks capable of elucidating the functional dynamics underlying gene expression patterns. We further show how newly characterized domains can enhance genome engineering efforts and reveal how plant transcriptional activators share regulatory features conserved across distantly related eukaryotes. Our results provide a framework to systematically characterize the regulatory role of transcription factors at a genome-scale in order to understand the transcriptional wiring of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hummel, N. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trans-regulatory landscape of gene networks in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging and Estimation of Fiber Orientation Distribution Functions in Primate Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering brain-tissue microstructure including axonal characteristics is a major neuroimaging research focus. Within this scope, anisotropic properties of magnetic susceptibility in white matter have been successfully employed to estimate primary axonal trajectories using mono-tensorial models. However, anisotropic susceptibility has not yet been considered for modeling more complex fiber structures within a voxel, such as intersecting bundles, or an estimation of orientation distribution functions (ODFs). This information is routinely obtained by high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) techniques. In applications to fixed tissue, however, diffusion-weighted imaging suffers from an inherently low signal-to-noise ratio and limited spatial resolution, leading to high demands on the performance of the gradient system in order to mitigate these limitations. In the current work, high angular resolution susceptibility imaging (HARSI) is proposed as a novel, phase-based methodology to estimate ODFs. A multiple gradient-echo dataset was acquired in an entire fixed chimpanzee brain at 61 orientations by reorienting the specimen in the magnetic field. The constant solid angle method was adapted for estimating phase-based ODFs. HARDI data were also acquired for comparison. HARSI yielded information on whole-brain fiber architecture, including identification of peaks of multiple bundles that resembled features of the HARDI results. Distinct differences between both methods suggest that susceptibility properties may offer complementary microstructural information. These proof-of-concept results indicate a potential to study the axonal organization in post-mortem primate and human brain at high resolution.

HighlightsO_LIIntroduction of High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging (HARSI) for advancing Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM).
C_LIO_LIHARSI-derived fiber orientation distributions in fixed chimpanzee brain.
C_LIO_LIHARSI-based visualization of complex fiber configurations.
C_LIO_LIComparisons between HARSI and High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging.
C_LIO_LIPotential for high-resolution post-mortem imaging of fiber architecture.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gkotsoulias, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlumm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mildner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graessle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsleben, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Angular Resolution Susceptibility Imaging and Estimation of Fiber Orientation Distribution Functions in Primate Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decision and response monitoring during working memory are sequentially represented in the human insula 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research supports a role of the insula in human cognition. Here, we used intracranial EEG to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics in the insula during a verbal working memory (vWM) task. We found robust effects for theta, beta, and high frequency activity (HFA) during probe presentation requiring a decision. Theta and beta band activity showed differential involvement across left and right insulae while sequential HFA modulations were observed along the anteroposterior axis. HFA in anterior insula tracked decision making and subsequent HFA was observed in posterior insula after the behavioral response. Our results provide electrophysiological evidence of engagement of different insula subregions in both decision-making and response monitoring during vWM and expand our knowledge of the role of the insula in complex human behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decision and response monitoring during working memory are sequentially represented in the human insula]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid homeostasis is essential for a maximal ER stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in lipid metabolism are associated with aging and age-related diseases, including proteopathies. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is uniquely a major hub for protein and lipid synthesis, making its function essential for both protein and lipid homeostasis. However, it is less clear how lipid metabolism and protein quality may impact each other. Here, we identity let-767, a putative hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, as an essential gene for both lipid and ER protein homeostasis. Knockdown of let-767 reduces lipid stores, alters ER morphology in a lipid-dependent manner, and also blocks induction of the Unfolded Protein Response of the ER (UPRER). Interestingly, a global reduction in lipogenic pathways restores UPRER induction in animals with reduced let-767. Specifically, we find that supplementation of 3-oxoacyl, the predicted metabolite directly upstream of let-767, is sufficient to block induction of the UPRER. This study highlights a novel interaction through which changes in lipid metabolism can alter a cells response to protein-induced stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.513991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid homeostasis is essential for a maximal ER stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChoroid plexus (ChP) enlargement exists in first-episode and chronic psychosis, but whether enlargement occurs before psychosis onset is unknown. This study investigated whether ChP volume is enlarged in individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and whether these changes are related to clinical, neuroanatomical, and plasma analytes.

MethodsClinical and neuroimaging data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2 (NAPLS2) was used for analysis. 509 participants (169 controls, 340 CHR) were recruited. Conversion status was determined after 2-years of follow-up, with 36 psychosis converters. The lateral ventricle ChP was manually segmented from baseline scans. A subsample of 31 controls and 53 CHR had plasma analyte and neuroimaging data.

ResultsCompared to controls, CHR (d=0.23, p=0.017) and non-converters (d=0.22, p=0.03) demonstrated higher ChP volumes, but not in converters. In CHR, greater ChP volume correlated with lower cortical (r=-0.22, p<0.001), subcortical gray matter (r=-0.21, p<0.001), and total white matter volume (r=-0.28,p<0.001), as well as larger lateral ventricle volume (r=0.63,p<0.001). Greater ChP volume correlated with makers functionally associated with the lateral ventricle ChP in CHR [CCL1 (r=-0.30, p=0.035), ICAM1 (r=0.33, p=0.02)], converters [IL1{beta} (r=0.66, p=0.004)], and non-converters [BMP6 (r=-0.96, p<0.001), CALB1 (r=-0.98, p<0.001), ICAM1 (r=0.80, p=0.003), SELE (r=0.59, p=0.026), SHBG (r=0.99, p<0.001), TNFRSF10C (r=0.78, p=0.001)].

ConclusionsCHR and non-converters demonstrated significantly larger ChP volumes compared to controls. Enlarged ChP was associated with neuroanatomical alterations and analyte markers functionally associated with the ChP. These findings suggest that the ChP may be a key explanatory biomarker in CHR for psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bannai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuned Fitness Landscapes for Benchmarking Model-Guided Protein Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies have enabled a novel paradigm of protein design where machine learning (ML) models trained on experimental data are used to guide exploration of a protein fitness landscape. ML-guided directed evolution (MLDE) builds on the success of traditional directed evolution and unlocks strategies which make more efficient use of experimental data. Building an MLDE pipeline involves many design choices across the design-build-test-learn loop ranging from data collection strategies to modeling, each of which has a large impact on the success of designed sequences. The cost of collecting experimental data makes benchmarking every component of these pipelines on real data prohibitively difficult, necessitating the development of synthetic landscapes where MLDE strategies can be tested. In this work, we develop a framework called SLIP ("Synthetic Landscape Inference for Proteins") for constructing biologically-motivated synthetic landscapes with tunable difficulty based on Potts models. This framework can be extended to any protein family for which there is a sequence alignment. We show that without tuning, Potts models are easy to optimize. In contrast, our tuning framework provides landscapes sufficiently challenging to benchmark MLDE pipelines. SLIP is open-source and is available at https://github.com/google-research/slip.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuned Fitness Landscapes for Benchmarking Model-Guided Protein Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the stdpopsim species catalog, and lessons learned forrealistic genome simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simulation is a key tool in population genetics for both methods development and empirical research, but producing simulations that recapitulate the main features of genomic data sets remains a major obstacle. Today, more realistic simulations are possible thanks to large increases in the quantity and quality of available genetic data, and to the sophistication of inference and simulation software. However, implementing these simulations still requires substantial time and specialized knowledge. These challenges are especially pronounced for simulating genomes for species that are not well-studied, since it is not always clear what information is required to produce simulations with a level of realism sufficient to confidently answer a given question. The community-developed framework stdpopsim seeks to lower this barrier by facilitating the simulation of complex population genetic models using up-to-date information. The initial version of stdpopsim focused on establishing this framework using six well-characterized model species (Adrion et al., 2020). Here, we report on major improvements made in the new release of stdpopsim (version 0.2), which includes a significant expansion of the species catalog and substantial additions to simulation capabilities. Features added to improve the realism of the simulated genomes include non-crossover recombination and provision of species-specific genomic annotations. Through community-driven efforts, we expanded the number of species in the catalog more than three-fold and broadened coverage across the tree of life. During the process of expanding the catalog, we have identified common sticking points and developed best practices for setting up genome-scale simulations. We describe the input data required for generating a realistic simulation, suggest good practices for obtaining the relevant information from the literature, and discuss common pitfalls and major considerations. These improvements to stdpopsim aim to further promote the use of realistic whole-genome population genetic simulations, especially in non-model organisms, making them available, transparent, and accessible to everyone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauterbur, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavassim, M. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstein, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gower, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsambos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echevarria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iasi, L. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noskova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obsteter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavinato, V. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teterina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unneberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waples, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohns, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumdicker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorjanc, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenkunst, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the stdpopsim species catalog, and lessons learned forrealistic genome simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bistable autoregulatory module in the developing embryo commits cells to binary fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positive autoregulation has been repeatedly proposed as a mechanism for cells to adopt binary fates during embryonic development through bistability. However, without quantitatively determining their parameters, it is unclear whether the plethora of positive autoregulatory modules found within developmental gene regulatory networks are actually bistable. Here, we combine in vivo live imaging with mathematical modeling to dissect the binary cell fate dynamics of the fruit fly pair-rule gene fushi tarazu (ftz), which is regulated by two known enhancers: the early (non-autoregulating) element and the autoregulatory element. Live imaging of transcription and protein concentration in the blastoderm revealed that binary Ftz cell states are achieved as ftz expression rapidly transitions from being dictated by the early element to the autoregulatory element. Moreover, we discovered that Ftz concentration alone is insufficient to activate the autoregulatory element, and that this element only becomes responsive to Ftz at a prescribed developmental time. Based on these observations, we developed a dynamical systems model, and quantitated its kinetic parameters directly from experimental measurements. Our model demonstrated that the ftz autoregulatory module is indeed bistable and that the early element transiently establishes the content of the binary cell fate decision to which the autoregulatory module then commits. Further analysis in silico revealed that the autoregulatory element locks the Ftz expression fate quickly, within 35 min of exposure to the transient signal of the early element. Overall, our work confirms the widely held hypothesis that autoregulation can establish developmental fates through bistability and, most importantly, provides a framework for the quantitative dissection of cellular decision-making based on systems dynamics models and real-time measurements of transcriptional and protein dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norstad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bistable autoregulatory module in the developing embryo commits cells to binary fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in plants using the compact editor Cas{Phi} 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems have been developed as important tools for plant genome engineering. Here, we demonstrate that the hypercompact Cas{Phi} nuclease is able to generate stably inherited gene edits in Arabidopsis, and that Cas{Phi} guide RNAs can be expressed with either the Pol-III U6 promoter or a Pol-II promoter together with ribozyme mediated RNA processing. Using the Arabidopsis fwa epiallele we show that Cas{Phi} displays higher editing efficiency when the target locus is not DNA methylated, suggesting that Cas{Phi} is sensitive to chromatin environment. Importantly, two Cas{Phi} protein variants, vCas{Phi} and nCas{Phi}, both showed much higher editing efficiency relative to the wildtype Cas{Phi} enzyme, and yielded more offspring plants with inherited edits. Extensive genomic analysis of gene edited plants showed no off-target editing, suggesting that Cas{Phi} is highly specific. The hypercompact size, T-rich minimal PAM and wide range of working temperatures make Cas{Phi} an excellent supplement to existing plant genome editing systems.

Significance StatementPlant genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas systems is frequently used in both research and agriculture. Here, we demonstrate that the hypercompact Cas{Phi}-2 nuclease is able to generate heritable gene edits in Arabidopsis. Two Cas{Phi} protein variants vCas{Phi} and nCas{Phi} increased the editing efficiency in plants. Cas{Phi} also has a wide range of working temperatures and the editing by Cas{Phi} is highly specific. We also observed that editing by Cas{Phi} is sensitive to chromatin environment. The hypercompact size, T-rich minimal PAM and wide range of working temperatures make Cas{Phi} an excellent supplement to existing plant genome editing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekerae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in plants using the compact editor Cas{Phi}]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent mutation effects enable design of combinatorial protein binding mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in protein design have adapted large neural networks with up to 100s of millions of parameters to learn complex sequence-function mappings. However, it is unclear which dependencies between residues are critical for determining protein function, and a better empirical understanding could enable high quality models that are also more data- and resource-efficient. Here, we observe that the per residue amino acid preferences - without considering interactions between mutations are sufficient to explain much, and sometimes virtually all of the combinatorial mutation effects across 7 datasets (R2 [~] 78-98%), including one generated here. These preference parameters (20*N, where N is the number of mutated residues) can be learned from as few as [~]5*20*N observations to predict a much larger number (potentially up to 20N) of combinatorial variant effects with high accuracy (Pearson r > 0.8). We hypothesized that the local structural dependencies surrounding a residue could be sufficient to learn these required mutation preferences, and developed an unsupervised design approach, which we term CoVES for  Combinatorial Variant Effects from Structure. We show that CoVES outperforms not just model free sampling approaches but also complicated, high-capacity autoregressive neural networks in generating functional and diverse sequence variants for two example proteins. This simple, biologically-rooted model can be an effective alternative to high-capacity, out of domain models for the design of functional proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent mutation effects enable design of combinatorial protein binding mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syncytin-mediated open-ended membrane tubular connections facilitate the intercellular transfer of cargos including Cas9 protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much attention has been focused on the possibility that cytoplasmic proteins and RNA may be conveyed between cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and tunneling nanotube (TNT) structures. Here, we set up two quantitative delivery reporters to study cargo transfer between cells. We found that EVs are internalized by reporter cells but do not efficiently deliver functional Cas9 protein to the nucleus. In contrast, donor and acceptor cells co-cultured to permit cell contact resulted in a highly effective transfer. Among our tested donor and acceptor cell pairs, HEK293T and MDA-MB-231 recorded optimal intercellular transfer. Depolymerization of F-actin greatly decreased Cas9 transfer whereas inhibitors of endocytosis or knock-down of genes implicated in this process had little effect on transfer. Imaging results suggest that intercellular transfer of cargos occurred through open-ended membrane tubular connections. In contrast, cultures consisting only of HEK293T cells form close-ended tubular connections ineffective in cargo transfer. Depletion of human endogenous fusogens, syncytins, especially syncytin-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells, significantly reduced Cas9 transfer. Full-length mouse syncytin, but not truncated mutants, rescued the effect of depletion of human syncytins on Cas9 transfer. Mouse syncytin overexpression in HEK293T cells partially facilitated Cas9 transfer among HEK293T cells. These findings suggest that syncytin may serve as the fusogen responsible for the formation of an open-ended connection between cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syncytin-mediated open-ended membrane tubular connections facilitate the intercellular transfer of cargos including Cas9 protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyrophosphate-Mediated Repair of Damaged and Mismatched RNA by a Polymerase Ribozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior to the emergence of the contemporary biosphere, the first replicating systems are thought to have progressed through an RNA-based stage. Such an evolving world would likely have transferred heritable information during replication using RNA polymerase ribozymes. Though substantial effort has been put forth towards evolving RNA polymerases, many variants suffer from premature termination and low fidelity, resulting in low yields of full-length or active sequences. Replication of longer sequences requires a sufficiently high fidelity to lend an evolutionary advantage to an evolvable system. Here we demonstrate ribozyme-mediated repair of mismatched and damaged RNA sequences. Under conditions of saturating pyrophosphate concentrations, we show that a polymerase ribozyme can repair RNA sequences terminated in a mismatch, a non-extendable 2'-3' cyclic phosphate, or both, to generate a triphosphorylated nucleotide. This repair step increases the fidelity and allows polymerization along an extended template, including the ribozyme itself. This increase of copying fidelity advances the longstanding goal of developing a self-replicating polymerase ribozyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kent, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luptak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyrophosphate-Mediated Repair of Damaged and Mismatched RNA by a Polymerase Ribozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Virus-Packageable CRISPR System Identifies Host Dependency Factors Across Multiple HIV-1 Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At each stage of the HIV life cycle, host cellular proteins are hijacked by the virus to establish and enhance infection. We adapted the virus packageable HIV-CRISPR screening technology at a genome-wide scale to comprehensively identify host factors that affect HIV replication in a human T cell line. Using a smaller, targeted HIV Dependency Factor (HIVDEP) sub-library, we then performed screens across multiple HIV strains representing different clades and with different biological properties to define which T cell host factors are strain-specific versus which ones are important across all HIV strains and different clades. Nearly 90% genes selected across multiple host pathways validated in subsequent assays as bona fide host dependency factors including numerous proteins not previously reported to play role in HIV biology such as UBE2M, MBNL1, FBXW7, PELP1, SLC39A7, and others. Our ranked list of screen hits across multiple viral strains form a resource of HIV dependency factors for future investigation of host proteins involved in HIV biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montoya, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OhAinle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Virus-Packageable CRISPR System Identifies Host Dependency Factors Across Multiple HIV-1 Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Chemical Design of Molecular Glue Degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation with molecular glue degraders has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for eliminating classically undruggable disease-causing proteins through proteasome-mediated degradation. However, we currently lack rational chemical design principles for converting protein-targeting ligands into molecular glue degraders. To overcome this challenge, we sought to identify a transposable chemical handle that would convert protein-targeting ligands into molecular degraders of their corresponding targets. Using the CDK4/6 inhibitor Ribociclib as a prototype, we identified a covalent handle that, when appended to the exit vector of Ribociclib, induced the proteasome-mediated degradation of CDK4 in cancer cells. Covalent chemoproteomic profiling of this CDK4 degrader revealed covalent interactions with cysteine 32 of the RING family E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126. Structural modification of our initial covalent scaffold led to an improved CDK4 degrader with the development of a but-2-ene, 1,4-dione ("fumarate") handle that showed improved interactions with RNF126. Thereafter, we worked to identify the minimum covalent motif required for interaction with RNF126, which we then transplanted onto chemically related and un-related protein-targeting ligands. This strategy successfully produced molecules which induced the degradation of several proteins across diverse protein classes, including BRD4, BCR-ABL and c-ABL, PDE5, AR and AR-V7, BTK, LRRK2, and SMARCA2. Our study undercovers a design strategy for converting protein-targeting ligands into covalent molecular glue degraders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toriki, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatzimas, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.512693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Chemical Design of Molecular Glue Degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Environmental Control of Microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities have consequential effects on health and the environment yet remain uncontrollable due to their complex dynamics. Ecological modeling offers a platform to overcome their nonlinear and interconnected nature but traditionally does not account for context-dependence. Here, we extend the generalized Lotka-Volterra (gLV) model to accommodate a varying environment by identifying how environmental changes alter species growth rates and interactions in a manner that predicts full community trajectories across environmental gradients. We identify key environment-varying interactions within a synthetic community derived from the Oryzae sativa rhizosphere, and demonstrate how variations in the environment change fixed point compositions and rates of convergence. With our model, we simulate how precise perturbations of the environment can offer improvements in an optimal control problem of driving a community to a target composition. We show that environmental perturbation can minimize the total species input (direct species perturbation) and greatly expand the set of initial states from which a desired target can be reached despite stochasticity. This work demonstrates that a formal perspective on environmental influence of community dynamics is valuable for not only understanding seasonal changes or anthropogenic manipulations, but is critical for improving control of the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Environmental Control of Microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative single-cell characterization of hypothalamus sex-differential and obesity-associated genes and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 500 noncoding genomic loci are associated with obesity. The majority of these loci reside near genes that are expressed in the hypothalamus in specific neuronal subpopulations that regulate food intake, hindering the ability to identify and functionally characterize them. Here, we carried out integrative single-cell analysis (RNA/ATAC-seq) on both mouse and human male and female hypothalamus to characterize genes and regulatory elements in specific cell subpopulations. Utilizing both transcriptome and regulome data, we identify over 30 different neuronal and non-neuronal cell subpopulations and a shared core of transcription factors that regulate cell cluster-specific genes between mice and humans. We characterize several sex-specific differentially expressed genes and the regulatory elements that control them in specific cell subpopulations. Overlapping cell-specific scATAC peaks with obesity-associated GWAS variants, identifies potential obesity-associated regulatory elements. Using reporter assays and CRISPR editing, we show that many of these sequences, including the top obesity-associated loci (FTO and MC4R), are functional enhancers whose activity is altered due to the obesity-associated variant and regulate known obesity genes. Combined, our work provides a catalog of genes and regulatory elements in hypothalamus cell subpopulations and uses obesity to showcase how integrative single-cell sequencing can identify functional variants associated with hypothalamus-related phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintron, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuhara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biellak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaisse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative single-cell characterization of hypothalamus sex-differential and obesity-associated genes and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orphan quality control shapes network dynamics and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All eukaryotes require intricate protein networks to translate developmental signals into accurate cell fate decisions. Mutations that disturb crucial interactions between network components often result in disease, but how the composition and dynamics of complex networks are established is unknown. Here, we identify the tumor suppressor E3 ligase UBR5 as a quality control enzyme that helps degrade unpaired subunits of multiple transcription factors that operate within a single network. By constantly turning over orphan subunits, UBR5 forces cells to continuously replenish network components through new protein synthesis. The resulting cycles of transcription factor synthesis and degradation allow cells to effectively execute the gene expression program, while remaining susceptible to environmental signals. We conclude that orphan quality control plays an essential role in establishing the dynamics of protein networks, which may explain the conserved need for protein degradation in transcription and offers unique opportunities to modulate gene expression in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garshott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gonzalez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akopian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orphan quality control shapes network dynamics and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of electron transfer mechanisms link bacterial cytosolic electron pools with functionally diverse redox activities in the cell envelope and extracellular space. In Listeria monocytogenes, the ApbE-like enzyme FmnB catalyzes extracytosolic protein flavinylation, covalently linking a flavin cofactor to proteins that transfer electrons to extracellular acceptors. L. monocytogenes uses an energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporter complex that contains distinct substrate-binding, transmembrane, ATPase A, and ATPase A subunits (RibU, EcfT, EcfA, and EcfA) to import environmental flavins, but the basis of extracytosolic flavin trafficking for FmnB flavinylation remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that the proteins EetB and FmnA are related to ECF transporter substrate-binding and transmembrane subunits, respectively, and are essential for exporting flavins from the cytosol for flavinylation. Comparisons of the flavin import versus export capabilities of L. monocytogenes strains lacking different ECF transporter subunits demonstrates a strict directionality of substrate-binding subunit transport but partial functional redundancy of transmembrane and ATPase subunits. Based on these results, we propose that ECF transporter complexes with different subunit compositions execute directional flavin import/export through a broadly conserved mechanism. Finally, we present genomic context analyses which show that related ECF exporter genes are distributed across the Firmicutes phylum and frequently co-localize with genes encoding flavinylated extracytosolic proteins. These findings clarify the basis of ECF transporter export and extracytosolic flavin cofactor trafficking in Firmicutes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfield, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic neglect after frontoparietal lesions provides causal evidence for rhythmic attention sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contemporary models conceptualize spatial attention as a blinking spotlight that sequentially samples visual space. Hence, behavior fluctuates over time even in states of presumed  sustained attention. Recent evidence suggested that rhythmic neural activity in the frontoparietal network constitutes the functional basis of rhythmic attentional sampling. However, causal evidence to support this notion remains absent. Using a lateralized spatial attention task, we addressed this issue in patients with focal lesions in the frontoparietal attention network. Our results uncovered that frontoparietal lesions introduce periodic neglect, i.e., temporally-specific behavioral deficits that were aligned with the underlying neural oscillations. Attention-guided perceptual sensitivity was on par with healthy controls during optimal phases but attenuated during the less excitable sub-cycles. Theta-dependent sampling (3 - 8 Hz) was causally dependent on prefrontal cortex, while alpha-band sampling (8 - 14 Hz) emerged from parietal areas. Collectively, our findings reveal that lesion-induced high amplitude, low frequency brain activity is not epiphenomenal, but has immediate behavioral consequences. More generally, these results provide causal evidence for the hypothesis that the functional architecture of attention is inherently rhythmic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raposo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepanski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haaland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic neglect after frontoparietal lesions provides causal evidence for rhythmic attention sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative imaging of gene therapy delivery vehicles using CEST-NMR/MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeGene therapy employing AAV vector-mediated gene delivery has undergone substantial growth in recent years with promising results in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as emerging regulatory approval. However, the lack of methods for quantifying the efficacy of gene therapy from cellular delivery of gene editing technology to specific functional outcomes remains an obstacle for the efficient development of gene therapy treatments. Building upon prior works that utilized a genetically encoded Lysine Rich Protein as a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) reporter, we hypothesized that AAV viral capsids may generate endogenous CEST contrast from the large number of surface lysine residues.

MethodsWater-suppressed NMR and NMR-CEST experiments were performed on isolated solutions of AAV serotypes 1-9 on a Bruker 800MHz vertical scanner. A series of in vitro experiments were performed for thorough testing of NMR-CEST contrast of AAV2 capsids under varying pH, density, biological transduction stage, and later across multiple serotypes and mixed biological media. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify virus concentration. Subsequent experiments determined the pH-dependent exchange rate and optimized CEST saturation schemes for AAV contrast detection at 7 T.

ResultsNMR-CEST experiments revealed CEST contrast up to 52% for AAV2 viral capsids between 0.6-0.8 ppm. Evaluation of CEST contrast generated by AAV2 demonstrates high levels of CEST contrast across a variety of chemical environments, concentrations, and saturation schemes. AAV2 CEST contrast displayed significant positive correlations with capsid density (R2>0.99, P<0.001), pH (R2=0.97, P=0.01), and viral titer per cell count (R2=0.92, P<0.001). Transition to a preclinical field strength yielded up to 11.8% CEST contrast following optimization of saturation parameters.

ConclusionAAV2 viral capsids exhibit strong capacity as an endogenous CEST contrast agent and can potentially be used for monitoring and evaluation of AAV vector-mediated gene therapy protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez-Mao, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godines, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlGhuraibawi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandsburger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative imaging of gene therapy delivery vehicles using CEST-NMR/MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new LD protein, ApoL6 disrupts the Perilipin 1-HSL interaction to inhibit lipolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ApoL6 is a new LD-associated protein containing an apoprotein-like domain, expressed mainly in adipose tissue, specifically in adipocytes. ApoL6 expression is low in fasting but induced upon feeding. ApoL6 knockdown results in smaller LD with lower triglyceride (TAG) content in adipocytes, while ApoL6 overexpression causes larger LD with higher TAG content. We show that ApoL6 effect in adipocytes is by inhibition of lipolysis. While ApoL6, Perilipin 1 (Plin1) and HSL can form a complex on LD, C-terminal domain of ApoL6 directly interacts with Plin1, to compete with Plin1 binding to HSL through Plin1 N-terminal domain, thereby keeping HSL in a "stand by" status. Thus, ApoL6 ablation decreases WAT mass, protecting mice from diet-induced obesity, while adipose overexpression increases WAT mass to bring obesity and insulin resistance with hepatosteatosis, making ApoL6 a potential future target against obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibe, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new LD protein, ApoL6 disrupts the Perilipin 1-HSL interaction to inhibit lipolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit dissection and functional validation of a cross-species emotional biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional responses arise from limbic circuits including the hippocampus and amygdala. In the human brain, beta-frequency communication between these structures correlates with self-reported mood and anxiety. However, both the mechanism and significance of this biomarker as a readout vs. driver of emotional state remain unknown. Here we show that beta-frequency communication between the ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala also predicts anxiety-related behavior in mice on both long timescales ([~]30 min) and immediately preceding behavioral choices. Genetically encoded voltage indicators reveal that this biomarker reflects synchronization between somatostatin interneurons across both structures. Indeed, synchrony between these neurons dynamically predicts approach vs. avoidance, and optogenetically shifting this synchronization by just 25 msec is sufficient to bidirectionally modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Thus, back-translation establishes a human biomarker as a causal determinant (not just predictor) of emotional state, revealing a novel mechanism whereby interregional synchronization that is frequency-, phase- and cell type-specific controls anxiety processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phensy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit dissection and functional validation of a cross-species emotional biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latch Verified Bulk-RNA Seq toolkit: a cloud-based suite of workflows for bulk RNA-seq quality control, analysis, and functional enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnalysis of high-throughput bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data reveals changes in gene expression between diverse conditions. Many tools have emerged to quality control RNA-seq reads, quantify expression levels, conduct functional enrichment among differentially expressed genes, or identify differential RNA splicing. However, unified toolkits for conducting these analyses are lacking. Moreover, existing software does not use cloud-based platforms that provide the necessary storage and computational resources to process RNA-seq data or intuitive graphical interfaces for easy use by experimental and computational scientists.

ResultsTo address these challenges, we introduce the Latch Verified Bulk RNA-Seq (LVBRS) toolkit, a flexible suite of programs packaged into a single workflow coupled with a graphical user interface for conducting quality control, transcript quantification, differential splicing, differential expression analysis, and functional enrichment analyses. For functional enrichment, the LVBRS toolkit supports three databases--Gene Ontology, KEGG Pathway, and Molecular Signatures database--capturing diverse functional information. We demonstrate the utility of the LVBRS toolkit by reanalyzing a publicly available dataset examining the impact of severe and mild models of hypoxia--induced by Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) and oxyquinoline treatment, respectively--on a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Our analyses reveal CoCl2 treatment results in more differentially expressed genes, recapitulating previously reported results that CoCl2 models more severe hypoxia. Moreover, including alternative splicing and functional enrichment analysis using a greater breadth of functional databases revealed additional biological insights--such as greater alternative splicing in the CoCl2 condition and differentially expressed DNA repair pathways. These results demonstrate the LVBRS toolkits efficacy in facilitating biological insights from bulk RNA-seq data.

ConclusionsThe LVBRS toolkit offers a robust unified framework for processing and analyzing Bulk RNA-Seq experiments. The easy-to-use graphical user interface will enable diverse scientists to conduct high-throughput bulk RNA-Seq analysis efficiently. Our aim is that the LVBRS toolkit will help streamline bulk RNA-seq workflows and facilitate deriving biologically meaningful insights from bulk RNA-seq data. The source code is freely available under the MIT license and hosted on the LatchBio Console (https://console.latch.bio/se/bulk-rnaseq), complete with documentation (https://latch.wiki/bulk-rna-seq-end-to-end).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, H. G. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manske, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giffin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latch Verified Bulk-RNA Seq toolkit: a cloud-based suite of workflows for bulk RNA-seq quality control, analysis, and functional enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence in timing at the perceptual level being modulated by working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiences bias the perception of following stimuli, as has been verified in various kinds of experiments in visual perception. This phenomenon, known as serial dependence, may reflect mechanisms to maintain perceptual stability. In the current study, we examined several key properties of serial dependence in temporal perception. Firstly, we examined the source of serial dependence effect in temporal perception. We found that perception without motor reproduction is sufficient to induce the sequential effect; the motor reproduction caused a stronger effect and it is achieved by biasing the perception of the future target duration rather than directly influences the subsequent movement. Secondly, we ask how the working memory influences serial dependence in the in a temporal reproduction task. By varying the delay time between standard duration and the reproduction, we showed that the strength of serial dependence enhanced as the delay increased. Those features of serial dependence are consistent with what has been observed in the visual perceptual tasks, for example, orientation perception or location perception. The similarities between the visual and the timing tasks may suggest a similar neural coding mechanism of magnitude between the visual stimuli and the duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence in timing at the perceptual level being modulated by working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.515474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RFX transcription factor regulated ciliogenesis in the progenitors of choanoflagellates and animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.515474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the origins of the transcriptional modules that coordinate cell-type specific functions in animals. The controlled expression of one cellular feature - the cilium - was likely critical during early animal evolution. Two key transcription factors, RFX and FoxJ1, coordinate ciliogenesis in animals but are absent from the genomes of most other ciliated eukaryotes, raising the question of how the transcriptional regulation of ciliogenesis has evolved. To reconstruct the evolution of the RFX/FoxJ1 transcriptional module and its role in the regulation of ciliogenesis, we investigated RFX and FoxJ1 function in one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Targeted disruption of the S. rosetta RFX homolog cRFXa resulted in delayed cell proliferation and aberrant ciliogenesis, marked by the collapse and resorption of nascent cilia. Ciliogenesis genes and foxJ1 were significantly down-regulated in cRFXa mutants, consistent with a pre-animal ancestry for this transcriptional module. We also found that cRFXa protein preferentially binds to a sequence motif that is enriched in the promoters of S. rosetta ciliary genes and matches the sequence motif bound by animal RFX proteins. These findings suggest that RFX coordinated ciliogenesis before the divergence of animals and choanoflagellates, and that the deployment of this module may have provided a mechanism to differentiate ciliated and non-ciliated cell types in early animal evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.515474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RFX transcription factor regulated ciliogenesis in the progenitors of choanoflagellates and animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Some like it hotter: differential thermal preferences among lizard color morphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature rules the lives of ectotherms. To perform basic biological functions, ectotherms must make behavioral adjustments to keep their body temperatures near a preferred temperature (Tpref). Many color polymorphic lizards are active thermoregulators and exhibit morph differences in traits related to thermoregulation, such as color, body size, and microhabitat use. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, is a heliothermic lizard with orange, white, and yellow color morphs that differ in size, behavior, and microhabitat use. Here, we tested whether P. erhardii color morphs from the same population from Naxos island, Greece, differ in Tpref. We hypothesized that orange morphs would prefer lower temperatures than white and yellow morphs because orange morphs are often found on cooler substrates and in microhabitats with more vegetation cover. We obtained Tpref for 95 individuals using laboratory thermal gradient experiments of wild-caught lizards and found that orange morphs do, indeed, prefer significantly cooler temperatures, regardless of body size differences. Average orange morph Tpref was 2.3 {o}C lower than average white and yellow morph Tpref. Our results add support to the idea that P. erhardii color morphs have multivariate alternative phenotypes and present the possibility that thermally heterogeneous environments play a role in the maintenance of color polymorphism in this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapsanaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liwanag, H. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pafilis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Some like it hotter: differential thermal preferences among lizard color morphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
It's not easy seeing green: the veridical perception of small spots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When single cones are stimulated with spots of 543-nm light presented against a white background, subjects report percepts that vary between predominately red, white, and green. However, light of the same spectral composition viewed over a large field under normal viewing conditions looks invariably green and highly saturated. It remains unknown what stimulus parameters are most important for governing the color appearance in the transition between these two extreme cases. The current study varied the size, intensity and retinal motion of stimuli presented in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Stimuli were either stabilized on target locations or allowed to drift across the retina with the eyes natural motion. Increasing both stimulus size and intensity led to higher likelihoods that monochromatic spots of light were perceived as green, while only higher intensities led to increases in perceived saturation. The data also show an interaction between size and intensity, suggesting that the balance between magnocellular and parvocellular activation may be critical factors for color perception.

Surprisingly, under the range of conditions tested, color appearance did not depend on whether stimuli were stabilized or not. Sequential activation of many cones does not appear to drive hue and saturation perception as effectively as simultaneous activation of many cones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanston, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[It's not easy seeing green: the veridical perception of small spots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subspace partitioning in human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the structural basis underlying flexible cognitive control, where mixed-selective neural populations encode multiple task-features to guide subsequent behavior. The mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously encodes multiple task-relevant variables while minimizing interference from task-irrelevant features remain unknown. Leveraging intracranial recordings from the human PFC, we first demonstrate that competition between co-existing representations of past and present task variables incurs a behavioral switch cost. Our results reveal that this interference between past and present states in the PFC is resolved through coding partitioning into distinct low-dimensional neural states; thereby strongly attenuating behavioral switch costs. In sum, these findings uncover a fundamental coding mechanism that constitutes a central building block of flexible cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwama, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subspace partitioning in human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory prediction hierarchy in the human hippocampus and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our brains can extract structure from the environment and form predictions given past sensory experience. Predictive circuits have been identified in wide-spread cortical regions. However, the contribution of subcortical areas, such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the formation of predictions remains under-explored. Here, we hypothesized that the hippocampus would be sensitive to predictability in sound sequences, while the amygdala would be sensitive to unexpected violations of auditory rules. We presented epileptic patients undergoing presurgical monitoring with standard and deviant sounds, in a predictable or unpredictable context. Onsets of auditory responses and unpredictable deviance effects were detected at earlier latencies in the temporal cortex compared to the amygdala and hippocampus. Deviance effects in 1-20 Hz local field potentials were detected in the lateral temporal cortex, irrespective of predictability. The amygdala showed stronger deviance responses in the unpredictable context. Additionally, low frequency deviance responses in the hippocampus (1-8 Hz) were observed in the predictable but not in the unpredictable context. Our results reveal a distributed cortical-subcortical network underlying the generation of auditory predictions, comprising temporal cortex and the hippocampus and amygdala, and suggest that the neural basis of sensory predictions and prediction error signals needs to be extended to subcortical regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tzovara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnthein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledergerber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory prediction hierarchy in the human hippocampus and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the early metastatic lung. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of a pre-metastatic niche is a critical step during the metastatic spread of cancer. One way by which primary tumors prime host cells at future metastatic sites is through local shedding of tumor-derived microparticles as a consequence of vascular sheer flow. However, it remains unclear how the uptake of such particles by resident immune cells affects their phenotype and function. Here we show that ingestion of tumor-derived microparticles by macrophages induces a rapid metabolic and phenotypic switch that is characterized by enhanced mitochondrial mass and function, increased oxidative phosphorylation and upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules resulting in reduced motility in the early metastatic lung. We show that this reprogramming event is dependent on signaling through the mTORC1, but not mTORC2 pathway, and is unique to uptake of tumor-derived microparticles. Together, these data support a mechanism by which uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces reprogramming of macrophages to shape their fate and function in the early metastatic lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersten, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headley, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the early metastatic lung.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-protein transfer learning substantially improves zero-shot prediction of disease variant effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation in the human genome is a major determinant of individual disease risk, but the vast majority of missense variants have unknown etiological effects. Here, we present a robust learning framework for leveraging saturation mutagenesis experiments to construct accurate computational predictors of proteome-wide missense variant pathogenicity. We train cross-protein transfer (CPT) models using deep mutational scanning data from only five proteins and achieve state-of-the-art performance on clinical variant interpretation for unseen proteins across the human proteome. High sensitivity is crucial for clinical applications and our model CPT-1 particularly excels in this regime. For instance, at 95% sensitivity of detecting human disease variants annotated in ClinVar, CPT-1 improves specificity to 68%, from 27% for ESM-1v and 55% for EVE. Furthermore, for genes not used to train REVEL, a supervised method widely used by clinicians, we show that CPT-1 compares favorably with REVEL. Our framework combines predictive features derived from general protein sequence models, vertebrate sequence alignments, and AlphaFold2 structures, and it is adaptable to the future inclusion of other sources of information. We find that vertebrate alignments, albeit rather shallow with only 100 genomes, provide a strong signal for variant pathogenicity prediction that is complementary to recent deep learning-based models trained on massive amounts of protein sequence data. We release predictions for all possible missense variants in 90% of human genes. Our results demonstrate the utility of mutational scanning data for learning properties of variants that transfer to unseen proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albors, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-protein transfer learning substantially improves zero-shot prediction of disease variant effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Parameters to Improve Plant Regeneration with Developmental Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue culture methods which serve as the standard to regenerate modified plants are challenging and have limited the capacity to engineer new accessions. To improve upon these techniques, genome modifying reagents have been combined with developmental regulators to create gene edited plant tissues in both monocot and eudicot species. Co-culturing seedlings with Agrobacterium strains encoding developmental regulatory genes has proved to be effective at producing de novo meristems in multiple eudicot species. In order to see that this technology scales well beyond proof of concept experiments, various parameters were tested for refinement. Improvements have been observed at the key stages of growth induction and progression to shooting by manipulating the vector design, developmental regulator choice, Agrobacterium strain selection, and regulatory gene removal systems. Having defined these parameters as viable optimization points, the avenues to apply developmental regulators for plant regeneration in more diverse species have become more feasible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasti, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinselmeier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badey, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Parameters to Improve Plant Regeneration with Developmental Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autotrophic biofilms sustained by deeply-sourced groundwater host diverse CPR bacteria implicated in sulfur and hydrogen metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCandidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are commonly detected yet enigmatic members of diverse microbial communities. Their host associations, metabolic capabilities, and potential roles in biogeochemical cycles remain under-explored. We studied chemoautotrophically-based biofilms that host diverse CPR bacteria and grow in sulfide-rich springs using bulk geochemical analysis, genome-resolved metagenomics and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) at room temperature and 87{degrees} K.

ResultsCPR-affiliated Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, Saccharibacteria, Peregrinibacteria, Berkelbacteria, Microgenomates, and Parcubacteria are members of two biofilm communities dominated by chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria including Thiothrix or Beggiatoa. STXM imaging revealed ultra-small cells along the surfaces of filamentous bacteria that we interpret are CPR bacterial episymbionts. STXM and NEXAFS spectroscopy at carbon K and sulfur L2,3 edges show protein-encapsulated elemental sulfur spherical granules associated with filamentous bacteria, indicating that they are sulfur-oxidizers, likely Thiothrix. Berkelbacteria and Moranbacteria in the same biofilm sample are predicted to have a novel electron bifurcating group 3b [NiFe]-hydrogenase, putatively a sulfhydrogenase, potentially linked to sulfur metabolism via redox cofactors. This complex could potentially underpin a symbiosis involving Berkelbacteria and/or Moranbacteria and filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiothrix that is based on cryptic sulfur cycling. One Doudnabacteria genome encodes adjacent sulfur dioxygenase and rhodanese genes that may convert thiosulfate to sulfite. We find similar conserved genomic architecture associated with CPR bacteria from other sulfur-rich subsurface ecosystems.

ConclusionsOur combined metagenomic, geochemical, spectromicroscopic and structural bioinformatics analyses link some CPR bacteria to sulfur-oxidizing Proteobacteria, likely Thiothrix, and indicate roles for CPR bacteria in sulfur and hydrogen cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, L. E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakra, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giska, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autotrophic biofilms sustained by deeply-sourced groundwater host diverse CPR bacteria implicated in sulfur and hydrogen metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMY-2, TOE-2 and PIG-1 Regulate C. elegans Asymmetric Cell Divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is an important mechanism that generates cellular diversity during development. Not only do asymmetric cell divisions produce daughter cells of different fates, many can produce daughters of different sizes, which we refer to as Daughter Cell Size Asymmetry (DCSA). In C. elegans, apoptotic cells are frequently produced by asymmetric divisions that exhibit DCSA, where the smaller daughter dies. We focus here on the divisions of the Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts, which produce apoptotic cells and divide with opposite polarity using both distinct and overlapping mechanisms. The PIG-1/MELK and TOE-2 proteins both regulate DCSA and specify the apoptotic cell fate in both the Q.a and Q.p divisions. In many asymmetric cell divisions, the non-muscle myosin NMY-2 is involved in properly positioning the cleavage furrow to produce daughters of unequal size. It was previously reported that NMY-2 is asymmetrically distributed and required for the DCSA of Q.a but not Q.p. In this study, we examined endogenously tagged reporters of NMY-2, TOE-2, and PIG-1 and found that all were asymmetric at the cortex during both the Q.a and Q.p divisions. TOE-2 and NMY-2 were biased toward the side of the dividing cell that would produce the smaller daughter, whereas PIG-1 was biased toward the side that would produce the larger daughter. We used temperature-sensitive nmy-2 mutants to determine the role of nmy-2 in these divisions and found that these mutants only displayed DCSA defects in the Q.p division. We generated double mutant combinations between the nmy-2 mutations and mutations in toe-2 and pig-1. The nmy-2 mutations did not significantly alter the DCSA of the toe-2 and pig-1 mutants but did alter the fate of the Q.a and Q.p daughters. This finding suggests that NMY-2 functions together with TOE-2 and PIG-1 to regulate DCSA but plays an independent role in specifying the fate of the Q.a and Q.p descendants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMY-2, TOE-2 and PIG-1 Regulate C. elegans Asymmetric Cell Divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered molecular sensors of cell surface crowding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells mediate interactions with the extracellular environment through a crowded assembly of transmembrane proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids on their plasma membrane. The extent to which surface crowding modulates the biophysical interactions of ligands, receptors, and other macromolecules is poorly understood due to the lack of methods to quantify surface crowding on native cell membranes. In this work, we demonstrate that physical crowding on reconstituted membranes and live cell surfaces attenuates the effective binding affinity of macromolecules such as IgG antibodies in a surface crowding-dependent manner. We combine experiment and simulation to design a crowding sensor based on this principle that provides a quantitative readout of cell surface crowding. Our measurements reveal that surface crowding decreases IgG antibody binding by 2-20 fold in live cells compared to a bare membrane surface, resulting in a cell surface osmotic pressure opposing binding of 1 - 4 kPa. Our sensors show that sialic acid, a negatively charged monosaccharide, contributes disproportionately to red blood cell surface crowding via electrostatic repulsion, despite occupying only ~1% of the total cell membrane by mass. We also observe significant differences in surface crowding for different cell types and find that expression of single oncogenes can both increase and decrease crowding, suggesting that surface crowding may be an indicator of both cell type and state. Our high-throughput, single-cell measurement of cell surface osmotic pressure may be combined with functional assays to enable further biophysical dissection of the cell surfaceome.

Significance StatementCells interact with each other and the extracellular environment through a crowded assembly of polymers on their plasma membranes. The high density of these surface polymers can generate physical crowding that impacts cell function. However, tools to quantify the extent and effect of surface crowding on live cell membranes are lacking. In this work, we design macromolecular sensors that act as direct reporters of cell surface crowding. We combine experiments on reconstituted and live cell surfaces with molecular dynamics simulations to provide a mechanistic understanding of how cell surface crowding reduces binding of soluble molecules, and we show that crowding varies significantly with cell type and is affected by oncogene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takatori, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered molecular sensors of cell surface crowding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic dissection of transcriptional repression in a multicellular organism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional control is fundamental to cellular function. However, despite knowing that transcription factors can repress or activate specific genes, how these functions are implemented at the molecular level has remained elusive. Here we combine optogenetics, single-cell live-imaging, and mathematical modeling to study how a zinc-finger repressor, Knirps, induces switch-like transitions into long-lived quiescent states. Using optogenetics, we demonstrate that repression is rapidly reversible ([~]1 minute) and memoryless. Furthermore, we show that the repressor acts by decreasing the frequency of transcriptional bursts in a manner consistent with an equilibrium binding model. Our results provide a quantitative framework for dissecting the in vivo biochemistry of eukaryotic transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic dissection of transcriptional repression in a multicellular organism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel and unexpected genetic and microbial diversity for arsenic cycling in deep sea cold seep sediments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cold seeps, where cold hydrocarbon-rich fluid escapes from the seafloor, showed strong enrichment of toxic metalloid arsenic (As). The toxicity and mobility of As can be greatly altered by microbial processes that play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling. However, a global overview of genes and microbes involved in As transformation at seeps remains to be fully unveiled. Using 87 sediment metagenomes and 33 metatranscriptomes derived from 13 globally distributed cold seeps, we show that As detoxification genes (arsM, arsP, arsC1/arsC2, acr3) were prevalent at seeps and more phylogenetically diverse than previously expected. Asgardarchaeota and a variety of unidentified bacterial phyla (e.g. 4484-113, AABM5-125-24 and RBG-13-66-14) may also function as the key players in As transformation. The abundances of As-cycling genes and the compositions of As-associated microbiome shifted across different sediment depths or types of cold seep. The energy-conserving arsenate reduction or arsenite oxidation could impact biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen, via supporting carbon fixation, hydrocarbon degradation and nitrogen fixation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of As-cycling genes and microbes at As-enriched cold seeps, laying a solid foundation for further studies of As cycling in deep sea microbiome at the enzymatic and processual levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel and unexpected genetic and microbial diversity for arsenic cycling in deep sea cold seep sediments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage frequency time series reveal elevated levels of genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic drift in infectious disease transmission results from randomness of transmission and host recovery or death. The strength of genetic drift for SARS-CoV-2 transmission is expected to be high due to high levels of superspreading, and this is expected to substantially impact disease epidemiology and evolution. However, we dont yet have an understanding of how genetic drift changes over time or across locations. Furthermore, noise that results from data collection can potentially confound estimates of genetic drift. To address this challenge, we develop and validate a method to jointly infer genetic drift and measurement noise from time-series lineage frequency data. Our method is highly scalable to increasingly large genomic datasets, which overcomes a limitation in commonly used phylogenetic methods. We apply this method to over 490,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from England collected between March 2020 and December 2021 by the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium and separately infer the strength of genetic drift for pre-B.1.177, B.1.177, Alpha, and Delta. We find that even after correcting for measurement noise, the strength of genetic drift is consistently, throughout time, higher than that expected from the observed number of COVID-19 positive individuals in England by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, which cannot be explained by literature values of superspreading. Our estimates of genetic drift will be informative for parameterizing evolutionary models and studying potential mechanisms for increased drift.

Author SummaryThe transmission of pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 is strongly affected by chance effects in the contact process between infected and susceptible individuals, collectively referred to as random genetic drift. We have an incomplete understanding of how genetic drift changes across time and locations. To address this gap, we developed a computational method that infers the strength of genetic drift from time series genomic data that corrects for non-biological noise and is computationally scalable to the large numbers of sequences available for SARS-CoV-2, overcoming a major challenge of existing methods. Using this method, we quantified the strength of genetic drift for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England throughout time and across locations. These estimates constrain potential mechanisms and help parameterize models of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. More generally, the computational scalability of our method will become more important as increasingly large genomic datasets become more common.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage frequency time series reveal elevated levels of genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host translation machinery is not a barrier to phages that infect both CPR and non-CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within human microbiomes, Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, and Saccharibacteria, members of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), are increasingly correlated with human oral health and disease. We profiled the diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in the genomes of these bacteria and sought phages that are capable of infecting them by comparing their spacer inventories to large phage sequence databases. Gracilibacteria and Absconditabacteria recode the typical TGA stop codon to glycine and are infected by phages that share their hosts alternate genetic code. Unexpectedly, however, other predicted phages of Gracilibacteria and Absconditabacteria do not use an alternative genetic code. Some of these phages are predicted to infect both alternatively coded CPR bacteria and standard coded bacteria. These phages rely on other stop codons besides TGA, and thus should be capable of producing viable gene products in either bacterial host type. Interestingly, we predict that phages of Saccharibacteria can replicate in Actinobacteria, which have been shown to act as episymbiotic hosts for Saccharibacteria. Overall, the broad host range of some CPR phages may be advantageous for the production of these phages for microscopic characterization or use as therapy agents, given the current difficulty of CPR cultivation. Absconditabacteria phages and Gracilibacteria phages may have avoided acquisition of in-frame stop codons to increase the diversity of bacteria in which they can replicate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host translation machinery is not a barrier to phages that infect both CPR and non-CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taste adaptations associated with host-specialization in the specialist Drosophila sechellia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemosensory-driven hostplant specialization is a major force mediating insect ecological adaptation and speciation. Drosophila sechellia, a species endemic to the Seychelles islands, feeds and oviposits on Morinda citrifolia almost exclusively. This fruit is harmless to D. sechellia but toxic to other Drosophilidae, including the closely related generalists D. simulans and D. melanogaster, due to its high content of fatty acids. While several olfactory adaptations mediating D. sechellias preference for its host have been uncovered, the role of taste has been much less examined. We found that D. sechellia has reduced taste and feeding aversion to bitter compounds and host fatty acids that are aversive to D. melanogaster and D. simulans. The loss of aversion to canavanine, coumarin, and fatty acids arose in the D. sechellia lineage, as its sister species D. simulans showed responses akin to those of D. melanogaster. D. sechellia has increased taste and feeding responses towards M. citrifolia. These results are in line with D. sechellias loss of genes encoding bitter gustatory receptors (GRs) in D. melanogaster. We found that two GR genes which are lost in D. sechellia, GR39a.a and GR28b.a, influence the reduction of aversive responses to some bitter compounds. Also, D. sechellia has increased appetite for a prominent host fatty acid compound that is toxic to its relatives. Our results support the hypothesis that changes in the taste system, specifically a reduction of sensitivity to bitter compounds that deter generalist ancestors, contribute to the specialization of D. sechellia for its host.

Summary statementTaste specializations in the specialist Drosophila sechellia include a lineage-specific reduced sensitivity to bitter compounds associated with losses of gustatory receptors, and increased appetite for Noni and host fatty acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>REISENMAN, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedagarbha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taste adaptations associated with host-specialization in the specialist Drosophila sechellia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal microvascular and neuronal pathologies probed in vivo by adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retina, behind the transparent optics of the eye, is the only neural tissue whose physiology and pathology can be non-invasively probed by optical microscopy. The aberrations intrinsic to the mouse eye, however, prevent high-resolution investigation of retinal structure and function in vivo. Optimizing the design of a two-photon fluorescence microscope (2PFM) and sample preparation procedure, we found that adaptive optics (AO), by measuring and correcting ocular aberrations, is essential for resolving synapses and achieving three-dimensional cellular resolution in the mouse retina in vivo. Applying AO-2PFM to longitudinal retinal imaging in transgenic models of retinal pathology, we characterized microvascular lesions and observed microglial migration in a proliferative vascular retinopathy model, and found Lidocaine to effectively suppress retinal ganglion cell hyperactivity in a retinal degeneration model. Tracking structural and functional changes at high resolution longitudinally, AO-2PFM enables microscopic investigations of retinal pathology and pharmacology for disease diagnosis and treatment in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal microvascular and neuronal pathologies probed in vivo by adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model for Scc2p Stimulation of Cohesin's ATPase and its Inhibition by Acetylation of Smc3p 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionarily conserved cohesin complex mediates sister chromatid cohesion and facilitates mitotic chromosome condensation, DNA repair, and transcription regulation. These biological functions require cohesins two ATPases, formed by the Smc1p and Smc3p subunits. Cohesins ATPase activity is stimulated by the Scc2p auxiliary factor. This stimulation is inhibited by Eco1p acetylation of Smc3p at an interface with Scc2p. It was unclear how cohesins ATPase activity is stimulated by Scc2p, or how acetylation inhibits Scc2p, given that the acetylation site is distal to cohesins ATPase active sites. Here, we identify mutations in budding yeast that suppressed the in vivo defects caused by Smc3p acetyl-mimic and acetyl-defective mutations. We provide compelling evidence that Scc2p activation of cohesin ATPase depends upon an interface between Scc2p and a region of Smc1p proximal to cohesins Smc3p ATPase active site. Furthermore, substitutions at this interface increase or decrease ATPase activity to overcome ATPase modulation by acetyl-mimic and - null mutations. Using these observations and a cryo-EM structure, we propose a model for regulating cohesin ATPase activity. We suggest that Scc2p binding to Smc1p causes a shift in adjacent Smc1p residues and ATP, stimulating the Smc3p ATPase. This stimulatory shift is inhibited through acetylation of the distal Scc2p-Smc3 interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boardman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbonu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model for Scc2p Stimulation of Cohesin's ATPase and its Inhibition by Acetylation of Smc3p]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological adaptation of sulfate reducing bacteria in syntrophic partnership with anaerobic methanotrophic archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfate-coupled anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is performed by multicellular consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) in obligate syntrophic partnership with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Diverse ANME and SRB clades co-associate but the physiological basis for their adaptation and diversification is not well understood. In this work, we explore the metabolic adaptation of four syntrophic SRB clades (HotSeep-1, Seep-SRB2, Seep-SRB1a and Seep-SRB1g) from a phylogenomics perspective, tracing the evolution of conserved proteins in the syntrophic SRB clades, and comparing the genomes of syntrophic SRB to their nearest evolutionary neighbors in the phylum Desulfobacterota. We note several examples of gain, loss or biochemical adaptation of proteins within pathways involved in extracellular electron transfer, electron transport chain, nutrient sharing, biofilm formation and cell adhesion. We demonstrate that the metabolic adaptations in each of these syntrophic clades are unique, suggesting that they have independently evolved, converging to a syntrophic partnership with ANME. Within the clades we also investigated the specialization of different syntrophic SRB species to partnerships with different ANME clades, using metagenomic sequences obtained from ANME and SRB partners in individual consortia after fluorescent-sorting of cell aggregates from anaerobic sediments. In one instance of metabolic adaptation to different partnerships, we show that Seep-SRB1a partners of ANME-2c appear to lack nutritional auxotrophies, while the related Seep-SRB1a partners of a different methanotrophic archaeal lineage, ANME-2a, are missing the cobalamin synthesis pathway, suggesting that the Seep-SRB1a partners of ANME-2a may have a nutritional dependence on its partner. Together, our paired genomic analysis of AOM consortia highlights the specific adaptation and diversification of syntrophic SRB clades linked to their associated ANME lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalfe, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laso-Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudeau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological adaptation of sulfate reducing bacteria in syntrophic partnership with anaerobic methanotrophic archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gasdermin D is the only Gasdermin that provides non-redundant protection against acute Salmonella gut infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.517575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gasdermins (GSDMs) share a common functional domain structure and are best known for their capacity to form membrane pores. These pores are hallmarks of a specific form of cell death called pyroptosis and mediate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1{beta} (IL1{beta}) and interleukin 18 (IL18). Thereby, Gasdermins have been implicated in various immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases such as acute Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) gut infection. However, to date, we lack a comprehensive functional assessment of the different Gasdermins (GSDMA-E) during S.Tm infection in vivo. Here, we have performed littermate-controlled oral S.Tm infections to investigate the impact of all murine Gasdermins. While GSDMA, -C and -E appear dispensable, we show that GSDMD (i) restricts S.Tm loads in the gut tissue and systemic organs, (ii) controls gut inflammation kinetics, and (iii) prevents epithelium disruption by 72h of the infection. Full protection requires GSDMD expression by both bone-marrow-derived lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In vivo experiments, 3D- and 2D-enteroid infections further show that infected IEC extrusion proceeds also without GSDMD, but that GSDMD controls the permeabilization and morphology of the extruding cells and affects extrusion kinetics. As such, this work identifies a non-redundant multipronged role of GSDMD in mucosal tissue defence against a common enteric pathogen.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGasdermin D restricts Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) translocation across the gut tissue, controls gut inflammation kinetics, and prevents epithelium disruption by 72h of the infection.
C_LIO_LIGasdermins A, C and E appear dispensable for protection against acute S.Tm gut infection.
C_LIO_LIGasdermin D in bone-marrow-derived lamina propria cells and intestinal epithelial cells complement each other to suppress gut tissue S.Tm loads.
C_LIO_LIGasdermin D is not required for extrusion of infected intestinal epithelial cells but drives their permeabilization and affects qualitative features of the extrusion process.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelczar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.24.517575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gasdermin D is the only Gasdermin that provides non-redundant protection against acute Salmonella gut infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that SPIO Chain Formation is Essential for High-Resolution MPI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a noninvasive imaging modality that exploits the saturation properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs). A major thrust of MPI research aims to sharpen the magnetic resolution of biocompatible SPIOs, which will be crucial for affordable and safe clinical translation. We recently reported on a new class of MPI tracers --called superferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SFMIOs) -- which offer much sharper magnetic saturation curves. SFMIOs experimentally demonstrate 10-fold improvement in both resolution and sensitivity. However, superferromagnetism is a relatively unexplored branch of physics and the nanoscale physics and dynamics of SFMIOs remain a mystery. Here we show experimentally that chaining of SPIOs can explain SFMIOs boost in SNR and resolution. We show how concentration, viscosity, transmit amplitude, and pre-polarization time can all affect SPIO chain formation and SFMIO behavior. These experiments will inform strategies on SFMIO chemical synthesis as well as SFMIO data acquisition pulse sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, K. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayuujya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conolly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that SPIO Chain Formation is Essential for High-Resolution MPI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in Magnaporthe oryzae reveal evidence of genomic transfer and key differences between rice and wheat blast pathotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to intraspecific variation and play important roles in the evolution of fungal genomes. However, our understanding of the processes that shape TE landscapes is limited, as is our understanding of the relationship between TE content, population structure, and evolutionary history of fungal species. Fungal plant pathogens, which often have host-specific populations, are useful systems in which to study intraspecific TE content diversity. Here, we describe TE dynamics in five lineages of Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus that causes blast disease of rice, wheat, and many other grasses. We identified differences in TE content across these lineages, and showed that recent lineage-specific expansions of certain TEs have contributed to overall greater TE content in rice-infecting and Setaria-infecting lineages. We reconstructed the evolutionary histories of LTR-retrotransposon expansions and found that in some cases they were caused by complex proliferation dynamics of one element, and in others by multiple elements from an older population of TEs multiplying in parallel. Additionally, we found evidence suggesting the recent transfer of a DNA transposon between rice and wheat-infecting M. oryzae lineages, and a region showing evidence of homologous recombination between those lineages, which could have facilitated such a transfer. By investigating intraspecific TE content variation, we uncovered key differences in the proliferation dynamics of TEs in various pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen, giving us a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the pathogen itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamoto, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in Magnaporthe oryzae reveal evidence of genomic transfer and key differences between rice and wheat blast pathotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related decline in prefrontal glutamate predicts failure to efficiently deploy working memory in the service of learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to use past experience to effectively guide decision making declines in older adulthood. Such declines have been theorized to emerge from either impairments of striatal reinforcement learning systems (RL) or impairments of recurrent networks in prefrontal and parietal cortex that support working memory (WM). Distinguishing between these hypotheses has been challenging because either RL or WM could be used to facilitate successful decision making in typical laboratory tasks. Here we investigated the neurocomputational correlates of age-related decision making deficits using an RL-WM task to disentangle these mechanisms, a computational model to quantify them, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to link them to their molecular bases. Our results reveal that task performance is worse in older age, in a manner best explained by working memory deficits, as might be expected if cortical recurrent networks were unable to sustain persistent activity across multiple trials. Consistent with this, we show that older adults had lower levels of prefrontal glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter thought to support persistent activity, compared to younger adults. Individuals with the lowest prefrontal glutamate levels displayed the greatest impairments in working memory after controlling for other anatomical and metabolic factors. Together, our results suggest that lower levels of prefrontal glutamate may contribute to failures of working memory systems and impaired decision making in older adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festa, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related decline in prefrontal glutamate predicts failure to efficiently deploy working memory in the service of learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope-mediated Golgi pH dysregulation interferes with ERAAP retention in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP) trims peptide precursors in the ER for presentation by major histocompatibility (MHC)-I molecules to surveying CD8+ T-cells. This function allows ERAAP to regulate the nature and quality of the peptide repertoire and, accordingly, the resulting immune responses. We recently showed that infection with murine cytomegalovirus leads to a dramatic loss of ERAAP levels in infected cells. In mice, this loss is associated with the activation of QFL T-cells, a subset of T-cells that monitor ERAAP integrity and eliminate cells experiencing ERAAP dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to identify host factors that regulate ERAAP expression level and determine whether these could be manipulated during viral infections. We performed a CRISPR knockout screen and identified ERp44 as a factor promoting ERAAP retention in the ER. ERp44s interaction with ERAAP is dependent on the pH gradient between the ER and Golgi. We hypothesized that viruses that disrupt the pH of the secretory pathway interfere with ERAAP retention. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the Envelope (E) protein from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to Golgi pH neutralization and consequently decrease of ERAAP intracellular levels. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2-induced ERAAP loss correlates with its release into the extracellular environment. ERAAPs reliance on ERp44 and a functioning ER/Golgi pH gradient for proper localization and function led us to propose that ERAAP serves as a sensor of disturbances in the secretory pathway during infection and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Zapata, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Envelope-mediated Golgi pH dysregulation interferes with ERAAP retention in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation-dependent downregulation of Cas12a mRNA by an anti-CRISPR protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved multiple defense systems, including CRISPR-Cas, to cleave the DNA of phage and mobile genetic elements (MGE). In turn, phage have evolved anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that use novel and co-opted mechanisms to block DNA binding or cleavage. Here, we report that an anti-CRISPR (AcrVA2) unexpectedly inhibits Cas12a biogenesis by triggering translation-dependent destruction of its mRNA. AcrVA2 specifically clears the mRNA of Cas12a by recognizing and binding its N-terminal polypeptide. Mutating conserved N-terminal amino acids in Cas12a prevents binding and inhibition by AcrVA2 but also decreases Cas12a anti-phage activity. This mechanism therefore enables AcrVA2 to specifically inhibit divergent Cas12a orthologs while constraining its ability to escape inhibition. AcrVA2 homologs are found on diverse MGEs across numerous bacterial classes, typically in the absence of Cas12a, suggesting that this protein family may induce similar molecular outcomes against other targets. These findings reveal a new gene regulatory strategy in bacteria and create opportunities for polypeptide-specific gene regulation in prokaryotes and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marino, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation-dependent downregulation of Cas12a mRNA by an anti-CRISPR protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple paths towards repeated phenotypic evolution in the spiny-leg adaptive radiation (Tetragnatha; Hawaii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeated evolution of phenotypes is ubiquitous in nature and offers some of the clearest evidence of the role of natural selection in evolution. The genomic basis of repeated phenotypic evolution is often complex and can arise from a combination of gene flow, shared ancestral polymorphism and de novo mutation. Here, we investigate the genomic basis of repeated ecomorph evolution in the adaptive radiation of the Hawaiian spiny-leg Tetragnatha. This radiation comprises four ecomorphs that are microhabitat-specialists, and differ in body pigmentation and size (Green, Large Brown, Maroon, and Small Brown). Using 76 newly generated low-coverage, whole-genome resequencing samples, coupled with population genomic and phylogenomic tools, we studied the evolutionary history of the radiation to understand the evolution of the spiny-leg lineage and the genetic underpinnings of ecomorph evolution. Congruent with previous works, we find that each ecomorph has evolved twice, with the exception of the Small Brown ecomorph, which has evolved three times. The evolution of the Maroon and the Small Brown ecomorphs likely involved ancestral hybridization events, whereas the Green and the Large Brown ecomorphs likely evolved because of either standing genetic variation or de novo mutation. Pairwise comparisons of ecomorphs based on the fixation index (FST) show that divergent genomic regions include genes with functions associated with pigmentation (melanization), learning, neuronal and synapse activity, and circadian rhythms. These results show that the repeated evolution of ecomorphs in the Hawaiian spiny-leg Tetragnatha is linked to multiple genomic regions and suggests a previously unknown role of learning and circadian rhythms in ecomorph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotoras, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieker, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin-Lagos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prada, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rominger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple paths towards repeated phenotypic evolution in the spiny-leg adaptive radiation (Tetragnatha; Hawaii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic DNA methylation turnover in gene bodies is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn several eukaryotes, DNA methylation occurs within the coding regions of many genes, termed gene body methylation (GbM). Whereas the role of DNA methylation on the silencing of transposons and repetitive DNA is well understood, gene body methylation is not associated with transcriptional repression, and its biological importance has remained unclear.

ResultsWe report a newly discovered type of GbM in plants, which is under constitutive addition and removal by dynamic methylation modifiers in all cells, including the germline. Methylation at Dynamic GbM genes is removed by the DRDD demethylation pathway and added by an unknown source of de novo methylation, most likely the maintenance methyltransferase MET1. We show that the Dynamic GbM state is present at homologous genes across divergent lineages spanning over 100 million years, indicating evolutionary conservation. We demonstrate that Dynamic GbM is tightly associated with the presence of a promoter or regulatory chromatin state within the gene body, in contrast to other gene body methylated genes. We find Dynamic GbM is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity across development and diverse physiological conditions, whereas stably methylated GbM genes exhibit reduced plasticity. Dynamic GbM genes exhibit reduced dynamic range in drdd mutants, indicating a causal link between DNA demethylation and enhanced gene expression plasticity.

ConclusionsThis study proposes a new model for GbM in regulating gene expression plasticity, including a newly discovered type of GbM in which increased gene expression plasticity is associated with the activity of DNA methylation writers and erasers and the enrichment of a regulatory chromatin state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, J. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic DNA methylation turnover in gene bodies is associated with enhanced gene expression plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-surface targeting of fluorophores in Drosophila for rapid neuroanatomy visualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing neuronal anatomy often requires labor-intensive immunohistochemistry on fixed and dissected brains. To facilitate rapid anatomical staining in live brains, we used genetically targeted membrane tethers that covalently link fluorescent dyes for in vivo neuronal labeling. We generated a series of extracellularly trafficked small molecule tethering proteins, HaloTag-CD41 and SNAPf-CD4, which directly label transgene expressing cells with commercially available ligand substituted fluorescent dyes. We created stable transgenic Drosophila reporter lines which express extracellular HaloTag-CD4 and SNAPf-CD4 with LexA and Gal4 drivers. Expressing these enzymes in live Drosophila brains, we labeled the expression patterns of various Gal4 driver lines recapitulating histological staining in live brain tissue. Pan-neural expression of SNAPf-CD4 enabled registration of live brains to an existing template for anatomical comparisons. We predict that these extracellular platforms will not only become a valuable complement to existing anatomical methods but will also prove useful for future genetic targeting of other small molecule probes, drugs, and actuators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-surface targeting of fluorophores in Drosophila for rapid neuroanatomy visualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unitary Mechanism Underlies Adaptation to Both Local and Global Environmental Statistics in Time Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our sense of the passage of time flexibly adapts to the statistical properties of the temporal context. Humans and non-human species exhibit a perceptual bias towards the mean of durations previously observed as well as serial dependence, a perceptual bias towards the duration of recently processed events. Here we asked whether those two phenomena arise from a unitary mechanism or reflect the operation of two distinct systems that adapt separately to the global and local statistics of the environment. We employed a set of duration reproduction tasks in which the target duration was sampled from distributions with different variances and means. The central tendency and serial dependence biases were jointly modulated by the range and the variance of the prior. These effects were well-captured by a unitary mechanism model in which temporal expectancies are updated after each trial based on perceptual observations. Alternative models that assume separate mechanisms for global and local contextual effects failed to capture the empirical results.

TeaserTime perception of humans is shaped by a common mechanism that is sensitive to short-term and long-term environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.519001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unitary Mechanism Underlies Adaptation to Both Local and Global Environmental Statistics in Time Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly active Burkholderia polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase for production of triacetic acid lactone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a platform chemical biosynthesized primarily through decarboxylative Claisen condensation by type III polyketide synthase 2-pyrone synthase (2-PS). However, this reaction suffers from intrinsic energy inefficiency and feedback inhibition by and competition for malonyl-CoA. TAL production through non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation by polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase alleviates many of these disadvantages. We discovered five more thiolases with TAL production activity by exploring homologs of a previously reported polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase, BktB, from Cupriavidus necator. Among them, the BktB homolog from Burkholderia sp. RF2-non_BP3 has [~] 30 times higher in vitro and in vivo TAL production activity and led to [~]10 times higher TAL titer than 2-PS when expressed in Escherichia coli, achieving a titer of 2.8 g/L in fed-batch fermentations. This discovery of a novel polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase with superior TAL production activity paves the way for realization of total biomanufacturing of TAL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiovanni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcelos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly active Burkholderia polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase for production of triacetic acid lactone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X-Chromosome Target Specificity Diverged Between Dosage Compensation Mechanisms of Two Closely Related Caenorhabditis Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An evolutionary perspective enhances our understanding of biological mechanisms. Comparison of sex determination and X-chromosome dosage compensation mechanisms between the closely related nematode species C. briggsae (Cbr) and C. elegans (Cel) revealed that the genetic regulatory hierarchy controlling both processes is conserved, but the X-chromosome target specificity and mode of binding for the specialized condensin dosage compensation complex (DCC) controlling X expression have diverged. We identified two motifs within Cbr DCC recruitment sites that are highly enriched on X: 13-bp MEX and 30-bp MEX II. Mutating either MEX or MEX II in an endogenous recruitment site with multiple copies of one or both motifs reduced binding, but only removing all motifs eliminated binding in vivo. Hence, DCC binding to Cbr recruitment sites appears additive. In contrast, DCC binding to Cel recruitment sites is synergistic: mutating even one motif in vivo eliminated binding. Although all X-chromosome motifs share the sequence CAGGG, they have otherwise diverged so that a motif from one species cannot function in the other. Functional divergence was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. A single nucleotide position in Cbr MEX can determine whether Cel DCC binds. This rapid divergence of DCC target specificity could have been an important factor in establishing reproductive isolation between nematode species and contrasts dramatically with conservation of target specificity for X-chromosome dosage compensation across Drosophila species and for transcription factors controlling developmental processes such as body-plan specification from fruit flies to mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brejc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X-Chromosome Target Specificity Diverged Between Dosage Compensation Mechanisms of Two Closely Related Caenorhabditis Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and development of human telencephalic organoids in the absence and presence of exogenous ECM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity is a fundamental step in brain development, instructing the organization of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the developing cerebral cortex. Particularly, basally located extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for this process. In vitro, epithelial polarization can be achieved via endogenous ECM production, or exogenous ECM supplementation. While neuroepithelial development is recapitulated in cerebral organoids, the effects of different ECM sources in tissue morphogenesis remain unexplored. Here, we show that exposure to exogenous ECM at early neuroepithelial stages causes rapid tissue polarization and complete rearrangement of neuroepithelial architecture within 3 days. In unexposed cultures, endogenous ECM production by NPCs results in gradual polarity acquisition over an extended time. After the onset of neurogenesis, tissue architecture and neuronal differentiation are largely independent of the initial ECM source. These results advance the knowledge on neuroepithelial biology in vitro, with a focus on mechanisms of exogenously- and endogenously-guided morphogenesis. They demonstrate the self-sustainability of neuroepithelial cultures by endogenous processes, prompting an urgent reassessment of indiscriminate use of exogenous ECM in these model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins-Costa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novatchkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeseneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and development of human telencephalic organoids in the absence and presence of exogenous ECM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid phylogeny-based method for accurate community profiling of large-scale metabarcoding datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming an increasingly important tool in diverse scientific fields from ecological biomonitoring to wastewater surveillance of viruses. The fundamental challenge in eDNA analyses has been the bioinformatical assignment of reads to taxonomic groups. It has long been known that full probabilistic methods for phylogenetic assignment are preferable, but unfortunately, such methods are computationally intensive and are typically inapplicable to modern Next-Generation Sequencing data. We here present a fast approximate likelihood method for phylogenetic assignment of DNA sequences. Applying the new method to several mock communities and simulated datasets, we show that it identifies more reads at both high and low taxonomic levels more accurately than other leading methods. The advantage of the method is particularly apparent in the presence of polymorphisms and/or sequencing errors and when the true species is not represented in the reference database.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid phylogeny-based method for accurate community profiling of large-scale metabarcoding datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recognition of synaptic partners and specification of synaptic properties are fundamental for the function of neuronal circuits.  Terminal selector transcription factors coordinate the expression of terminal gene batteries that specify cell type-specific properties. Moreover, pan-neuronal alternative splicing regulators have been implicated in directing neuronal differentiation. However, the cellular logic of how splicing regulators instruct specific synaptic properties remains poorly understood. Here, we combine genome-wide mapping of mRNA targets and cell type-specific loss-of-function studies to uncover the contribution of the nuclear RNA binding protein SLM2 to hippocampal synapse specification. Focusing on hippocampal pyramidal cells and SST-positive GABAergic interneurons, we find that SLM2 preferentially binds and regulates alternative splicing of transcripts encoding synaptic proteins, thereby generating cell type-specific isoforms. In the absence of SLM2, cell type-specification, differentiation, and viability are unaltered and neuronal populations exhibit normal intrinsic properties. By contrast, cell type-specific loss of SLM2 results in highly selective, non-cell autonomous synaptic phenotypes, altered synaptic transmission, and associated defects in a hippocampus-dependent memory task. Thus, alternative splicing provides a critical layer of gene regulation that instructs specification of neuronal connectivity in a trans-synaptic manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traunmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischofberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheiffele, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-cellular control of synapse properties by a cell type-specific splicing regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention weights accurately predict language representations in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Transformer-based language models (LMs) the attention mechanism converts token embeddings into contextual embeddings that incorporate information from neighboring words. The resulting contextual hidden state embeddings have enabled highly accurate models of brain responses, suggesting that the attention mechanism constructs contextual embeddings that carry information reflected in language-related brain representations. However, it is unclear whether the attention weights that are used to integrate information across words are themselves related to language representations in the brain. To address this question we analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings of participants reading English language narratives. We provided the narrative text as input to two LMs (BERT and GPT-2) and extracted their corresponding attention weights. We then used encoding models to determine how well attention weights can predict recorded brain responses. We find that attention weights accurately predict brain responses in much of the frontal and temporal cortices. Our results suggest that the attention mechanism itself carries information that is reflected in brain representations. Moreover, these results indicate cortical areas in which context integration may occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamarre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention weights accurately predict language representations in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-seq in Drosophila testis reveals evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although sex chromosomes have evolved from autosomes, they often have unusual regulatory regimes that are sex- and cell-type-specific such as dosage compensation (DC) and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). The molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces driving these unique transcriptional programs are critical for genome evolution but have been, in the case of MSCI in Drosophila, subject to continuous debate. Here, we take advantage of the younger sex chromosomes in D. miranda (XR and the neo-X) to infer how former autosomes acquire sex-chromosome specific regulatory programs using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling, in a comparative evolutionary context. We show that contrary to mammals and worms, the Xs are downregulated through germline progression most consistent with a loss of DC instead of MSCI, resulting in half gene dosage at the end of meiosis for all three Xs. For the young neo-X, DC is incomplete across all tissue and cell types and this dosage imbalance is rescued by contributions from Y-linked gametologs which produce transcripts that are translated to compensate both gene and protein dosage. We find an excess of previously autosomal testis genes becoming Y-specific, showing that the neo-Y and its masculinization likely resolve sexual antagonism. Multicopy neo-sex genes are predominantly expressed during meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, consistent with their amplification being driven to interfere with Mendelian segregation. Altogether, this study reveals germline regulation of evolving sex chromosomes and elucidates the consequences these unique regulatory mechanisms have on the evolution sex chromosome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA-seq in Drosophila testis reveals evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The signed value and unsigned salience of reward prediction errors (RPEs) are critical to understanding reinforcement learning (RL) and cognitive control. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) and insula (INS) are key regions for integrating reward and surprise information, but conflicting evidence for both signed and unsigned activity has led to competing proposals for the nature of RPE representations in these brain areas. Recently, the distributional RL theory (dRL) has been used to explain RPE coding diversity in the rodent midbrain by proposing that dopaminergic neurons have differential sensitivity to positive and negative RPEs. Here, we use intracranially recorded high frequency activity (HFA) to show that this asymmetric scaling strategy captures RPE coding diversity in human dMPFC and INS. We found neural populations responding to valence-specific positive and negative RPEs, as well as unsigned RPE salience, which are spatially interleaved within each region. Furthermore, directional connectivity estimates suggest a leading role of INS in communicating positive and unsigned RPEs to dMPFC. These findings support asymmetric scaling across distinct but intermingled neural populations as a core principle in RPE coding, expand the scope of dRL, and reconcile longstanding theoretical debates on the role of dMPFC and INS in RL and cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoy, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga-Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the bioelectrical properties of neurons with ferritin-based Magnetogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetogenetics promises remote control of neurons, but its validity is questioned due to controversies surrounding the underlying mechanisms and deficits in reproducibility. Recent studies discovered that ferritin, used in Magnetogenetics, transduces radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields into biochemical signals (reactive oxygen species and oxidized lipids). Magnetic stimulation of ferritin-tethered TRPV channels induces Ca2+ responses and modulates behavior but electrophysiological studies indicate that a particular channel, Magneto2.0, is ineffective in affecting the neuronal bioelectrical properties. We investigated this problem using the Magnetogenetic technique FeRIC. We resolved the electromagnetic interference caused by RF in patch-clamp recordings and supported the data with voltage imaging experiments. In neurons expressing TRPV4FeRIC, RF depolarizes the membrane potential and increases the spiking frequency. In neurons expressing the chloride-permeable TMEM16AFeRIC, RF hyperpolarizes the membrane potential and decreases the spiking frequency. Our study reveals the control of neuronal bioelectrical properties with Magnetogenetics that is non-instantaneous, long-lasting, and moderate, but effective and comparable to that induced by endogenous signaling molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HERNANDEZ-MORALES, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MORALES-WEIL, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAN, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAN, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEGRAM, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENNER, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MILLER, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KRAMER, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the bioelectrical properties of neurons with ferritin-based Magnetogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection results in long-lasting microbiota instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses targeting mammalian cells can indirectly alter the gut microbiota, potentially compounding their phenotypic effects. Multiple studies have observed a disrupted gut microbiota in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that require hospitalization. Yet, despite demographic shifts in disease severity resulting in a large and continuing burden of non-hospitalized infections, we still know very little about the impact of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection on the gut microbiota in the outpatient setting. To address this knowledge gap, we longitudinally sampled 14 SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects who remained outpatient and 4 household controls. SARS-CoV-2 cases exhibited a significantly less stable gut microbiota relative to controls, as long as 154 days after their positive test. These results were confirmed and extended in the K18-hACE2 mouse model, which is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. All of the tested SARS-CoV-2 variants significantly disrupted the mouse gut microbiota, including USA-WA1/2020 (the original variant detected in the United States), Delta, and Omicron. Surprisingly, despite the fact that the Omicron variant caused the least severe symptoms in mice, it destabilized the gut microbiota and led to a significant depletion in Akkermansia muciniphila. Furthermore, exposure of wild-type C57BL/6J mice to SARS-CoV-2 disrupted the gut microbiota in the absence of severe lung pathology.

IMPORTANCETaken together, our results demonstrate that even mild cases of SARS-CoV-2 can disrupt gut microbial ecology. Our findings in non-hospitalized individuals are consistent with studies of hospitalized patients, in that reproducible shifts in gut microbial taxonomic abundance in response to SARS-CoV-2 have been difficult to identify. Instead, we report a long-lasting instability in the gut microbiota. Surprisingly, our mouse experiments revealed an impact of the Omicron variant, despite producing the least severe symptoms in genetically susceptible mice, suggesting that despite the continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 it has retained its ability to perturb the intestinal mucosa. These results will hopefully renew efforts to study the mechanisms through which Omicron and future SARS-CoV-2 variants alter gastrointestinal physiology, while also considering the potentially broad consequences of SARS-CoV-2-induced microbiota instability for host health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCavitt-Malvido, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noecker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisanz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hswen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection results in long-lasting microbiota instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.518776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transboundary hotspots associated with SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk: implications for mitigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.518776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses is a multi-stage process from wildlife reservoirs to people. Here we characterize multiple drivers--landscape change, host distribution, and human exposure--associated with the risk of spillover of SARS-like coronaviruses to help inform surveillance and mitigation activities. We consider direct and indirect transmission pathways by modeling four scenarios with livestock and mammalian wildlife as potential and known reservoirs before examining how access to healthcare varies within clusters and scenarios. We found 19 clusters with differing risk factor contributions within a single country (N=9) or transboundary (N=10). High-risk areas were mainly closer (11-20%) rather than far (<1%) from healthcare. Areas far from healthcare reveal healthcare access inequalities, especially Scenario 3, which includes wild mammals as secondary hosts. China (N=2) and Indonesia (N=1) had clusters with the highest risk. Our findings can help stakeholders in land use planning integrating healthcare implementation and One Health actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muylaert, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D`Odorico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rulli, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alviola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayman, D. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.518776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transboundary hotspots associated with SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk: implications for mitigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the evolution of herbivory from a leaf-mining, drosophilid fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects and their host plants comprise most known species on Earth. Illuminating how herbivory repeatedly evolved in insects from non-herbivorous lineages is critical to understanding how this biodiversity is created and maintained. We characterized the trophic niche of Scaptomyza flava, a representative of a lineage nested within the Drosophila that transitioned to herbivory [~]15 million years ago. We used natural history studies to determine if S. flava is a true herbivore or a cryptic microbe-feeder. Specifically, we quantified oviposition substrate choice and larval viability across food-types, trophic-related morphological traits, and nitrogen isotope and sterol profiles across putatively herbivorous and non-herbivorous drosophilids. We confirmed that S. flava is an obligate herbivore of living plants. Paired with its genetic model host, Arabidopsis thaliana, S. flava is a novel and powerful system for exploring mechanisms underlying the evolution of herbivory, a complex trait that enabled the exceptional diversification of insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grebenok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behmer, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the evolution of herbivory from a leaf-mining, drosophilid fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe recent influx of genomic data has provided greater insights into the molecular basis for regressive evolution, or vestigialization, through gene loss and pseudogenization. As such, the analysis of gene degradation patterns has the potential to provide insights into the evolutionary history of regressed anatomical traits. We specifically applied these principles to the xenarthran radiation (anteaters, sloths, armadillos), which is characterized by taxa with a gradation in regressed dental phenotypes. Whether the pattern among extant xenarthrans is due to an ancient and gradual decay of dental morphology or occurred repeatedly in parallel is unknown. We tested these competing hypotheses by examining 11 core dental genes in most living species of Xenarthra, characterizing shared inactivating mutations and patterns of relaxed selection during their radiation. Here we report evidence of independent and distinct events of dental gene loss in the major xenarthran subclades. First, we found strong evidence of complete enamel loss in the common ancestor of sloths and anteaters, suggested by the inactivation of five enamel-associated genes (AMELX, AMTN, MMP20, ENAM, ACP4). Next, whereas dental regression appears to have halted in sloths, presumably a critical event that ultimately permitted adaptation to an herbivorous lifestyle, anteaters continued losing genes on the path towards complete tooth loss. Echoes of this event are recorded in the genomes of all living anteaters, being marked by a 2-bp deletion in a gene critical for dentinogenesis (DSPP) and a putative shared 1-bp insertion in a gene linked to tooth retention (ODAPH). By contrast, in the two major armadillo clades, genes pertaining to the dento-gingival junction and amelogenesis appear to have been independently inactivated prior to losing all or some enamel. These genomic data provide evidence for multiple pathways and rates of anatomical regression, and underscore the utility of using pseudogenes to reconstruct evolutionary history when fossils are sparse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibb, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilak, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinar, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delsuc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic data suggest parallel dental vestigialization within the xenarthran radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abstraction of reward context facilitates relative reward coding in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to be involved in many cognitive processes, including linking goals to actions and tracking decision-relevant contextual information. ACC neurons robustly encode expected outcomes, but how this relates to putative functions of ACC remains unknown. Here, we approach this question from the perspective of population codes by analyzing neural spiking data in the ventral and dorsal banks of the ACC in monkeys trained to perform a stimulus-motor mapping task. We found that neural populations favor a representational geometry that emphasizes contextual information, while facilitating the independent, abstract representation of multiple task-relevant variables. In addition, trial outcomes were primarily encoded relative to task context, suggesting that the population structures we observe could be a mechanism allowing feedback to be interpreted in a context-dependent manner. Together, our results point to a prominent role for ACC in context-setting and relative interpretation of outcomes, facilitated by abstract, or "untangled," representations of task variables.

Author SummaryThe ability to interpret events in light of the current context is a critical facet of higher-order cognition. The anterior cingulate cortex is suggested to be important for tracking information about current contexts, while alternate views hold that its function is more related to the motor system and linking goals to appropriate motor responses. Here, we evaluated these two possibilities by recording anterior cingulate neurons from monkeys performing a stimulus-motor mapping task in which compound cues both defined the current reward context and instructed appropriate motor responses. By analyzing geometric properties of neural population activity, we found that the ACC prioritized context information, representing it as a dominant, abstract concept. Ensuing trial outcomes were then coded relative to these contexts, suggesting an important role for these representations in context-dependent evaluation. Such mechanisms may be critical for the abstract reasoning and generalization characteristic of biological intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstraction of reward context facilitates relative reward coding in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas isolates from ponds populated with duckweed prevent disease caused by pathogenic Pseudomonas species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duckweeds are notoriously invasive plants. They are successful in inhabiting diverse environments, despite their lack of conventional immune pathways that are essential for disease resistance in other plant species. It is unclear how duckweeds thrive in the absence of these immune pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of bacteria from duckweeds natural habitat on disease progression utilizing the duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystem. Through nanopore sequencing of 16S and ITS rDNA amplicons we identified duckweed-associated bacterial and fungal genera present at three environmental sites. The pond filtrate from one of the three environmental locations primed duckweeds pathogen defenses leading to a reduction in disease symptoms. Furthermore, we were able to identify bacterial isolates from the filtrate that protect duckweed from disease symptoms upon Pseudomonas pathogen inoculation. The isolated protective bacteria belong to the Pseudomonas genus, and we demonstrated antagonistic interactions between the pathogen and beneficial strains in vitro and in vivo. The ability of our environmental isolates to protect against Pseudomonas pathogens appears to be plant/species specific as environmental strains showed no protective effect against Pseudomonas pathogens in Arabidopsis assays. Genome sequencing of the beneficial Pseudomonas strains showed the presence of several genes involved in bacterial competition. We have thus demonstrated that Pseudomonas species from duckweeds natural habitat can successfully antagonize other plant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiersma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas isolates from ponds populated with duckweed prevent disease caused by pathogenic Pseudomonas species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending eco-evolutionary theory with oligomorphic dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the interplay between ecological processes and the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative traits in natural systems remains a major challenge. Two main theoretical frameworks are used to address this question, adaptive dynamics and quantitative genetics, both of which have strengths and limitations and are often used by distinct research communities to address different questions. In order to make progress, new theoretical developments are needed that integrate these approaches and strengthen the link to empirical data. Here, we discuss a novel theoretical framework that bridges the gap between quantitative genetics and adaptive dynamics approaches. "Oligomorphic dynamics" can be used to analyse eco-evolutionary dynamics across different time scales and extends quantitative genetics theory to account for multimodal trait distributions, the dynamical nature of genetic variance, the potential for disruptive selection due to ecological feed-backs, and the non-normal or skewed trait distributions encountered in nature. Oligomorphic dynamics explicitly takes into account the effect of environmental feedback, such as frequency- and density-dependent selection, on the dynamics of multi-modal trait distributions and we argue it has the potential to facilitate a much tighter integration between eco-evolutionary theory and empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending eco-evolutionary theory with oligomorphic dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors that sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death associated with the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Inducing ferroptosis is a promising approach to treat therapy resistant cancer. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) promotes ferroptosis resistance in cancer by generating the antioxidant form of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ). Despite the important role of FSP1, few molecular tools exist that target the CoQ-FSP1 pathway. Exploiting a series of chemical screens, we identify several structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors. The most potent of these compounds, ferroptosis sensitizer 1 (FSEN1), is an uncompetitive inhibitor that acts selectively through on target inhibition of FSP1 to sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis. Furthermore, a synthetic lethality screen reveals that FSEN1 synergizes with endoperoxide-containing ferroptosis inducers, including dihydroartemisinin, to trigger ferroptosis. These results provide new tools that catalyze the exploration of FSP1 as a therapeutic target and highlight the value of combinatorial therapeutic regimes targeting FSP1 and additional ferroptosis inducers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubravsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasheras-Otero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersuker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of structurally diverse FSP1 inhibitors that sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jaccard dissimilarity in stochastic community models based on the species-independence assumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental problem in ecology is understanding the causes of change in species composition among sites (i.e. beta diversity). At present it is unclear how spatial heterogeneity in species occupancy across sites shapes these patterns. To address this question, we develop probabilistic models that consider two spatial or temporal sites, where presence probabilities vary both among species and between the sites. We derive analytical and approximate formulae for the expectation of pairwise beta-diversity. Using a novel graphical tool, Stochastic Incidence Plots (SIPs), which depict the presence probabilities in two sites across species labels, we develop a means to conceptualize the heterogeneity in presence probabilities: the steepness or unevenness of SIPs reflects species-level heterogeneity, while the degree of overlap between SIPs indicates site-level heterogeneity. Utilizing SIPs and a combinatorial approach in a two-species scenario, we demonstrate that beta-diversity is lower when SIPs are parallel compared to when they are anti-parallel. We also find that this prediction is testable with the well-known checkerboard pattern in incidence matrices. Finally, we applied the method to the species distribution models for five woodpecker species in Switzerland, showing that their spatial distributions will change significantly in the future. Overall, this work improves our understanding of how pairwise beta-diversity responds to occupancy heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iritani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, V. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godsoe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatsumi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jaccard dissimilarity in stochastic community models based on the species-independence assumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell non-autonomous control of autophagy and metabolism by glial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glia are the protectors of the nervous system, providing neurons with support and protection from cytotoxic insults. We previously discovered that four astrocyte-like glia can regulate organismal proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans. Expression of the UPRER transcription factor, XBP-1s, in these glia increases stress resistance, longevity, and activates the UPRER in intestinal cells via neuropeptides. Autophagy, a key regulator of metabolism and aging, has been described as a cell autonomous process. Surprisingly, we find that glial XBP-1s enhances proteostasis and longevity by cell non-autonomously reprogramming organismal lipid metabolism and activating autophagy. Glial XBP-1s regulates the activation of another transcription factor, HLH-30/TFEB, in the intestine. HLH-30 activates intestinal autophagy, increases intestinal lipid catabolism, and upregulates a robust transcriptional program. Our study reveals a novel role for glia in regulating peripheral lipid metabolism, autophagy, and organellar health through peripheral activation of HLH-30 and autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monshietehadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velichkovska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell non-autonomous control of autophagy and metabolism by glial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Logging alters tropical forest structure, while conversion reduces biodiversity and functioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impacts of degradation and deforestation on tropical forests are poorly understood, particularly at landscape scales. We present an extensive ecosystem analysis of the impacts of logging and conversion of tropical forest to oil palm from a large-scale study in Borneo, synthesizing responses from 82 variables categorized into four ecological levels spanning a broad suite of ecosystem properties: 1) structure and environment, 2) species traits, 3) biodiversity, and 4) ecosystem functions. Responses were highly heterogeneous and often complex and non-linear. Variables that were directly impacted by the physical process of timber extraction, such as soil structure, were sensitive to even moderate amounts of logging, whereas measures of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were generally resilient to logging but more affected by conversion to oil palm plantation.

One-Sentence SummaryLogging tropical forest mostly impacts structure while biodiversity and functions are more vulnerable to habitat conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongalov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, D. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemprich-Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jotan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzler, U. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milodowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya Pillco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riutta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slade, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burslem, D. F. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clare, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majalap, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostle, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struebig, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hector, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Logging alters tropical forest structure, while conversion reduces biodiversity and functioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning, the ability to modify vocal behavior based on experience, is a convergently evolved trait in birds and mammals. To identify genomic elements associated with vocal learning, we integrated new experiments conducted in the brain of the Egyptian fruit bat with analyses of the genomes of 222 placental mammals. We first identified an anatomically specialized region of the bat motor cortex containing direct monosynaptic projections to laryngeal motoneurons. Using wireless neural recordings of this brain region in freely vocalizing bats, we verified that single neuron activity in this region relates to vocal production. We profiled the open chromatin of this vocal-motor region, which we used to train machine learning models to identify enhancers associated with vocal learning across mammals. We found 201 proteins and 45 candidate enhancers that display convergent evolution associated with vocal learning, many of which overlapped loci associated with human speech disability. One such locus contains the neurodevelopmental transcription factors TSHZ3 and ZNF536 and multiple candidate vocal learning-associated enhancers, suggesting the co-evolution of protein and regulatory sequences underlying vocal learning.

One-Sentence SummaryAnalyses of bat neural activity and epigenomic data in a brain region involved in vocal behavior were used to identify proteins and regulatory elements associated with vocal learning in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvareva, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakuljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annaldasula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Discovery and Characterization of Viral Transcriptional Effectors in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses encode transcriptional regulatory proteins critical for controlling viral and host gene expression. Given their multifunctional nature and high sequence divergence, it is unclear which viral proteins can affect transcription and which specific sequences contribute to this function. Using a high-throughput assay, we measured the transcriptional regulatory potential of over 60,000 protein tiles across [~]1,500 proteins from 11 coronaviruses and all nine human herpesviruses. We discovered hundreds of new transcriptional effector domains, including a conserved repression domain in all coronavirus Spike homologs, dual activation-repression domains in VIRFs, and an activation domain in six herpesvirus homologs of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein that we show is important for viral replication and late gene expression in KSHV. For the effector domains we identified, we investigated their mechanisms via high-throughput sequence and chemical perturbations, pinpointing sequence motifs essential for function. This work massively expands viral protein annotations, serving as a springboard for studying their biological and health implications and providing new candidates for compact gene regulation tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurm, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Discovery and Characterization of Viral Transcriptional Effectors in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Protein Degradation through E2 Recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) with Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), heterobifunctional compounds consisting of protein targeting ligands linked to recruiters of E3 ubiquitin ligases, has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality to induce the proximity of target proteins with E3 ligases to ubiquitinate and degrade specific proteins in cells. Thus far, PROTACs have primarily exploited the recruitment of E3 ubiquitin ligases or their substrate adapter proteins but have not exploited the recruitment of more core components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this study, we used covalent chemoproteomic approaches to discover a covalent recruiter against the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2D--EN67--that targets an allosteric cysteine, C111, without affecting the enzymatic activity of the protein. We demonstrated that this UBE2D recruiter could be used in heterobifunctional degraders to degrade neo-substrate targets in a UBE2D-dependent manner, including BRD4 and the androgen receptor. Overall, our data highlight the potential for the recruitment of core components of the UPS machinery, such as E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, for TPD, and underscore the utility of covalent chemoproteomic strategies for identifying novel recruiters for additional components of the UPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Protein Degradation through E2 Recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution-based deep generative models represent an exciting direction in understanding and designing proteins. An open question is whether such models can represent the constraints underlying specialized functions that are necessary for organismal fitness in specific biological contexts. Here, we examine the ability of three different models to produce synthetic versions of SH3 domains that can support function in a yeast stress signaling pathway. Using a select-seq assay, we show that one form of a variational autoencoder (VAE) recapitulates the functional characteristics of natural SH3 domains and classifies fungal SH3 homologs hierarchically by function and phylogeny. Locality in the latent space of the model predicts and extends the function of natural orthologs and exposes amino acid constraints distributed near and far from the SH3 ligand-binding site. The ability of deep generative models to specify orthologous function in vivo opens new avenues for probing and engineering protein function in specific cellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praljak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic inactivation of the USP19 deubiquitinase regulates a-synuclein ubiquitination and inhibits accumulation of Lewy body like aggregates in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The USP19 deubiquitinase is found in a locus associated with Parkinsons Disease (PD), interacts with heat shock proteins and promotes secretion of a-synuclein (a-syn) through the misfolding associated protein secretion (MAPS) pathway. Since these processes might modulate the processing of a-syn aggregates during the progression of PD, we tested the effect of USP19 knockout (KO) in mice expressing the A53T mutation of a-syn and in whom a-syn preformed fibrils (PFF) had been injected in the striatum. Compared to WT, KO brains showed decreased accumulation of phospho-synuclein (pSyn) positive aggregates. The improved pathology was associated with less activation of microglia, higher levels of synaptic marker proteins and improved performance in a tail suspension test. Exposure of primary neurons from WT and KO mice to PFF in vitro also led to decreased accumulation of pSyn aggregates. KO did not affect uptake of PFF in the cultured neurons. It also did not affect the propagation of aggregates as assessed by exposing WT or KO neurons to PFF and measuring pSyn positive aggregates in non-exposed adjacent neurons separated using a microfluidics device. We conclude that USP19 instead modulates intracellular dynamics of aggregates. Indeed, at the early time following PFF injection when the number of pSyn positive neurons were similar in WT and KO brains, the KO neurons contained less aggregates. KO brain aggregates stained more intensely with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Immunoprecipitation of soluble proteins from primary neurons exposed to PFF with antibodies to ubiquitin or pSyn showed higher levels of ubiquitinated a-syn oligomeric species in the KO neurons. We propose that the improved pathology in USP19 KO brains may arise from decreased formation or enhanced clearance of the more ubiquitinated aggregates and/or enhanced disassembly towards more soluble oligomeric species. USP19 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach that targets the intracellular dynamics of a-syn complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schorova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolivar-Pedroso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plourde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Cid Pellitero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic inactivation of the USP19 deubiquitinase regulates a-synuclein ubiquitination and inhibits accumulation of Lewy body like aggregates in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanded Multiplexing on Sensor-Constrained Microfluidic Partitioning Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidics can split samples into thousands or millions of partitions such as droplets or nanowells. Partitions capture analytes according to a Poisson distribution, and in diagnostics, the analyte concentration is commonly calculated with a closed-form solution via maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Here, we present a generalization of MLE with microfluidics, an extension of our previously developed Sparse Poisson Recovery (SPoRe) algorithm, and an in vitro demonstration with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) of the new capabilities that SPoRe enables. Many applications such as infection diagnostics require sensitive detection and broad-range multiplexing. Digital PCR coupled with conventional target-specific sensors yields the former but is constrained in multiplexing by the number of available measurement channels (e.g., fluorescence). In our demonstration, we circumvent these limitations by broadly amplifying bacteria with 16S ddPCR and assigning barcodes to nine pathogen genera using only five nonspecific probes. Moreover, we measure only two probes at a time in multiple groups of droplets given our two-channel ddPCR system. Although individual droplets are ambiguous in their bacterial content, our results show that the concentrations of bacteria in the sample can be uniquely recovered given the pooled distribution of partition measurements from all groups. We ultimately achieve stable quantification down to approximately 200 total copies of the 16S gene per sample, enabling a suite of clinical applications given a robust upstream microbial DNA extraction procedure. We develop new theory that generalizes the application of this framework to a broad class of realistic sensors and applications, and we prove scaling rules for system design to achieve further expanded multiplexing. This flexibility means that the core principles and capabilities demonstrated here can generalize to most biosensing applications with microfluidic partitioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kota, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeJeune, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraniuk, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drezek, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanded Multiplexing on Sensor-Constrained Microfluidic Partitioning Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ESCRT recruitment to mRNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike induces virus-like particles and enhanced antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime-boost regimens for COVID-19 vaccines elicit poor antibody responses against Omicron-based variants and employ frequent boosters to maintain antibody levels. We present a natural infection-mimicking technology that combines features of mRNA- and protein nanoparticle-based vaccines through encoding self-assembling enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs). eVLP assembly is achieved by inserting an ESCRT- and ALIX-binding region (EABR) into the SARS-CoV-2 spike cytoplasmic tail, which recruits ESCRT proteins to induce eVLP budding from cells. Purified spike-EABR eVLPs presented densely-arrayed spikes and elicited potent antibody responses in mice. Two immunizations with mRNA-LNP encoding spike-EABR elicited potent CD8+ T-cell responses and superior neutralizing antibody responses against original and variant SARS-CoV-2 compared to conventional spike-encoding mRNA-LNP and purified spike-EABR eVLPs, improving neutralizing titers >10-fold against Omicron-based variants for three months post-boost. Thus, EABR technology enhances potency and breadth of vaccine-induced responses through antigen presentation on cell surfaces and eVLPs, enabling longer-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey-Tubman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanapragasam, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatomi, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ESCRT recruitment to mRNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike induces virus-like particles and enhanced antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory reductases enable microbes to utilize molecules present in anaerobic ecosystems as energy-generating respiratory electron acceptors. Here we identify three taxonomically distinct families of human gut bacteria (Burkholderiaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae) that encode large arsenals of tens-to-hundreds of respiratory-like reductases per genome. Screening species from each family (Sutterella wadsworthensis, Eggerthella lenta, and Holdemania filiformis), we discover 22 metabolites used as respiratory electron acceptors in a species-specific manner. Identified reactions transform multiple classes of dietary- and host-derived metabolites, including bioactive molecules resveratrol and itaconate. Products of identified respiratory metabolisms highlight poorly characterized compounds, such as the itaconate-derived 2-methylsuccinate. Reductase substrate-profiling defines enzyme-substrate pairs and reveals a complex picture of reductase evolution, providing evidence that reductases with specificities for related cinnamate substrates independently emerged at least four times. These studies thus establish an exceptionally versatile form of anaerobic respiration that directly links microbial energy metabolism to the gut metabolome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younker, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemczynski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nol Bernardino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waligurski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odenwald, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annexin A6 mediates calcium-dependent secretion of exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EV) that are secreted upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. In order to identify proteins responsible for this fusion event, we developed sensitive cellular and cell-free assays to measure exosome secretion. Our results suggest that exosome secretion is coupled to Ca2+-dependent plasma membrane repair. Using a targeted proteomics approach, we identify annexin A6 (ANXA6), a well-known plasma membrane repair protein, as a MVB binding protein and demonstrate that it is required for Ca2+-dependent exosome secretion both in intact and in permeabilized cells. Our results suggest that cells employ MVBs as a membrane source for plasma membrane lesion repair during physiological mechanical stress or treatment with a bacterial pore-forming toxin, and that this repair process results in the coincident secretion of exosomes. We propose that this unconventional secretion process may contribute significantly to the heterogeneity of EVs in biological fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annexin A6 mediates calcium-dependent secretion of exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of wiring specificity in an olfactory map: dendrite targeting of projection neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does wiring specificity of neural maps emerge during development? Formation of the adult Drosophila olfactory glomerular map begins with patterning of projection neuron (PN) dendrites at the early pupal stage. To better understand the origin of wiring specificity of this map, we created genetic tools to systematically characterize dendrite patterning across development at PN type-specific resolution. We find that PNs use lineage and birth order combinatorially to build the initial dendritic map. Specifically, birth order directs dendrite targeting in rotating and binary manners for PNs of the anterodorsal and lateral lineages, respectively. Two-photon- and adaptive optical lattice light-sheet microscope-based time-lapse imaging reveals that PN dendrites initiate active targeting with direction-dependent branch stabilization on the timescale of seconds. Moreover, PNs that are used in both the larval and adult olfactory circuits prune their larval-specific dendrites and re-extend new dendrites simultaneously to facilitate timely olfactory map organization. Our work highlights the power and necessity of type-specific neuronal access and time-lapse imaging in identifying wiring mechanisms that underlie complex patterns of functional neural maps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of wiring specificity in an olfactory map: dendrite targeting of projection neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages employ an array of pattern recognition receptors to detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens that access the cytosol. The cytosolic carbohydrate sensors Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) recognize damaged pathogen-containing phagosomes, and Gal-3 and Gal-8 are reported to restrict bacterial growth via autophagy in cultured cells. However, the contribution of these galectins to host resistance during bacterial infection remains unclear. We found that Gal-9 binds directly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Stm) and localizes to Mtb in macrophages. To determine the combined contribution of membrane damage-sensing galectins to immunity in vivo, we generated Gal-3, -8, and - 9 triple knockout (TKO) mice. Mtb infection of primary macrophages from TKO mice resulted in defective lysosomal trafficking but normal bacterial replication. Surprisingly, these mice had no discernable defect in resistance to acute infection with Mtb, Stm or Listeria monocytogenes, and had only modest impairments in bacterial growth restriction and CD4 T cell activation during chronic Mtb infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that while Gal-3, -8, and -9 respond to an array of intracellular pathogens, together these membrane damage-sensing galectins play a limited role in host resistance to bacterial infection.

Author SummaryIntracellular bacterial pathogens cause many of the worlds most deadly infectious diseases. A common requirement for nearly all intracellular pathogens is the ability to damage the endomembrane compartments in which they reside, which allows pathogens access to the nutrient-rich cytosol of the host. However, membrane damage also creates a "pattern of pathogenesis" that triggers antimicrobial immune responses. Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) act as a surveillance system for membrane damage and Gal-3 and Gal-8 inhibit bacterial growth by activating autophagy, a cellular pathway that can capture cytosolic bacteria and degrade them in lysosomes. Membrane damage-sensing galectins were hypothesized to promote bacterial killing during acute infection yet their role in the immune response of an infected animal remains unclear. Here, we show that mice deficient for Gal-3, -8, and -9 had no defects in resistance to acute infection with the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and were only modestly susceptible to chronic Mtb infection. Our data suggest that Gal-3, -8 and -9 are not critical for innate immune responses during acute infection and may play a more prominent role in the adaptive immune response. These results broaden our understanding of the role of membrane damage-sensing pathways in host defense against bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkine, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency in Galectin-3, -8, and -9 impairs immunity to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but not acute infection with multiple intracellular pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven model of glycolysis identifies the role of allostery in maintaining ATP homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis is a conserved metabolic pathway that produces ATP and biosynthetic precursors. Here, we use mathematical modeling to investigate how the control of mammalian glycolytic enzymes through allostery and mass action accomplishes various tasks of ATP homeostasis, such as controlling the rate of ATP production, maintaining high and stable ATP levels, and ensuring that ATP hydrolysis generates a net excess of energy. Our model uses data-derived enzyme rate equations, recapitulates the key tasks of glycolytic ATP homeostasis, and accurately predicts absolute concentrations of glycolytic intermediates and isotope tracing kinetics in live cells. We find that allosteric regulation of hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) by ATP, ADP, inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), the surplus of lower glycolysis enzymes, and a large non-adenine phosphate pool are essential to robustly maintain high ATP levels and to prevent uncontrolled accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates of upper glycolysis. Meanwhile, mass action alone is sufficient to control ATP production rate and maintain high energy of ATP hydrolysis. Our results suggest a revision of the textbook view that the function of allosteric regulation of HK, PFK and PK is to control the net flux through glycolysis in response to variable ATP demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven model of glycolysis identifies the role of allostery in maintaining ATP homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of nervous system organization in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemichordates are an important group for investigating the evolution of bilaterian nervous systems. As the closest chordate outgroup with a bilaterally symmetric adult body plan, hemichordates are particularly informative for exploring the origins of chordates. Despite the importance of hemichordate neuroanatomy for testing hypotheses on deuterostome and chordate evolution, adult hemichordate nervous systems have not been comprehensively described using molecular techniques, and classic histological descriptions disagree on basic aspects of nervous system organization. A molecular description of hemichordate nervous system organization is important for both anatomical comparisons across phyla and for attempts to understand how conserved gene regulatory programs for ectodermal patterning relate to morphological evolution in deep time. Here, we describe the basic organization of the adult hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii nervous system using immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and transgenic reporters to visualize neurons, neuropil, and key neuronal cell types. Consistent with previous descriptions, we found the S. kowalevskii nervous system consists of a pervasive nerve plexus that is concentrated in the anterior, along with nerve cords on both the dorsal and ventral sides. Neuronal cell types exhibited clear anteroposterior and dorsoventral regionalization in multiple areas of the body. We observed spatially demarcated expression patterns for many genes involved in synthesis or transport of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides but did not observe clear distinctions between putatively centralized and decentralized portions of the nervous system. In the trunk, there is a clear division of cell types between the dorsal and ventral cords suggesting differences in function. The plexus shows regionalized structure and is consistent with the proboscis base as a major site for information processing rather than the dorsal nerve cord. The absence of neural processes crossing the basement membrane into muscle and extensive axonal varicosities suggest that volumetric transmission may play an important role in neural function. These data now facilitate more informed neural comparisons between hemichordates and other groups and contribute to broader debates on the origins and evolution of bilaterian nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrade Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of nervous system organization in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metrics of Coral Microfragment Viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs are being degraded at unprecedented rates and decisive intervention actions are urgently needed to help them. One such intervention in aid of reefs is coral cryopreservation. Although the cryopreservation of coral sperm and larvae has been achieved, preservation of coral fragments including both its tissue and skeleton, has not. The goal of this paper was to understand and assess the physiological stressors that might underlie coral fragment cryopreservation and the long-term consequences of these physiological exposures to continued growth. Therefore, we assessed small fragments ([~]0.5 x0.5 mm2) from the Hawaiian coral, Porites compressa, examining: 1) the sensitivity of the fragments and their algal symbionts to chilling temperatures; 2) the sensitivity of the coral to complex cryoprotectants; 3) methods to safely remove the algal symbionts from the coral fragment for cryopreservation, given the two symbiotic partners may require different cryopreservation protocols; 4) continued growth over time of coral fragments once returned to running seawater after treatment exposures; and, 5) assessment of health and viability of microfragments after treatments examining the distribution of green fluorescent protein and fluorescent symbionts. Technological advances in cryo-technology promise to support successful coral fragment cryopreservation soon, and its success could help secure much of the genetic and biodiversity of reefs in the next decade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizobe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwmeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consiglio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagedorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metrics of Coral Microfragment Viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Protein for the Bioremediation of Gadolinium Waste 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several hundreds of tons of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are being dumped into the environment every year. Although macrocyclic GBCAs exhibit superior stability compared to their linear counterparts, we have found that the structural integrity of chelates are susceptible to ultraviolet light, regardless of configuration. In this study, we present a synthetic protein termed GLamouR that binds and reports gadolinium in an intensiometric manner. We then explore the extraction of gadolinium from GBCA-spiked artificial urine samples and investigate if the low picomolar concentrations reported in gadolinium-contaminated water sources pose a barrier for bioremediation. Based on promising results, we anticipate GLamouR can be used for detecting and mining REEs beyond gadolinium as well and hope to expand the biological toolbox for such applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strebeck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Protein for the Bioremediation of Gadolinium Waste]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput single molecule tracking identifies drug interactions and cellular mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulation of cell physiology depends largely upon interactions of functionally distinct proteins and cellular components. These interactions may be transient or long-lived, but often affect protein motion. Measurement of protein dynamics within a cellular environment, particularly while perturbing protein function with small molecules, may enable dissection of key interactions and facilitate drug discovery; however, current approaches are limited by throughput with respect to data acquisition and analysis. As a result, studies using super-resolution imaging are typically drawing conclusions from tens of cells and a few experimental conditions tested. We addressed these limitations by developing a high-throughput single-molecule tracking (htSMT) platform for pharmacologic dissection of protein dynamics in living cells at an unprecedented scale (capable of imaging > 106 cells/day and screening > 104 compounds). We applied htSMT to measure the cellular dynamics of fluorescently tagged estrogen receptor (ER) and screened a diverse library to identify small molecules that perturbed ER function in real time. With this one experimental modality, we determined the potency, pathway selectivity, target engagement, and mechanism of action for identified hits. Kinetic htSMT experiments were capable of distinguishing between on-target and on-pathway modulators of ER signaling. Integrated pathway analysis recapitulated the network of known ER interaction partners and suggested potentially novel, kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms. The sensitivity of htSMT revealed a new correlation between ER dynamics and the ability of ER antagonists to suppress cancer cell growth. Therefore, measuring protein motion at scale is a powerful method to investigate dynamic interactions among proteins and may facilitate the identification and characterization of novel therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agramunt Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akella, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godbey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanuka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klammer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput single molecule tracking identifies drug interactions and cellular mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cortical Representation of Language Timescales is Shared between Reading and Listening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language comprehension involves integrating low-level sensory inputs into a hierarchy of increasingly high-level features. Prior work studied brain representations of different levels of the language hierarchy, but has not determined whether these brain representations are shared between written and spoken language. To address this issue, we analyzed fMRI BOLD data recorded while participants read and listened to the same narratives in each modality. Levels of the language hierarchy were operationalized as timescales, where each timescale refers to a set of spectral components of a language stimulus. Voxelwise encoding models were used to determine where different timescales are represented across the cerebral cortex, for each modality separately. These models reveal that between the two modalities timescale representations are organized similarly across the cortical surface. Our results suggest that, after low-level sensory processing, language integration proceeds similarly regardless of stimulus modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cortical Representation of Language Timescales is Shared between Reading and Listening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2A.X mutants exhibit enhanced DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H2A.X is an H2A variant histone in eukaryotes, unique for its ability to respond to DNA damage, initiating the DNA repair pathway. H2A.X replacement within the histone octamer is mediated by the FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions (FACT) complex, a key chromatin remodeler. FACT is required for DEMETER (DME)-mediated DNA demethylation at certain loci in Arabidopsis thaliana female gametophytes during reproduction, though it is not known how FACT targets DME sites. Here, we investigated whether H2AX is involved in DME- and FACT-mediated DNA demethylation during Arabidopsis reproduction. We show that h2a.x mutants are more sensitive to genotoxic stress, consistent with previous reports. H2A.X fused to the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene under the H2A.X promoter was highly expressed in newly developing Arabidopsis tissues, including in male and female gametophytes. We examined DNA methylation in h2a.x developing seeds using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, and found that CG DNA methylation in the developing endosperm, but not the embryo, is decreased genome-wide in h2a.x mutants, predominately in transposons and intergenic DNA. Hypomethylated sites overlapped 62 % with canonical DME loci. These data indicate that H2A.X is not required for DME function, but is important for DNA methylation homeostasis in the unique chromatin environment of Arabidopsis endosperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runkel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2A.X mutants exhibit enhanced DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cellular Platform for Production of C4 Monomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living organisms carry out a wide range of remarkable functions, including the synthesis of thousands of simple and complex chemical structures for cellular growth and maintenance. The manipulation of this reaction network has allowed for the genetic engineering of cells for targeted chemical synthesis, but it remains challenging to alter the program underlying their fundamental chemical behavior. By taking advantage of the unique ability of living systems to use evolution to find solutions to complex problems, we have achieved ~95% theoretical yield of three C4 commodity chemicals, n-butanol, 1,3-butanediol, and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone. Genomic sequencing of the evolved strains identified pcnB and rpoBC as two gene loci that are able to alter carbon flow by remodeling the transcriptional landscape of the cell, highlighting the potential of synthetic pathways as a tool to identify metabolic control points.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cellular Platform for Production of C4 Monomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing rapid rule-learning strategies in humans and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-species comparisons are key to deriving an understanding of the behavioral and neural correlates of human cognition from animal models. We perform a detailed comparison of macaque monkey and human strategies on an analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test, a widely studied and applied multi-attribute measure of cognitive function, wherein performance requires the inference of a changing rule given ambiguous feedback. We found that well-trained monkeys rapidly infer rules but are three times slower than humans. Model fits to their choices revealed hidden states akin to feature-based attention in both species, and decision processes that resembled a Win-stay lose-shift strategy with key differences. Monkeys and humans test multiple rule hypotheses over a series of rule-search trials and perform inference-like computations to exclude candidates. An attention-set based learning stage categorization revealed that perseveration, random exploration and poor sensitivity to negative feedback explain the under-performance in monkeys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goudar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dede, A. J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jutras, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruvalcaba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing rapid rule-learning strategies in humans and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photosynthetic and water transport strategies of plants along a tropical forest aridity gradient: a test of optimality theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
(1) The research conducted, including the rationaleThe direct effect of aridity on photosynthetic and water-transport strategies is not easy to discern in global analyses because of large-scale correlations between precipitation and temperature. We analyze tree traits collected along an aridity gradient in Ghana, West Africa that shows little temperature variation, in an attempt to disentangle thermal and hydraulic influences on plant traits.

(2) MethodsPredictions derived from optimality theory on the variation of key plant traits along the aridity gradient are tested with field measurements.

(3) resultsMost photosynthetic traits show trends consistent with optimality-theory predictions, including higher photosynthetic capacity in the drier sites, and an association of higher photosynthetic capacity with greater respiration rates and greater water transport. Hydraulic traits show less consistency with theory or global-scale pattern, especially predictions based on xylem efficiency-safety tradeoff. Nonetheless, the link between photosynthesis and water transport still holds: species (predominantly deciduous species found in drier sites) with both higher sapwood-to-leaf area ratio (AS/AL) and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp), implying higher transpiration, tend to have both higher photosynthetic capacity and lower leaf-internal CO2.

(4) ConclusionsThese results indicate that aridity is an independent driver of spatial patterns of photosynthetic traits, while plants show a diversity of water-transport strategies along the aridity gradient.

Plain language summaryAlong an aridity gradient in Ghana, West-Africa, we used optimality theory to explain that aridity is an important driver of photosynthetic traits, independent of temperature. Toward drier sites, plants have higher photosynthetic capacities per leaf area but have fewer leaves. We also explain how plants arrange water transportation to support quicker photosynthesis at drier sites. However, plants at the drier sites seem to have diverse combinations of hydraulic traits to satisfy the need for photosynthesis. We reported surprising data-theory inconsistency for some hydraulic traits along the aridity gradient where further research is needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang-Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gvozdevaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peprah, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boackye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieminska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adu-Bredu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveras, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photosynthetic and water transport strategies of plants along a tropical forest aridity gradient: a test of optimality theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Let there be nightlights: the ecological role of bioluminescence in a Costa Rican mushroom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both marine and terrestrial organisms produce light enzymatically in a process called bioluminescence. Though the ecological role of light production is known for some species, such as fireflies and bacteria, the ecological role in mushroom-producing fungi remains relatively unexplored, particularly in Central America. Here, we discovered a bioluminescent mushroom in the high-elevation oak forests of Costa Rica. We developed mushroom models with Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) producing various colors: green, blue, red, and yellow. Over three consecutive evenings after sunset, we applied Tanglefoot invertebrate-trapping glue to both mushroom models and actual mushrooms, and collected the traps before sunrise, then identified the trapped invertebrates to Order. We found green LED traps attracted more invertebrates than non-lit control traps, suggesting that light functions to attract invertebrates. The majority of invertebrates attracted to the green lights were Dipteran flies, who would be capable of dispersing fungal spores. The higher-intensity green LEDs attracted more total invertebrates than the dimmer mushrooms, but the results were not significant. Though we predicted that the invertebrate assemblages attracted to green lights would be similar to the invertebrate assemblage attracted to actual mushrooms, the results were not significant. Similarly, the red, blue, and yellow LEDs attracted fewer invertebrates than the green LEDs, but the differences in community composition were not statistically significant. Our findings corroborate other similar studies in tropical regions that found bioluminescent mushrooms may attract invertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landrein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Let there be nightlights: the ecological role of bioluminescence in a Costa Rican mushroom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane results in the secretion of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), or exosomes. The sorting of one exosomal cargo RNA, miR223, is facilitated by the RNA-binding protein, YBX1 (Shurtleff et al., 2016). We found that miR223 specifically binds a "cold shock" domain (CSD) of YBX1 through a 5 proximal sequence motif UCAGU that may represent a binding site or structural feature required for sorting. Prior to sorting into exosomes, most of the cytoplasmic miR223 resides in mitochondria. An RNA-binding protein localized to the mitochondrial matrix, YBAP1, appears to serve as a negative regulator of miR223 enrichment into exosomes. miR223 levels decreased in the mitochondria and increased in exosomes after loss of YBAP1. We observed YBX1 shuttle between mitochondria and endosomes in live cells. YBX1 also partitions into P body granules in the cytoplasm (Liu et al., 2021). We propose a model in which miR223 and likely other miRNAs are stored in mitochondria and are then mobilized by YBX1 to cytoplasmic phase condensate granules for capture into invaginations in the endosome that give rise to exosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pressure and ultrasound activate mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through increased membrane tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAAK is a mechanosensitive two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel found in nodes of Ranvier within myelinated axons. It displays low leak activity at rest and is activated up to one hundred-fold by increased membrane tension. Structural and functional studies have led to physical models for channel gating and mechanosensitivity, but no quantitative analysis of channel activation by tension has been reported. Here, we use simultaneous patch-clamp recording and fluorescent imaging to determine the tension response characteristics of TRAAK. TRAAK shows high sensitivity and a broad response to tension spanning nearly the entire physiologically relevant tension range. This graded response profile distinguishes TRAAK from similarly low-threshold mechanosensitive channels Piezo1 and MscS, which activate in a step-like fashion over a narrow tension range. We further use patch imaging to show that ultrasonic activation of TRAAK and MscS is due to increased membrane tension. Together, these results provide mechanistic insight into TRAAK tension gating, a framework for exploring the role of mechanosensitive K+ channels at nodes of Ranvier, and biophysical context for developing ultrasound as a mechanical stimulation technique for neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panico, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietmeijer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pressure and ultrasound activate mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels through increased membrane tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of optimal cell lines for high-content phenotypic screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-content microscopy offers a scalable approach to screen against multiple targets in a single pass. Prior work has focused on methods to select "optimal" cellular readouts in microscopy screens. However, methods to select optimal cell line models have garnered much less attention. Here, we provide a roadmap for how to select the cell line or lines that are best suited to identify bioactive compounds and their mechanism of action (MOA). We test our approach on compounds targeting cancer-relevant pathways, ranking cell lines in two tasks: detecting compound activity ("phenoactivity") and grouping compounds with similar MOA by similar phenotype ("phenosimilarity"). Evaluating six cell lines across 3214 well-annotated compounds, we show that optimal cell line selection depends on both the task of interest (e.g. detecting phenoactivity vs. inferring phenosimilarity) and distribution of MOAs within the compound library. Given a task of interest and set of compounds, we provide a systematic framework for choosing optimal cell line(s). Our framework can be used to reduce the number of cell lines required to identify hits within a compound library and help accelerate the pace of early drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altschuler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of optimal cell lines for high-content phenotypic screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of E. coli to thermal stress is contingent on genetic background 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution can be contingent on history, but we do not yet have a clear understanding of the processes and dynamics that govern contingency. Here we performed the second phase of a two-phase evolution experiment to investigate features of contingency. The first phase of the experiment was based on Escherichia coli clones that had evolved population at the stressful temperature of 42.2{degrees}C. The Phase 1 lines generally evolved through two adaptive pathways: mutations of rpoB, which encodes the beta subunit of RNA polymerase, or through rho, a transcriptional terminator. We hypothesized that epistatic interactions within the two pathways constrained their future adaptative potential, thus affecting patterns of historical contingency. Using 10 different E. coli Founders representing both adaptive pathways, we performed a second phase of evolution at 19.0{degrees}C to investigate how prior genetic divergence or adaptive history (rpoB vs. rho) may affect the likelihood of parallel responses and evolutionary outcomes. We found that phenotype, as measured by relative fitness, was contingent on founder genotypes and pathways. This finding extended to genotypes, because E. coli from different Phase 1 histories evolved by adaptive mutations in distinct sets of genes. Our results suggest that evolution depends critically on genetic history, likely due to idiosyncratic epistatic interactions within and between evolutionary modules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Verdugo, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of E. coli to thermal stress is contingent on genetic background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High intraspecies allelic diversity in Arabidopsis NLR immune receptors is associated with higher transcription, gene body hypomethylation, and proximity to transposable elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants rely on Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-rich repeat Receptors (NLRs) for pathogen recognition. Highly variable NLRs (hvNLRs) show remarkable intraspecies diversity, while their low variability paralogs (non-hvNLRs) are conserved between ecotypes. At a population level, hvNLRs provide new pathogen recognition specificities, but the association between allelic diversity and genomic and epigenomic features has not been established. Our investigation of NLRs in Arabidopsis Col-0 has revealed that hvNLRs show higher expression, less gene body cytosine methylation, and closer proximity to transposable elements than non-hvNLRs. hvNLRs show elevated synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide diversity and are in chromatin states associated with an increased probability of mutation. Diversifying selection maintains variability at a subset of codons of hvNLRs, while purifying selection maintains conservation at non-hvNLRs. How these features are established and maintained, and whether they contribute to the observed diversity of hvNLRs is key to understanding the evolution of plant innate immune receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigozhin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High intraspecies allelic diversity in Arabidopsis NLR immune receptors is associated with higher transcription, gene body hypomethylation, and proximity to transposable elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Draft Genome Sequence of  Pedococcus  sp. Strain 5OH_020 Isolated from California Grassland Soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The draft genome sequence of the soil bacterium Pedococcus sp. 5OH_020, isolated on a natural vitamin B12 analog, contains 4.4 Mbp with 4,108 protein-coding genes. Its genome encodes B12-dependent enzymes including methionine synthase and class II ribonucleotide reductase. Taxonomic analysis suggests it is a novel species within the genus Pedococcus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Aponte, Z. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotter, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Draft Genome Sequence of  Pedococcus  sp. Strain 5OH_020 Isolated from California Grassland Soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into robust cardiac IKs potassium channel activation by aromatic polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels are important regulators of cellular excitability and control action potential repolarization in the heart and brain. KV channel mutations lead to disordered cellular excitability. Loss-of-function mutations, for example, result in membrane hyperexcitability, a characteristic of epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmias. Interventions intended to restore KV channel function have strong therapeutic potential in such disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA analogues comprise a class of KV channel activators with potential applications in the treatment of arrhythmogenic disorders such as Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is caused by a loss-of-function of the cardiac IKs channel - a tetrameric potassium channel complex formed by KV7.1 and associated KCNE1 protein subunits. We have discovered a set of aromatic PUFA analogues that produce robust activation of the cardiac IKs channel and a unique feature of these PUFA analogues is an aromatic, tyrosine head group. We determine the mechanisms through which tyrosine PUFA analogues exert strong activating effects on the IKs channel by generating modified aromatic head groups designed to probe cation-pi interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions. We found that tyrosine PUFA analogues do not activate the IKs channel through cation-pi interactions, but instead do so through a combination of hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohannon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jowais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liin, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into robust cardiac IKs potassium channel activation by aromatic polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome rescue factor PELOTA modulates translation start site choice and protein isoform levels of transcription factor C/EBPα 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation initiation at alternative start sites can dynamically control the synthesis of two or more functionally distinct protein isoforms from a single mRNA. Alternate isoforms of the hematopoietic transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer binding protein  (C/EBP) produced from different start sites exert opposing effects during myeloid cell development. This alternative initiation depends on sequence features of the CEBPA transcript, including a regulatory upstream open reading frame (uORF), but the molecular basis is not fully understood. Here we identify trans-acting factors that affect C/EBP isoform choice using a sensitive and quantitative two-color fluorescence reporter coupled with CRISPRi screening. Our screen uncovered a role for the ribosome rescue factor PELOTA (PELO) in promoting expression of the longer C/EBP isoform, by directly removing inhibitory unrecycled ribosomes and through indirect effects mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase. Our work provides further mechanistic insights into coupling between ribosome recycling and translation reinitiation in regulation of a key transcription factor, with implications for normal hematopoiesis and leukemiagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome rescue factor PELOTA modulates translation start site choice and protein isoform levels of transcription factor C/EBPα]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Offshore macroalgae production could provide an alternative source of biomass for food, materials and energy. However, the offshore environment in general, and specifically the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) offshore, is a high energy and low nutrients environment and thus is challenging for macroalgae farming. This study aims to understand the effects of season, depth, and fertilization duration on growth rates and chemical composition in offshore Ulva biomass production and develop a predictive model suitable to offshore conditions. We hypothesize that offshore Ulva growth rates and chemical composition will follow a seasonal trend and that applying rapid onshore fertilization could refill nutrient storages and enable continuous offshore cultivation. We test this hypothesis by measuring Ulva biomass and internal nitrogen in offshore experiments in the nitrogen-poor EMS a few kilometers offshore the Israeli coast. We construct a predictive cultivation model to estimate N concentrations in the sea during experiments. This study demonstrates the feasibility of growing Ulva sp. offshore the EMS with an onshore nutrient supply and develops a better understanding of seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects (nitrogen, waves, depth, etc.). Furthermore, the study showcases the applicability of the macroalgae cultivation model in the offshore environment and its potential contribution throughout the whole lifecycle of seaweed cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatnik, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy probes cellular organization of ocular lenses in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian ocular lens is an avascular multicellular organ that grows continuously throughout life. Traditionally, its cellular organization is investigated using dissected lenses, which eliminates in vivo environmental and structural support. Here, we demonstrated that two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) can visualize lens cells in vivo. To maintain subcellular resolution at depth, we employed adaptive optics (AO) to correct aberrations due to ocular and lens tissues, which led to substantial signal and resolution improvements. Imaging lens cells up to 980 m deep, we observed novel cellular organizations including suture-associated voids, enlarged vacuoles, and large cavities, contrary to the conventional view of a highly ordered organization. We tracked these features longitudinally over weeks and observed the incorporation of new cells during growth. Taken together, non-invasive longitudinal in vivo imaging of lens morphology using AO 2PFM will allow us to directly observe the development or alterations of lens cellular organization in living animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive optical two-photon fluorescence microscopy probes cellular organization of ocular lenses in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi biosynthesize a diversity of secondary metabolites, small organic bioactive molecules that play diverse roles in fungal ecology. Fungal secondary metabolites are often encoded by physically clustered sets of genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Fungi in the genus Penicillium produce diverse secondary metabolites that have been both useful (e.g., the antibiotic penicillin and the cholesterol-lowering drug mevastatin) and harmful (e.g., the mycotoxin patulin and the immunosuppressant gliotoxin) to human affairs. BGCs often also encode resistance genes that confer self-protection to the secondary metabolite-producing fungus. Some Penicillium species, such as Penicillium lilacinoechinulatum and Penicillium decumbens, are known to produce gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite with known immunosuppressant activity; however, an evolutionary characterization of the BGC responsible for gliotoxin biosynthesis among Penicillium species is lacking. Here, we examine the conservation of genes involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis and resistance in 35 Penicillium genomes from 23 species. We found homologous, less fragmented gliotoxin BGCs in 12 genomes, mostly fragmented remnants of the gliotoxin BGC in 21 genomes, whereas the remaining two Penicillium genomes lacked the gliotoxin BGC altogether. In contrast, we observed broad conservation of homologs of resistance genes that reside outside the BGC across Penicillium genomes. Evolutionary rate analysis revealed that BGCs with higher numbers of genes evolve slower than BGCs with few genes. Even though the gliotoxin BGC is fragmented to varying degrees in nearly all genomes examined, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of Penicillium species possessed the gliotoxin BGC. Our analyses suggest that genes that are part of BGCs can be retained in genomes long after the loss of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of new tools to image neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides has transformed our understanding of the role of neurochemistry in brain development and cognition, yet analysis of this new dimension of neurobiological information remains challenging. Here, we image dopamine modulation in striatal brain tissue slices with near infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCat) and implement machine learning to determine which features of dopamine modulation are unique to changes in stimulation strength, and to different neuroanatomical regions. We trained a support vector machine and a random forest classifier to determine whether recordings were made from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) versus the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and find that machine learning is able to accurately distinguish dopamine release that occurs in DLS from that occurring in DMS in a manner unachievable with canonical statistical analysis. Furthermore, our analysis determines that dopamine modulatory signals including the number of unique dopamine release sites and peak dopamine released per stimulation event are most predictive of neuroanatomy yet note that integrated neuromodulator amount is the conventional metric currently used to monitor neuromodulation in animal studies. Lastly, our study finds that machine learning discrimination of different stimulation strengths or neuroanatomical regions is only possible in adult animals, suggesting a high degree of variability in dopamine modulatory kinetics during animal development. Our study highlights that machine learning could become a broadly-utilized tool to differentiate between neuroanatomical regions, or between neurotypical and disease states, with features not detectable by conventional statistical analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorooshyari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neural Signatures of Dopamine Signaling with Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictors of sensorimotor adaption: insights from over 100,000 reaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation is essential for keeping our movements well-calibrated in response to changes in the body and environment. For over a century, we have studied sensorimotor adaptation in highly controlled laboratory settings that typically involve small sample sizes. While this approach has proven useful to characterize different learning processes, laboratory studies are typically very underpowered to generate data suited for exploring the myriad of factors that may modulate motor performance. Here, using a citizen science website (testmybrain.org), we collected over 2000 sessions on a visuomotor rotation task. This unique dataset has allowed us to replicate classic motor findings, reconcile controversial findings in the learning and memory literature, and discover novel constraints underlying dissociable implicit and explicit learning processes supporting sensorimotor adaptation. Taken together, this study suggests that large-scale motor learning studies hold enormous potential to advance sensorimotor neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmerian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictors of sensorimotor adaption: insights from over 100,000 reaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex chromosome evolution in beetles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beetles are the most species-rich group of animals and harbor diverse karyotypes. Most species have XY sex chromosomes, but X0 sex determination mechanisms are also common in some groups. We generated a whole-chromosome assembly of a beetle species with a neo-sex chromosome and utilize eleven additional beetle genomes, to reconstruct karyotype evolution across Coleoptera. We identify ancestral linkage groups, termed Stevens elements, that share a conserved set of genes across beetles. While the ancestral X chromosome is maintained across beetles, we find independent additions of autosomes to the ancestral sex chromosomes. These neo-sex chromosomes evolve the stereotypical properties of sex chromosomes, including the evolution of dosage compensation, and a non-random distribution of genes with sex-biased expression. Beetles thus provide a novel model to gain a better understanding of the diverse forces driving sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex chromosome evolution in beetles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit motor adaptation and perceived hand position without proprioception: A kinesthetic error may be derived from efferent signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation keeps our movements well-calibrated amid changes in the body and environment. We have recently postulated that implicit adaptation is driven by a perceptual error: the difference between the desired and perceived movement outcome. According to this perceptual re-alignment model, implicit adaptation ceases when the perceived movement outcome - a multimodal percept determined by a prior belief conveying the intended action, the motor command, and feedback from proprioception and vision - is aligned with the desired movement outcome. Here, we examined the role of proprioception in implicit motor adaptation and perceived movement outcome by examining individuals who lack proprioception. We used a modified visuomotor rotation task designed to isolate implicit adaptation and probe perceived outcome throughout the experiment. Surprisingly, implicit adaptation and perceived outcome were minimally impacted by deafferentation, posing a challenge to the perceptual re-alignment model of implicit adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miall, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarlegna, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit motor adaptation and perceived hand position without proprioception: A kinesthetic error may be derived from efferent signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between terminal RNA helices affect the stability of the Escherichia coli large ribosomal subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein assembly that uses diverse and complex molecular interactions to maintain proper folding. In vivo assembled ribosomes have been isolated using MS2-tags installed in either the 16S or 23S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), to enable studies of ribosome structure and function in vitro. RNA tags in the Escherichia coli 50S subunit have commonly been inserted into an extended helix H98 in 23S rRNA, as this addition does not affect cellular growth or in vitro ribosome activity. Here, we find that E. coli 50S subunits with MS2 tags inserted in H98 are destabilized compared to wild type (WT) 50S subunits. We identify the loss of RNA-RNA tertiary contacts that bridge helices H1, H94, and H98 as the cause of destabilization. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that this interaction is disrupted by the addition of the MS2 tag and can be restored through the insertion of a single adenosine in the extended H98 helix. This work establishes ways to improve MS2 tags in the 50S subunit that maintain ribosome stability and investigates a complex RNA tertiary structure that may be important for stability in various bacterial ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamal, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between terminal RNA helices affect the stability of the Escherichia coli large ribosomal subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid turnover and evolution of sex-determining regions among Sebastes rockfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nature has evolved a wealth of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, driven by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies of SD in fishes have shown that not all taxa fit the classic paradigm of sex chromosome evolution and diverse SD methods can be found even among closely related species. Here, we apply a suite of genomic approaches to investigate sex-biased genomic variation in eight species of Sebastes rockfish found in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Using recently assembled chromosome-level rockfish genomes, we leverage published sequence data to identify disparate sex chromosomes and sex-biased loci in five species. We identify two putative male sex chromosomes in S. diaconus, a single putative sex chromosome in the sibling species S. carnatus and S. chrysomelas, and an unplaced sex determining contig in the sibling species S. miniatus and S. crocotulus. Our study provides evidence for disparate means of sex determination within a recently diverged set of species, and sheds light on the diverse origins of sex determination mechanisms present in the animal kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sykes, N. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolora, S. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid turnover and evolution of sex-determining regions among Sebastes rockfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine scale sampling reveals spatial heterogeneity of rhizosphere microbiome in young Brachypodium plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the diversity, composition and function of rhizosphere microbiomes, we need to focus at the scale of individual roots in standardized growth containers. Root exudation patterns are known to vary across distinct parts of the root giving rise to spatially distinct microbial niches. To address this, we analyzed microbial community from two spatially distinct zones of the primary root (the tip vs. the base) in Brachypodium distachyon, grown in natural soil using standardized fabricated ecosystems known as EcoFABs as well as in more conventional pot and tubes. 16S rRNA based community analysis showed a stronger rhizosphere effect in the root base vs. bulk soil compared to the root tips vs. bulk soil, resulting in an enrichment of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, few OTUs belonging to less characterized lineages such as Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria. While the microbial community distributions are similar across growth containers, the EcoFAB displayed higher replicate reproducibility. Genome-resolved and bulk metagenomics revealed that genes associated with transcriptional regulation, transport of nutrients and catabolic enzymes indicating active metabolism, biofilm formation and root colonization were enriched in root tips. On the other hand, genes associated with nutrient-limitation and environmental stress were prominent in the bulk soil compared to the root tips, implying the presence of easily available, labile carbon and nutrients in the rhizosphere relative to bulk soil. Such insights into the relationships between root structure, exudation and microbial communities are critical for developing understanding of plant-microbe interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aladesanmi, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine scale sampling reveals spatial heterogeneity of rhizosphere microbiome in young Brachypodium plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems capture DNA fragments from invading mobile genetic elements and integrate them into the host genome to provide a template for RNA-guided immunity. CRISPR systems maintain genome integrity and avoid autoimmunity by distinguishing between self and non-self, a process for which the CRISPR-Cas1:Cas2 integrase is necessary but not sufficient. In some microbes, the Cas4 endonuclease assists CRISPR adaptation, but many CRISPR-Cas systems lack Cas4. We show here that an elegant alternative pathway employs an internal exonuclease to select and process DNA for integration using the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). A natural Cas1:Cas2-exonuclease fusion (trimmer-integrase) catalyzes coordinated DNA capture, trimming and integration. Five cryo-EM structures of the CRISPR trimmer-integrase, visualized both before and during DNA integration, show how asymmetric processing generates size-defined, PAM-containing substrates. Before genome integration, the PAM sequence is released by Cas1 and cleaved by the exonuclease, marking inserted DNA as self and preventing aberrant CRISPR targeting of the host. Together, these data support a model in which CRISPR systems lacking Cas4 use fused or recruited exonucleases for faithful acquisition of new CRISPR immune sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.522648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying protein sequences with common ancestry is a core task in bioinformatics and evolutionary biology. However, methods for inferring and aligning such sequences in annotated genomes have not kept pace with the increasing scale and complexity of the available data. Thus, in this work we implemented several improvements to the traditional methodology that more fully leverage the redundancy of closely related genomes and the organization of their annotations. Two highlights include the application of the more flexible k-clique percolation algorithm for identifying clusters of orthologous proteins and the development of a novel technique for removing poorly supported regions of alignments with a phylogenetic HMM. In making the latter, we also wrote a fully documented Python package Homomorph that implements standard HMM algorithms and created a set of tutorials to promote its use by a wide audience. We applied the resulting pipeline to a set of 33 annotated Drosophila genomes, generating 22,813 orthologous groups and 8,566 high-quality alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singleton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective recruitment: Evidence for task-dependent gating of inputs to the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
fMRI studies have documented cerebellar activity across a wide array of tasks. However, the functional contribution of the cerebellum within these task domains remains unclear because cerebellar activity is often studied in isolation. This is problematic, as cerebellar fMRI activity may simply reflect the transmission of neocortical activity through fixed connections. Here we present a new approach that addresses this problem. Rather than focus on task-dependent activity changes in the cerebellum alone, we ask if neocortical inputs to the cerebellum are gated in a task-dependent manner. We hypothesize that input is upregulated when the cerebellum functionally contributes to a task. We first validated this approach using a finger movement task, where the integrity of the cerebellum has been shown to be essential for the coordination of rapid alternating movements but not for force generation. While both neocortical and cerebellar activity increased with increasing speed and force, the speed-related changes in the cerebellum were larger than predicted by an optimized cortico-cerebellar connectivity model. We then applied the same approach in a cognitive domain, assessing how the cerebellum supports working memory. Enhanced gating was associated with the encoding of items in working memory, but not with the manipulation or retrieval of the items. Focusing on task-dependent gating of neocortical inputs to the cerebellum offers a promising approach for using fMRI to understand the specific contributions of the cerebellum to cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahshahani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettekoven, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective recruitment: Evidence for task-dependent gating of inputs to the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aminobenzoic acid derivatives obstruct induced fit in the catalytic center of the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Escherichia coli ribosome can incorporate a variety of non-O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW--amino acid monomers into polypeptide chains, but with poor efficiency. Although these monomers span a diverse set of compounds, there exists no high-resolution structural information regarding their positioning within the catalytic center of the ribosome, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Thus, details regarding the mechanism of amide bond formation and the structural basis for differences and defects in incorporation efficiency remain unknown. Within a set of three aminobenzoic acid derivatives-3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylic acid (Apy), ortho-aminobenzoic acid (oABZ), and meta-aminobenzoic acid (mABZ)-the ribosome incorporates Apy into polypeptide chains with the highest efficiency, followed by oABZ and then mABZ, a trend that does not track with the nucleophilicity of the reactive amines. Here, we report high resolution cryo-EM structures of the ribosome with these three aminobenzoic acid derivatives charged on tRNA bound in the aminoacyl-tRNA site (A site). These structures reveal how the aromatic ring of each monomer sterically blocks positioning of nucleotide U2506, thereby preventing rearrangement of nucleotide U2585 and the resulting induced fit in the PTC required for efficient amide bond formation. They also reveal disruptions to the "proton wire" responsible for facilitating formation and breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate. Together, the cryo-EM structures reported here provide a clear rationale for differences in reactivity of aminobenzoic acid derivatives relative to O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW--amino acids and each other, and point to stereochemical constraints on the size and geometry of non-proteinogenic monomers that can be accepted efficiently by wild-type ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aminobenzoic acid derivatives obstruct induced fit in the catalytic center of the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule displacement mapping indicates unhindered intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While fundamentally important, the intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes has been difficult to elucidate due to challenges in both labeling and measurement. Here we quantify and spatially map the translational diffusion patterns of small solutes in mammalian cells by integrating several recent advances. In particular, by executing tandem stroboscopic illumination pulses down to 400-s separation, we extend single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution diffusion quantification tool, to small solutes with high diffusion coefficients D of >300 m2/s. We thus show that for multiple water-soluble dyes and dye-tagged nucleotides, intracellular diffusion is dominated by vast regions of high diffusivity ~60-70% of that in vitro, up to ~250 m2/s in the fastest cases. Meanwhile, we also visualize sub-micrometer foci of substantial slowdowns in diffusion, thus underscoring the importance of spatially resolving the local diffusion behavior. Together, these results suggest that the intracellular diffusion of small solutes is only modestly scaled down by the slightly higher viscosity of the cytosol over water, but otherwise not further hindered by macromolecular crowding. We thus lift a paradoxically low speed limit for intracellular diffusion suggested by previous experiments.

Abstract Graphic O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule displacement mapping indicates unhindered intracellular diffusion of small (<~1 kDa) solutes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule displacement mapping unveils sign-asymmetric protein charge effects on intraorganellar diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), an emerging super-resolution microscopy method, here we quantify, at nanoscale resolution, the diffusion of a typical fluorescent protein (FP) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion of living mammalian cells. We thus show that the diffusion coefficients D in both organelles are ~40% of that in the cytoplasm, with the latter exhibiting higher spatial inhomogeneities. Moreover, we unveil that diffusions in the ER lumen and the mitochondrial matrix are markedly impeded when the FP is given positive, but not negative, net charges. Calculation shows most intraorganellar proteins as negatively charged, thus a mechanism to impede the diffusion of positively charged proteins. However, we further identify the ER protein PPIB as an exception with a positive net charge, and experimentally show that the removal of this positive charge elevates its intra-ER diffusivity. We thus unveil a sign-asymmetric protein charge effect on the nanoscale intraorganellar diffusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule displacement mapping unveils sign-asymmetric protein charge effects on intraorganellar diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal models of animal sex: breaking binaries leads to a better understanding of ecology and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex is often used to describe a suite of phenotypic and genotypic traits of an organism related to reproduction. However, these traits - gamete type, chromosomal inheritance, physiology, morphology, behavior, etc. - are not necessarily coupled, and the rhetorical collapse of variation into a single term elides much of the complexity inherent in sexual phenotypes. We argue that consideration of  sex as a constructed category operating at multiple biological levels opens up new avenues for inquiry in our study of biological variation. We apply this framework to three case studies that illustrate the diversity of sex variation, from decoupling sexual phenotypes to the evolutionary and ecological consequences of intrasexual polymorphisms. We argue that instead of assuming binary sex in these systems, some may be better categorized as multivariate and nonbinary. Finally, we conduct a meta-analysis of terms used to describe diversity in sexual phenotypes in the scientific literature to highlight how a multivariate model of sex can clarify, rather than cloud, studies of sexual diversity within and across species. We argue that such an expanded framework of  sex better equips us to understand evolutionary processes, and that as biologists it is incumbent upon us to push back against misunderstandings of the biology of sexual phenotypes that enact harm on marginalized communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pethkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piattoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal models of animal sex: breaking binaries leads to a better understanding of ecology and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.524772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin interdependencies predicted by metagenomics-informed network analyses validated in microbial community microcosms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.524772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are fundamental components of most ecosystems but little is known about the interactions that structure them. Metagenomic data have revolutionized our understanding of complex consortia, yet predicted interactions are rarely explored experimentally. We developed an organism abundance correlation network to investigate factors that control community organization in soil-derived laboratory microbial consortia grown under dozens of conditions. The network was overlaid with metagenomic information about functional capacities to generate testable hypotheses. We developed a metric to predict the importance of each node within its local network environments relative to correlated vitamin auxotrophs and predicted that a Variovorax species is a hub because it is a highly important source of thiamine. Quantification of thiamine during the growth of Variovorax in minimal media conditions showed extraordinarily high levels of production of thiamine, up to 100 mg/L. This over-production of thiamine explains why the auxotrophs correlated with Variovorax are reliant on this organism for thiamine, despite the presence of other predicted thiamine producers in the community. A few of these thiamine auxotrophs are predicted to produce pantothenate that we show that Variovorax requires to grow, implying that a subset of vitamin-dependent interactions are mutualistic. We found that Cryptococcus produces the B-vitamin pantothenate, and co-cultures led to a 90-130-fold fitness increase for both Cryptococcus and Variovorax. This study demonstrates the predictive power of metagenome-informed, microbial consortia-based network analyses for identifying microbial interactions that underpin the structure and functioning of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hessler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.524772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin interdependencies predicted by metagenomics-informed network analyses validated in microbial community microcosms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of the essential endogenous mycobacterial polyketide synthasePks13 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the leading cause of death by any bacterial infection1. The mycolic acid layer of the cell wall is essential for viability and virulence, and the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are therefore front line targets for antimycobacterial drug development2,3. Polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is a module comprised of a closely symmetric parallel dimer of chains, each encoding several enzymatic and transport functions, that carries out the condensation of two different very long chain fatty acids to produce mycolic acids that are essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Consequently individual enzymatic domains of Pks13 are targets for antimycobacterial drug development4. To understand this machinery, we sought to determine the structure and domain trajectories of the dimeric multi-enzyme Pks13, a 2x198,426 Dalton complex, from protein purified endogenously from mycobacteria under normal growth conditions, to capture it with normal substrates bound trapped  in action.

Structures of the multi-domain assembly revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) define the ketosynthase (KS), linker, and acyltransferase (AT) domains, each at atomic resolution (1.8[A]), with bound substrates defined at 2.4[A] and 2.9[A] resolution. Image classification reveals two distinct structures with alternate locations of the N-terminal acyl carrier protein (termed ACP1a, ACP1b) seen at 3.6[A] and 4.6[A] resolution respectively. These two structures suggest plausible intermediate states, related by a ~60[A] movement of ACP1, on the pathway for substrate delivery from the fatty acyl-ACP ligase (FadD32) to the ketosynthase domain. The linking sequence between ACP1 and the KS includes an 11 amino acid sequence with 6 negatively charged side chains that lies in different positively charged grooves on the KS in ACP1a versus ACP1b structures. This charge complementarity between the extended chain and the grooves suggests some stabilization of these two distinct orientations. Other domains are visible at lower resolution and indicate flexibility relative to the KS-AT core. The chemical structures of three bound endogenous long chain fatty acid substrates with their proximal regions defined in the structures were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The domain proximities were probed by chemical cross-linking and identified by mass spectrometry. These were incorporated into integrative structure modeling to define multiple domain configurations that transport the very long fatty acid chains throughout the multistep Pks13 mediated synthetic pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finer-Moore, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulido, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of the essential endogenous mycobacterial polyketide synthasePks13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural characterization of HIV-1 Env heterotrimers bound to one or two CD4 receptors reveals intermediate Env conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope (Env) exhibits distinct conformational changes in response to host receptor (CD4) engagement. Env, a trimer of gp120/gp41 heterodimers, has been structurally characterized in a closed, prefusion conformation with closely associated gp120s and coreceptor binding sites on gp120 V3 hidden by V1V2 loops, and in fully-saturated CD4-bound open Env conformations with changes including outwardly rotated gp120s and displaced V1V2 loops. To investigate changes resulting from sub-stoichiometric CD4 binding, we solved 3.4[A] and 3.9[A] single-particle cryo-EM structures of soluble, native-like Envs bound to one or two CD4 molecules. Env trimer bound to one CD4 adopted the closed, prefusion Env state. When bound to two CD4s, the CD4-bound gp120s exhibited an open Env conformation including a four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and displaced gp120 V1V2 loops that expose the coreceptor sites on V3. The third gp120 adopted an intermediate, occluded-open state that included gp120 outward rotation but maintained the prefusion, three-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and showed only partial V1V2 displacement and V3 exposure. We conclude that engagement of one CD4 molecule was insufficient to stimulate CD4-induced conformational changes, while binding two CD4 molecules led to Env opening in CD4-bound protomers only. Together, these results illuminate HIV-1 Env intermediate conformations and illustrate the structural plasticity of HIV-1 Env.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural characterization of HIV-1 Env heterotrimers bound to one or two CD4 receptors reveals intermediate Env conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation Variability Does Not Influence Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar-dependent implicit adaptation has been regarded as a rigid process that automatically operates in response to movement errors in order to keep the sensorimotor system calibrated. This hypothesis has been challenged by recent evidence suggesting flexibility in this learning process. One compelling line of evidence comes from work suggesting that this form of learning is context-dependent, with the rate of learning modulated by error history. Specifically, learning was attenuated in the presence of perturbations exhibiting high variance compared to when the perturbation is fixed. However, these findings are confounded by the fact that the adaptation system corrects for errors of different magnitudes in a non-linear manner, with the adaptive response increasing in a proportional manner to small errors and saturating to large errors. Through simulations, we show that this non-linear motor correction function is sufficient to explain the effect of perturbation variance without referring to an experience-dependent change in error sensitivity. Moreover, by controlling the distribution of errors experienced during training, we provide empirical evidence showing that there is no measurable effect of perturbation variance on implicit adaptation. As such, we argue that the evidence to date remains consistent with the rigidity assumption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation Variability Does Not Influence Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. This process is directed by a complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins that hijack cellular RNA polymerase II and an unknown set of additional factors. We employed proximity labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, followed by CRISPR and siRNA screening to identify proteins functionally associated with the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) late gene transcriptional complex. These data revealed that the catalytic subunit of the viral DNA packaging motor, ORF29, is both dynamically associated with the viral transcriptional activator complex and potentiates late gene expression. Through genetic mutation and deletion of ORF29, we establish that its catalytic activity potentiates viral transcription and is required for robust accumulation of essential late proteins during infection. Thus, we propose an expanded role for ORF29 that encompasses its established function in viral packaging and its newly discovered contributions to viral transcription and late gene expression in KSHV.

Author summary{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses express a class of genes essential for completion of the viral life cycle late during infection. A specialized complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins drives expression of these late genes in a manner dependent on viral genome replication, although the mechanisms and regulation of this process are largely unknown. Here, we identified factors that physically and functionally associate with the late gene transcription complex and unexpectedly found that the viral DNA packaging motor in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contributes to late gene expression. We show that the catalytic activity of this protein is not only required for genomic packaging but also for the robust expression of late genes to ensure the successful production of progeny virions. Thus, late gene transcription is mechanistically linked to the conserved processes of viral genome replication and packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray-Nerger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular plasmid toolkit applied in marine Proteobacteria reveals functional insights during bacteria-stimulated metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conspicuous roadblock to studying marine bacteria for fundamental research and biotechnology is a lack of modular synthetic biology tools for their genetic manipulation. Here, we applied, and generated new parts for, a modular plasmid toolkit to study marine bacteria in the context of symbioses and host-microbe interactions. To demonstrate the utility of this plasmid system, we genetically manipulated the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea, which stimulates the metamorphosis of the model tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. Using these tools, we quantified constitutive and native promoter expression, developed reporter strains that enable the imaging of host-bacteria interactions, and used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to knock down a secondary metabolite and a host-associated gene. We demonstrate the broader utility of this modular system for rapidly creating and iteratively testing genetic tractability by modifying marine bacteria that are known to be associated with diverse host-microbe symbioses. These efforts enabled the successful transformation of twelve marine strains across two Proteobacteria classes, four orders and ten genera. Altogether, the present study demonstrates how synthetic biology strategies enable the investigation of marine microbes and marine host-microbe symbioses with broader implications for environmental restoration and biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alker, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspiras, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedoriouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhail, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikuma, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular plasmid toolkit applied in marine Proteobacteria reveals functional insights during bacteria-stimulated metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial context is known to influence the behavioral sensitivity (d) and the decision criterion (c) for detection of low-contrast targets. Of interest here is the effect on the decision criterion. Polat and Sagi (2007) demonstrated that for a Gabor target positioned between two similar co-aligned high contrast flankers, observers reports of seeing the target (Hit and False-Alarm) decreased with increasing target-flankers distance. This effect was more pronounced when distance was randomized within testing blocks compared to when it was fixed. According to Signal-Detection-Theory (SDT), the latter result suggests that the decision-criterion is adjusted to a specific, distance-dependent combination of signal (S) and Noise (N) when the S and N statistics are fixed, but not when they vary across trials. However, SDT cannot differentiate between changes in the decision-bias (criterion-shift) and changes introduced by variations in S and N (signal-shift). To circumvent this limitation of SDT, we analyze reaction-time data (RT) within the framework of the Drift-Diffusion-Model (DDM). We performed an RT analysis of target-flanker interactions using data from Polat & Sagi (2007) and Zomet et al. (2008; 2016). The analysis revealed a stronger dependence on flankers for faster RTs and a weaker dependence for slower RTs. The results are explained by DDM, where an evidence accumulation process depends on the flankers via a change in the rate of the evidence (signal-shift), and on observers prior via a change in the starting point (criterion-shift), leading to RT-independent and RT-dependent effects, respectively. The RT-independent distance-dependent response-bias is attributed to the observers inability to learn multiple internal distributions required to accommodate the distance-dependent effects of the flankers on both the Signal and Noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zomet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polat, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolating objective and subjective filling-in using the Drift Diffusion Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density, integrated silicon electrodes have begun to transform systems neuroscience, by enabling large-scale neural population recordings with single cell resolution. Existing technologies, however, have provided limited functionality in nonhuman primate species such as macaques, which offer close models of human cognition and behavior. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of Neuropixels 1.0-NHP, a high channel count linear electrode array designed to enable large-scale simultaneous recording in superficial and deep structures within the macaque or other large animal brain. These devices were fabricated in two versions: 4416 electrodes along a 45 mm shank, and 2496 along a 25 mm shank. For both versions, users can programmatically select 384 channels, enabling simultaneous multi-area recording with a single probe. We demonstrate recording from over 3000 single neurons within a session, and simultaneous recordings from over 1000 neurons using multiple probes. This technology represents a significant increase in recording access and scalability relative to existing technologies, and enables new classes of experiments involving fine-grained electrophysiological characterization of brain areas, functional connectivity between cells, and simultaneous brain-wide recording at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shude Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OCallaghan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welkenhuysen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte lipin 1 is positively associated with metabolic health in humans and regulates systemic metabolism in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunctional adipose tissue is believed to promote the development of hepatic steatosis and systemic insulin resistance, but many of the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Lipin 1 catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol (DAG), the penultimate step of triglyceride synthesis, which is essential for lipid storage. Herein we found that adipose tissue LPIN1 expression is decreased in people with obesity compared to lean subjects and low LPIN1 expression correlated with multi-tissue insulin resistance and increased rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Comprehensive metabolic and multi-omic phenotyping demonstrated that adipocyte-specific Lpin1-/- mice had a metabolically-unhealthy phenotype, including liver and skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and transcriptomic signatures of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that was exacerbated by high-fat diets. We conclude that adipocyte lipin 1-mediated lipid storage is vital for preserving adipose tissue and systemic metabolic health and its loss predisposes mice to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPoint, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RenKemeyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brestoff, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutkewitte, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte lipin 1 is positively associated with metabolic health in humans and regulates systemic metabolism in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
McrD binds asymmetrically to methyl-coenzyme M reductase improving active site accessibility during assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes the formation of methane and its activity accounts for nearly all biologically produced methane released into the atmosphere. The assembly of MCR is an intricate process involving the installation of a complex set of post-translational modifications and the unique Ni porphyrin cofactor F430. Despite decades of research, details of MCR assembly remain largely unresolved. Here, we report the structural characterization of MCR in two intermediate states of assembly. These intermediate states lack one or both F430 cofactors and form complexes with the previously uncharacterized McrD protein. McrD is found to bind asymmetrically to MCR, displacing large regions of the alpha subunit and increasing active site accessibility for the installation of F430--shedding light on the assembly of MCR and the role of McrD therein. This work offers crucial information for the expression of MCR in a heterologous host and provides new targets for the design of MCR inhibitors.

One-sentence summaryStructural characterization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase assembly intermediates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[McrD binds asymmetrically to methyl-coenzyme M reductase improving active site accessibility during assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streamlined and sensitive mono- and diribosome profiling in yeast and human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling has unveiled diverse regulations and perturbations of translation through a transcriptome-wide survey of ribosome occupancy, read out by sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. Generation of ribosome footprints and their conversion into sequencing libraries is technically demanding and sensitive to biases that distort the representation of physiological ribosome occupancy. We address these challenges by producing ribosome footprints with P1 nuclease rather than RNase I and replacing RNA ligation with Ordered Two-Template Relay, a single-tube protocol for sequencing library preparation that incorporates adapters by reverse transcription. Our streamlined approach reduced sequence bias and enhanced enrichment of ribosome footprints relative to ribosomal RNA. Furthermore, P1 nuclease preserved a myriad of distinct juxtaposed ribosome complexes informative about yeast and human ribosome fates during translation initiation, stalling, and termination. Our optimized methods for mRNA footprint generation and capture provides a richer translatome profile using lower input and fewer technical challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streamlined and sensitive mono- and diribosome profiling in yeast and human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex comprises SUN (Sad-1 and UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht, ANC-1, SYNE homology) domain proteins, whose conserved interactions provide a physical coupling between the cytoskeleton and the nucleoskeleton, thereby mediating the transfer of physical forces across the nuclear envelope. The LINC complex can perform distinct cellular functions by pairing various KASH domain proteins with the same SUN domain protein. Recent studies have suggested a higher-order assembly of SUN and KASH instead of a more widely accepted linear trimer model for the LINC complex. In the present study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanism of force transfer across the two proposed models of LINC complex assembly, namely the 3:3 linear trimer model and the 6:6 higher-order model. Employing steered molecular dynamics simulations with various structures using forces at different rates and directions, we examine the structural stability of the two models under various biologically relevant conditions. Our results suggest that both models can withstand and transfer significant levels of force while retaining their structural integrity. However, the force response of various SUN KASH assemblies depended on the force direction and pulling rates. Slower pulling rates resulted in higher mean square fluctuations of the 3:3 assembly compared to the fast pulling. Interestingly, the 6:6 assembly tends to provide an additional range of motion flexibility and might be more suitable for describing the interaction between SUN and KASH under compressive and shear forces. These findings offer insights into how the SUN and KASH proteins maintain the structural integrity of the nuclear membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yerima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domkam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gag-like gene RTL8 antagonizes PEG10-mediated virus like particles in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PEG10 is a retroelement-derived Mart-family gene that is necessary for placentation and has been implicated in neurological disease. PEG10 resembles both retrotransposon and retroviral proteins and forms virus-like particles (VLPs) that can be purified using iodixanol ultracentrifugation. It is hypothesized that formation of VLPs is crucial to the biological roles of PEG10 in reproduction and neurological health. Here, we describe the regulation of PEG10 VLP formation and release in human cells with a role for the related Mart gene RTL8. RTL8 resembles a truncated form of PEG10 that shares homology with the N-terminal gag-like capsid domain. Alone, RTL8 is unable to form VLPs, but was incorporated into PEG10-derived particles. RTL8 co-expression decreased the abundance of PEG10 VLPs and increased intracellular levels of PEG10, suggesting a model where RTL8 inhibits PEG10 VLP formation or release. Consistent with this model, RTL8 bound to the N-terminal domain of PEG10 capsid, and modulation of RTL8 influenced PEG10-derived VLP abundance in naturally producing cells. RTL8 is broadly expressed in many of the same tissues as PEG10, including in human brain. Taken together, these results describe a novel antagonistic relationship between two human retroelement-derived genes and have implications for our understanding of PEG10 biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campodonico, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gag-like gene RTL8 antagonizes PEG10-mediated virus like particles in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal morphology of posteromedial cortex substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies identify a surprising coupling between evolutionarily new sulci and the functional organization of human posteromedial cortex (PMC). Yet, no study has compared this modern PMC sulcal patterning between humans and non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we first manually defined 918 sulci in 120 chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) hemispheres and 1619 sulci in 144 human hemispheres. We uncovered four new PMC sulci, and quantitatively identified species differences in incidence, depth, and surface area. Interestingly, some PMC sulci are more common in humans and others, in chimpanzees. Further, we found that the prominent marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus differs significantly between species. Contrary to classic observations, the present results reveal that the surface anatomy of PMC substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees -- findings which lay a foundation for better understanding the evolution of neuroanatomical-functional and neuroanatomical-behavioral relationships in this highly expanded region of the human cerebral cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal morphology of posteromedial cortex substantially differs between humans and chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colocalization of Cancer Associated Biomarkers on Single Extracellular Vesicles for Early Cancer Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of cancer early, when it is most treatable, remains a significant challenge due to the lack of diagnostic methods sufficiently sensitive to detect nascent tumors. Early-stage tumors are small relative to their tissue of origin, heterogeneous, and infrequently manifest in clinical symptoms. Detection of their presence is made more difficult by a lack of abundant tumor-specific indicators (i.e., protein biomarkers, circulating tumor DNA, etc.) that would enable detection using a non-invasive diagnostic assay. In addition, many benign conditions manifest in a similar manner, thus discriminating an early-stage cancerous lesion from a benign tumor can present additional challenges and result in unnecessary medical procedures. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a liquid biopsy assay that interrogates circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to detect tumor-specific biomarkers colocalized on the surface of individual EVs. Extracellular vesicles from all cell types, including early-stage tumors, are known to be abundant in blood, are remarkably stable, and serve as a biopsy of their cell of origin. The detection of a colocalized combination of cancer associated biomarkers that provide tumor specificity on the surface of extracellular vesicles enables the discrimination of early- and late-stage cancer from non-malignant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salem, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillon, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusenleitner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabrowski, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biette, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamzeh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn-Deen, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colocalization of Cancer Associated Biomarkers on Single Extracellular Vesicles for Early Cancer Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (30kb). Here, we designed a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and rescue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmerly, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.525914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pumping Iron: A Multi-omics Analysis of Two Extremophilic Algae Reveals Mechanisms of Iron Economy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine algae are responsible for half of the worlds primary productivity, but this critical carbon sink is often constrained by insufficient iron. One species of marine algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, is remarkable for its ability to maintain photosynthesis and thrive in low-iron environments. A related species, Dunaliella salina Bardawil, shares this attribute but is an extremophile found in hyper-saline environments. To elucidate how algae manage their iron requirements, we produced high-quality genome assemblies and transcriptomes for both species to serve as a foundation for a comparative multi-omics analysis. We identified a host of iron-uptake proteins in both species, including a massive expansion of transferrins and a novel family of siderophore-iron uptake proteins. Complementing these multiple iron-uptake routes, ferredoxin functions as a large iron reservoir that can be released by induction of flavodoxin. Proteomic analysis revealed reduced investment in the photosynthetic apparatus coupled with remodeling of antenna proteins by dramatic iron-deficiency induction of TIDI1, an LHCA-related protein found also in other chlorophytes. These combinatorial iron scavenging and sparing strategies make Dunaliella unique among photosynthetic organisms.

Significance StatementDespite their small size, microalgae play a huge role in CO2 uptake via photosynthesis, and represent an important target for climate crisis mitigation efforts. Most photosynthesis proteins require iron as a co-factor so that insufficient iron often limits algal CO2 sequestration. With this in mind, we examined a genus of microalgae called Dunaliella that is exceptionally well-adapted to low iron environments. We produced complete genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes for two species of Dunaliella that hail from radically different environments: one from coastal ocean waters and the other from salt flats. We identified dozens of genes and multiple, complementary strategies that both species utilize for iron-uptake and management that explain Dunaliellas remarkable ability to thrive on low iron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fillmore, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roje, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pumping Iron: A Multi-omics Analysis of Two Extremophilic Algae Reveals Mechanisms of Iron Economy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly efficient human cell-free translation system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems enable easy in vitro expression of proteins with many scientific, industrial, and therapeutic applications. Here we present an optimized, highly efficient human cell-free translation system that bypasses many limitations of currently used in vitro systems. This CFPS system is based on extracts from human HEK293T cells engineered to endogenously express GADD34 and K3L proteins, which suppress phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2. Overexpression of GADD34 and K3L proteins in human cells significantly simplifies cell lysate preparation. The new CFPS system improves the translation of 5 cap-dependent mRNAs as well as those that use internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mediated translation initiation. We find that expression of the GADD34 and K3L accessory proteins before cell lysis maintains low levels of phosphorylation of eIF2 in the extracts. During in vitro translation reactions, eIF2 phosphorylation increases moderately in a GCN2-dependent fashion that can be inhibited by GCN2 kinase inhibitors. We also find evidence for activation of regulatory pathways related to eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) phosphorylation and ribosome quality control in the extracts. This new CFPS system should be useful for exploring human translation mechanisms in more physiological conditions outside the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleksashin, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly efficient human cell-free translation system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription often occurs in bursts as gene promoters switch stochastically between active and inactive states. Enhancers can dictate transcriptional activity in animal development through the modulation of burst frequency, duration, or amplitude. Previous studies observed that different enhancers can achieve a wide range of transcriptional outputs through the same strategies of bursting control. For example, despite responding to different transcription factors, all even-skipped enhancers increase transcription by upregulating burst frequency and amplitude while burst duration remains largely constant. These shared bursting strategies suggest that a unified molecular mechanism constraints how enhancers modulate transcriptional output. Alternatively, different enhancers could have converged on the same bursting control strategy because of natural selection favoring one of these particular strategies. To distinguish between these two scenarios, we compared transcriptional bursting between endogenous and ectopic gene expression patterns. Because enhancers act under different regulatory inputs in ectopic patterns, dissimilar bursting control strategies between endogenous and ectopic patterns would suggest that enhancers adapted their bursting strategies to their trans-regulatory environment. Here, we generated ectopic even-skipped transcription patterns in fruit fly embryos and discovered that bursting strategies remain consistent in endogenous and ectopic even-skipped expression. These results provide evidence for a unified molecular mechanism shaping even-skipped bursting strategies and serve as a starting point to uncover the realm of strategies employed by other enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berrocal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The balance of acidic and hydrophobic residues predicts acidic transcriptional activation domains from protein sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors activate gene expression in development, homeostasis, and stress with DNA binding domains and activation domains. Although there exist excellent computational models for predicting DNA binding domains from protein sequence (Stormo, 2013), models for predicting activation domains from protein sequence have lagged behind (Erijman et al., 2020; Ravarani et al., 2018; Sanborn et al., 2021), particularly in metazoans. We recently developed a simple and accurate predictor of acidic activation domains on human transcription factors (Staller et al., 2022). Here, we show how the accuracy of this human predictor arises from the balance between hydrophobic and acidic residues, which together are necessary for acidic activation domain function. When we combine our predictor with the predictions of neural network models trained in yeast, the intersection is more predictive than individual models, emphasizing that each approach carries orthogonal information. We synthesize these findings into a new set of activation domain predictions on human transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotha, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The balance of acidic and hydrophobic residues predicts acidic transcriptional activation domains from protein sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiles of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single, severe episode of stress can bring about myriad responses amongst individuals, ranging from cognitive enhancement to debilitating and persistent anxiety; however, the biological mechanisms that contribute to resilience versus susceptibility to stress are poorly understood. The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are key limbic regions that are susceptible to the neural and hormonal effects of stress. Previous work has also shown that these regions contribute to individual variability in stress responses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of these regions in susceptibility and resilience are unknown. In this study, we profiled the transcriptomic signatures of the DG and BLA of rats with divergent behavioral outcomes after a single, severe stressor. We subjected rats to three hours of immobilization with exposure to fox urine and conducted a behavioral battery one week after stress to identify animals that showed persistent, high anxiety-like behavior. We then conducted bulk RNA sequencing of the DG and BLA from susceptible, resilient, and unexposed control rats. Differential gene expression analyses revealed that the molecular signatures separating each of the three groups were distinct and non-overlapping between the DG and BLA. In the amygdala, key genes associated with insulin and hormonal signaling corresponded with vulnerability. Specifically, Inhbb, Rab31, and Ncoa3 were upregulated in the amygdala of stress-susceptible animals compared to resilient animals. In the hippocampus, increased expression of Cartpt - which encodes a key neuropeptide involved in reward, reinforcement, and stress responses - was strongly correlated with vulnerability to anxiety-like behavior. However, few other genes distinguished stress-susceptible animals from control animals, while a larger number of genes separated stress-resilient animals from control and stress-susceptible animals. Of these, Rnf112, Tbx19, and UBALD1 distinguished resilient animals from both control and susceptible animals and were downregulated in resilience, suggesting that an active molecular response in the hippocampus facilitates protection from the long-term consequences of severe stress. These results provide novel insight into the mechanisms that bring about individual variability in the behavioral responses to stress and provide new targets for the advancement of therapies for stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorooshyari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaques, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiles of stress susceptibility and resilience in the amygdala and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive relevance of an evolutionarily new and variable prefrontal structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying structure-function correspondences is a major goal among biologists, cognitive neuroscientists, and brain mappers. Recent studies have identified relationships between performance on cognitive tasks and the presence or absence of small, shallow indentations, or sulci, of the human brain. Building on the previous finding that the presence of one such sulcus in the left anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (aLPFC) was related to reasoning task performance in children and adolescents, we tested whether this relationship extended to a different sample, age group, and reasoning task. As predicted, the presence of this aLPFC sulcus--the ventral para-intermediate frontal sulcus--was also associated with higher reasoning scores in young adults (ages 22-36). These findings have not only direct developmental, but also evolutionary relevance--as recent work shows that the pimfs-v is exceedingly rare in chimpanzees. Thus, the pimfs-v is a novel developmental, cognitive, and evolutionarily relevant feature that should be considered in future studies examining how the complex relationships among multiscale anatomical and functional features of the brain give rise to abstract thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive relevance of an evolutionarily new and variable prefrontal structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatotopic organization among parallel sensory pathways that promote a grooming sequence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory neurons located across the body surface respond to tactile stimuli and elicit diverse behavioral responses, from relatively simple stimulus location-aimed movements to complex movement sequences. How mechanosensory neurons and their postsynaptic circuits influence such diverse behaviors remains unclear. We previously discovered that Drosophila perform a body location-prioritized grooming sequence when mechanosensory neurons at different locations on the head and body are simultaneously stimulated by dust (Hampel et al., 2017; Seeds et al., 2014). Here, we identify nearly all mechanosensory neurons on the Drosophila head that individually elicit aimed grooming of specific head locations, while collectively eliciting a whole head grooming sequence. Different tracing methods were used to reconstruct the projections of these neurons from different locations on the head to their distinct arborizations in the brain. This provides the first synaptic resolution somatotopic map of a head, and defines the parallel-projecting mechanosensory pathways that elicit head grooming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmecova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagburn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoopfer, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatotopic organization among parallel sensory pathways that promote a grooming sequence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomic Profiling Reveals that Anti-Cancer Natural Product Dankastatin B Covalently Targets Mitochondrial VDAC3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlorinated gymnastatin and dankastatin alkaloids derived from the fungal strain Gymnascella dankaliensis have been reported to possess significant anti-cancer activity but their mode of action is unknown. These members possess electrophilic functional groups that may undergo covalent bond formation with specific proteins to exert their biological activity. To better understand the mechanism of action of this class of natural products, we mapped the proteome-wide cysteine-reactivity of the most potent of these alkaloids, dankastatin B, using activitybased protein profiling chemoproteomic approaches. We identified a primary target of dankastatin B in breast cancer cells as cysteine C65 of the voltage-dependent anion selective channel on the outer mitochondrial membrane VDAC3. We demonstrated direct and covalent interaction of dankastatin B with VDAC3. VDAC3 knockdown conferred hyper-sensitivity to dankastatin B-mediated anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells indicating that VDAC3 was at least partially involved in the anti-cancer effects of this natural product. Our study reveals a potential mode of action of dankastatin B through covalent targeting of VDAC3 and highlight the utility of chemoproteomic approaches in gaining mechanistic understanding of electrophilic natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belcher, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machicao, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomic Profiling Reveals that Anti-Cancer Natural Product Dankastatin B Covalently Targets Mitochondrial VDAC3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming resolution loss due to thermal magnetic field fluctuations from phase plates in transmission electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We identify thermal magnetic field fluctuations, caused by thermal electron motion ("Johnson noise") in electrically conductive materials, as a potential resolution limit in transmission electron microscopy with a phase plate. Specifically, resolution loss can occur if the electron diffraction pattern is magnified to extend phase contrast to lower spatial frequencies, and if conductive materials are placed too close to the electron beam. While our initial implementation of a laser phase plate (LPP) was significantly affected by these factors, a redesign eliminated the problem and brought the performance close to the expected level. The resolution now appears to be limited by residual Johnson noise arising from the electron beam liner tube in the region of the LPP, together with the chromatic aberration of the relay optics. These two factors can be addressed during future development of the LPP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buijsse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.12.528160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming resolution loss due to thermal magnetic field fluctuations from phase plates in transmission electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed this involves multiple roles played by the type three-secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with activation of NF-{kappa}B as measured by p65 relocalization and TNF transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the TSSS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially-driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa.

ImportancePseudomonas aeruginosa can exhibit an intracellular lifestyle within epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. The type three secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS contributes via multiple mechanisms, including extending the life of invaded host cells. Here, we aimed to understand the underlying cell death inhibited by ExoS when P. aeruginosa is intracellular. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking T3SS effectors could elicit rapid cell lysis via the non-canonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-4 contributed to cell lysis even when the intracellular bacteria lacked the entire T33S and were consequently unable to escape vacuoles, representing a naturally occurring subpopulation during wildtype infection. Together, the data show the caspase-4 inflammasome as an epithelial cell defense against intracellular P. aeruginosa, and implicate its targeting as another mechanism by which ExoS preserves the host cell replicative niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroken, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedel, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiszig, S. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forces generated by actin assembly assist membrane invagination during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The sequential recruitment of core endocytic proteins and regulatory proteins, and assembly of the actin network, are well documented in live cells and are highly conserved from yeasts to humans. However, understanding of CME protein self-organization, as well as the biochemical and mechanical principles that underlie actins role in CME, is lacking. Here, we show that supported lipid bilayers coated with purified yeast WASP, an endocytic actin assembly regulator, and incubated in cytoplasmic yeast extracts, recruit downstream endocytic proteins and assemble actin tails. Time-lapse imaging of WASP-coated bilayers revealed sequential recruitment of proteins from different endocytic modules, faithfully replicating in vivo behavior. Reconstituted actin networks assemble in a WASP-dependent manner and deform lipid bilayers, as seen by electron microscopy. Time-lapse imaging revealed that vesicles are released from the lipid bilayers with a burst of actin assembly. Actin networks pushing on membranes have previously been reconstituted; here, we have reconstituted a biologically important variation of these actin networks that self-organize on bilayers and produce pulling forces sufficient to bud off membrane vesicles. We propose that actin-driven vesicle generation may represent an ancient evolutionary precursor to diverse vesicle forming processes adapted for a wide array of cellular environments and applications.

Significance StatementActin filament assembly participates in many vesicle-forming processes. However, the underlying principles for how assembly is initiated and organized to effectively harness assembly forces remain elusive. To address this gap, we report a novel reconstitution of actin-driven vesicle release from supported lipid bilayers. Using real-time imaging, we observe sequential recruitment of endocytic proteins and, following a burst of actin assembly, vesicle release from bilayers. Given the absence of cargo or upstream endocytic regulatory proteins on the bilayers, and the participation of actin in many vesicle-forming processes, we posit that this mode of vesicle formation represents an early evolutionary precursor for multiple trafficking pathways. We expect that this assay will be of great use for future investigations of actin-mediated vesicle-forming processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organizing actin networks drive sequential endocytic protein recruitment and vesicle release on synthetic lipid bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the juncture between the body and environment, epithelia are both protective barriers and sensory interfaces that continually renew. To determine whether sensory neurons remodel to maintain homeostasis, we used in vivo two-photon imaging of somatosensory axons innervating Merkel cells in adult mouse skin. These touch receptors were highly plastic: 63% of Merkel cells and 89% of branches appeared, disappeared, grew, regressed and/or relocated over a month. Interestingly, Merkel-cell plasticity was synchronized across arbors during rapid epithelial turnover. When Merkel cells remodeled, the degree of plasticity between Merkel-cell clusters and their axons was well correlated. Moreover, branches were stabilized by Merkel-cell contacts. These findings highlight the role of epithelial-neural crosstalk in homeostatic remodeling. Conversely, axons were also dynamic when Merkel cells were stable, indicating that intrinsic neural mechanisms drive branch plasticity. Two terminal morphologies innervated Merkel cells: transient swellings called boutons, and stable cups termed kylikes. In Atoh1 knockout mice that lack Merkel cells, axons showed higher complexity than control mice, with exuberant branching and no kylikes. Thus, Merkel cells limit axonal branching and promote branch maturation. Together, these results reveal a previously unsuspected high degree of plasticity in somatosensory axons that is biased, but not solely dictated, by plasticity of target epithelial cells. This system provides a platform to identify intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that govern axonal patterning in epithelial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clary, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow augmentation from off-channel storage improves salmonid habitat and survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
[A]In the Western United States, juvenile salmon and steelhead are especially vulnerable to streamflow depletion in the dry season. Releasing water from off-channel storage is a method of streamflow augmentation increasingly used to offset impacts of anthropogenic flow alteration. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the effects of these small-scale flow augmentations on salmonids. Here we quantify the effects of one such augmentation project on habitat connectivity, water quality, invertebrate drift, juvenile salmonid movement and survival. Our study took place in a Northern California stream and included an unusually wet summer (2019) and a more typical dry summer (2020). We found that differences in ambient streamflows between the two years mediated the physical and ecological effects of a 13.9 L/s augmentation treatment. In the dry year, flow augmentation significantly improved dissolved oxygen and habitat connectivity at sites > 1.5 km downstream from the point of augmentation and had a marginal warming effect on stream temperature. During the wet year, both dissolved oxygen and water temperature effects were negligible. In both years, augmentation had a small but positive effect on invertebrate drift. Inter-pool movement of juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and stocked Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) increased due to augmentation during the dry summer. Flow augmentation also increased the survival probability for salmonids, with a larger effect during the dry summer (24% higher survival for Coho and 20% higher for steelhead), than during the wet summer (when no effect was observed for steelhead survival and Coho Salmon survival increased by 11%). This study indicates that appropriately designed and timed flow augmentations can improve conditions for rearing salmonids in small streams, particularly during dry years. More broadly it provides empirical evidence that efforts to restore summer streamflow in small, salmon-bearing streams can yield significant ecological benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obedzinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pneh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow augmentation from off-channel storage improves salmonid habitat and survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomics-functional genomics approach reveals a small RNA that modulates  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron  sensitivity to tetracyclines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression plasticity allows bacteria to adapt to diverse environments, tie their metabolism to available nutrients, and cope with stress. This is particularly relevant in a niche as dynamic and hostile as the human intestinal tract, yet transcriptional networks remain largely unknown in gut Bacteroides spp. Here, we map transcriptional units and profile their expression levels in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron over a suite of 15 defined experimental conditions that are relevant in vivo, such as variation of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension, exposure to antibiotic stress, and growth on simple carbohydrates or on host mucin-derived glycans. Thereby, we infer stress- and carbon source-specific transcriptional regulons, including conditional expression of capsular polysaccharides and polysaccharide utilization loci, and expand the annotation of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in this organism. Integrating this comprehensive expression atlas with transposon mutant fitness data, we identify conditionally important sRNAs. One example is MasB, whose inactivation led to increased bacterial tolerance of tetracyclines. Using MS2 affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing, we predict targets of this sRNA and discuss their potential role in the context of the MasB-associated phenotype. Together, this transcriptomic compendium in combination with functional sRNA genomics--publicly available through a new iteration of the  Theta-Base web browser (www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/bacteroides-v2)--constitutes a valuable resource for the microbiome and sRNA research communities alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prezza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alampalli, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felchle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquist, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomics-functional genomics approach reveals a small RNA that modulates  Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron  sensitivity to tetracyclines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the ribbon-like organization of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Golgi ribbon is a structural organization formed by linked Golgi stacks that is believed to be exclusive to vertebrate cells. Its functional contribution to cellular processes is unclear, yet its disruption is associated with several human pathologies. In this study we address the evolutionary origin of the Golgi ribbon, describe a potential molecular mechanism for its emergence and identify a cellular process in which it may be involved. We observed the ribbon-like architecture in the cells of several metazoan taxa, suggesting its early appearance during animal evolution before the emergence of vertebrates. Supported by AlphaFold2 modelling, we propose that the evolution of the complex between two Golgi resident proteins, Golgin-45 and GRASP, led to the tethering of Golgi stacks into the ribbon-like configuration. Finally, we find that the ribbon is assembled during the early embryogenesis of deuterostome animals, a strong indication of its role in development. Overall, our study indicates that the Golgi ribbon is functionally relevant beyond vertebrates and calls for further investigations to decipher its elusive functions.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=89 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/528797v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17a404forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11413b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119c036org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19a512f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benvenuto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astoricchio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bormke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Aniello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittelmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escriva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierwater, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Trillo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jekely, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullrich-Luter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Aniello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnone, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the ribbon-like organization of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genomic contexts predict gene presence-absence variation in different pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFungi use the accessory segments of their pan-genomes to adapt to their environments. While gene presence-absence variation (PAV) contributes to shaping these accessory gene reservoirs, whether these events happen in specific genomic contexts remains unclear. Additionally, since pan-genome studies often group together all members of the same species, it is uncertain whether genomic or epigenomic features shaping pan-genome evolution are consistent across populations within the same species. Fungal plant pathogens are useful models for answering these questions because members of the same species often infect distinct hosts, and they frequently rely on gene PAV to adapt to these hosts.

ResultsWe analyzed gene PAV in the rice and wheat blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, and found that PAV of disease-causing effectors, antibiotic production, and non-self-recognition genes may drive the adaptation of the fungus to its environment. We then analyzed genomic and epigenomic features and data from available datasets for patterns that might help explain these PAV events. We observed that proximity to transposable elements (TEs), gene GC content, gene length, expression level in the host, and histone H3K27me3 marks were different between PAV genes and conserved genes, among other features. We used these features to construct a random forest classifier that was able to predict whether a gene is likely to experience PAV with high precision (86.06%) and recall (92.88%) in rice-infecting M. oryzae. Finally, we found that PAV in wheat- and rice-infecting pathotypes of M. oryzae differed in their number and their genomic context.

ConclusionsOur results suggest that genomic and epigenomic features of gene PAV can be used to better understand and even predict fungal pan-genome evolution. We also show that substantial intra-species variation can exist in these features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.529015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genomic contexts predict gene presence-absence variation in different pathotypes of a fungal plant pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic model predictions enable targeted microbiome manipulation through precision prebiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.The microbiome is increasingly receiving attention as an important modulator of host health and disease. However, while numerous mechanisms through which the microbiome influences its host have been identified, there is still a lack of approaches that allow to specifically modulate the abundance of individual microbes or microbial functions of interest. Moreover, current approaches for microbiome manipulation such as fecal transfers often entail a non-specific transfer of entire microbial communities with potentially unwanted side effects. To overcome this limitation, we here propose the concept of precision prebiotics that specifically modulate the abundance of a microbiome member species of interest. In a first step, we show that defining precision prebiotics by compounds that are only taken up by the target species but no other species in a community is usually not possible due to overlapping metabolic niches. Subsequently, we present a metabolic modeling network framework that allows us to define precision prebiotics for a two-member C. elegans microbiome model community comprising the immune-protective Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and the persistent colonizer Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71. Thus, we predicted compounds that specifically boost the abundance of the host-beneficial MYb11, four of which were experimentally validated in vitro (L-serine, L-threonine, D-mannitol, and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid). L-serine was further assessed in vivo, leading to an increase in MYb11 abundance also in the worm host. Overall, our findings demonstrate that constraint-based metabolic modeling is an effective tool for the design of precision prebiotics as an important cornerstone for future microbiome-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamerich, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubenheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierking, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waschina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulenburg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaleta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic model predictions enable targeted microbiome manipulation through precision prebiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.525405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domestic dogs maintain positive clinical, nutritional, and hematological health outcomes when fed a commercial plant-based diet for a year 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.525405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDomestic dogs can maintain health on complete and well-balanced canine plant-based nutrition (K9PBN). Novel insight on health outcomes in dogs consuming K9PBN is of relevance to veterinary professionals and consumers given a growing interest in non-traditional dog foods with perceived health benefits, while considering potential safety concerns. We aimed to investigate nutritional equivalence by measuring clinical health outcomes in adult dogs fed K9PBN over twelve months compared to a meat-based diet at baseline.

AnimalsFifteen clinically healthy adult dogs living in households in Los Angeles County, California.

ProceduresProspective cohort study evaluating clinical, hematological, and nutritional parameters in dogs at 0, 6, and 12 months, including complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry, cardiac biomarkers, plasma amino acids, and serum vitamin concentrations.

ResultsClinically healthy, client-owned, adult dogs maintain health, based on physical exams, CBC, serum chemistry, plasma amino acids, serum vitamins, and cardiac biomarkers combined with client-reported observations, when fed commercial K9PBN over a twelve-month period.

Clinical RelevanceThis study is the most comprehensive and longest known K9PBN investigation to date. It provides clinically important evidence-based nutrition data and new knowledge on outcomes in clinically healthy dogs who maintain health without consumption of animal-derived ingredients. Also, it is of major relevance to One Health paradigms since ingredients produced independent of industrial food animal production are both more sustainable and help to circumvent ethical dilemmas for maintenance of health in domestic dogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melgarejo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.525405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domestic dogs maintain positive clinical, nutritional, and hematological health outcomes when fed a commercial plant-based diet for a year]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepHeme: A generalizable, bone marrow classifierwith hematopathologist-level performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.528987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphology-based classification of cells in the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) is a key step in the diagnosis and management of hematologic malignancies. However, it is time-intensive and must be performed by expert hematopathologists and laboratory professionals. We curated a large, high-quality dataset of 41,595 hematopathologist consensus-annotated single-cell images extracted from BMA whole slide images (WSIs) containing 23 morphologic classes from the clinical archives of the University of California, San Francisco. We trained a convolutional neural network, DeepHeme, to classify images in this dataset, achieving a mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99. DeepHeme was then externally validated on WSIs from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, with a similar AUC of 0.98, demonstrating robust generalization. When compared to individual hematopathologists from three different top academic medical centers, the algorithm outperformed all three. Finally, DeepHeme reliably identified cell states such as mitosis, paving the way for image-based quantification of mitotic index in a cell-specific manner, which may have important clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleaves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spectors, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boiocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.528987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepHeme: A generalizable, bone marrow classifierwith hematopathologist-level performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing cancer evolution and heterogeneity using Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal rearrangements can initiate and drive cancer progression, yet it has been challenging to evaluate their impact, especially in genetically heterogeneous solid cancers. To address this problem we developed HiDENSEC, a new computational framework for analyzing chromatin conformation capture in heterogeneous samples, which can infer somatic copy number alterations, characterize large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, and estimate cancer cell fractions. We validated HiDENSEC with in silico and in vitro controls, and then characterized chromosome-scale evolution during melanoma progression in formalin-fixed tumor samples from three patients. The resulting comprehensive annotation of the genomic events includes copy number neutral translocations that disrupt tumor suppressor genes such as NF1, whole chromosome arm exchanges that result in loss of CDKN2A, and whole-arm copy-number neutral loss of homozygosity involving PTEN. These findings show that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements occur throughout cancer evolution and characterizing these events yields insights into drivers of melanoma progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkalo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing cancer evolution and heterogeneity using Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquinone deficiency drives reverse electron transport to disrupt hepatic metabolic homeostasis in obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are central to physiology. While excess mROS production has been associated with several disease states, its precise sources, regulation, and mechanism of generation in vivo remain unknown, limiting translational efforts. Here we show that in obesity, hepatic ubiquinone (Q) synthesis is impaired, which raises the QH2/Q ratio, driving excessive mROS production via reverse electron transport (RET) from site IQ in complex I. Using multiple complementary genetic and pharmacological models in vivo we demonstrated that RET is critical for metabolic health. In patients with steatosis, the hepatic Q biosynthetic program is also suppressed, and the QH2/Q ratio positively correlates with disease severity. Our data identify a highly selective mechanism for pathological mROS production in obesity, which can be targeted to protect metabolic homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, R. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosique, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loperena, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graupera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotamisligil, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.528863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquinone deficiency drives reverse electron transport to disrupt hepatic metabolic homeostasis in obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
choros: correction of sequence-based biases for accurate quantification of ribosome profiling data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling quantifies translation genome-wide by sequencing ribosome-protected fragments, or footprints. Its single-codon resolution allows identification of translation regulation, such as ribosome stalls or pauses, on individual genes. However, enzyme preferences during library preparation lead to pervasive sequence artifacts that obscure translation dynamics. Widespread over- and under-representation of ribosome footprints can dominate local footprint densities and skew estimates of elongation rates by up to five fold. To address these biases and uncover true patterns of translation, we present choros, a computational method that models ribosome footprint distributions to provide bias-corrected footprint counts. choros uses negative binomial regression to accurately estimate two sets of parameters: (i) biological contributions from codon-specific translation elongation rates; and (ii) technical contributions from nuclease digestion and ligation efficiencies. We use these parameter estimates to generate bias correction factors that eliminate sequence artifacts. Applying choros to multiple ribosome profiling datasets, we are able to accurately quantify and attenuate ligation biases to provide more faithful measurements of ribosome distribution. We show that a pattern interpreted as pervasive ribosome pausing near the beginning of coding regions is likely to arise from technical biases. Incorporating choros into standard analysis pipelines will improve biological discovery from measurements of translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[choros: correction of sequence-based biases for accurate quantification of ribosome profiling data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the poor prognosis of glioblastoma arises from the invasion of a subset of tumor cells, little is known of the metabolic alterations within these cells that fuel invasion. We integrated spatially addressable hydrogel biomaterial platforms, patient site-directed biopsies, and multi-omics analyses to define metabolic drivers of invasive glioblastoma cells. Metabolomics and lipidomics revealed elevations in the redox buffers cystathionine, hexosylceramides, and glucosyl ceramides in the invasive front of both hydrogel-cultured tumors and patient site-directed biopsies, with immunofluorescence indicating elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) markers in invasive cells. Transcriptomics confirmed upregulation of ROS-producing and response genes at the invasive front in both hydrogel models and patient tumors. Amongst oncologic ROS, hydrogen peroxide specifically promoted glioblastoma invasion in 3D hydrogel spheroid cultures. A CRISPR metabolic gene screen revealed cystathionine gamma lyase (CTH), which converts cystathionine to the non-essential amino acid cysteine in the transsulfuration pathway, to be essential for glioblastoma invasion. Correspondingly, supplementing CTH knockdown cells with exogenous cysteine rescued invasion. Pharmacologic CTH inhibition suppressed glioblastoma invasion, while CTH knockdown slowed glioblastoma invasion in vivo. Our studies highlight the importance of ROS metabolism in invasive glioblastoma cells and support further exploration of the transsulfuration pathway as a mechanistic and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraluminal neutrophils limit epithelium damage by reducing pathogen assault on intestinal epithelial cells during Salmonella gut infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recruitment of neutrophils into the gut epithelium is a cardinal feature of intestinal inflammation in response to enteric infections. Previous work using the model pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) established that invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by S.Tm leads to recruitment of neutrophils into the gut lumen, where they can reduce pathogen loads transiently. Notably, a fraction of the pathogen population can survive this defense, re-grow to high density, and continue triggering enteropathy. However, the functions of intraluminal neutrophils in the defense against enteric pathogens and their effects on preventing or aggravating epithelial damage are still not fully understood. Here, we address this question via neutrophil depletion in different mouse models of Salmonella colitis, which differ in their degree of enteropathy. In an antibiotic pre-treated mouse model, neutrophil depletion by an anti-Ly6G antibody exacerbated epithelial damage. This could be linked to compromised neutrophil-mediated elimination and reduced physical blocking of the gut-luminal S.Tm population such that the pathogen density remained high near the epithelial surface throughout the infection. The removal of luminal S. Tm by gentamicin, an antibiotic restricted to the gut lumen, reversed the effect of neutrophil depletion on epithelial cell loss. Strikingly, when using germ-free mice and an S. Tm ssaV mutant capable of epithelium invasion, but attenuated for survival and growth within host tissues, neutrophil depletion caused exacerbated immune activation of the gut mucosa and a complete destruction of the epithelial barrier. Together, our data indicate that intraluminal neutrophils are central for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity during acute Salmonella-induced gut inflammation, by limiting the sustained pathogen assault on the epithelium in a critical window of the infection.

Highlights{circ} After the first wave of mucosal invasion (day 1 p.i.), S. Tm maintains the assault from the lumen, triggering the continued expulsion of epithelial cells in antibiotic pre-treated mice.
{circ}Neutrophil recruitment into the gut lumen is essential to limit this continued Salmonella attack on the epithelium.
{circ}In antibiotic pre-treated SPF mice, neutrophil depletion exacerbates S. Tm invasion, causing excessive epithelial cell loss, which compromises epithelial barrier integrity at later time points (day 2-3 p.i.).
{circ}In germ-free mice, neutrophil depletion exacerbates epithelial responses and epithelial barrier destruction even more strongly than in streptomycin pre-treated SPF mice.
{circ}Gentamicin treatment and ssaV mutant infections indicate that neutrophils prevent epithelial damage by eliminating and physically blocking gut-luminal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gül, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardt, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraluminal neutrophils limit epithelium damage by reducing pathogen assault on intestinal epithelial cells during Salmonella gut infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated growth of linked epithelia is mediated by the Hippo pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An epithelium in a living organism seldom develops in isolation. Rather, most epithelia are tethered to other epithelial or non-epithelial tissues, necessitating growth coordination between layers. We investigated how two tethered epithelial layers of the Drosophila larval wing imaginal disc, the disc proper (DP) and the peripodial epithelium (PE), coordinate their growth. DP growth is driven by the morphogens Hedgehog (Hh) and Dpp, but regulation of PE growth is poorly understood. We find that the PE adapts to changes in growth rates of the DP, but not vice versa, suggesting a "leader and follower" mechanism. Moreover, PE growth can occur by cell shape changes, even when proliferation is inhibited. While Hh and Dpp pattern gene expression in both layers, growth of the DP is exquisitely sensitive to Dpp levels, while growth of the PE is not; the PE can achieve an appropriate size even when Dpp signaling is inhibited. Instead, both the growth of the PE and its accompanying cell shape changes require the activity of two components of the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway, the DNA-binding protein Scalloped (Sd) and its co-activator (Yki), which could allow the PE to sense and respond to forces generated by DP growth. Thus, an increased reliance on mechanically-dependent growth mediated by the Hippo pathway, at the expense of morphogen-dependent growth, enables the PE to evade layer-intrinsic growth control mechanisms and coordinate its growth with the DP. This provides a potential paradigm for growth coordination between different components of a developing organ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated growth of linked epithelia is mediated by the Hippo pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pretraining strategies for effective promoter-driven gene expression prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to deliver genetic cargo to human cells is enabling rapid progress in molecular medicine, but designing this cargo for precise expression in specific cell types is a major challenge. Expression is driven by regulatory DNA sequences within short synthetic promoters, but relatively few of these promoters are cell-type-specific. The ability to design cell-type-specific promoters using model-based optimization would be impactful for research and therapeutic applications. However, models of expression from short synthetic promoters (promoter-driven expression) are lacking for most cell types due to insufficient training data in those cell types. Although there are many large datasets of both endogenous expression and promoter-driven expression in other cell types, which provide information that could be used for transfer learning, transfer strategies remain largely unexplored for predicting promoter-driven expression. Here, we propose a variety of pretraining tasks, transfer strategies, and model architectures for modelling promoter-driven expression. To thoroughly evaluate various methods, we propose two benchmarks that reflect data-constrained and large dataset settings. In the data-constrained setting, we find that pretraining followed by transfer learning is highly effective, improving performance by 24 - 27%. In the large dataset setting, transfer learning leads to more modest gains, improving performance by up to 2%. We also propose the best architecture to model promoter-driven expression when training from scratch. The methods we identify are broadly applicable for modelling promoter-driven expression in understudied cell types, and our findings will guide the choice of models that are best suited to designing promoters for gene delivery applications using model-based optimization. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/anikethjr/promoter_models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschl, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pretraining strategies for effective promoter-driven gene expression prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tipping points emerge from weak mutualism inmetacommunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coexistence of obligate mutualists is often precariously close to tipping points where small environmental changes can drive catastrophic shifts in species composition. For example, microbial ecosystems can collapse by the decline of a strain that provides an essential resource on which other strains cross-feed. Here, we show that tipping points, ecosystem collapse, bistability and hysteresis arise even with very weak (non-obligate) mutualism provided the population is spatially structured. Based on numeric solutions of a metacommunity model and mean-field analyses, we demonstrate that weak mutualism lowers the minimal dispersal rate necessary to avoid stochastic extinction, while species need to overcome a mean threshold density to survive in this low dispersal rate regime. Moreover, we show that, starting with a randomly interacting species pool, metapopulation structure tends to select for an ecosystem with mutualistic interactions. Bistable metacommunities could, therefore, be a natural outcome of evolutionary dynamics in structured ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tipping points emerge from weak mutualism inmetacommunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA folding studies inside peptide-rich droplets reveal roles of modified nucleosides at the origin of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalization of RNA in biopolymer-rich membraneless organelles is now understood to be pervasive and critical for the function of extant biology and has been proposed as a prebiotically-plausible way to accumulate RNA. However, compartment-RNA interactions that drive encapsulation have the potential to influence RNA structure and function in compartment- and RNA sequence-dependent ways. Herein, we detail Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) experiments performed for the first time in membraneless compartments called complex coacervates to characterize the fold of many different transfer RNAs (tRNAs) simultaneously under the potentially denaturing conditions of these compartments. Strikingly, we find that natural modifications favor the native fold of tRNAs in these compartments. This suggests that covalent RNA modifications could have played a critical role in metabolic processes at the origin of life.

One Sentence SummaryWe demonstrate that RNA folds into native secondary and tertiary structures in protocell models and that this is favored by covalent modifications, which is critical for the origins of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamagami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevilacqua, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA folding studies inside peptide-rich droplets reveal roles of modified nucleosides at the origin of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage-mediated lysis supports robust growth of amino acid auxotrophs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of microbes are auxotrophs - organisms unable to synthesize one or more metabolites required for their growth. Auxotrophy is thought to confer an evolutionary advantage, yet auxotrophs must rely on other organisms that produce the metabolites they require. The mechanisms of metabolite provisioning by "producers" remain unknown. In particular, it is unclear how metabolites such as amino acids and cofactors, which are found inside the cell, are released by producers to become available to auxotrophs. Here, we explore metabolite secretion and cell lysis as two distinct possible mechanisms that result in release of intracellular metabolites from producer cells. We measured the extent to which secretion or lysis of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron amino acid producers can support the growth of engineered Escherichia coli amino acid auxotrophs. We found that cell-free supernatants and mechanically lysed cells provide minimal levels of amino acids to auxotrophs. In contrast, bacteriophage lysates of the same producer bacteria can support as many as 47 auxotroph cells per lysed producer cell. Each phage lysate released distinct levels of different amino acids, suggesting that in a microbial community the collective lysis of many different hosts by multiple phages could contribute to the availability of an array of intracellular metabolites for use by auxotrophs. Based on these results, we speculate that viral lysis could be a dominant mechanism of provisioning of intracellular metabolites that shapes microbial community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pherribo, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage-mediated lysis supports robust growth of amino acid auxotrophs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vibrio cholerae viral satellite maximizes its spread and inhibits phage by remodeling hijacked phage coat proteins into small capsids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage satellites commonly remodel capsids they hijack from the phages they parasitize, but only a few mechanisms regulating the change in capsid size have been reported. Here, we investigated how a satellite from Vibrio cholerae, PLE, remodels the capsid it has been predicted to steal from the phage ICP1 (1). We identified that a PLE-encoded protein, TcaP, is both necessary and sufficient to form small capsids during ICP1 infection. Interestingly, we found that PLE is dependent on small capsids for efficient transduction of its genome, making it the first satellite to have this requirement. ICP1 isolates that escaped TcaP-mediated remodeling acquired substitutions in the coat protein, suggesting an interaction between these two proteins. With a procapsid-like-particle (PLP) assembly platform in Escherichia coli, we demonstrated that TcaP is a bona fide scaffold that regulates the assembly of small capsids. Further, we studied the structure of PLE PLPs using cryogenic electron microscopy and found that TcaP is an external scaffold, that is functionally and somewhat structurally similar to the external scaffold, Sid, encoded by the unrelated satellite P4 (2). Finally, we showed that TcaP is largely conserved across PLEs. Together, these data support a model in which TcaP directs the assembly of small capsids comprised of ICP1 coat proteins, which inhibits the complete packaging of the ICP1 genome and permits more efficient packaging of replicated PLE genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vibrio cholerae viral satellite maximizes its spread and inhibits phage by remodeling hijacked phage coat proteins into small capsids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are characterized by an unusual phenotype and developmental pathway, yet their specific ligands and functions remain largely unknown. Here by analysis of QFL T cells, a population of CD8+ T cells critical for monitoring the MHC I antigen processing pathway, we established that unconventional Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ T cells are abundant in intestinal epithelium. We found that QFL T cells showed a Qa-1b-dependent unconventional phenotype in the spleen and small intestine of naive wild-type mice. The splenic QFL T cells showed innate-like functionality exemplified by rapid response to cytokines or antigen, while the gut population was refractory to stimuli. Microbiota was required for the maintenance, but not the initial gut homing of QFL T cells. Moreover, monocolonization with Pediococcus pentosaceus, which expresses a peptide that cross-activated QFL T cells, was sufficient to maintain QFL T cells in the intestine. Thus, microbiota is critical for shaping the Qa-1b-restricted IEL landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detrimental Impact of a Type VI Secretion System on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) is important in anaerobic communities of environmental and practical significance. Other than the need for close physical contact for electrical connections, the interactions of DIET partners are poorly understood. Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) typically kill competitive microbes. Surprisingly, Geobacter metallireducens highly expressed T6SS genes when DIET-based co-cultures were initiated with Geobacter sulfurreducens. T6SS gene expression was lower when the electron shuttle anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate was added to alleviate the need for interspecies contact. Disruption of hcp, the G. metallireducens gene for the main T6SS needle-tube protein subunit, and the most highly upregulated gene in DIET-grown cells, eliminated the long lag periods required for the initiation of DIET. The mutation did not aid DIET in the presence of granular activated carbon, consistent with the fact that DIET partners do not make physical contact when electrically connected through conductive materials. The hcp-deficient mutant also established DIET quicker with Methanosarcina barkeri. However, the mutant also reduced Fe(III) oxide faster than the wild-type strain, a phenotype not expected from the loss of the T6SS. Quantitative PCR revealed greater gene transcript abundance for key components of extracellular electron transfer in the hcp-deficient mutant versus the wild-type strain, potentially accounting for the faster Fe(III) oxide reduction and impact on DIET. The results highlight that interspecies interactions beyond electrical connections may influence DIET effectiveness. The unexpected increase in the expression of genes for extracellular electron transport components when hcp was deleted emphasize the complexities in evaluating the electromicrobiology of highly adaptable Geobacter species.

IMPORTANCEDirect interspecies electron transfer (DIET) is an alternative to the much more intensively studied process of interspecies H2 transfer as a mechanism for microbes to share electrons during the cooperative metabolism of energy sources. DIET is an important process in anaerobic soils and sediments generating methane, a significant greenhouse gas. Facilitating DIET can accelerate and stabilize the conversion of organic wastes to methane biofuel in anaerobic digesters. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors controlling how fast DIET partnerships are established is expected to lead to new strategies for promoting this bioenergy process. The finding that when co-cultured with G. sulfurreducens, G. metallireducens initially expressed a type VI secretion system, a behavior not conducive to interspecies cooperation, illustrates the complexity in establishing syntrophic relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detrimental Impact of a Type VI Secretion System on Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive dynamics of memory-1 strategies in the repeated donation game 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interactions often take the form of a social dilemma: collectively, individuals fare best if everybody cooperates, yet each single individual is tempted to free ride. Social dilemmas can be resolved when individuals interact repeatedly. Repetition allows individuals to adopt reciprocal strategies which incentivize cooperation. The most basic model to study reciprocity is the repeated donation game, a variant of the repeated prisoners dilemma. Two players interact over many rounds, in which they repeatedly decide whether to cooperate or to defect. To make their decisions, they need a strategy that tells them what to do depending on the history of previous play. Memory-1 strategies depend on the previous round only. Even though memory-1 strategies are among the most elementary strategies of reciprocity, their evolutionary dynamics has been difficult to study analytically. As a result, most previous work relies on simulations. Here, we derive and analyze their adaptive dynamics. We show that the four-dimensional space of memory-1 strategies has an invariant three-dimensional subspace, generated by the memory-1 counting strategies. Counting strategies record how many players cooperated in the previous round, without considering who cooperated. We give a partial characterization of adaptive dynamics for memory-1 strategies and a full characterization for memory-1 counting strategies.

Author summaryDirect reciprocity is a mechanism for evolution of cooperation based on the repeated interaction of the same players. In the most basic setting, we consider a game between two players and in each round they choose between cooperation and defection. Hence, there are four possible outcomes: (i) both cooperate; (ii) I cooperate, you defect; (ii) I defect, you cooperate; (iv) both defect. A memory-1 strategy for playing this game is characterized by four quantities which specify the probabilities to cooperate in the next round depending on the outcome of the current round. We study evolutionary dynamics in the space of all memory-1 strategies. We assume that mutant strategies are generated in close proximity to the existing strategies, and therefore we can use the framework of adaptive dynamics, which is deterministic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPorte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive dynamics of memory-1 strategies in the repeated donation game]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing inter-areal computations with a cellular resolution two-photon holographic mesoscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain computation depends on intricately connected yet highly distributed neural networks. Due to the absence of the requisite technologies, causally testing fundamental hypotheses on inter-areal processing has remained largely out-of-each. Here we developed the first two photon holographic mesoscope, a system capable of simultaneously reading and writing neural activity patterns with near single cell resolution across large regions of the brain. We demonstrate the precise photo-activation of spatial and temporal sequences of neurons in one or multiple brain areas while reading out the downstream effect in several other regions. We thus establish mesoscale two photon holographic optogenetics as a new platform for mapping functional connectivity and causal interactions across distributed cortical areas with high resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdeladim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadisan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing inter-areal computations with a cellular resolution two-photon holographic mesoscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread CRISPR repeat-like RNA regulatory elements in CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-cas loci typically contain CRISPR arrays with unique spacers separating direct repeats. Spacers along with portions of adjacent repeats are transcribed and processed into CRISPR(cr) RNAs that target complementary sequences (protospacers) in mobile genetic elements, resulting in cleavage of the target DNA or RNA. Additional, standalone repeats in some CRISPR-cas loci produce distinct cr-like RNAs implicated in regulatory or other functions. We developed a computational pipeline to systematically predict crRNA-like elements by scanning for standalone repeat sequences that are conserved in closely related CRISPR-cas loci. Numerous crRNA-like elements were detected in diverse CRISPR-Cas systems, mostly, of type I, but also subtype V-A. Standalone repeats often form mini-arrays containing two repeat-like sequence separated by a spacer that is partially complementary to promoter regions of cas genes, in particular cas8, or cargo genes located within CRISPR-Cas loci, such as toxins-antitoxins. We show experimentally that a mini-array from a type I-F1 CRISPR-Cas system functions as a regulatory guide. We also identified mini-arrays in bacteriophages that could abrogate CRISPR immunity by inhibiting effector expression. Thus, recruitment of CRISPR effectors for regulatory functions via spacers with partial complementarity to the target is a common feature of diverse CRISPR-Cas systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmakov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarova, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brover, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread CRISPR repeat-like RNA regulatory elements in CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryopreservation and revival of Hawaiian stony corals via isochoric vitrification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corals are under siege by both local and global threats, creating a wordwide reef crisis. Cryopreservation is an important intervention measure and a vital component of the modern coral conservation toolkit, but preservation techniques are currently limited to sensitive reproductive materials that can only be obtained a few nights per year during spawning. Here, we report the first successful cryopreservation and revival of cm-scale coral fragments via mL-scale isochoric vitrification. We demonstrate coral viability at 24h post-thaw using a calibrated oxygen-uptake respirometry technique, and further show that the method can be applied in a passive, electronics-free configuration. Finally, we detail a complete prototype coral cryopreservation pipeline, which provides a platform for essential next steps in modulating postthaw stress and initiating long-term growth. These findings pave the way towards an approach that can be rapidly deployed around the world to secure the biological genetic diversity of our vanishing coral reefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consiglio, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagedorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryopreservation and revival of Hawaiian stony corals via isochoric vitrification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The escalating number of dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks and their worldwide spread pose a major threat to global public health. DENV transmission dynamics significantly influence outbreak duration and magnitude. Conventional DENV transmission requires an incubation period between mosquitoes biting infected humans and the mosquitoes becoming infectious. However, the possibility of immediate, mechanical transmission of DENV without viral replication in the mosquito has received little attention despite its potential importance.

Here, we show that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can mechanically transmit DENV to susceptible mice immediately after biting infected mice without the need for an incubation period. By incorporating parameters from our experiments into a newly developed mathematical model, we found a significant impact on DENV outbreak characteristics.

Mechanical transmission may amplify existing disease transmission routes and influence outbreak dynamics. Our findings have implications for vector control strategies that target mosquito lifespan and suggest the possibility of similar mechanical transmission routes in other disease-carrying mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yueh, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHEN, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex chromosome - autosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosomes are evolutionarily labile in many animals and sometimes fuse with autosomes, creating so-called neo-sex chromosomes. Fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes have been proposed to reduce sexual conflict and to promote adaptation and reproductive isolation among species. Recently, advances in genomics have fuelled the discovery of such fusions across the tree of life. Here, we discovered multiple fusions leading to neo-sex chromosomes in the sara/sapho clade of the classical adaptive radiation of Heliconius butterflies. Heliconius butterflies generally have 21 chromosomes with very high synteny. However, the five species in the sapho subclade show large variation in chromosome number ranging from 21 to 60. We found that the W chromosome is fused with chromosome 4 in all of them. Two sister species pairs showed subsequent fusions between the W and chromosomes 9 or 14, respectively. These sequential fusions between autosomes and sex chromosomes make Heliconius butterflies an ideal system for studying the role of neo-sex chromosomes in adaptive radiations and the degeneration of sex chromosomes over time. Our findings emphasize the capability of WGS technology to detect neo-sex chromosomes even when sex chromosomes are not explicitly assembled.

Author SummaryFusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes are thought to have the potential to resolve sexual conflict and enhance local adaptation or reproductive isolation between species. Here, we discovered such fusions in Heliconius butterflies. Heliconius butterflies mostly have a very stable karyotype with 21 chromosomes and high synteny across species. However, the five species in the sapho subclade have up to 60 chromosomes, suggesting that they have undergone many chromosomal fissions. We document that in addition to the fissions, the sapho subclade also showed multiple fusions between the female-specific sex chromosome (W) and autosomes. We found a W-4 fusion shared by all five species and additional W fusions with chromosomes 9 and 14 shared by two species each. Even though in many sapho subclade species the autosomes have undergone fissions, the chromosomes fused with the W represent the full-length autosomes, as seen in other Heliconius species, suggesting that fusing to the W protected them from fissions. Our study reveals the power of short-read sequencing to discover neo-sex chromosomes and showcases Heliconius butterflies as a promising system for studying the causes and consequences of sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rueda-M, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiggins, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Diaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montejo-Kovacevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex chromosome - autosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial haplotype and mito-nuclear matching drive somatic mutation and selection through aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genomes co-evolve with the nuclear genome over evolutionary timescales and are shaped by selection in the female germline. Here, we investigate how mismatching between nuclear and mitochondrial ancestry impacts the somatic evolution of the mt-genome in different tissues throughout aging. We used ultra-sensitive Duplex Sequencing to profile [~]2.5 million mt-genomes across five mitochondrial haplotypes and three tissues in young and aged mice, cataloging [~]1.2 million mitochondrial somatic and ultra low frequency inherited mutations, of which 81,097 are unique. We identify haplotype-specific mutational patterns and several mutational hotspots, including at the Light Strand Origin of Replication, which consistently exhibits the highest mutation frequency. We show that rodents exhibit a distinct mitochondrial somatic mutational spectrum compared to primates with a surfeit of reactive oxygen species-associated G>T/C>A mutations, and that somatic mutations in protein coding genes exhibit signatures of negative selection. Lastly, we identify an extensive enrichment in somatic reversion mutations that "re-align" mito-nuclear ancestry within an organisms lifespan. Together, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial genomes are a dynamically evolving subcellular population shaped by somatic mutation and selection throughout organismal lifetimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial haplotype and mito-nuclear matching drive somatic mutation and selection through aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the ongoing debates about eukaryogenesis, the series of evolutionary events leading to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors, members of the Asgard archaea play a key role as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved. Here, we analyze distinct phylogenetic marker datasets of an expanded genomic sampling of Asgard archaea and evaluate competing evolutionary scenarios using state-of-the-art phylogenomic approaches. We find that eukaryotes are placed, with high confidence, as a well-nested clade within Asgard archaea, as a sister lineage to Hodarchaeales, a newly proposed order within Heimdallarchaeia. Using sophisticated gene tree/species tree reconciliation approaches, we show that, in analogy to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes, genome evolution in Asgard archaea involved significantly more gene duplication and fewer gene loss events compared to other archaea. Finally, we infer that the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea likely was a thermophilic chemolithotroph, and that the lineage from which eukaryotes evolved adapted to mesophilic conditions and acquired the genetic potential to support a heterotrophic lifestyle. Our work provides key insights into the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition and the platform for the emergence of cellular complexity in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eme, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamarit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stairs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Anda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saw, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunoura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, Z.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reysenbach, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjeldsen, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teske, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettema, T. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ophiobolin A Covalently Targets Complex IV Leading to Mitochondrial Metabolic Collapse in Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryOphiobolin A (OPA) is a sesterterpenoid fungal natural product with broad anti-cancer activity. While OPA possesses multiple electrophilic moieties that can covalently react with nucleophilic amino acids on proteins, the proteome-wide targets and mechanism of OPA remain poorly understood in many contexts. In this study, we used covalent chemoproteomic platforms to map the proteome-wide reactivity of OPA in a highly sensitive lung cancer cell line. Among several proteins that OPA engaged, we focused on two targets--cysteine C53 of HIG2DA and lysine K72 of COX5A--that are part of complex IV of the electron transport chain and contributed significantly to the anti-proliferative activity. OPA activated mitochondrial respiration in a HIG2DA and COX5A-dependent manner, led to an initial spike in mitochondrial ATP, but then compromised mitochondrial membrane potential leading to ATP depletion. We have used chemoproteomic strategies to discover a unique anti-cancer mechanism of OPA through activation of complex IV leading to compromised mitochondrial energetics and rapid cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gowans, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thach, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblano, B. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ophiobolin A Covalently Targets Complex IV Leading to Mitochondrial Metabolic Collapse in Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered allostery in light-regulated LOV-Turbo enables precise spatiotemporal control of proximity labeling in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of light-responsive domains into engineered proteins has enabled control of protein localization, interactions, and function with light. We integrated optogenetic control into proximity labeling (PL), a cornerstone technique for high-resolution proteomic mapping of organelles and interactomes in living cells. Through structure-guided screening and directed evolution, we installed the light-sensitive LOV domain into the PL enzyme TurboID to rapidly and reversibly control its labeling activity with low-power blue light. "LOV-Turbo" works in multiple contexts and dramatically reduces background in biotin-rich environments such as neurons. We used LOV-Turbo for pulse-chase labeling to discover proteins that traffick between endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear, and mitochondrial compartments under cellular stress. We also showed that instead of external light, LOV-Turbo can be activated by BRET from luciferase, enabling interaction-dependent PL. Overall, LOV-Turbo increases the spatial and temporal precision of PL, expanding the scope of experimental questions that can be addressed with PL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered allostery in light-regulated LOV-Turbo enables precise spatiotemporal control of proximity labeling in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrapotent SARS coronavirus-neutralizing single-domain antibodies that bind a conserved membrane proximal epitope of the spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have gained complete or significant resistance to all SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies that have been used in the clinic. Such antibodies can prevent severe disease in SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients for whom vaccines may not provide optimal protection. Here, we describe single-domain antibodies (VHHs), also known as nanobodies, that can broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 with unusually high potency. Structural analysis revealed their binding to a unique, highly conserved, membrane proximal, quaternary epitope in the S2 subunit of the spike. Furthermore, a VHH-human IgG1 Fc fusion, efficiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a stable antibody construct, protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 replication in a therapeutic setting when administered systemically at low dose. This VHH-based antibody represents a new candidate anti-COVID-19 biologic that targets the Achilles heel of the viral spike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Cae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Molle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debeuf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lameire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerinckx, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fijalkowska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmet, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala Marchan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venneman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassabeh, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeyn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballegeer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanheerswynghels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Wolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhaverbeke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonigro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockstal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelnabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrecht, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callewaert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrapotent SARS coronavirus-neutralizing single-domain antibodies that bind a conserved membrane proximal epitope of the spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzymatic Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds by a Mn/Fe Cofactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manganese cofactors activate strong chemical bonds in many essential enzymes. Yet very few manganese-dependent enzymes are known to functionalize ubiquitous carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, and those that catalyze this important reaction display limited intrinsic reactivity. Herein, we report that the 2-aminoisobutyric acid hydroxylase from Rhodococcus wratislaviensis requires manganese to functionalize a C-H bond possessing a bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) exceeding 100 kcal/mol. Structural and spectroscopic studies of this enzyme reveal a redox-active, heterobimetallic manganese-iron active site that utilizes a manganese ion at the locus for O2 activation and substrate coordination. Accordingly, this enzyme represents the first documented Mn-dependent monooxygenase in biology. Related proteins are widespread in microorganisms suggesting that many uncharacterized monooxygenases may utilize manganese-containing cofactors to accomplish diverse biological tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzymatic Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds by a Mn/Fe Cofactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis of cultivated infant microbiomes identifies Bifidobacterium 2'-fucosyllactose utilization can be facilitated by co-existing species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) ensure proper infant gut microbiome establishment. Isolate studies have revealed the genetic basis for HMO metabolism, but they exclude the possibility of HMO assimilation via synergistic interactions involving multiple organisms. Here, we investigated microbiome responses to 2-fucosyllactose (2FL), a prevalent HMO and infant formula additive, by establishing individualized microbiomes using fecal samples from three different infants as the inocula. Bifidobacterium breve, a prominent member of infant microbiomes, typically cannot metabolize 2FL. Using metagenomic data, we predicted that extracellular fucosidases encoded by co-existing members such as Ruminococcus gnavus initiate 2FL breakdown, thus critical for B. breves growth. Using both targeted co-cultures and by supplementation of R. gnavus into one microbiome, we show that R. gnavus can promote extensive growth of B. breve through the release of lactose from 2FL. Overall, microbiome cultivation combined with genome-resolved metagenomics demonstrated that HMO utilization can vary with an individuals microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis of cultivated infant microbiomes identifies Bifidobacterium 2'-fucosyllactose utilization can be facilitated by co-existing species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised pattern discovery in spatial gene expression atlas reveals mouse brain regions beyond established ontology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid growth of large-scale spatial gene expression data demands efficient and reliable computational tools to extract major trends of gene expression in their native spatial context. Here, we used stability-driven unsupervised learning (i.e. staNMF) to identify principal patterns (PPs) of 3D gene expression profiles and understand spatial gene distribution and anatomical localization at the whole mouse brain level. Our subsequent spatial correlation analysis systematically compared the PPs to known anatomical regions and ontology from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas using spatial neighborhoods. We demonstrate that our stable and spatially coherent PPs, whose linear combinations accurately approximate the spatial gene data, are highly correlated with combinations of expert-annotated brain regions. These PPs yield a new brain ontology based purely on spatial gene expression. Our PP identification approach outperforms principal component analysis (PCA) and typical clustering algorithms on the same task. Moreover, we show that the stable PPs reveal marked regional imbalance of brainwide genetic architecture, leading to region-specific marker genes and gene co-expression networks. Our findings highlight the advantages of stability-driven machine learning for plausible biological discovery from dense spatial gene expression data that are infeasible by conventional manual approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi-Asl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised pattern discovery in spatial gene expression atlas reveals mouse brain regions beyond established ontology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the main antibody isotype found in the intestine, has evolved to maintain the stability of commensal communities, and prevent dysbiosis. In stark contrast to systemic antibody response against pathogens, the generation of IgA against intestinal resident microbes assures the simultaneous binding to multiple and diverse commensal-derived antigens. However, the exact mechanisms by which B cells mount such broadly reactive IgA response to the gut microbiome at the mucosal barrier remain elusive. Here we show surface IgA B cell receptor (BCR) is required to confer enhanced B cell fitness during the germinal center reaction in Peyers patches and to mediate selection of gut-homing plasma cells with higher efficiency. We demonstrate that, upon antigen stimulation, IgA+ BCR drives greater intracellular signaling in mouse and human B cells and as consequence, IgA+ B cells received higher positive selection cues in the germinal center. Mechanistically, in vivo IgA BCR signaling offsets Fas-mediated cell death to rescue low affinity B cell clones and redirects the humoral response to an increased variety of commensal strains at the intestinal interface. Our findings revealed a new mechanism linking tissue-specific antigen receptor signaling with B cell fate and localization of antibody production; and have implications for understanding how intestinal antigen recognition shapes humoral immunity in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genetic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families - genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses - underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago [mya]), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several non-herbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza have among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (yeast and fruit volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight strong gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapoint, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel-Solorio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittrich, A. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charboneau, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioactive Natural Product Discovery via Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of bioactive natural products lies at the forefront of human medicine. The continued discovery of these molecules is imperative in the fight against infection and disease. While natural products have historically dominated the drug market, discovery in recent years has slowed significantly, partly due to limitations in current discovery methodologies. This work demonstrates a new workflow, Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening (DABS), which pairs untargeted isotope labeling with whole cell binding assays for bioactive natural product discovery. DABS was validated and led to the discovery of a new isoprenyl guanidine alkaloid, zillamycin, which showed anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. DABS thus represents a new workflow to accelerate discovery of natural products with a wide range of bioactive potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinkovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioactive Natural Product Discovery via Deuterium Adduct Bioactivity Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional genome-editing reagents such as CRISPR-Cas9 achieve targeted DNA modification by introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs), thereby stimulating localized DNA repair by endogenous cellular repair factors. While highly effective at generating heterogenous knockout mutations, this approach suffers from undesirable byproducts and an inability to control product purity. Here we develop a system in human cells for programmable, DSB-free DNA integration using Type I CRISPR-associated transposons (CASTs). To adapt our previously described CAST systems, we optimized DNA targeting by the QCascade complex through a comprehensive assessment of protein design, and we developed potent transcriptional activators by exploiting the multi-valent recruitment of the AAA+ ATPase, TnsC, to genomic sites targeted by QCascade. After initial detection of plasmid-based transposition, we screened 15 homologous CAST systems from a wide range of bacterial hosts, identified a CAST homolog from Pseudoalteromonas that exhibited improved activity, and increased integration efficiencies through parameter optimization. We further discovered that bacterial ClpX enhances genomic integration by multiple orders of magnitude, and we propose that this critical accessory factor functions to drive active disassembly of the post-transposition CAST complex, akin to its demonstrated role in Mu transposition. Our work highlights the ability to functionally reconstitute complex, multi-component machineries in human cells, and establishes a strong foundation to realize the full potential of CRISPR-associated transposons for human genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpin-Healy, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompe, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted DNA integration in human cells without double-strand breaks using CRISPR RNA-guided transposases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phyllosphere fungal diversity generates pervasive non-additive effects on plant performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAll plants naturally harbor diverse microbiomes that can dramatically impact their health and productivity. However, it remains unclear how microbiome diversity, especially in the phyllosphere, impacts intermicrobial interactions and consequent non-additive effects on plant productivity.
C_LIO_LICombining manipulative experiments, field collections, culturing, microbiome sequencing, and synthetic consortia, we experimentally tested for the first time how foliar fungal community diversity impacts plant productivity. We inoculated morning glories with 32 synthetic phyllosphere communities of either low or high diversity or with single fungal taxa, and measured effects on plant productivity and allocation.
C_LIO_LIWe found 1) non-additive effects were pervasive with 56% of microbial communities interacting synergistically or antagonistically to impact plant productivity, including some consortia capable of generating acute synergism (e.g., >1000% increase in productivity above the additive expectation), 2) interactions among  commensal fungi were responsible for this non-additivity in diverse communities, 3) synergistic interactions were ~4 times stronger than antagonistic effects, 4) fungal diversity affected the magnitude but not frequency or direction of non-additivity, and 5) diversity affected plant performance nonlinearly with highest performance in low microbial diversity treatments.
C_LIO_LIThese findings highlight the importance of interpreting plant-microbial interactions under a framework that incorporates intermicrobial interactions and non-additive outcomes to understand natural complexity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afkhami, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phyllosphere fungal diversity generates pervasive non-additive effects on plant performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitosis to meiosis transition requires dynamic changes in gene expression, but whether and how the mitotic transcriptional machinery is regulated during this transition is unknown. In budding yeast, SBF and MBF transcription factors initiate the mitotic gene expression program. Here, we report two mechanisms that work together to restrict SBF activity during meiotic entry: repression of the SBF-specific Swi4 subunit through LUTI-based regulation and inhibition of SBF by Whi5, a functional homolog of the Rb tumor suppressor. We find that untimely SBF activation causes downregulation of early meiotic genes and delays meiotic entry. These defects are largely driven by the SBF-target G1 cyclins, which block the interaction between the central meiotic regulator Ime1 and its cofactor Ume6. Our study provides insight into the role of SWI4LUTI in establishing the meiotic transcriptional program and demonstrates how the LUTI-based regulation is integrated into a larger regulatory network to ensure timely SBF activity.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISBF subunit Swi4 is downregulated at meiotic entry by the LUTI-based mechanism
C_LIO_LISWI4LUTI and Whi5 work together to inhibit SBF at meiotic entry
C_LIO_LISBF and Ime1 TFs antagonize each other, ensuring mutually exclusive cell states
C_LIO_LISBF-target G1 cyclins block meiosis by preventing Ime1-Ume6 interaction
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendluri, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of meiotic entry by dual inhibition of a key mitotic transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Unpurified Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) can achieve potent and durable transgene expression without integration in a broad range of tissue types, making them a popular choice for gene delivery in animal models and in clinical settings. In addition to therapeutic applications, rAAVs are a useful laboratory tool for delivering transgenes tailored to the researchers experimental needs and scientific goals in cultured cells. Some examples include exogenous reporter genes, overexpression cassettes, RNA interference, and CRISPR-based tools including those for genome-wide screens. rAAV transductions are less harmful to cells than electroporation or chemical transfection and moreover do not require any special equipment or expensive reagents to produce. Crude lysates or conditioned media containing rAAVs can be added directly to cultured cells without further purification to transduce many cell types - an underappreciated feature of rAAVs. Here, we provide protocols for basic transgene cassette cloning and demonstrate how to produce and apply crude rAAV preparations to cultured cells. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate transduction of three cell types that have not yet been reported in rAAV applications. We discuss appropriate uses for crude rAAV preparations, the limitations of rAAVs for gene delivery, and considerations for capsid choice. The simplicity of production, exceedingly low cost, and often potent results make crude rAAV a primary choice for researchers to achieve effective DNA delivery.

SummaryRecombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is widely used for clinical and preclinical gene delivery. An underappreciated use for rAAVs is the robust transduction of cultured cells without the need for purification. For researchers new to rAAV, we provide a protocol for transgene cassette cloning, crude vector production, and cell culture transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benyamini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Unpurified Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An endocytic myosin essential for plasma membrane invagination powers motility against resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated [~]10-fold by phosphorylation, and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than like that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We therefore propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells.

SummaryPedersen, Snoberger et al. measure the force-sensitivity of the yeast endocytic the myosin-1 called Myo5 and find that it is more likely to generate power than to serve as a force-sensitive anchor in cells. Implications for Myo5s role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyrpassopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An endocytic myosin essential for plasma membrane invagination powers motility against resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has enabled advanced T cell therapies, but occasional loss of the targeted chromosome remains a safety concern. To investigate whether Cas9-induced chromosome loss is a universal phenomenon and evaluate its clinical significance, we conducted a systematic analysis in primary human T cells. Arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens revealed that chromosome loss was generalizable across the genome and resulted in partial and entire loss of the chromosome, including in pre-clinical chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T cells with chromosome loss persisted for weeks in culture, implying the potential to interfere with clinical use. A modified cell manufacturing process, employed in our first-in-human clinical trial of Cas9-engineered T cells,1 dramatically reduced chromosome loss while largely preserving genome editing efficacy. Expression of p53 correlated with protection from chromosome loss observed in this protocol, suggesting both a mechanism and strategy for T cell engineering that mitigates this genotoxicity in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraietta, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic contributions to a modern cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic contributions to the anatomical, functional, and network layout of the human cerebral cortex (HCC) has become a major interest in cognitive and systems neuroscience. Here, we tested if transcriptomic differences support a modern, algorithmic cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. Using a data-driven approach, we identified a sparse subset of genes that differentially contributed to the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. A novel metric (cortical thickness/myelination ratio; CT/M ratio), as well as cell density, correlated with gene expression. Enrichment analyses showed that genes specific to the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the HCC were related to molecular functions such as transmembrane transport and ion channel activity. Together, the novel relationship between transcriptomics and the CT/M ratio bridges the gap among i) gradients at the macroscale, ii) areas at the meso-scale, and iii) cell density at the microscale, as well as supports the recently proposed cortical spectrum theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic contributions to a modern cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.532619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.532619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. Here, we developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide ({Delta}TLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R21[-&gt;]A). We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. {Delta}TLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by a temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonigle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallais, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caviola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beetch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frontini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.532619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiropterans are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons in Mammalia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of transposable elements is an important mechanism contributing to genetic diversity and innovation. Bats (order Chiroptera) have repeatedly been shown to experience horizontal transfer of transposable elements at what appears to be a high rate compared to other mammals. We investigated the occurrence of horizontally transferred DNA transposons involving bats. We found over 200 putative horizontally transferred elements within bats; sixteen transposons were shared across distantly related mammalian clades and two other elements were shared with a fish and two lizard species. Our results indicate that bats are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons. These events broadly coincide with the diversification of several bat clades, supporting the hypothesis that DNA transposon invasions have contributed to genetic diversification of bats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Santillan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmanski, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimshaw, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korstian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halsey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crookshanks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeling, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiropterans are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons in Mammalia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease genes occupy boundaries of genetic exchange between bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) are ubiquitous selfish elements that generate targeted double-stranded DNA breaks, facilitating the recombination of the HEG DNA sequence into the break site and contributing to the evolutionary dynamics of HEG-encoding genomes. Bacteriophages (phages) are well-documented to carry HEGs, with the paramount characterization of HEGs being focused on those encoded by coliphage T4. Recently, it has been observed that the highly sampled vibriophage, ICP1, is similarly enriched with HEGs distinct from T4s. Here, we examined the HEGs encoded by ICP1 and diverse phages, proposing HEG-driven mechanisms that contribute to phage evolution. Relative to ICP1 and T4, we found a variable distribution of HEGs across phages, with HEGs frequently encoded proximal to or within essential genes. We identified large regions (> 10kb) of high nucleotide identity flanked by HEGs, deemed HEG islands, which we hypothesize to be mobilized by the activity of flanking HEGs. Finally, we found examples of domain swapping between phage-encoded HEGs and genes encoded by other phages and phage satellites. We anticipate that HEGs have a larger impact on the evolutionary trajectory of phages than previously appreciated and that future work investigating the role of HEGs in phage evolution will continue to highlight these observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease genes occupy boundaries of genetic exchange between bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Enumeration of the Human Proteostasis Network. 2. Components of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The condition of having a healthy, functional proteome is known as protein homeostasis, or proteostasis. Establishing and maintaining proteostasis is the province of the proteostasis network, approximately 2,700 components that regulate protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. The proteostasis network is a fundamental entity in biology that is essential for cellular health and has direct relevance to many diseases of protein conformation. However, it is not well defined or annotated, which hinders its functional characterization in health and disease. In this series of manuscripts, we aim to operationally define the human proteostasis network by providing a comprehensive, annotated list of its components. We provided in a previous manuscript a list of chaperones and folding enzymes as well as the components that make up the machineries for protein synthesis, protein trafficking into and out of organelles, and organelle-specific degradation pathways. Here, we provide a curated list of 838 unique high-confidence components of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, one of the two major protein degradation systems in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The Proteostasis Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsasser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuno, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainbolt, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masto, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Enumeration of the Human Proteostasis Network. 2. Components of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Breast Cancer-Related Genes and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins: A Comparison of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Warburg Effect is characterized by accelerated glycolytic metabolism and lactate production and under fully aerobic conditions is a hallmark of cancer cells. Recently, we have demonstrated the role of endogenous, glucose-derived lactate as an oncometabolite which regulates gene expression in the estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 cell line cultivated in glucose media. Presently, with the addition of a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, we further confirm the effect of lactate on gene expression patterns and extend results to include lactate effects on protein expression. As well, we report effects of lactate on the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin, proteins associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Endogenous lactate regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in carcinogenesis. In MCF7 cells, lactate increased the expression of EGFR, VEGF, HIF-1a, KRAS, MIF, mTOR, PIK3CA, TP53, and CDK4 as well as decreased the expression of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, E2F1, MET, MYC, and RAF mainly after 48h of exposure. On the other hand, in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, lactate increased the expressions of PIK3CA, VEGF, EGFR, mTOR, HIF-1, ATM, E2F1, TP53 and decreased the expressions of BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK4, CDK6, MET, MIF, MYC, and RAF after 48h of exposure. In response to endogenous lactate, changes in protein expression of representative genes corroborated changes in mRNA expressions. Finally, lactate exposure decreased E-cadherin protein expression in MCF7 cells and increased vimentin expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further-more, by genetically silencing LDHA in MCF7 cells, we show suppression of protein expression of EGFR and HIF-1, while full protein expression occurred under glucose and glucose + exogenous lactate exposure. Hence, endogenous, glucose-derived lactate, and not glucose, elicited changes in gene and protein expression levels.

In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous lactate produced under aerobic conditions (Warburg Effect) elicits important changes in gene and protein expression in both ER+ and TNBC cell lines. The widespread regulation of multiple genes by lactate and involves those involved in carcinogenesis including DNA repair, cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Furthermore, lactate affected the expression of two relevant EMT biomarkers, E-cadherin and vimentin, which could contribute to the complex process of EMT and a shift towards a more mesenchymal phenotype in the two cancer cell lines studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San-Millan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Lactate in the Regulation of Transcriptional Activity of Breast Cancer-Related Genes and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins: A Comparison of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Computational Framework to Investigate Integrin Mechanosensing and Cell Adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.533575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin mechanosensing plays an instrumental role in cell behavior, phenotype, and fate by transmitting mechanical signals that trigger downstream molecular and cellular changes. For instance, force transfer along key amino acid residues can mediate cell adhesion. Disrupting key binding sites within 5{beta}1 integrins binding partner, fibronectin (FN) diminishes adhesive strength. While past studies have shown the importance of these residues in cell adhesion, the relationship between the dynamics of these residues and how integrin distributes force across the cell surface remains less explored. Here, we present a multiscale mechanical model to investigate the mechanical coupling between integrin nanoscale dynamics and whole-cell adhesion mechanics. Our framework leverages molecular dynamics simulations to investigate residues within 5{beta}1-FN during stretching and the finite element method to visualize the whole-cell adhesion mechanics. The forces per integrin across the cell surface of the whole-cell model were consistent with past atomic force microscopy and Forster resonance energy transfer measurements from literature. The molecular dynamics simulations also confirmed past studies that implicate two key sites within FN that maintain cell adhesion: the synergy site and RGD motif. Our study contributed to our understanding of molecular mechanisms by which these sites collaborate to mediate whole-cell integrin adhesion dynamics. Specifically, we showed how FN unfolding, residue binding/unbinding, and molecular structure contribute to 5{beta}1-FNs nonlinear force-extension behavior during stretching. Our computational framework could be used to explain how the dynamics of key residues influence cell differentiation or how uniquely designed protein structures could dynamically limit the spread of metastatic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buganza Tepole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.533575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Computational Framework to Investigate Integrin Mechanosensing and Cell Adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformations of sensory information in the brain reflect a changing definition of optimality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons throughout the brain modulate their firing rate lawfully in response to changes in sensory input. Theories of neural computation posit that these modulations reflect the outcome of a constrained optimization: neurons aim to efficiently and robustly represent sensory information under resource limitations. Our understanding of how this optimization varies across the brain, however, is still in its infancy. Here, we show that neural responses transform along the dorsal stream of the visual system in a manner consistent with a transition from optimizing for information preservation to optimizing for perceptual discrimination. Focusing on binocular disparity - the slight differences in how objects project to the two eyes - we re-analyze measurements from neurons characterizing tuning curves in macaque monkey brain regions V1, V2, and MT, and compare these to measurements of the natural visual statistics of binocular disparity. The changes in tuning curve characteristics are computationally consistent with a shift in optimization goals from maximizing the information encoded about naturally occurring binocular disparities to maximizing the ability to support fine disparity discrimination. We find that a change towards tuning curves preferring larger disparities is a key driver of this shift. These results provide new insight into previously-identified differences between disparity-selective regions of cortex and suggest these differences play an important role in supporting visually-guided behavior. Our findings support a key re-framing of optimal coding in regions of the brain that contain sensory information, emphasizing the need to consider not just information preservation and neural resources, but also relevance to behavior.

SignificanceA major role of the brain is to transform information from the sensory organs into signals that can be used to guide behavior. Neural activity is noisy and can consume large amount of energy, so sensory neurons must optimize their information processing so as to limit energy consumption while maintaining key behaviorally-relevant information. In this report, we re-examine classically-defined brain areas in the visual processing hierarchy, and ask whether neurons in these areas vary lawfully in how they represent sensory information. Our results suggest that neurons in these brain areas shift from being an optimal conduit of sensory information to optimally supporting perceptual discrimination during natural tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformations of sensory information in the brain reflect a changing definition of optimality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhizosphere and detritusphere habitats modulate expression of soil N-cycling genes during plant development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere bacteria mediate nitrogen (N)-cycling processes and create habitats rich in low molecular weight (growing roots, rhizosphere) and complex organic molecules (decaying root litter, detritusphere) compared to bulk soil. Microbial N-cycling is regulated by a diverse suite of genes from many interconnected metabolic pathways; but most studies of soil N-cycling gene expression have focused on single pathways. Currently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between soil N-cycling gene regulation, spatial habitat and time. Here we present an analysis of a replicated time series of soil metatranscriptomes; we followed multiple N transformations in four soil habitats (rhizosphere, detritusphere, mixed rhizo-/detriusphere, bulk soil) over a period of active root growth for the annual grass, Avena fatua. The presence of root litter and living roots significantly altered the trajectory of N-cycling gene expression. Across soil habitats, the most highly expressed N-transformation genes were related to extracellular proteases, ammonium assimilation into microbial biomass via glutamate synthase, and ammonium oxidation. Upregulation of bacterial assimilatory nitrate reduction in the rhizosphere suggests that rhizosphere bacteria were actively competing with roots for nitrate. Simultaneously, bacterial ammonium assimilatory pathways were upregulated in both rhizosphere and detritusphere soil, which could have limited N availability to plants. The detritusphere supported dissimilatory processes DNRA and denitrification. Expression of ammonium oxidation genes was almost exclusively performed by three phylotypes of Thaumarchaeota and was upregulated in unamended bulk soil. Unidirectional ammonium assimilation and its regulatory genes (glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, or GS/GOGAT) were upregulated in soil surrounding relatively young roots and more highly decayed root litter, suggesting N may have been limiting in these habitats (the GS/GOGAT pathway is known to be activated under low N availability). We did not detect expression of N-fixation or anammox genes. Our comprehensive metatranscriptomic time-series of organic and inorganic N-cycling in rhizosphere, detritusphere, and bulk soil, indicates that differences in C and inorganic N availability control contemporaneous transcription of N-cycling pathways in soil microhabitats that exist in close spatial proximity.

Contribution to the fieldPlant roots modulate microbial nitrogen cycling by regulating the supply of root-derived carbon and nitrogen uptake. These differences in resource availability cause distinct micro-habitats to develop: soil near living roots (rhizosphere), decaying roots (detritusphere), near both (rhizo/detritusphere), or outside the direct influence of roots (bulk). While many genes control the microbial processes involved in the nitrogen cycle, most research has focused on single genes and pathways, neglecting the interactive effects these pathways have on each other. The processes controlled by these pathways determine consumption and production of N by soil microorganisms. We followed the expression of N-cycling genes in the primary four soil microhabitats over a period of active root growth for an annual grass. We found that the presence of root litter and living roots significantly altered gene expression involving in multiple nitrogen pathways. We also found populations with genes for multiple pathways, where expression was likely shaped by available forms of carbon and by competition with plants for inorganic nitrogen. Phylogenetic differences in spatial and temporal expression of the soil microbial N-pathway genes ultimately regulate N-availability to plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhizosphere and detritusphere habitats modulate expression of soil N-cycling genes during plant development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate TRIM34 is a broadly-acting, TRIM5-dependent lentiviral restriction factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other lentiviruses adapt to new hosts by evolving to evade host-specific innate immune proteins that differ in sequence and often viral recognition between host species. Understanding how these host antiviral proteins, called restriction factors, constrain lentivirus replication and transmission is key to understanding the emergence of pandemic viruses like HIV-1. Human TRIM34, a paralogue of the well-characterized lentiviral restriction factor TRIM5, was previously identified by our lab via CRISPR-Cas9 screening as a restriction factor of certain HIV and SIV capsids. Here, we show that diverse primate TRIM34 orthologues from non-human primates can restrict a range of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) capsids including SIVAGM-SAB, SIVAGM-TAN and SIVMAC capsids, which infect sabaeus monkeys, tantalus monkeys, and rhesus macaques, respectively. All primate TRIM34 orthologues tested, regardless of species of origin, were able to restrict this same subset of viral capsids. However, in all cases, this restriction also required the presence of TRIM5. We demonstrate that TRIM5 is necessary, but not sufficient, for restriction of these capsids, and that human TRIM5 functionally interacts with TRIM34 from different species. Finally, we find that both the TRIM5 SPRY v1 loop and the TRIM34 SPRY domain are essential for TRIM34-mediated restriction. These data support a model in which TRIM34 is a broadly-conserved primate lentiviral restriction factor that acts in tandem with TRIM5, such that together, these proteins can restrict capsids that neither can restrict alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Twentyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohainle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate TRIM34 is a broadly-acting, TRIM5-dependent lentiviral restriction factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy has revealed that core nuclear functions, including transcription, replication, and heterochromatin formation occur in spatially restricted clusters. Previous work from our lab has shown that subnuclear high-concentration clusters of transcription factors may play a role in regulating RNA synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo. A nearly ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic transcription factors is that they contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that often arise from low complexity amino acid sequences within the protein. It has been proposed that IDRs within transcription factors drive co-localization of transcriptional machinery and target genes into high concentration clusters within nuclei. Here we test that hypothesis directly, by conducting a broad survey of the subnuclear localization of IDRs derived from transcription factors. Using a novel algorithm to identify IDRs in the Drosophila proteome, we generated a library of IDRs from transcription factors expressed in the early Drosophila embryo. We used this library to perform a high throughput imaging screen in Drosophila S2 cells. We found that while subnuclear clustering does not occur when the majority of IDRs are expressed alone, it is frequently seen in full length transcription factors. These results are consistent in live Drosophila embryos, suggesting that IDRs are insufficient to drive the subnuclear clustering behavior of transcription factors. Furthermore, the clustering of transcription factors in living embryos was unaffected by the deletion of IDR sequences. Our results demonstrate that IDRs are unlikely to be the primary molecular drivers of the clustering observed during transcription, suggesting a more complex and nuanced role for these disordered protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus helps transform an experience into an enduring memory by associating its multiple aspects. Sleep improves the consolidation of the newly formed associations, leading to stable long-term memory. Most research on human declarative memory and its consolidation during sleep uses word-pair associations requiring exhaustive learning. Here we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. vPAL associations are based on a one-shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep-dependent effects. High-density EEG during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidig, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva-Sagiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implantation of engineered adipocytes that outcompete tumors for resources suppresses cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors acquire an increased ability to obtain and metabolize nutrients. Here, we engineered and implanted adipocytes to outcompete tumors for nutrients and show that they can substantially reduce cancer progression. Growing cells or xenografts from several cancers (breast, colon, pancreas, prostate) alongside engineered human adipocytes or adipose organoids significantly suppresses cancer progression and reduces hypoxia and angiogenesis. Transplanting modulated adipocyte organoids in pancreatic or breast cancer mouse models nearby or distal from the tumor significantly suppresses its growth. To further showcase therapeutic potential, we demonstrate that co-culturing tumor organoids derived from human breast cancers with engineered patient-derived adipocytes significantly reduces cancer growth. Combined, our results introduce a novel cancer therapeutic approach, termed adipose modulation transplantation (AMT), that can be utilized for a broad range of cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biellak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynce, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magbanua, M. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerlindl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluth, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implantation of engineered adipocytes that outcompete tumors for resources suppresses cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Transcriptional Regulator Ume6 is a Major Driver of Early Gene Expression during Gametogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of gametogenesis is orchestrated by a dynamic program of gene expression, where a vital subset constitutes the early meiotic genes (EMGs). In budding yeast, the transcription factor Ume6 represses EMG expression during mitosis. However, during mitosis to meiosis transition, EMGs are activated in response to the meiotic regulator Ime1 through its interaction with Ume6. While it is known that binding of Ime1 to Ume6 promotes EMG expression, the mechanism of EMG activation remains elusive. Two competing models have been proposed whereby Ime1 either forms a coactivator complex with Ume6 or promotes Ume6 degradation. Here, we resolve this controversy. First, we identify the set of genes that are directly regulated by Ume6, including UME6 itself. While Ume6 levels increase in response to Ime1, Ume6 degradation occurs much later in meiosis. Importantly, we found that depletion of Ume6 shortly before meiotic entry is detrimental to EMG activation and gamete formation, whereas tethering of Ume6 to a heterologous activation domain is sufficient to trigger EMG expression and produce viable gametes in the absence of Ime1. We conclude that Ime1 and Ume6 function as a coactivator complex. While Ume6 is indispensable for EMG expression, Ime1 primarily serves as a transactivator for Ume6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Transcriptional Regulator Ume6 is a Major Driver of Early Gene Expression during Gametogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon-sequencing across multiple Mycobacterium abscessus isolates reveals significant functional genomic diversity among strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a clinically significant pathogen and a highly genetically diverse species due to its large accessory genome. The functional consequence of this diversity remains unknown mainly because, to date, functional genomic studies in Mab have been primarily performed on reference strains. Given the growing public health threat of Mab infections, understanding the functional genomic differences among Mab clinical isolates can provide more insight into how its genetic diversity influences gene essentiality, clinically relevant phenotypes, and importantly, potential drug targets. To determine the functional genomic diversity among Mab strains, we conducted transposon-sequencing (TnSeq) on 21 genetically diverse clinical isolates, including 15 M. abscessus subsp. abscessus isolates and 6 M. abscessus subsp. massiliense isolates, cataloging all the essential and non-essential genes in each strain. Pan-genome analysis revealed a core set of 3845 genes and a large accessory genome of 11,507. We identified 259 core essential genes across the 21 clinical isolates and 425 differentially required genes, representing [~]10% of the Mab core genome. We also identified genes whose requirements were sub-species, lineage, and isolate-specific. Finally, by correlating TnSeq profiles, we identified 19 previously uncharacterized genetic networks in Mab. Altogether, we find that Mab clinical isolates are not only genetically diverse but functionally diverse as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benghomari, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon-sequencing across multiple Mycobacterium abscessus isolates reveals significant functional genomic diversity among strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing impacts most multi-exonic human genes. Inaccuracies during this process may have an important role in ageing and disease. Here, we investigated mis-splicing using RNA-sequencing data from ~14K control samples and 42 human body sites, focusing on split reads partially mapping to known transcripts in annotation. We show that mis-splicing occurs at different rates across introns and tissues and that these splicing inaccuracies are primarily affected by the abundance of core components of the spliceosome assembly and its regulators. Using publicly available data on short-hairpin RNA-knockdowns of numerous spliceosomal components and related regulators, we found support for the importance of RNA-binding proteins in mis-splicing. We also demonstrated that age is positively correlated with mis-splicing, and it affects genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. This in-depth characterisation of mis-splicing can have important implications for our understanding of the role of splicing inaccuracies in human disease and the interpretation of long-read RNA-sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora-Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Martinez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based differential sequencing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing differences in biological sequences between two conditions using high-throughput sequencing data is a prevalent problem wherein we seek to (i) quantify how sequence abundances change between conditions, and (ii) build predictive models to estimate such differences for unobserved sequences. A key shortcoming of current approaches is their extremely limited ability to share information across related but non-identical reads. Consequently, they cannot make effective use of sequencing data, nor can they be directly applied in many settings of interest. We introduce model-based enrichment (MBE) to overcome this shortcoming. MBE is based on sound theoretical principles, is easy to implement, and can trivially make use of advances in modernday machine learning classification architectures or related innovations. We extensively evaluate MBE empirically, both in simulation and on real data. Overall, we find that our new approach improves accuracy compared to current ways of performing such differential analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based differential sequencing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of a Vibrio cholerae CBASS anti-phage system by quorum sensing and folate depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge faced by bacteria is infection by bacteriophage (phage). Abortive infection is one strategy for combating phage in which an infected cell kills itself to limit phage replication, thus protecting neighboring kin. One class of abortive infection systems is the cyclic oligonucleotide based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) which relies on two core enzymatic activities; an oligo-nucleotide cyclase that is activated following phage infection and a cyclic-oligo-nucleotide sensitive effector whose activity kills the infected cell. However, the mechanisms behind the deployment and activation of these lethal CBASS systems prior-to and following infection have largely remained a mystery. While exploring unique genomic features of the current pandemic Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor for clues underlying its pandemic success we found its CBASS was spuriously activated by the folate biosynthesis inhibitor sulfamethoxazole, but only after the population had reached a high-cell density. This population density dependent activity revealed that transcription of both the oligo-nucleotide cyclase, dncV, and the CBASS phospholipase effector, capV, is enhanced at high-cell density by quorum sensing. Together, these results demonstrate that the V. cholerae CBASS is deployed when the environment is densely populated and activated in response to a perturbation in folate biosynthesis.

SignificanceTo counteract infection with phage, bacteria have evolved a myriad of molecular defense systems. Some of these systems initiate a process called abortive infection, in which the infected cell kills itself to prevent phage propagation. However, such systems must be inhibited in the absence of phage infection to prevent spurious death of the host. Here we show that the cyclic oligonucleotide based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) accomplishes this by sensing intracellular folate molecules and only expressing this system in a group. These results enhance our understanding of the evolution of the 7th V. cholerae pandemic and more broadly how bacteria defend themselves against phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramliden, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanath-Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demey, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRita, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of a Vibrio cholerae CBASS anti-phage system by quorum sensing and folate depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical TAF1-dependent co-translational assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIID 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large heteromeric multiprotein complexes play pivotal roles at every step of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Among them, the 20-subunit basal transcription factor TFIID nucleates RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex at gene promoters. Here, by combining systematic RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiments, single-molecule imaging, proteomics and structure-function analyses, we show that TFIID biogenesis occurs co-translationally. We discovered that all protein heterodimerization steps happen during protein synthesis. We identify TAF1 - the largest protein in the complex - as a critical factor for TFIID assembly. TAF1 acts as a flexible scaffold that drives the co-translational recruitment of TFIID submodules preassembled in the cytoplasm. Altogether, our data suggest a multistep hierarchical model for TFIID biogenesis that culminates with the co-translational assembly of the complex onto the nascent TAF1 polypeptide. We envision that this assembly strategy could be shared with other large heteromeric protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernardini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, P. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yayli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmers, H. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tora, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical TAF1-dependent co-translational assembly of the basal transcription factor TFIID]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic reverse transcriptases (RTs) can have essential or deleterious roles in normal human physiology and disease. Compared to well-studied helicases, it remains unclear how RTs overcome the ubiquitous RNA structural barriers during reverse transcription. Herein, we describe the development of a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore technique to sequence RNA to quantify the single-molecule kinetics of an RT from Bombyx mori with single-nucleotide resolution. By establishing a quadromer map that correlates RNA sequence and MspA ion current, we were able to quantify the RTs dwell time at every single nucleotide step along its RNA template. By challenging the enzyme with various RNA structures, we found that during cDNA synthesis the RT can sense and actively destabilize RNA structures 11-12 nt downstream of its front boundary. The ability to sequence single molecules of RNA with nanopores paves the way to investigate the single-nucleotide activity of other processive RNA translocases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building pangenome graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenome graphs can represent all variation between multiple reference genomes, but current approaches to build them exclude complex sequences or are based upon a single reference. In response, we developed the PanGenome Graph Builder (PGGB), a pipeline for constructing pangenome graphs without bias or exclusion. PGGB uses all-to-all alignments to build a variation graph in which we can identify variation, measure conservation, detect recombination events, and infer phylogenetic relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorbrugg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco-Sola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusholme-Pilcher, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudbeck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahnsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Ligt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building pangenome graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reconstitute the CHH methylation landscape during Arabidopsis embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modification of flowering plant DNA by CHH methylation acts primarily to silence transposable elements, of which many active copies are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. During embryogenesis, the CHH methylation landscape is dramatically reprogrammed, resulting in exceedingly high levels of this modification upon mature embryo formation. The mechanisms constituting the remodeling process, and its function in embryos, are unclear. Here, we isolate embryos from Arabidopsis plants harboring mutations for key components of the pathways that confer CHH methylation, namely RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and the Chromomethylase 2 (CMT2) pathways. We reveal that embryos are more methylated than leaves at shared CMT2 and RdDM targeting loci, accounting for most embryonic CHH hypermethylation. While the majority of embryo CHH methylated loci overlap with those in somatic tissues, a subset of conventional pericentric CMT2-methylated loci are instead targeted by RdDM in embryos. These loci, termed  embRdDM exhibit intermediate H3K9me2 levels, associated with increased chromatin accessibility. Strikingly, more than 50% of the embRdDM loci in pollen vegetative (nurse) cells and ddm1 mutant somatic tissues are also targeted by RdDM, and these tissues were also reported to exhibit increased chromatin accessibility in pericentric heterochromatin. Furthermore, the root columella stem cell niche also displays CHH hypermethylation and an enriched presence of small RNAs at embRdDM loci. Finally, we observe a significant overlap of CHH hypermethylated loci with endosperm DEMETER targeting sites, suggesting that non-cell autonomous communication within the seed may contribute to the epigenetic landscape of the embryo. However, similar overlap with vegetative cell DEMETER targets indicates that the chromatin landscape that allows DEMETER access is mirrored in developing embryos, permitting CHH methylation catalysis at the same loci. Our findings demonstrate that both conserved and embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reshape CHH methylation profiles in the dynamic chromatin environment of embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryo-specific epigenetic mechanisms reconstitute the CHH methylation landscape during Arabidopsis embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hunger- and thirst-sensing neurons modulate a neuroendocrine network to coordinate sugar and water ingestion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consumption of food and water is tightly regulated by the nervous system to maintain internal nutrient homeostasis. Although generally considered independently, interactions between hunger and thirst drives are important to coordinate competing needs. In Drosophila, four neurons called the Interoceptive Subesophageal zone Neurons (ISNs) respond to intrinsic hunger and thirst signals to oppositely regulate sucrose and water ingestion. Here, we investigate the neural circuit downstream of the ISNs to examine how ingestion is regulated based on internal needs. Utilizing the recently available fly brain connectome, we find that the ISNs synapse with a novel cell type Bilateral T-shaped neuron (BiT) that projects to neuroendocrine centers. In vivo neural manipulations revealed that BiT oppositely regulates sugar and water ingestion. Neuroendocrine cells downstream of ISNs include several peptide-releasing and peptide-sensing neurons, including insulin producing cells (IPC), crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) neurons, and CCHamide-2 receptor isoform RA (CCHa2R-RA) neurons. These neurons contribute differentially to ingestion of sugar and water, with IPCs and CCAP neurons oppositely regulating sugar and water ingestion, and CCHa2R-RA neurons modulating only water ingestion. Thus, the decision to consume sugar or water occurs via regulation of a broad peptidergic network that integrates internal signals of nutritional state to generate nutrient-specific ingestion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Segarra, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourjine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Toro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hunger- and thirst-sensing neurons modulate a neuroendocrine network to coordinate sugar and water ingestion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs (Baden et al., 2020). One might expect that retinal cell types evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied. Here, we generated and integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the retina from 17 species: humans, two non-human primates, four rodents, three ungulates, opossum, ferret, tree shrew, a teleost fish, a bird, a reptile and a lamprey. Molecular conservation of the six retinal cell classes (photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells [RGCs] and Muller glia) is striking, with transcriptomic differences across species correlated with evolutionary distance. Major subclasses are also conserved, whereas variation among types within classes or subclasses is more pronounced. However, an integrative analysis revealed that numerous types are shared across species based on conserved gene expression programs that likely trace back to the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. The degree of variation among types increases from the outer retina (photoreceptors) to the inner retina (RGCs), suggesting that evolution acts preferentially to shape the retinal output. Finally, we identified mammalian orthologs of midget RGCs, which comprise >80% of RGCs in the human retina, subserve high-acuity vision, and were believed to be primate-specific (Berson, 2008); in contrast, the mouse orthologs comprise <2% of mouse RGCs. Projections both primate and mouse orthologous types are overrepresented in the thalamus, which supplies the primary visual cortex. We suggest that midget RGCs are not primate innovations, but descendants of evolutionarily ancient types that decreased in size and increased in number as primates evolved, thereby facilitating high visual acuity and increased cortical processing of visual information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monavarfeshani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kölsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geochemical constraints on bacteriophage infectivity in terrestrial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lytic phages can be potent and selective inhibitors of microbial growth and can have profound impacts on microbiome composition and function. However, there is uncertainty about the biogeochemical conditions under which phage predation can proceed and modulate microbial ecosystem function, particularly in terrestrial systems. Ionic strength is known to be critical for infection of bacteria by many phages, but there is limited quantitative data on ion thresholds for phage infection that can be compared with environmental ion concentrations. Similarly, while carbon composition varies in terrestrial environments, we know little of which carbon sources favor or disfavor phage infection and how these higher order interactions impact microbiome function. Here, we measured the half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of 80 different inorganic ions for the infection of E. coli with two canonical dsDNA and ssRNA phages, T4 and MS2, respectively. We found that many alkaline earth metals and alkali metals enabled successful lytic infection but that the ionic strength thresholds varied for different ions between phages. Additionally, using a freshwater nitrate reducing microbiome, we found that the ability of lytic phage to influence nitrate reduction end-products was dependent on the carbon source as well as the ion concentration. For all phage:host pairs we tested, the ion EC50s for phage infection we measured exceed the ion concentrations found in many terrestrial freshwater systems. Thus, our findings support a model where the influence of phages on terrestrial microbial functional ecology is greatest in hot spots and hot moments such as metazoan guts, drought influenced soils, or biofilms where ion concentration is locally or transiently elevated and carbon source composition is of a sufficiently low complexity to enrich for a dominant phage susceptible population.

SignificanceViral-prokaryote dynamics greatly influence microbial ecology and the earths biogeochemical cycles. Thus, identifying the key environmental controls on phage predation is critical for predictive microbial ecology. Here we conduct laboratory experiments that implicate ionic strength and carbon composition as major controls on phage interactions with bacterial hosts in terrestrial microbiomes. We propose a model in which terrestrial phage predation is most favored in drought impacted soils and in higher ionic strength environments such as metazoan guts or between adjacent cells in biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magar, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geochemical constraints on bacteriophage infectivity in terrestrial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
- Producing and maintaining flowers is essential for reproduction in most angiosperms, underpinning population persistence and speciation. Although the physiological costs of flowers often oppose pollinator selection, these physiological costs have rarely been quantified.
- We measured a suite of physiological traits quantifying the water and carbon costs and drought tolerance on flowers and leaves of over 100 phylogenetically diverse species, including water and dry mass contents, minimum epidermal conductance to water vapor (gmin), vein density, and dry mass per area.
- Although there was substantial variation among species, flowers had significantly higher gmin and water content per unit area than leaves, but significantly lower vein density and dry mass per area than leaves. Both leaves and flowers exhibited similarly strong scaling between dry mass investment and water content.
- The higher gmin of flowers offset their higher water content, suggesting that flowers may desiccate more rapidly than leaves during drought. The coordination between dry mass and water investment suggests that flowers rely on a hydrostatic skeleton to remain upright rather than on a carbon-based skeleton. For short-lived structures like flowers, water may be relatively cheaper than carbon, particularly given the relatively high amount of water loss per unit of carbon synthesized in photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilliams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mambelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Stability Considerations on Genetic Fine-Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-mapping methods, which aim to identify genetic variants responsible for complex traits following genetic association studies, typically assume that sufficient adjustments for confounding within the association study cohort have been made, e.g., through regressing out the top principal components (i.e., residualization). Despite its widespread use, however, residualization may not completely remove all sources of confounding. Here, we propose a complementary stability-guided approach that does not rely on residualization, which identifies consistently fine-mapped variants across different genetic backgrounds or environments. Simulations show that stability guidance neither outperforms nor underperforms residualization, but each approach picks up different variants considerably often. Critically, prioritizing variants that match between the residualization and stability-guided approaches enhances recovery of causal variants. We further demonstrate the utility of the stability approach by applying it to fine-map eQTLs in the GEUVADIS data. Using 378 different functional annotations of the human genome, including recent deep learning-based annotations (e.g., Enformer), we compare enrichments of these annotations among variants for which the stability and traditional residualization-based fine-mapping approaches agree against those for which they disagree, and find that the stability approach enhances the power of traditional fine-mapping methods in identifying variants with functional impact. Finally, in cases where the two approaches report distinct variants, our approach identifies variants comparably enriched for functional annotations. Our findings suggest that the stability principle, as a conceptually simple device, complements existing approaches to fine-mapping, reinforcing recent advocacy of evaluating cross-population and cross-environment portability of biological findings. To support visualization and interpretation of our results, we provide a Shiny app, available at: https://alan-aw.shinyapps.io/stability_v0/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Stability Considerations on Genetic Fine-Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kir7.1 is the physiological target for hormones and steroids that regulate uteroplacental function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preterm birth is a multifactorial syndrome that is detrimental to the well-being of both the mother and the newborn. During normal gestation, the myometrium is maintained in a quiescent state by the action of progesterone. As a steroid hormone, progesterone is thought to modify uterine and placental morphology by altering gene expression, but a nongenomic mode of action has long been suspected. Here we reveal that progesterone activates both human and murine inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir7.1, which is expressed in mammalian myometrial smooth muscle and placental pericytes during late gestation. Kir7.1 is also activated by compounds used to prevent premature labor, including the progestogens 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate and dydrogesterone, revealing an unexpected mode of action for these drugs. Our results reveal that Kir7.1 is the molecular target of a number of endogenous and synthetic steroids that control uterine excitability and placental function, and is therefore a promising therapeutic target to control utero-placental physiology and support healthy pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kir7.1 is the physiological target for hormones and steroids that regulate uteroplacental function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adapt to environments and tune gene expression by controlling the concentrations of proteins and their kinetics in regulatory networks. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, experiments and theory increasingly attest that these networks can and do consume bio-chemical energy. How does this dissipation enable cellular behaviors unobtainable in equilibrium? This open question demands quantitative models that transcend thermodynamic equilibrium. Here we study the control of a simple, ubiquitous gene regulatory motif to explore the consequences of departing equilibrium in kinetic cycles. Employing graph theory, we find that dissipation unlocks nonmonotonicity and enhanced sensitivity of gene expression with respect to a transcription factors concentration. These features allow a single transcription factor to act as both a repressor and activator at different levels or achieve outputs with multiple concentration regions of locally-enhanced sensitivity. We systematically dissect how energetically-driving individual transitions within regulatory networks, or pairs of transitions, generates more adjustable and sensitive phenotypic responses. Our findings quantify necessary conditions and detectable consequences of energy expenditure. These richer mathematical behaviors--feasibly accessed using biological energy budgets and rates--may empower cells to accomplish sophisticated regulation with simpler architectures than those required at equilibrium.

Significance StatementGrowing theoretical and experimental evidence demonstrates that cells can (and do) spend biochemical energy while regulating their genes. Here we explore the impact of departing from equilibrium in simple regulatory cycles, and learn that beyond increasing sensitivity, dissipation can unlock more flexible input-output behaviors that are otherwise forbidden without spending energy. These more complex behaviors could enable cells to perform more sophisticated functions using simpler systems than those needed at equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahdavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daghlian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-specific recognition of histone modifications by H3K9bhb antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketone bodies are short chain fatty acids produced in the liver during periods of limited glucose availability that provide an alternative source of energy for the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. Beyond this classical metabolic role, {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is gaining recognition as a pleiotropic signaling molecule. Lysine {beta}-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is a newly discovered post-translational modification in which BHB is covalently attached to lysine {varepsilon}-amino groups. This novel protein adduct is metabolically sensitive, dependent on BHB concentration, and found on proteins in multiple intracellular compartments, including the mitochondria and nucleus. Therefore, Kbhb is hypothesized to be an important component of ketone body-regulated physiology. Kbhb on histones is proposed to be an epigenetic regulator, which links metabolic alterations to gene expression. However, we found that the widely used antibody against the {beta}-hydroxybutyrylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9bhb) also recognizes other modification(s), which are increased by deacetylation inhibition and include likely acetylations. Therefore, caution must be used when interpreting gene regulation data acquired with the H3K9bhb antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsusaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFelice, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-specific recognition of histone modifications by H3K9bhb antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical biological function of selenium is in the production of selenocysteine residues of selenoproteins, and this forms the basis for its role as an essential antioxidant and cytoprotective micronutrient. Here, we demonstrate that selenium, via its metabolic intermediate hydrogen selenide, efficiently donates its electrons to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol in the mitochondria through catalysis by sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR). Hydrogen selenide is superior to hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor owing to its larger valence shell. We show that this mechanism, independently of selenoprotein production, protects against ferroptosis via ubiquinol production in a manner that depends on xCT mediated selenide formation and SQOR activity. Our findings identify a regulatory mechanism against ferroptosis that implicates SQOR and expands our understanding of selenium in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.535674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into the central nervous system (CNS) for therapeutic genome editing could avoid limitations of viral vector-based delivery including cargo capacity, immunogenicity, and cost. Here we tested the ability of cell penetrant Cas9 RNPs to edit the mouse striatum when introduced using a convection enhanced delivery system. These transient Cas9 RNPs showed comparable editing of neurons and reduced adaptive immune responses relative to one formulation of Cas9 delivered using AAV serotype 9. The production of ultra-low-endotoxin Cas9 protein manufactured at scale further improved innate immunity. We conclude that injection-based delivery of minimally immunogenic CRISPR genome editing RNPs into the CNS provides a valuable alternative to virus-mediated genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas-Rios, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of regulation of cryptic prophage-encoded gene products in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dicBF operon of Qin cryptic prophage in Escherichia coli K12 encodes the small RNA (sRNA) DicF and small protein DicB, which regulate host cell division and are toxic when overexpressed. While new functions of DicB and DicF have been identified in recent years, the mechanisms controlling the expression of the dicBF operon have remained unclear. Under standard laboratory growth conditions, transcription from dicBp, the major promoter of the dicBF operon, is repressed by DicA. Here, we discovered that transcription of the dicBF operon and processing of the polycistronic mRNA is regulated by multiple mechanisms. DicF sRNA accumulates during stationary phase and is processed from the polycistronic dicBF mRNA by the action of both RNase III and RNase E. DicA-mediated transcriptional repression of dicBp can be relieved by an antirepressor protein, Rem, encoded on the Qin prophage. Ectopic production of Rem results in cell filamentation due to strong induction of the dicBF operon and filamentation is mediated by DicF and DicB. Spontaneous derepression of dicBp occurs in a subpopulation of cells independent of the antirepressor. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the bistable switch of {lambda} phage with DicA and DicC performing functions similar to CI and Cro, respectively. Additional experiments demonstrate stress-dependent induction of the dicBF operon. Collectively, our results illustrate that toxic genes encoded on cryptic prophages are subject to layered mechanisms of control, some that are derived from the ancestral phage and some that are likely later adaptations.

ImportanceCryptic or defective prophages have lost genes necessary to excise from the bacterial chromosome and produce phage progeny. In recent years, studies have found that cryptic prophage gene products influence diverse aspects of bacterial host cell physiology. However, to obtain a complete understanding of the relationship between cryptic prophages and the host bacterium, identification of the environmental, host or prophage-encoded factors that induce the expression of cryptic prophage genes is crucial. In this study, we examine the regulation of a cryptic prophage operon in Escherichia coli encoding a small RNA and a small protein that are involved in inhibiting bacterial cell division, altering host metabolism, and protecting the host bacterium from phage infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragunathan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of regulation of cryptic prophage-encoded gene products in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without associated cues is less clear. Here we tested whether dopamine release and neural activity more generally in three striatal subdomains are necessary for performance of an action chain leading to reward delivery. Male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to press a series of three spatially-distinct levers to receive reward. We assessed the contribution of neural activity or dopamine release within each striatal subdomain when progression through the action sequence was explicitly cued and in the absence of cues. Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and a strong impact on motivation after NAc flupenthixol. In contrast, after pharmacological inactivation to suppress overall activity, there was minimal impact on motivation, except within the uncued task after DMS inactivation. Inactivation of both NAc and DMS impaired sequence timing and led to sequence errors in the uncued, but not cued task. There was virtually no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gravity controls directional growth of plants, and the classical starch-statolith hypothesis proposed more than a century ago postulates that amyloplast sedimentation in specialized cells initiates gravity sensing, but the molecular mechanism remains mysterious. Here, we report that gravistimulation by reorientation triggers the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling-mediated phosphorylation of LAZY proteins, the key regulators of gravitropism accumulated more on the lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells in regular growth Arabidopsis. Phosphorylation of LAZY increases its interaction with several TOC proteins on the surface of amyloplasts, facilitating the translocation of LAZY proteins from the plasma membrane to the amyloplasts. Amyloplast sedimentation subsequently guides LAZY to relocate to the new lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells, where LAZY induces asymmetrical auxin distribution and differential growth. Together, this study provides a molecular interpretation for the starch-statolith hypothesis: the organelle movement-triggered molecular polarity formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hagfish genome and the evolution of vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the only surviving lineages of jawless fishes, hagfishes and lampreys provide a critical window into early vertebrate evolution. Here, we investigate the complex history, timing, and functional role of genome-wide duplications in vertebrates in the light of a chromosome-scale genome of the brown hagfish Eptatretus atami. Using robust chromosome-scale (paralogon-based) phylogenetic methods, we confirm the monophyly of cyclostomes, document an auto-tetraploidization (1RV) that predated the origin of crown group vertebrates [~]517 Mya, and establish the timing of subsequent independent duplications in the gnathostome and cyclostome lineages. Some 1RV gene duplications can be linked to key vertebrate innovations, suggesting that this early genomewide event contributed to the emergence of pan-vertebrate features such as neural crest. The hagfish karyotype is derived by numerous fusions relative to the ancestral cyclostome arrangement preserved by lampreys. These genomic changes were accompanied by the loss of genes essential for organ systems (eyes, osteoclast) that are absent in hagfish, accounting in part for the simplification of the hagfish body plan; other gene family expansions account for hagfishes capacity to produce slime. Finally, we characterise programmed DNA elimination in somatic cells of hagfish, identifying protein-coding and repetitive elements that are deleted during development. As in lampreys, the elimination of these genes provides a mechanism for resolving genetic conflict between soma and germline by repressing germline/pluripotency functions. Reconstruction of the early genomic history of vertebrates provides a framework for further exploration of vertebrate novelties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoshevskaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoshevskiy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simakov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavriouchkina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubokawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hagfish genome and the evolution of vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection shapes diversity across micro and macro-evolutionary scales. Selection causes local adaptation across populations within species and is simultaneously responsible for much of the divergence between species. However, it is unclear if either the force of or the response to selection is the same or different across these scales. Here we show that natural selection drives adaptive divergence between closely related species in a pattern that is distinct from local adaptation within a species. We use reciprocal common-garden transplant experiments across three species of Phlox wildflowers to show widespread adaptive divergence causing species to have highest fitness in their native habitats. Using provenance trials, we also find that one of these Phlox species has strong local adaptation between populations. We compare the axes of divergence and selection between these two scales of diversity and discover that one suite of traits predicts fitness differences between species and that an independent suite of traits predicts fitness variation within species across individuals. Our work reveals how forces of selection can both drive key divergence between species, allowing for and causing speciation, while simultaneously causing extensive diversity that is maintained across populations within a species. The selection landscape is complex and multidimensional
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goulet-Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnitano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-dimensional selective landscape drives adaptive divergence between and within closely related Phlox species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expectations are often dynamic: any sports fan knows that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here, using slot machines as a case study, we provide parallel behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second moment-to-moment changes in expectations. In Study 1, we show that the dynamics of the EEG signal before the slot machine stopped differed depending on the nature of the outcome, including not only whether the participant won or lost, but also how close they came to winning. In line with our predictions, Near Win Before outcomes (the slot machine stops one item before a match) were similar to Wins, but different than Near Win After (the machine stops one item after a match) and Full Miss (the machine stops two or three items from a match). In Study 2, we designed a novel behavioral paradigm to measure moment-to-moment changes in expectations via dynamic betting. We found that different outcomes also elicited unique expectation trajectories in the deceleration phase. Notably, these behavioral expectation trajectories paralleled Study 1s EEG activity in the last second prior to the machines stop. In Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavior) we replicated these findings in the loss domain where a match entails a loss. Again, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and EEG results. These four studies provide the first evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our findings open up new avenues for studying the ongoing dynamics of reward expectations and their role in healthy and unhealthy cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruvalcaba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic investigation reveals an HIV-1 Nef-dependent increase in AP-2 recruitment and productivity at endocytic sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lentiviruses express non-enzymatic accessory proteins whose function is to subvert cellular machinery in the infected host. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef hijacks clathrin adaptors to degrade or mislocalize host proteins involved in antiviral defenses. Here, we investigate the interaction between Nef and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a major pathway for membrane protein internalization in mammalian cells, using quantitative live-cell microscopy in genome-edited Jurkat cells. Nef is recruited to CME sites on the plasma membrane, and this recruitment correlates with an increase in the recruitment and lifetime of CME coat protein AP-2 and late-arriving CME protein dynamin2. Furthermore, we find that CME sites that recruit Nef are more likely to recruit dynamin2, suggesting that Nef recruitment to CME sites promotes CME site maturation to ensure high efficiency in host protein downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic investigation reveals an HIV-1 Nef-dependent increase in AP-2 recruitment and productivity at endocytic sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BayFlux: A Bayesian method to quantify metabolic Fluxes and their uncertainty at the genome scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic fluxes, the number of metabolites traversing each biochemical reaction in a cell per unit time, are crucial for assessing and understanding cell function. 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C MFA) is considered to be the gold standard for measuring metabolic fluxes. 13C MFA typically works by leveraging extracellular exchange fluxes as well as data from 13C labeling experiments to calculate the flux profile which best fit the data for a small, central carbon, metabolic model. However, the nonlinear nature of the 13C MFA fitting procedure means that several flux profiles fit the experimental data within the experimental error, and traditional optimization methods offer only a partial or skewed picture, especially in "non-gaussian" situations where multiple very distinct flux regions fit the data equally well. Here, we present a method for flux space sampling through Bayesian inference (BayFlux), that identifies the full distribution of fluxes compatible with experimental data for a comprehensive genome-scale model. This Bayesian approach allows us to accurately quantify uncertainty in calculated fluxes. We also find that, surprisingly, the genome-scale model of metabolism produces narrower flux distributions (reduced uncertainty) than the small core metabolic models traditionally used in 13C MFA. The different results for some reactions when using genome-scale models vs core metabolic models advise caution in assuming strong inferences from 13C MFA since the results may depend significantly on the completeness of the model used. Based on BayFlux, we developed and evaluated novel methods (P-13C MOMA and ROOM) to predict the biological results of a gene knockout, that improve on the traditional MOMA and ROOM methods. We provide an open source Python implementation of BayFlux at https://github.com/JBEI/bayflux.

Author summary13C MFA practitioners know that modeling results can be sensitive to minor modifications of the metabolic model. Certain parts of the metabolic model that are not well mapped to a molecular mechanism (e.g. drains to biomass or ATP maintenance) can have an inordinate impact on the final fluxes. The only way to ascertain the validity of the model is by checking that the result does not significantly differ from previously observed flux profiles. However, that approach diminishes the possibility of discovering truly novel flux profiles. Because of this strong dependence on metabolic model details, it would be very useful to have a systematic and repeatable way to produce these metabolic models. And indeed there is one: genome-scale metabolic models can be systematically obtained from genomic sequences, and represent all the known genomically encoded metabolic information. However, these models are much larger than the traditionally used central carbon metabolism models. Hence, the number of degrees of freedom of the model (fluxes) significantly exceeds the number of measurements (metabolite labeling profiles and exchange fluxes). As a result, one expects many flux profiles compatible with the experimental data. The best way to represent these is by identifying all fluxes compatible with the experimental data. Our novel method BayFlux, based on Bayesian inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, provides this capability. Interestingly, this approach leads to the observation that traditional optimization approaches can significantly overestimate flux uncertainty, and that genome-scale models of metabolism produce narrower flux distributions than the small core metabolic models that are traditionally used in 13C MFA. Furthermore, we show that the extra information provided by this approach allows us to improve knockout predictions, compared to traditional methods. Although the method scales well with more reactions, improvements will be needed to tackle the large metabolic models found in microbiomes and human metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Backman, T. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czajka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmatskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BayFlux: A Bayesian method to quantify metabolic Fluxes and their uncertainty at the genome scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MmcA is an electron conduit that facilitates both intracellular and extracellular electron transport in Methanosarcina acetivorans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methanogens are a diverse group of Archaea that couple energy conservation to the production of methane gas. While most methanogens have no alternate mode of energy conservation, strains like Methanosarcina acetivorans are known to also conserve energy by dissimilatory metal reduction (DSMR) in the presence of soluble ferric iron or iron-containing minerals. The ecological ramifications of energy conservation decoupled from methane production in methanogens are substantial, yet the molecular details are poorly understood. In this work, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies with a multiheme c-type cytochrome (MHC), called MmcA, to establish its role during methanogenesis and DSMR in M. acetivorans. MmcA purified from M. acetivorans can donate electrons to methanophenazine, a membrane-bound electron carrier, to facilitate methanogenesis. In addition, MmcA can also reduce Fe(III) and the humic acid analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) during DSMR. Furthermore, mutants lacking mmcA have slower Fe(III) reduction rates. The redox reactivities of MmcA are consistent with the electrochemical data where MmcA displays reversible redox features ranging from -100 to -450 mV versus SHE. MmcA is prevalent in members of the Order Methanosarcinales but does not belong to a known family of MHCs linked to extracellular electron transfer, bioinformatically, and instead forms a distinct clade that is closely related to octaheme tetrathionate reductases. Taken together, this study shows that MmcA is widespread in methanogens with cytochromes where it acts as an electron conduit to support a variety of energy conservation strategies that extend beyond methanogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MmcA is an electron conduit that facilitates both intracellular and extracellular electron transport in Methanosarcina acetivorans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome scale genome assembly and evaluation of mtDNA variation in the willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis has a broad geographic range across Western North America, but is restricted to cool habitats at high elevations along the west coast. Central California populations occur only at high altitudes (2900-3450 m) where they are limited by reduced oxygen supply and recent drought conditions that are associated with climate change. Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly alongside a complete mitochondrial genome, and characterize differences among mitochondrial genomes along a latitudinal gradient over which beetles show substantial population structure and adaptation to fluctuating temperatures. Our scaffolded genome assembly consists of 21 linkage groups; one of which we identified as the X chromosome based on female/male whole genome sequencing coverage and orthology with Tribolium castaneum. We identified repetitive sequences in the genome and found them to be broadly distributed across all linkage groups. Using a reference transcriptome, we annotated a total of 12,586 protein coding genes. We also describe differences in putative secondary structures of mitochondrial RNA molecules, which may generate functional differences important in adaptation to harsh abiotic conditions. We document substitutions at mitochondrial tRNA molecules and substitutions and insertions in the 16S rRNA region that could affect intermolecular interactions with products from the nuclear genome. This first chromosome-level reference genome will enable genomic research in this important model organism for understanding the biological impacts of climate change on montane insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlhoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome scale genome assembly and evaluation of mtDNA variation in the willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of mimicry in a single species or population has rippling inter and intraspecific effects across ecological communities, providing a fascinating mechanism of phenotypic diversification. In this study we present the first identification of genes underlying Mullerian mimicry in a vertebrate, the Peruvian mimic poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator. We sequenced 124 R. imitator exomes and discovered loci with both strong divergence between different mimetic morphs and phenotypic associations within an intraspecific admixture zone, implicating mc1r, asip, bsn, retsat, and krt8.2 in the evolution of mimetic color phenotypes. We confirmed these associations for most candidate genes through linkage mapping in a lab-reared pedigree. We also sequenced transcriptomes from the model species, allowing tests for introgression and revealing that the mimetic resemblance between R. imitator and the models evolved independently. Selection analyses of the candidate genes show that the mimicry phenotypes likely have evolved through selective sweeps acting on polygenic variation. Our results suggest that the evolutionary origins and molecular mechanisms underlying mimicry phenotypes in vertebrates may be radically different from those previously documented in invertebrates such as the iconic Heliconius butterfly mimicry complex.

One Sentence SummaryMullerian mimicry evolved through independent selective sweeps on color and pattern loci in the mimic poison frog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twomey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacManes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of aposematic coloration in a mimetic radiation of poison frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of Salix purpurea genes support roles for ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulators of sex determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Salicaceae family is of growing interest in the study of dioecy in plants because the sex determination region (SDR) has been shown to be highly dynamic, with differing locations and heterogametic systems between species. Without the ability to transform and regenerate Salix in tissue culture, previous studies investigating the mechanisms regulating sex in the genus Salix have been limited to genome resequencing and differential gene expression, which are mostly descriptive in nature, and functional validation of candidate sex determination genes has not yet been conducted. Here we used Arabidopsis to functionally characterize a suite of previously identified candidate genes involved in sex determination and sex dimorphism in the bioenergy shrub willow Salix purpurea. Six candidate master regulator genes for sex determination were heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, followed by floral proteome analysis. In addition, 11 transcription factors with predicted roles in mediating sex dimorphism downstream of the SDR were tested using DAP-Seq in both male and female S. purpurea DNA. The results of this study provide further evidence to support models for the roles of ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulator genes of sex determination in S. purpurea, contributing to a regulatory system that is notably different from that of its sister genus Populus. Evidence was also obtained for the roles of two transcription factors, an AP2/ERF family gene and a homeodomain-like transcription factor, in downstream regulation of sex dimorphism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carper, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuskan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of Salix purpurea genes support roles for ARR17 and GATA15 as master regulators of sex determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation to bile and anaerobicity limits Vibrio cholerae phage adsorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (viruses of bacteria) play a pivotal role in shaping both the evolution and dynamics of bacterial populations. Bacteria employ arsenals of genetically encoded phage defense systems, but can alternatively achieve protection by changing the availability of cellular resources that phages rely on for propagation. These physiological changes are often adaptive responses to unique environmental signals. The facultative pathogen Vibrio cholerae adapts to both aquatic and intestinal environments with niche-specific physiological changes that ensure its evolutionary success in such disparate settings. In both niches, V. cholerae is susceptible to predation by lytic phages like ICP1. However, both phages and susceptible bacterial hosts coexist in nature, indicating that environmental cues may modulate V. cholerae cell state to protect against phage infection. This work explores one such modification in response to the intestine-specific signals of bile and anaerobicity. We found that V. cholerae grown in these conditions reduces O1-antigen decoration on its outer membrane lipopolysaccharide. Because the O1-antigen is an essential moiety for ICP1 phage infection, we investigated the effect of partial O1-antigen depletion as a mechanism of phage defense and observed that O1-depletion limits phage adsorption. We identified mechanistic contributions to O1-depletion, including the essentiality of a weak acid tolerance system for O1 production at low pH, and alterations in transcriptional profiles indicating limitations in resources for O1-biosynthesis. This analysis illustrates a complex interplay between signals relevant to the intestinal environment and bacterial physiology that provide V. cholerae with protection from phage predation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation to bile and anaerobicity limits Vibrio cholerae phage adsorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor beta signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swissa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsonego, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schori, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamintsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.536496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keystone competitor creates spatial patterns of biodiversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.536496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional ecological theory on competition and competitive exclusion states that competition should limit diversity. However, diversity of all species is more common than competitive exclusion would suggest, especially in the tropics. Here, we use theoretical and field approaches to examine the relationship between a keystone ant competitor (Azteca sericeasur) and the richness of a ground-foraging ant community in a spatially explicit context. Theoretically, we demonstrate that a fixed keystone competitor can increase species diversity. In addition, we sampled the ground-foraging ant community in three differentially managed coffee habitats and found - with the exception of plots in the most intensified coffee habitat - a consistently higher species richness near to the keystone competitor and lower richness with increasing distance. These patterns show that keystone competitors may contribute to the maintenance of local species richness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ennis, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfecto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandermeer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.536496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keystone competitor creates spatial patterns of biodiversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor cell heterogeneity drives spatial organization of the intratumoral immune response in squamous cell skin carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH)--defined as genetic and cellular diversity within a tumor--is linked to failure of immunotherapy and an inferior anti-tumor immune response. The underlying mechanism of this association is unknown. To address this question, we modeled heterogeneous tumors comprised of a pro-inflammatory ("hot") and an immunosuppressive ("cold") tumor population, labeled with YFP and RFP tags respectively to enable precise spatial tracking. The resulting mixed-population tumors exhibited distinct regions comprised of YFP+ (hot) cells, RFP+ (cold) cells, or a mixture. We found that tumor regions occupied by hot tumor cells (YFP+) harbored more total T cells and a higher frequency of Th1 cells and IFN{gamma}+ CD8 T cells compared to regions occupied by cold tumor cells (RFP+), whereas immunosuppressive macrophages showed the opposite spatial pattern. We identified the chemokine CX3CL1, produced at higher levels by our cold tumors, as a mediator of intratumoral macrophage accumulation, particularly immunosuppressive CD206Hi macrophages. Furthermore, we examined the response of heterogeneous tumors to a therapeutic combination of PD-1 blockade and CD40 agonist on a region-by-region basis. While the combination successfully increases Th1 abundance in "cold" tumor regions, it fails to bring overall T cell activity to the same level as seen in "hot" regions. The presence of the "cold" cells thus ultimately leads to a failure of the therapy to induce tumor rejection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the organization of heterogeneous tumor cells has a profound impact on directing the spatial organization and function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells as well as on responses to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledezma-Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Superville, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor cell heterogeneity drives spatial organization of the intratumoral immune response in squamous cell skin carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swi/Snf Chromatin Remodeling Regulates Transcriptional Interference and Gene Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative transcription start sites can affect transcript isoform diversity and translation levels. In a recently described form of gene regulation, coordinated transcriptional and translational interference results in transcript isoform-dependent changes in protein expression. Specifically, a long undecoded transcript isoform (LUTI) is transcribed from a gene-distal promoter, interfering with expression of the gene-proximal promoter. While transcriptional and chromatin features associated with LUTI expression have been described, the mechanism underlying LUTI-based transcriptional interference is not well understood. Using an unbiased genetic approach followed by integrated genomic analysis, we uncovered that the Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling complex is required for co-transcriptional nucleosome remodeling that leads to LUTI-based repression. We identified genes with tandem promoters that rely on Swi/Snf function for transcriptional interference during protein folding stress, including LUTI-regulated genes. To our knowledge, this study is the first to observe Swi/Snfs direct involvement in gene repression via a cis transcriptional interference mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swi/Snf Chromatin Remodeling Regulates Transcriptional Interference and Gene Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rediversification Following Ecotype Isolation Reveals Hidden Adaptive Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities play a critical role in ecological processes, and their diversity is key to their functioning. However, little is known about if communities can regenerate ecological diversity following species removal or extinction, and how the rediversified communities would compare to the original ones. Here we show that simple two-ecotype communities from the E. coli Long Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) consistently rediversified into two ecotypes following the isolation of one of the ecotypes, coexisting via negative frequency-dependent selection. Communities separated by more than 30,000 generations of evolutionary time rediversify in similar ways. The rediversified ecotype appears to share a number of growth traits with the ecotype it replaces. However, the rediversified community is also different compared to the original community in ways relevant to the mechanism of ecotype coexistence, for example in stationary phase response and survival. We found substantial variation in the transcriptional states between the two original ecotypes, whereas the differences within the rediversified community were comparatively smaller, but with unique patterns of differential expression. Our results suggest that evolution may leave room for alternative diversification processes even in a maximally reduced community of only two strains. We hypothesize that the presence of alternative evolutionary pathways may be even more pronounced in communities of many species, highlighting an important role for perturbations, such as species removal, in evolving ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rediversification Following Ecotype Isolation Reveals Hidden Adaptive Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of evolution of TRIM genes highlight the evolutionary plasticity of antiviral effectors in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system of mammals is formed by a complex web of interacting proteins, which together constitute the first barrier of entry for infectious pathogens. Genes from the E3-ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif (TRIM) family have been shown to play an important role in the innate immune system by restricting the activity of different retrovirus species. For example, TRIM5 and TRIM22, have both been associated with HIV restriction, and are regarded as crucial parts of the antiretroviral machinery of mammals. Our analyses of positive selection corroborate the great significance of these genes for some groups of mammals. However, we also show that many organisms lack TRIM5 and TRIM22 altogether. By analyzing a large number of mammalian genomes, here we provide the first comprehensive view of the evolution of these genes in eutherians, showcasing that the pattern of accumulation of TRIM genes has been dissimilar across mammalian orders. Our data suggests that these differences are caused by evolutionary plasticity of the immune system of eutherians, which have adapted to use different strategies to combat retrovirus infections. Altogether, our results provide insights into the dissimilar evolution of a representative family of restriction factors, highlighting a great example of adaptive and idiosyncratic evolution in the innate immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohainle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteves, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of evolution of TRIM genes highlight the evolutionary plasticity of antiviral effectors in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in the human corpus callosum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in ARID1B, a member of the mSWI/SNF complex, cause severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes with elusive mechanisms in humans. The most common structural abnormality in the brain of ARID1B patients is agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). This condition is characterized by a partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum (CC), an interhemispheric white matter tract that connects distant cortical regions. Using human neural organoids, we identify a vulnerability of callosal projection neurons (CPNs) to ARID1B haploinsufficiency, resulting in abnormal maturation trajectories and dysregulation of transcriptional programs of CC development. Through a novel in vitro model of the CC tract, we demonstrate that ARID1B mutations reduce the proportion of CPNs capable of forming long-range projections, leading to structural underconnectivity phenotypes. Our study uncovers new functions of the mSWI/SNF during human corticogenesis, identifying cell-autonomous defects in axonogenesis as a cause of ACC in ARID1B patients.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=193 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539362v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd4e9aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@153a081org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14e884corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d64081_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO Human callosal projection neurons are vulnerable to ARID1B haploinsufficiency.

(Top) During healthy development, callosal projection neurons (CPNs) project long interhemispheric axons, forming the corpus callosum (CC) tract, which can be modeled in vitro. (Bottom) In ARID1B patients, transcriptional dysregulation of genetic programs of CC development reduces the formation of long-range projections from CPNs, causing CC agenesis in vivo and underconnectivity phenotypes in vitro.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins-Costa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doleschall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novatchkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeseneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuempflen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prayer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeftberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasprian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in the human corpus callosum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.538973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep is required for neural network plasticity in the jellyfish Cassiopea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.538973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep in animals plays roles that appear specific to the brain, including synaptic homeostasis [1], neurotransmitter regulation [2], cellular repair [3], memory consolidation [4], and neural plasticity [5,6]. Would any of these functions of sleep be relevant to an animal without a brain? The upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, like other cnidarians, lacks a centralized nervous system, yet the animal sleeps [7]. By tracking the propensity of the radially spaced ganglia to initiate muscle contractions over several days we determined how neural activity changes between sleep and wake in a decentralized nervous system. Ganglia-network sleep/ wake activity patterns range from being highly specialized to a few ganglia, to being completely unspecialized. Ganglia specialization also changes over time, indicating a high degree of plasticity in the neural network. The ganglia that lead activity can persist or switch between sleep/wake transitions, signifying a level of local control of the behavioral state in a decentralized nervous system. Following sleep deprivation, ganglia usage becomes far more sleep specialized, demonstrating reduced network plasticity. Together, these findings identify a novel behavioral control system that is decentralized and yet displays temporal specialization and centralization, and show a role for sleep in maintaining neural network plasticity, revealing a conserved function of sleep in this brain-less animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Emster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeigler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.538973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep is required for neural network plasticity in the jellyfish Cassiopea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Morphology of DNA on Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors in Solution using X-ray Scattering Interferometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with adsorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are applied as sensors to investigate biological systems, with applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to agricultural biotechnology. Unique ssDNA sequences render SWCNTs selectively responsive to target analytes. However, it remains unclear how the ssDNA conformation on the SWCNT surface contributes to their ultimate functionality, as observations have been constrained to computational models or experiments under dehydrated states that differ substantially from the aqueous biological environments in which the nanosensors are applied. Herein, we demonstrate a direct mode of measuring in-solution ssDNA geometries on SWCNTs via X-ray scattering interferometry (XSI), which leverages the interference pattern produced by AuNP tags conjugated to ssDNA on the SWCNT surface. We employ XSI to quantify distinct surface-adsorbed morphologies for two ssDNA oligomer lengths, conformational changes as a function of ionic strength, and the mechanism of dopamine sensing for a previously established ssDNA-SWCNT nanosensor, with corresponding ab initio modeling for visualization. We show that the shorter oligomer, (GT)6, adopts a highly ordered structure of stacked rings along the SWCNT axis, compared to the longer, less periodic (GT)15 wrapping. The presence of dopamine elicits a simultaneous axial elongation and radial constriction of the ssDNA closer to the SWCNT surface. Application of XSI to probe solution-phase morphologies of nanoparticle-based tools will yield insights into sensing mechanisms and inform future design strategies for polymer-functionalized SWCNT technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayman, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hura, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Morphology of DNA on Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors in Solution using X-ray Scattering Interferometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A longitudinal single-cell therapeutic atlas of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) requires an understanding of how cellular networks change following therapy. We describe a therapeutic atlas for Crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) following anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. We generated ~1 million single-cell transcriptomes, organised into 109 cell states, from 216 gut biopsies from 38 patients and three controls, revealing disease- and therapy-specific differences. A systems-biology analysis identified distinct spatially-resolved cellular microenvironments: granuloma signatures in CD and interferon (IFN)-response signatures localising to T-cell aggregates and epithelial damage in CD and UC. Longitudinal comparisons demonstrated that disease progression in non-responders associated with myeloid and stromal cell perturbations in CD and increased multi-cellular IFN signalling in UC. IFN signalling was also observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium with a lymphoid pathotype. Our therapeutic atlas informs drug positioning across IMIDs, and suggests a rationale for the use of janus kinase (JAK) inhibition following anti-TNF resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich-Griffin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakpoor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jainarayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voda, A.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanches Peres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathananthan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotliar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulicke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belecki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jostins-Dean, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powrie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dendrou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A longitudinal single-cell therapeutic atlas of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical role of down-regulated in adenoma bicarbonate transporter in linaclotide stimulated intestinal bicarbonate secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Duodenal bicarbonate secretion is critical to epithelial protection, nutrient digestion/absorption and is impaired in cystic fibrosis (CF). We examined if linaclotide, typically used to treat constipation, may also stimulate duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate secretion was measured in vivo and in vitro using mouse and human duodenum (biopsies and enteroids). Ion transporter localization was identified with confocal microscopy and de novo analysis of human duodenal single cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) datasets was performed. Linaclotide increased bicarbonate secretion in mouse and human duodenum in the absence of CFTR expression (Cftr knockout mice) or function (CFTRinh-172). NHE3 inhibition contributed to a portion of this response. Linaclotide-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was eliminated by down-regulated in adenoma (DRA, SLC26A3) inhibition during loss of CFTR activity. Sc-RNAseq identified that 70% of villus cells expressed SLC26A3, but not CFTR, mRNA. Loss of CFTR activity and linaclotide increased apical brush border expression of DRA in non-CF and CF differentiated enteroids. These data provide further insights into the action of linaclotide and how DRA may compensate for loss of CFTR in regulating luminal pH. Linaclotide may be a useful therapy for CF individuals with impaired bicarbonate secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarthi, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumbull, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abazari, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Unen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical role of down-regulated in adenoma bicarbonate transporter in linaclotide stimulated intestinal bicarbonate secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical cerebrovascular and metabolic perturbations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 5xFAD mouse model is a popular model of familial Alzheimers Disease (AD) that is characterized by early beta-amyloid (A{beta}) deposition and cognitive decrements. Despite numerous studies, the 5xFAD mouse has not been comprehensively phenotyped for vascular and metabolic perturbations over its lifespan. Male and female 5xFAD and WT littermates underwent in vivo 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging at 4, 6, and 12 months of age to assess regional glucose metabolism. A separate cohort of mice (4, 8, 12 months) underwent "vessel painting" which labels all cerebral vessels and were analyzed for vascular characteristics such as vessel density, junction density, vessel length, network complexity, number of collaterals and vessel diameter. With increasing age, vessels on the cortical surface in both 5xFAD and WT mice showed increased vessel length, vessel and junction densities. The number of collateral vessels between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries decreased with age but collateral diameters were significantly increased only in 5xFAD mice. MCA total vessel length and junction density were decreased in 5xFAD mice compared to WT at 4 months. Analysis of 18F-FDG cortical uptake revealed significant differences between WT and 5xFAD mice spanning 4-12 months. Broadly, 5xFAD males had significantly increased 18F-FDG uptake at 12 months compared to WT mice. In most cortical regions, female 5xFAD mice had reduced 18F-FDG uptake compared to WT across their lifespan. While the 5xFAD mouse exhibits AD-like cognitive deficits as early as 4 months of age that are associated with increasing A{beta} deposition, we only found significant differences in cortical vascular features in males, not in females. Interestingly, 5xFAD male and female mice exhibited opposite effects in 18F-FDG uptake. The MCA supplies blood to large portions of the somatosensory cortex and portions of the motor and visual cortex and increased vessel lengths alongside decreased collaterals coincided with higher metabolic rates in 5xFAD mice. Thus, a potential mismatch between metabolic demand and vascular delivery of nutrients in the face of increasing A{beta} deposition could contribute to the progressive cognitive deficits seen in the 5xFAD mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jullienne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szu, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noarbe, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedwell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persohn, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Territo, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obenaus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical cerebrovascular and metabolic perturbations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise electrode localization is important for maximizing the utility of intracranial EEG data. Electrodes are typically localized from post-implantation CT artifacts, but algorithms can fail due to low signal-to-noise ratio, unrelated artifacts, or high-density electrode arrays. Minimizing these errors usually requires time-consuming visual localization and can still result in inaccurate localizations. In addition, surgical implantation of grids and strips typically introduces non-linear brain deformations, which result in anatomical registration errors when post-implantation CT images are fused with the pre-implantation MRI images. Several projection methods are currently available, but they either fail to produce smooth solutions or do not account for brain deformations.

To address these shortcomings, we propose two novel algorithms for the anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes that are almost fully automatic and provide highly accurate results. We first present GridFit, an algorithm that simultaneously localizes all contacts in grids, strips, or depth arrays by fitting flexible models to the electrodes CT artifacts. We observed localization errors of less than one millimeter (below 8% relative to the inter-electrode distance) and robust performance under the presence of noise, unrelated artifacts, and high-density implants when we ran [~]6000 simulated scenarios. Furthermore, we validated the method with real data from 20 intracranial patients.

As a second registration step, we introduce CEPA, a brain-shift compensation algorithm that combines orthogonal-based projections, spring-mesh models, and spatial regularization constraints. When tested with real data from 15 patients, anatomical registration errors were smaller than those obtained for well-established alternatives. Additionally, CEPA accounted simultaneously for simple mechanical deformation principles, which is not possible with other available methods. Inter-electrode distances of projected coordinates smoothly changed across neighbor electrodes, while changes in inter-electrode distances linearly increased with projection distance. Moreover, in an additional validation procedure, we found that modeling resting-state high-frequency activity (75-145 Hz) in five patients further supported our new algorithm.

Together, GridFit and CEPA constitute a versatile set of tools for the registration of subdural grid, strip, and depth electrode coordinates that provide highly accurate results even in the most challenging implantation scenarios. The methods presented here are implemented in the iElectrodes open-source toolbox, making their use simple, accessible, and straightforward to integrate with other popular toolboxes used for analyzing electrophysiological data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leske, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmission mode shapes host specialization of the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The collection of microorganisms inhabiting aboveground plant tissue, termed the phyllosphere microbiome, is shaped by both microbial dispersal and host filtering effects. Because plants often occur in multispecies assemblages, microbiome diversity is likely shaped by plant community composition through microbial transmission between conspecific (same species) and heterospecific (different species) host plants. Although rarely examined, the relative incidence of con-versus heterospecific transmission should impact microbiome-level specialization. Using four species of plants we experimentally tested this idea by passaging an initially diverse microbial community either between conspecific or heterospecific plants in the greenhouse. While conspecific transmission lines exhibited persistent host effects, these effects decreased in the heterospecific transmission lines, suggesting a shift towards more generalist microbiomes. Similarly, when microbiomes were transplanted onto a set of novel host plant species, host effects were weaker for these heterospecific lines than the conspecific lines. Finally, microbiomes conspecifically passaged on tomato plants were found to outcompete those passaged on either bean or pepper when co-inoculated onto tomato hosts, suggesting microbiome-level host specialization under conspecific transmission. Overall, we find that both transmission mode and host association history shape microbiome diversity, that repeated conspecific transmission results in microbiome specialization, and that repeated heterospecific transmission can drive microbiomes to develop generalist characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscettola, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelos, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, C. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmission mode shapes host specialization of the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking bacterial tetrabromopyrrole biosynthesis to coral metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important factor dictating coral fitness is the quality of bacteria associated with corals and coral reefs. One way that bacteria benefit corals is by stimulating the larval to juvenile life cycle transition of settlement and metamorphosis. Tetrabromopyrrole (TBP) is a small molecule produced by bacteria that stimulates metamorphosis in a range of coral species. A standing debate remains, however, about whether TBP biosynthesis from live Pseudoalteromonas bacteria is the primary stimulant of coral metamorphosis. In this study, we create a Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 mutant lacking the TBP brominase gene, bmp2. Using this mutant, we confirm that the bmp2 gene is critical for TBP biosynthesis in Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5. Mutation of this gene ablates the bacteriums ability in live cultures to stimulate the metamorphosis of the stony coral Porites astreoides. We further demonstrate that expression of TBP biosynthesis genes is strongest in stationary and biofilm modes of growth, where Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 might exist within surface-attached biofilms on the sea floor. Finally, we create a modular transposon plasmid for genomic integration and fluorescent labeling of Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 cells. Our results functionally link a TBP biosynthesis gene from live bacteria to a morphogenic effect in corals. The genetic techniques established here provide new tools to explore coral-bacteria interactions and could help to inform future decisions about utilizing marine bacteria or their products for restoring degraded coral reefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikuma, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking bacterial tetrabromopyrrole biosynthesis to coral metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context dependent function of the transcriptional regulator Rap1 in gene silencing and activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin is formed through interactions between site-specific DNA-binding factors, including the transcriptional activator Rap1, and Sir proteins. Despite a vast understanding of the establishment and maintenance of Sir-silenced chromatin, the mechanism of gene silencing by Sir proteins has remained a mystery. Utilizing high resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that Rap1, the native activator of the bi-directional HML promoter, bound its recognition sequence in silenced chromatin and its binding was enhanced by the presence of Sir proteins. In contrast to prior results, various components of transcription machinery were not able to access HML in the silenced state. These findings disproved the long-standing model of indiscriminate steric occlusion by Sir proteins and led to investigation of the transcriptional activator Rap1 in Sir-silenced chromatin. Using a highly sensitive assay that monitors loss-of-silencing events, we identified a novel role for promoter-bound Rap1 in the maintenance of silent chromatin through interactions with the Sir complex. We also found that promoter-bound Rap1 activated HML when in an expressed state, and aided in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. Highlighting the importance of epigenetic context in transcription factor function, these results point toward a model in which the duality of Rap1 function was mediated by local chromatin environment rather than binding-site availability.

Significance StatementThe coarse partitioning of the genome into regions of active euchromatin and repressed heterochromatin is an important, and conserved, level gene expression regulation in eukaryotes. Repressor Activator Protein (Rap1) is a transcription factor that promotes the activation of genes when recruited to promoters, and aids in the establishment of heterochromatin through interactions with silencer elements. Here, we investigate the role of Rap1 when bound to a promoter in silent chromatin and dissect the context-specific epigenetic cues that regulate the dual properties of this transcription factor. Together, our data highlight the importance of protein-protein interactions and local chromatin state on transcription factor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondra, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context dependent function of the transcriptional regulator Rap1 in gene silencing and activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"When I talk about it, my eyes light up!" Impacts of a national laboratory internship on community college student success 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Participation in technical/research internships may improve undergraduate graduation rates and persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), yet little is known about the benefits of these activities a) for community college students, b) when hosted by national laboratories, and c) beyond the first few years after the internship. We applied Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate alumni perspectives about how CCI at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) impacted their academic/career activities. We learned that alumni had low confidence and expectations of success in STEM as community college students. Participation in CCI increased their professional networks, expectations of success, and STEM skills, identity, and self-efficacy/confidence. Hispanic/Latinx alumni recalled the positive impact of mentors who prioritized personal connections, and women valued "warm" social environments. We propose several additions to the SCCT model, to better reflect the supports and barriers to STEM persistence for community college students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cote, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Salcido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero Munoz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["When I talk about it, my eyes light up!" Impacts of a national laboratory internship on community college student success]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical and behavioral correlates of auditory perception in developmental dyslexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental dyslexia is typically associated with difficulties in basic auditory processing and in manipulating speech sounds. However, the neuroanatomical correlates of auditory difficulties in developmental dyslexia (DD) and their contribution to individual clinical phenotypes are still unknown. Recent intracranial electrocorticography findings associated processing of sound amplitude rises and speech sounds with posterior and middle superior temporal gyrus (STG), respectively. We hypothesize that regional STG anatomy will relate to specific auditory abilities in DD, and that auditory processing abilities will relate to behavioral difficulties with speech and reading. One hundred and ten children (78 DD, 32 typically developing, age 7-15 years) completed amplitude rise time and speech in noise discrimination tasks. They also underwent a battery of cognitive tests. Anatomical MRI scans were used to identify regions in which local cortical gyrification complexity correlated with auditory behavior. Behaviorally, amplitude rise time but not speech in noise performance was impaired in DD. Neurally, amplitude rise time and speech in noise performance correlated with gyrification in posterior and middle STG, respectively. Furthermore, amplitude rise time significantly contributed to reading impairments in DD, while speech in noise only explained variance in phonological awareness. Finally, amplitude rise time and speech in noise performance were not correlated, and each task was correlated with distinct neuropsychological measures, emphasizing their unique contributions to DD. Overall, we provide a direct link between the neurodevelopment of the left STG and individual variability in auditory processing abilities in neurotypical and dyslexic populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelli, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson Pereira, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licata, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical and behavioral correlates of auditory perception in developmental dyslexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L. pneumophila resists its self-harming metabolite HGA via secreted factors and collective peroxide scavenging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pathogenic bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, infect humans from environmental reservoirs. To survive in these reservoirs, bacteria must withstand microbe-on-microbe competition. We previously discovered that L. pneumophila can compete with neighboring bacteria via an antimicrobial metabolite called homogentisic acid (HGA) (Levin, Goldspiel, and Malik 2019). Curiously, L. pneumophila strains that secrete HGA are not wholly immune to its effects: low-density bacteria are strongly inhibited by HGA whereas high-density cells are tolerant. How do these bacteria tolerate HGA and avoid self-harm during interbacterial competition? Here, we find that HGA toxicity occurs via the production of toxic hydroperoxides and multiple factors facilitate high-density tolerance. First, HGA only becomes fully toxic after >1 hour of oxidation. While this manifests as a delay in killing within well-mixed liquid cultures, in a biofilm environment, this could provide time for HGA to diffuse away before becoming toxic. Second, HGA generates quantities of hydroperoxides that can be collectively scavenged by high-density, but not low-density cells. And third, high-density cells produce one or more secreted factors that are transiently protective from HGA. In combination, we propose that the bacteria are able to deploy HGA to generate a pool of reactive oxygen species surrounding their own biofilms, while maintaining non-toxic conditions within them. Overall, these findings help to explain how broadly toxic molecules can be used as inter-bacterial weapons. They also provide insights about why some of our current decontamination methods to control L. pneumophila are ineffective, leading to recurrent disease outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinella, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Lorenzo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubscher, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doakes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubota, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L. pneumophila resists its self-harming metabolite HGA via secreted factors and collective peroxide scavenging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of amino acid metabolism upon rapid depletion of cap-binding protein eIF4E 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis is a crucial but metabolically costly biological process that must be tightly coordinated with cellular needs and nutrient availability. In response to environmental stress, translation initiation is modulated to control protein output while meeting new demands. The cap-binding protein eIF4E--the earliest contact between mRNAs and the translation machinery--serves as one point of control, but its contributions to mRNA-specific translation regulation remain poorly understood. To survey eIF4E-dependent translational control, we acutely depleted eIF4E and determined how this impacts protein synthesis. Despite its essentiality, eIF4E depletion had surprisingly modest effects on cell growth and protein synthesis. Analysis of transcript-level changes revealed that long-lived transcripts were downregulated, likely reflecting accelerated turnover. Paradoxically, eIF4E depletion led to simultaneous upregulation of genes involved in catabolism of aromatic amino acids, which arose as secondary effects of reduced protein biosynthesis on amino acid pools, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids. These futile cycles of amino acid synthesis and degradation were driven, in part, by translational activation of GCN4, a transcription factor typically induced by amino acid starvation. Furthermore, we identified a novel regulatory mechanism governing translation of PCL5, a negative regulator of Gcn4, that provides a consistent protein-to-mRNA ratio under varied translation environments. This translational control was partial dependent on a uniquely long poly-(A) tract in the PCL5 5 UTR and on poly-(A) binding protein. Collectively, these results highlight how eIF4E connects translation to amino acid homeostasis and stress responses and uncovers new mechanisms underlying how cells tightly control protein synthesis during environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of amino acid metabolism upon rapid depletion of cap-binding protein eIF4E]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating instructive from permissive roles of brain circuits with reversible neural activity manipulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has demonstrated that both permanent lesions and acute inactivation experiments can lead to erroneous conclusions about the causal role of brain areas in specific behaviors, casting serious doubt on major avenues by which neuroscientists study the brain. To overcome this challenge, we developed a three-stage optogenetic approach which leverages the ability to precisely control the temporal period of regional inactivation with either brief or sustained illumination, enabling investigators to dissociate between putative  permissive and  instructive roles of brain areas in behavior. We applied this approach to the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) to probe whether V1 is permissive or instructive for the detection low contrast stimuli. Acute inactivation of V1 drastically suppressed performance, but during persistent inactivation, the animals contrast detection recovered to pre-silencing levels. This recovery was itself reversible, as returning the animals to intermittent V1 inactivation reinstated the behavioral deficit. These results argue that V1 is the default circuit mice use to detect visual stimuli, but in its absence, other regions can compensate for it. This novel, temporally controllable optogenetic perturbation paradigm should be useful in other brain circuits to assess whether they are instructive or permissive in a brain function or behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating instructive from permissive roles of brain circuits with reversible neural activity manipulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foldy: a web application for interactive protein structure analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foldy is a cloud-based application that allows non-expert scientists to easily access and utilize advanced AI-based structural biology tools, including AlphaFold and DiffDock. Built on Kubernetes, it can be deployed by universities, departments, and labs without requiring hardware resources, but can also be configured to utilize available computers. Foldy enables scientists to predict the structure of proteins and complexes up to 3000 amino acids, visualize Pfam annotations, and dock ligands with AutoDock Vina and DiffDock.

Our manuscript describes the user interface and deployment considerations of Foldy, as well as some of our applications. By democratizing access to sophisticated AI-based tools, Foldy can facilitate life science research and promote the wider adoption of structural bioinformatics tools. Our work demonstrates that even the most advanced tools can be made accessible to a broad audience through user-friendly platforms like Foldy, and we believe it will be a valuable resource for researchers across scientific disciplines. The public structures available on the Lawrence Berkeley Labs Foldy deployment can be viewed at https://foldy.lbl.gov.

Author SummaryFoldy is a cloud-based application that enables scientists to use AI-based structural biology tools such as AlphaFold and DiffDock without software expertise. Built on Kubernetes, it can be set up by universities, departments, and labs with no need for hardware resources. Foldy can predict the structure of proteins and complexes up to 3000 amino acids, visualize Pfam annotations, and dock ligands with AutoDock Vina and DiffDock. Our public structures can be viewed at https://foldy.lbl.gov.

Our manuscript highlights the user interface, deployment considerations, and product applications of Foldy. Its an accessible solution for researchers who are not software experts and can handle the traffic of thousands of users and hundreds of thousands of protein structures and docked ligands. This makes advanced AI-based tools more widely available, paving the way for accelerating life science research.

By developing an easy-to-use platform, our work demonstrates that even the most sophisticated AI-based tools can be made accessible to a wide audience. Foldy enables more scientists to draw from the rapidly growing field of structural biology, making it a valuable tool for researchers across scientific disciplines. We look forward to its adoption by the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foldy: a web application for interactive protein structure analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic calcium imaging has become a powerful and indispensable tool for analyzing the long-term stability and plasticity of neuronal activity. One crucial step of the data processing pipeline is to register individual neurons across imaging sessions, which usually extend over a few days or even months, and show various levels of spatial deformation of the imaged field of view (FOV). Previous solutions align FOVs of all sessions first and then register the same neurons according to their shapes and locations [1, 2]. However, the FOV registration is computational intensive, especially in the case of nonrigid case.

Here we propose a cell tracking method that does not require FOV image registration. Specifically, the algorithm STAT (short for Stay T ogether, Align Together, and for Spatial Tracking Across Time) represents neurons from two sessions as two sets of neuronal centroids, uses point set registration (PSR) to find a spatially smooth transformation to align them while assigning correspondences. The optimization method iteratively updates between the general motion and individual neuron identity tracking, an idea seen in the computer vision literatures [3, 4]. Our method can be thought of as a specialization and simplification of these more general methods to calcium imaging neuron tracking.

We validate STAT on datasets with simulated nonrigid motion that is hard to motion correct without extensive manual intervention. Next, we test STAT on experimental data from singing birds collected on three different days, and observe stable song-locked activity across days. An example use case of this package is reference [5].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Tracking Across Time (ST AT ): Tracking Neurons Across In-Vivo Imaging Sessions through Optimizing Local Neighborhood Motion Consistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPRi knockdown to map gene essentiality landscape in coliphages {lambda} and P1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phages are one of the key ecological drivers of microbial community dynamics, function and evolution. Despite their importance in bacterial ecology and evolutionary processes, phage genes are poorly characterized, hampering their usage in a variety of biotechnological applications. Methods to characterize such genes, even those critical to the phage life cycle, are labor-intensive and are generally phage-specific. Here, we develop a systematic gene essentiality mapping method scalable to new phage-host combinations that facilitate the identification of non-essential genes. As proof of concept, we use a catalytically inactive Cas12a mediated genome-wide CRISPRi assay to determine the essential genes in the canonical coliphages {lambda} and P1. Results from a single panel of CRISPRi probes largely recapitulate the essential gene roster determined from decades of genetic analysis for lambda and provide new insights into essential and nonessential loci in P1. We present evidence of how CRISPRi polarity can lead to false positive gene essentiality assignments and recommend caution towards interpreting CRISPRi data on gene essentiality when applied to less studied phages. Finally, we show that we can engineer phages by inserting DNA barcodes into newly identified inessential regions, which will empower processes of identification, quantification and tracking of phages in diverse applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Hernandez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPRi knockdown to map gene essentiality landscape in coliphages {lambda} and P1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila embryogenesis scales uniformly across temperature and developmentally diverse species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature affects both the timing and outcome of animal development, but the detailed effects of temperature on the progress of early development have been poorly characterized. To determine the impact of temperature on the order and timing of events during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis, we used time-lapse imaging to track the progress of embryos from shortly after egg laying through hatching at seven precisely maintained temperatures between 17.5{degrees}C and 32.5{degrees}C. We employed a combination of automated and manual annotation to determine when 36 milestones occurred in each embryo. D. melanogaster embryogenesis takes 33 hours at 17.5{degrees}C, and accelerates with increasing temperature to a low of 16 hours at 27.5{degrees}C, above which embryogenesis slows slightly. Remarkably, while the total time of embryogenesis varies over two fold, the relative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constant across temperatures. To further explore the relationship between temperature and embryogenesis, we expanded our analysis to cover ten additional Drosophila species of varying climatic origins. Six of these species, like D. melanogaster, are of tropical origin, and embryogenesis time at different temperatures was similar for them all. D. mojavensis, a sub-tropical fly, develops slower than the tropical species at lower temperatures, while D. virilis, a temperate fly, exhibits slower development at all temperatures. The alpine sister species D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura develop as rapidly as tropical flies at cooler temperatures, but exhibit diminished acceleration above 22.5{degrees}C and have drastically slowed development by 30{degrees}C. Despite ranging from 13 hours for D. erecta at 30{degrees}C to 46 hours for D. virilis at 17.5{degrees}C, the relative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constant across all of the species and temperatures examined here, suggesting the existence of a previously unrecognized timer controlling the progress of embryogenesis that has been tuned by natural selection in response to the thermal environment in which each species lives.nnAuthor SummaryTemperature profoundly impacts the rate of development of "cold-blooded" animals, which proceeds far faster when it is warm. There is, however, no universal relationship. Closely related species can develop at markedly different speeds at the same temperature, likely resulting from environmental adaptation. This creates a major challenge when comparing development among species, as it is unclear whether they should be compared at the same temperature or under different conditions to maintain the same developmental rate. Facing this challenge while working with flies (Drosophila species), we found there was little data to inform this decision. So, using time-lapse imaging, precise temperature-control, and computational and manual video-analysis, we tracked the complex process of embryogenesis in 11 species at seven different temperatures. There was over a three-fold difference in developmental rate between the fastest species at its fastest temperature and the slowest species at its slowest temperature. However, our finding that the timing of events within development all scaled uniformly across species and temperatures astonished us. This is good news for developmental biologists, since we can induce species to develop nearly identically by growing them at different temperatures. But it also means flies must possess some unknown clock-like molecular mechanism driving embryogenesis forward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven Gregory Kuntz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila embryogenesis scales uniformly across temperature and developmentally diverse species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and implementation of a synthetic biomolecular concentration tracker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a field, synthetic biology strives to engineer increasingly complex artificial systems in living cells. Active feedback in closed loop systems offers a dynamic and adaptive way to ensure constant relative activity independent of intrinsic and extrinsic noise. In this work, we design, model, and implement a biomolecular concentration tracker, in which an output protein tracks the concentration of an input protein. Synthetic modular protein scaffold domains are used to colocalize a two-component system, and a single negative feedback loop modulates the production of the output protein. Using a combination of model and experimental work, we show that the circuit achieves real-time protein concentration tracking in Escherichia coli and that steady state outputs can be tuned.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Victoria Hsiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel LC de los Santos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston R Whitaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Dueber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and implementation of a synthetic biomolecular concentration tracker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sap flow through petioles and petioles reveals leaf-level responses to light and vapor pressure deficit in the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous measurements of sap flow have been widely used to measure water flux through tree stems and branches. However, these measurements lack the resolution necessary for determining fine-scale, leaf-level responses to environmental variables. We used the heat ratio method to measure sap flow rates through leaf petioles and leaflet petiolules of saplings of the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) to determine how leaf and leaflet sap flow responds to variation in light and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We found that in the morning sap flow rates to east-facing leaves increased 26 minutes before adjacent west-facing leaves. Although leaves had higher integrated sap flow than their largest leaflet, this difference was not proportional to the difference in leaf area, which could be due to lower conduit area in petiolules than in petioles. In contrast to measurements on main stems, integrated daily sap flow was negatively correlated with daily mean VPD. Furthermore, leaves exhibited previously undescribed patterns of hysteresis in the sap flow-VPD and sap flow-PAR relationships. When hysteresis in the sap flow-PAR relationship was clockwise, the sap flow-VPD relationship was also clockwise; however, when hysteresis in the sap flow-PAR relationship was counterclockwise, the sap flow-VPD relationship displayed an intersected loop. These pattern differences highlight how substantially leaf-level processes may vary within a canopy and how leaf-level processes may not scale predictably to the stem level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Roddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus Winter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sap flow through petioles and petioles reveals leaf-level responses to light and vapor pressure deficit in the tropical tree Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sequenced genomes from a [~]7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations deep relationships and show that EEF had [~]44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iosif Lazaridis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alissa Mittnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapan Mallick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karola Kirsanow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter H. Sudmant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergi Castellano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Lipson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnie Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Economou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Bollongino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiaomei Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten Bos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Nordenfelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare de Filippo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay Prüfer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanna Sawyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosimo Posth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Haak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrik Hallgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elin Fornander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadin Rohland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Delsate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Francken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Guinet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachim Wahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Ayodo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamza A. Babiker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciela Baillet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Balanovska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleg Balanovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramiro Barrantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Bedoya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim Ben-Ami</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judit Bene</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouad Berrada</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudio M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifts in stability and control effectiveness during evolution of Paraves support aerial maneuvering hypotheses for flight origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity for aerial maneuvering was likely a major influence on the evolution of flying animals. Here we evaluate consequences of paravian morphology for aerial performance by quantifying static stability and control effectiveness of physical models for numerous taxa sampled from within the lineage leading to birds (Paraves). Results of aerodynamic testing are mapped phylogenetically to examine how maneuvering characteristics correspond to tail shortening, forewing elaboration, and other morphological features. In the evolution of Paraves we observe shifts from static stability to inherently unstable aerial planforms; control effectiveness also migrated from tails to the forewings. These shifts suggest that some degree of aerodynamic control and and capacity for maneuvering preceded the evolution of strong power stroke. The timing of shifts also suggests features normally considered in light of development of a power stroke may play important roles in control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharlene Cam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Huynh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin Kwong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homayun Mehrabani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Dudley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifts in stability and control effectiveness during evolution of Paraves support aerial maneuvering hypotheses for flight origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximation to the distribution of fitness effects across functional categories in human segregating polymorphisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the proportion of polymorphic mutations that are deleterious or neutral is of fundamental importance to our understanding of evolution, disease genetics and the maintenance of variation genome-wide. Here, we develop an approximation to the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of segregating single-nucleotide mutations in humans. Unlike previous methods, we do not assume that synonymous mutations are neutral or not strongly selected, and we do not rely on fitting the DFE of all new nonsynonymous mutations to a single probability distribution, which is poorly motivated on a biological level. We rely on a previously developed method that utilizes a variety of published annotations (including conservation scores, protein deleteriousness estimates and regulatory data) to score all mutations in the human genome based on how likely they are to be affected by negative selection, controlling for mutation rate. We map this score to a scale of fitness coefficients via maximum likelihood using diffusion theory and a Poisson random field model on SNP data. Our method serves to approximate the deleterious DFE of mutations that are segregating, regardless of their genomic consequence. We can then compare the proportion of mutations that are negatively selected or neutral across various categories, including different types of regulatory sites. We observe that the distribution of intergenic polymorphisms is highly peaked at neutrality, while the distribution of nonsynonymous polymorphisms is bimodal, with a neutral peak and a second peak at s {approx} -10-4. Other types of polymorphisms have shapes that fall roughly in between these two. We find that transcriptional start sites, strong CTCF-enriched elements and enhancers are the regulatory categories with the largest proportion of deleterious polymorphisms.nnAuthor SummaryThe relative frequencies of polymorphic mutations that are deleterious, nearly neutral and neutral is traditionally called the distribution of fitness effects (DFE). Obtaining an accurate approximation to this distribution in humans can help us understand the nature of disease and the mechanisms by which variation is maintained in the genome. Previous methods to approximate this distribution have relied on fitting the DFE of new mutations to a single probability distribution, like a normal or an exponential distribution. Generally, these methods also assume that a particular category of mutations, like synonymous changes, can be assumed to be neutral or nearly neutral. Here, we provide a novel method designed to reflect the strength of negative selection operating on any segregating site in the human genome. We use a maximum likelihood mapping approach to fit these scores to a scale of neutral and negative fitness coefficients. Finally, we compare the shape of the DFEs we obtain from this mapping for different types of functional categories. We observe the distribution of polymorphisms has a strong peak at neutrality, as well as a second peak of deleterious effects when restricting to nonsynonymous polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando Racimo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximation to the distribution of fitness effects across functional categories in human segregating polymorphisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protected polymorphisms and evolutionary stability of patch-selection strategies in stochastic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider consider a population living in a patchy environment that varies stochastically in space and time. The population is composed of two morphs (that is, individuals of the same species with different genotypes). In terms of survival and reproductive success, the associated phenotypes differ only in their habitat selection strategies. We compute invasion rates corresponding to the rates at which the abundance of an initially rare morph increases in the presence of the other morph established at equilibrium. If both morphs have positive invasion rates when rare, then there is an equilibrium distribution such that the two morphs coexist; that is, there is a protected polymorphism for habitat selection. Alternatively, if one morph has a negative invasion rate when rare, then it is asymptotically displaced by the other morph under all initial conditions where both morphs are present. We refine the characterization of an evolutionary stable strategy for habitat selection from [Schreiber, 2012] in a mathematically rigorous manner. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an ESS that uses all patches and determine when using a single patch is an ESS. We also provide an explicit formula for the ESS when there are two habitat types. We show that adding environmental stochasticity results in an ESS that, when compared to the ESS for the corresponding model without stochasticity, spends less time in patches with larger carrying capacities and possibly makes use of sink patches, thereby practicing a spatial form of bet hedging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steve Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandru Hening</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Schreiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protected polymorphisms and evolutionary stability of patch-selection strategies in stochastic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks using Compressive Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe consider the problem of reconstructing a gene regulatory network structure from limited time series gene expression data, without any a priori knowledge of connectivity. We assume that the network is sparse, meaning the connectivity among genes is much less than full connectivity. We develop a method for network reconstruction based on compressive sensing, which takes advantage of the networks sparseness.nnResultsFor the case in which all genes are accessible for measurement, and there is no measurement noise, we show that our method can be used to exactly reconstruct the network. For the more general problem, in which hidden genes exist and all measurements are contaminated by noise, we show that our method leads to reliable reconstruction. In both cases, coherence of the model is used to assess the ability to reconstruct the network and to design new experiments. For each problem, a set of numerical examples is presented.nnConclusionsThe method provides a guarantee on how well the inferred graph structure represents the underlying system, reveals deficiencies in the data and model, and suggests experimental directions to remedy the deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe W. Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks using Compressive Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling Multidimensional Spatio-Temporal Data into their Common and Aberrant Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high-throughput measurement techniques, scientists and engineers are starting to grapple with massive data sets and encountering challenges with how to organize, process and extract information into meaningful structures. Multidimensional spatio-temporal biological data sets such as time series gene expression with various perturbations over different cell lines, or neural spike trains across many experimental trials, have the potential to acquire insight across multiple dimensions. For this potential to be realized, we need a suitable representation to understand the data. Since a wide range of experiments and the unknown complexity of the underlying system contribute to the heterogeneity of biological data, we propose a method based on Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA), which is well suited for extracting principal components when there are corrupted observations. The proposed method provides us a new representation of these data sets in terms of a common and aberrant response. This representation might help users to acquire a new insight from data.nnAuthor SummaryOne of the most exciting trends and important themes in science and engineering involves the use of high-throughput measurement data. With different dimensions, for example, various perturbations, different doses of drug or cell lines characteristics, such multidimensional data sets enable us to understand commonalities and differences across multiple dimensions. A general question is how to organize the observed data into meaningful structures and how to find an appropriate similarity measure. A natural way of viewing these complex high dimensional data sets is to examine and analyze the large-scale features and then to focus on the interesting details. With this notion, we propose an RPCA-based method which models common variations as approximately the low-rank component and anomalies as the sparse component. We show that the proposed method is able to find distinct subtypes and classify data sets in a robust way without any prior knowledge by separating these common responses and abnormal responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jim Korkola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhara N. Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark M. Moasser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose M. Carmena</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe W. Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling Multidimensional Spatio-Temporal Data into their Common and Aberrant Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradual divergence and diversification of mammalian duplicate gene functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication provides raw material for the evolution of functional innovation. We recently developed a phylogenetic method to classify the evolutionary processes underlying the retention and functional evolution of duplicate genes by quantifying divergence of their gene expression profiles. Here, we apply our method to pairs of duplicate genes in eight mammalian genomes, using data from 11 distinct tissues to construct spatial gene expression profiles. We find that young mammalian duplicates are often functionally conserved, and that functional divergence gradually increases with evolutionary distance between species. Examination of expression patterns in genes with conserved and new functions supports the "out-of-testes" hypothesis, in which new genes arise with testis-specific functions and acquire functions in other tissues over time. While new functions tend to be tissue-specific, there is no bias toward expression in any particular tissue. Thus, duplicate genes acquire a diversity of functions outside of the testes, possibly contributing to the origin of a multitude of complex phenotypes during mammalian evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raquel Assis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradual divergence and diversification of mammalian duplicate gene functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic ANOVA: The Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model for quantitative trait evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of methods have been developed for modeling the evolution of a quantitative trait on a phylogeny. These methods have received renewed interest in the context of genome-wide studies of gene expression, in which the expression levels of many genes can be modeled as quantitative traits. We here develop a new method for joint analyses of quantitative traits within and between-species, the Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model. The model parameterizes the ratio of population to evolutionary expression variance, facilitating a wide variety of analyses, including a test for lineage-specific shifts in expression level, and a phylogenetic ANOVA that can detect genes with increased or decreased ratios of expression divergence to diversity, analogous to the famous HKA test used to detect selection at the DNA level. We use simulations to explore the properties of these tests under a variety of circumstances and show that the phylogenetic ANOVA is more accurate than the standard ANOVA (no accounting for phylogeny) sometimes used in transcriptomics. We then apply the EVE model to a mammalian phylogeny of 15 species typed for expression levels in liver tissue. We identify genes with high expression divergence between-species as candidates for expression level adaptation, and genes with high expression diversity within-species as candidates for expression level conservation and/or plasticity. Using the test for lineage-specific expression shifts, we identify several candidate genes for expression level adaptation on the catarrhine and human lineages, including genes putatively related to dietary changes in humans. We compare these results to those reported previously using a model which ignores expression variance within-species, uncovering important differences in performance. We demonstrate the necessity for a phylogenetic model in comparative expression studies and show the utility of the EVE model to detect expression divergence, diversity, and branch-specific shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rori Rohlfs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic ANOVA: The Expression Variance and Evolution (EVE) model for quantitative trait evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
diCal-IBD: demography-aware inference of identity-by-descent tracts in unrelated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary: We present a tool, diCal-IBD, for detecting identity-by-descent (IBD) tracts between pairs of genomic sequences. Our method builds on a recent demographic inference method based on the coalescent with recombination, and is able to incorporate demographic information as a prior. Simulation study shows that diCal-IBD has significantly higher recall and precision than that of existing IBD detection methods, while retaining reasonable accuracy for IBD tracts as small as 0.1 cM.nnAvailability: http://sourceforge.net/p/dical-ibdnnContact: yss@eecs.berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paula Tataru</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine A. Nirody</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[diCal-IBD: demography-aware inference of identity-by-descent tracts in unrelated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-inspired design of ice-retardant devices based on benthic marine invertebrates: the effect of surface texture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth of ice on surfaces poses a challenge for both organisms and for devices that come into contact with liquids below the freezing point. Resistance of some organisms to ice formation and growth, either in subtidal environments (e.g. Antarctic anchor ice), or in environments with moisture and cold air (e.g. plants, intertidal) begs examination of how this is accomplished. Several factors may be important in promoting or mitigating ice formation. As a start, here we examine the effect of surface texture alone. We tested four candidate surfaces, inspired by hard-shelled marine invertebrates and constructed using a three-dimensional printing process. We screened biological and artifical samples for ice formation and accretion in submerged conditions using previous methods, and developed a new test to examine ice formation from surface droplets as might be encountered in environments with moist, cold air. It appears surface texture plays only a small role in delaying the onset of ice formation: a stripe feature (corresponding to patterning found on valves of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, or on the spines of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri) slowed ice formation an average of 25% compared to a grid feature (corresponding to patterning found on sub-polar butterclams, Saxidomas nuttalli). The geometric dimensions of the features have only a small ([~]6%) effect on ice formation. Surface texture affects ice formation, but does not explain by itself the large variation in ice formation and species-specific ice resistance observed in other work. This suggests future examination of other factors, such as material elastic properties and coatings, and their interaction with surface pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Homayun Mehrabani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-inspired design of ice-retardant devices based on benthic marine invertebrates: the effect of surface texture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of methods for Low-volume RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, a number of protocols extending RNA-sequencing to the single-cell regime have been published. However, we were concerned that the additional steps to deal with such minute quantities of input sample would introduce serious biases that would make analysis of the data using existing approaches invalid. In this study, we performed a critical evaluation of several of these low-volume RNA-seq protocols, and found that they performed slightly less well in metrics of interest to us than a more standard protocol, but with at least two orders of magnitude less sample required. We also explored a simple modification to one of these protocols that, for many samples, reduced the cost of library preparation to approximately $20/sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter Acuña Combs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of methods for Low-volume RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of regions of genomic activity during the Drosophila maternal to zygotic transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conspicuous feature of early animal development is the lack of transcription from the embryonic genome, and it typically takes several hours to several days (depending on the species) until widespread transcription of the embryonic genome begins. Although this transition is ubiquitous, relatively little is known about how the shift from a transcriptionally quiescent to transcriptionally active genome is controlled. We describe here the genome-wide distributions and temporal dynamics of nucleosomes and post-translational histone modifications through the maternal-to-zygotic transition in embryos of the pomace fly Drosophila melanogaster. At mitotic cycle 8, when few zygotic genes are being transcribed, embryonic chromatin is in a relatively simple state: there are few nucleosome free regions, undetectable levels of the histone methylation marks characteristic of mature chromatin, and low levels of histone acetylation at a relatively small number of loci. Histone acetylation increases by cycle 11, but it is not until cycle 13 that nucleosome free regions and domains of histone methylation become widespread. Early histone acetylation is strongly associated with regions that we have previously shown are bound in early embryos by the maternally deposited transcription factor Zelda. Most of these Zelda-bound regions are destined to be enhancers or promoters active during mitotic cycle 14, and our data demonstrate that they are biochemically distinct long before they become active, raising the possibility that Zelda triggers a cascade of events, including the accumulation of specific histone modifications, that plays a role in the subsequent activation of these sequences. Many of these Zelda-associated active regions occur in larger domains that we find strongly enriched for histone marks characteristic of Polycomb-mediated repression, suggesting a dynamic balance between Zelda activation and Polycomb repression. Collectively, these data paint a complex picture of a genome in transition from a quiescent to an active state, and highlight the role of Zelda in mediating this transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao-Yong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Harrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommy Kaplan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of regions of genomic activity during the Drosophila maternal to zygotic transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of de novo transcriptome assemblies from RNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo RNA-Seq assembly facilitates the study of transcriptomes for species without sequenced genomes, but it is challenging to select the most accurate assembly in this context. To address this challenge, we developed a model-based score, RSEM-EVAL, for evaluating assemblies when the ground truth is unknown. Our experiments show that RSEM-EVAL correctly reflects assembly accuracy, as measured by REF-EVAL, a refined set of ground-truth-based scores that we also developed. With the guidance of RSEM-EVAL, we assembled the transcriptome of the regenerating axolotl limb; this assembly compares favorably to a previous assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanael Fillmore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yongsheng Bai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mike Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James A Thomson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Stewart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Dewey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of de novo transcriptome assemblies from RNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effective founder effect in a spatially expanding population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The gradual loss of diversity associated with range expansions is a well known pattern observed in many species, and can be explained with a serial founder model. We show that under a branching process approximation, this loss in diversity is due to the difference in offspring variance between individuals at and away from the expansion front, which allows us to measure the strength of the founder effect, dependant on an effective founder size. We demonstrate that the predictions from the branching process model fit very well with Wright-Fisher forward simulations and backwards simulations under a modified Kingman coalescent, and further show that estimates of the effective founder size are robust to possibly confounding factors such as migration between subpopulations. We apply our method to a data set of Arabidopsis thaliana, where we find that the founder effect is about three times stronger in the Americas than in Europe, which may be attributed to the more recent, faster expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Marco Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effective founder effect in a spatially expanding population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-locus analysis of genomic time series data from experimental evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic time series data generated by evolve-and-resequence (E&R) experiments offer a powerful window into the mechanisms that drive evolution. However, standard population genetic inference procedures do not account for sampling serially over time, and new methods are needed to make full use of modern experimental evolution data. To address this problem, we develop a Gaussian process approximation to the multi-locus Wright-Fisher process with selection over a time course of tens of generations. The mean and covariance structure of the Gaussian process are obtained by computing the corresponding moments in discrete-time Wright-Fisher models conditioned on the presence of a linked selected site. This enables our method to account for the effects of linkage and selection, both along the genome and across sampled time points, in an approximate but principled manner. Using simulated data, we demonstrate the power of our method to correctly detect, locate and estimate the fitness of a selected allele from among several linked sites. We also study how this power changes for different values of selection strength, initial haplotypic diversity, population size, sampling frequency, experimental duration, number of replicates, and sequencing coverage depth. In addition to providing quantitative estimates of selection parameters from experimental evolution data, our model can be used by practitioners to design E&R experiments with requisite power. Finally, we explore how our likelihood-based approach can be used to infer other model parameters, including effective population size and recombination rate, and discuss extensions to more complex models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Terhorst</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-locus analysis of genomic time series data from experimental evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient inference of population size histories and locus-specific mutation rates from large-sample genomic variation data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the recent increase in study sample sizes in human genetics, there has been growing interest in inferring historical population demography from genomic variation data. Here, we present an efficient inference method that can scale up to very large samples, with tens or hundreds of thousands of individuals. Specifically, by utilizing analytic results on the expected frequency spectrum under the coalescent and by leveraging the technique of automatic differentiation, which allows us to compute gradients exactly, we develop a very efficient algorithm to infer piecewise-exponential models of the historical effective population size from the distribution of sample allele frequencies. Our method is orders of magnitude faster than previous demographic inference methods based on the frequency spectrum. In addition to inferring demography, our method can also accurately estimate locus-specific mutation rates. We perform extensive validation of our method on simulated data and show that it can accurately infer multiple recent epochs of rapid exponential growth, a signal which is difficult to pick up with small sample sizes. Lastly, we apply our method to analyze data from recent sequencing studies, including a large-sample exome-sequencing dataset of tens of thousands of individuals assayed at a few hundred genic regions.nnSoftwareWe have implemented the algorithms described in this paper in an open-source software package called fastNeutrino, which stands for fast Ne (effective population size) and mutation rate inference using analytic optimization. It will be publicly available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/fastneutrino.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand Bhaskar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Y.X. Rachel Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient inference of population size histories and locus-specific mutation rates from large-sample genomic variation data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The directed evolution of biomolecules to improve or change their activity is central to many engineering and synthetic biology efforts. However, selecting improved variants from gene libraries in living cells requires plasmid expression systems that suffer from variable copy number effects, or the use of complex marker-dependent chromosomal integration strategies. We developed quantitative gene assembly and DNA library insertion into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome by optimizing an efficient single-step and marker-free genome editing system using CRISPR-Cas9. With this Multiplex CRISPR (CRISPRm) system, we selected an improved cellobiose utilization pathway in diploid yeast in a single round of mutagenesis and selection, which increased cellobiose fermentation rates by over ten-fold. Mutations recovered in the best cellodextrin transporters reveal synergy between substrate binding and transporter dynamics, and demonstrate the power of CRISPRm to accelerate selection experiments and discoveries of the molecular determinants that enhance biomolecule function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owen W Ryan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Skerker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Maurer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan C Tsai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snigdha Poddar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael E Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will DeLoache</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Dueber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Arkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of chromosomal DNA libraries using a multiplex CRISPR system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontogeny of aerial righting and wing flapping in juvenile birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of aerial righting in juvenile Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) were studied from hatching through 14 days-post-hatching (dph). Asymmetric movements of the wings were used from 1-8 dph to effect progressively more successful righting behaviour via body roll. Following 8 dph, wing motions transitioned to bilaterally symmetric flapping that yielded aerial righting via nose-down pitch, along with substantial increases in vertical force production during descent. Ontogenetically, the use of such wing motions to effect aerial righting precedes both symmetric flapping and a previously documented behaviour in chukar (i.e., wing-assisted incline running) hypothesized to be relevant to incipient flight evolution in birds. These findings highlight the importance of asymmetric wing activation and controlled aerial manoeuvres during bird development, and are potentially relevant to understanding the origins of avian flight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis Evangelista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharlene Cam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Huynh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Krivitskiy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Dudley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontogeny of aerial righting and wing flapping in juvenile birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding xylose metabolism in yeast for plant cell wall conversion to biofuels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustainable biofuel production from renewable biomass will require the efficient and complete use of all abundant sugars in the plant cell wall. Using the cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa as a model, we identified a xylodextrin transport and consumption pathway required for its growth on hemicellulose. Successful reconstitution of this xylodextrin utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that fungal xylose reductases act as xylodextrin reductases, and together with two hydrolases, generate intracellular xylose and xylitol. Xylodextrin consumption using xylodextrin reductases and tandem intracellular hydrolases greatly expands the capacity of yeasts to use plant cell wall-derived sugars, and should be adaptable to increase the efficiency of both first-generation and next-generation biofuel production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian Y Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuping Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulika Chomvong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raíssa Estrela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie M Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Znameroski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna Feehan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo Rin Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong-Su Jin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N Louise Glass</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding xylose metabolism in yeast for plant cell wall conversion to biofuels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity of quantitative traits to mutational effects, number of loci, and population history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When models of quantitative genetic variation are built from population genetic first principles, several assumptions are often made. One of the most important assumptions is that traits are controlled by many genes of small effect. This leads to a prediction of a Gaussian trait distribution in the population, via the Central Limit Theorem. Since these biological assumptions are often unknown or untrue, we characterized how finite numbers of loci or large mutational effects can impact the sampling distribution of a quantitative trait. To do so, we developed a neutral coalescent-based framework, allowing us to experiment freely with the number of loci and the underlying mutational model. Through both analytical theory and simulation we found the normality assumption was highly sensitive to the details of the mutational process, with the greatest discrepancies arising when the number of loci was small or the mutational kernel was heavy-tailed. In particular, fat-tailed mutational kernels result in multimodal sampling distributions for any number of loci. An empirical analysis of 7079 expressed genes in 49 Neurospora crassa strains identified 116 genes with non-normal sampling distributions. Several genes showed evidence of multimodality and/or skewness, suggesting the importance of their genetic architecture. Since selection models and robust neutral models may produce qualitatively similar sampling distributions, we advise extra caution should be taken when interpreting model-based results for poorly understood systems of quantitative traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J. Landis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity of quantitative traits to mutational effects, number of loci, and population history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The projection of a test genome onto a reference population and applications to humans and archaic hominins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a method for comparing a test genome with numerous genomes from a reference population. Sites in the test genome are given a weight w that depends on the allele frequency x in the reference population. The projection of the test genome onto the reference population is the average weight for each x, [Formula]. The weight is assigned in such a way that if the test genome is a random sample from the reference population, [Formula]. Using analytic theory, numerical analysis, and simulations, we show how the projection depends on the time of population splitting, the history of admixture and changes in past population size. The projection is sensitive to small amounts of past admixture, the direction of admixture and admixture from a population not sampled (a ghost population). We compute the projection of several human and two archaic genomes onto three reference populations from the 1000 Genomes project, Europeans (CEU), Han Chinese (CHB) and Yoruba (YRI) and discuss the consistency of our analysis with previously published results for European and Yoruba demographic history. Including higher amounts of admixture between Europeans and Yoruba soon after their separation and low amounts of admixture more recently can resolve discrepancies between the projections and demographic inferences from some previous studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melinda A Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The projection of a test genome onto a reference population and applications to humans and archaic hominins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the transcriptome, nucleotide sequence polymorphism, and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse Peromyscus eremicus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a direct result of intense heat and aridity, deserts are thought to be among the most harsh of environments, particularly for their mammalian inhabitants. Given that osmoregulation can be challenging for these animals, with failure resulting in death, strong selection should be observed on genes related to the maintenance of water and solute balance. One such animal, Peromyscus eremicus, is native to the desert regions of the southwest United States and may live its entire life without oral fluid intake. As a first step toward understanding the genetics that underlie this phenotype, we present a characterization of the P. eremicus transcriptome. We assay four tissues (kidney, liver, brain, testes) from a single individual and supplement this with population level renal transcriptome sequencing from 15 additional animals. We identified a set of transcripts undergoing both purifying and balancing selection based on estimates of Tajimas D. In addition, we used the branch-site test to identify a transcript - Slc2a9, likely related to desert osmoregulation - undergoing enhanced selection in P. eremicus relative to a set of related non-desert rodents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew D MacManes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the transcriptome, nucleotide sequence polymorphism, and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse Peromyscus eremicus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reticulate speciation and adaptive introgression in the Anopheles gambiae species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, exists as a series of ecologically specialized subgroups that are phylogenetically nested within the Anopheles gambiae species complex. These species and subgroups exhibit varying degrees of reproductive isolation, sometimes recognized as distinct subspecies. We have sequenced 32 complete genomes from field-captured individuals of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles gambiae M form (recently named A. coluzzii), sister species A. arabiensis, and the recently discovered "GOUNDRY" subgroup of A. gambiae that is highly susceptible to Plasmodium. Amidst a backdrop of strong reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation, we find evidence for introgression of autosomal chromosomal regions among species and subgroups, some of which have facilitated adaptation. The X chromosome, however, is strongly differentiated among all species and subgroups, pointing to a disproportionately large effect of X chromosome genes in driving speciation among anophelines. Strikingly, we find that autosomal introgression has occurred from contemporary hybridization among A. gambiae and A. arabiensis despite strong divergence ({bsim}5x higher than autosomal divergence) and isolation on the X chromosome. We find a large region of the X chromosome that has swept to fixation in the GOUNDRY subgroup within the last 100 years, which may be an inversion that serves as a partial barrier to contemporary gene flow. We show that speciation with gene flow results in genomic mosaicism of divergence and introgression. Such a reticulate gene pool connecting vector species and subgroups across the speciation continuum has important implications for malaria control efforts.nnAuthor SummarySubdivision of species into ecological specialized subgroups allows organisms to access a wider variety of environments and sometimes leads to the formation of species complexes. Adaptation to distinct environments tends to result in differentiation among closely related subgroups, although hybridization can facilitate sharing of globally adaptive alleles. Here, we show that differentiation and hybridization have acted in parallel in a species complex of Anopheles mosquitoes that vector human malaria. In particular, we show that extensive adaptive differentiation and partial reproductive isolation has led to genomic differentiation among mosquito species and subgroups, especially on the X chromosome. However, we also find evidence for exchange of genes on the autosomes that has provided the raw material for recent rapid adaptation. For example, we show that A. arabiensis has shared a mutation conferring insecticide resistance with two subgroups of A. gambiae within the last 60 years, illustrating the fluid nature of species boundaries among even more advanced species pairs. Our results underscore the expected challenges in deploying vector-based disease control strategies since many of the worlds most devastating human pathogens are transmitted by arthropod species complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Crawford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle M. Riehle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamdaogo M. Guelbeogo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awa Gneme</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'fale Sagnon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth D. Vernick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian P. Lazzaro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reticulate speciation and adaptive introgression in the Anopheles gambiae species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitting the Balding-Nichols model to forensic databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large forensic databases provide an opportunity to compare observed empirical rates of genotype matching with those expected under forensic genetic models. A number of researchers have taken advantage of this opportunity to validate some forensic genetic approaches, particularly to ensure that estimated rates of genotype matching between unrelated individuals are indeed slight overestimates of those observed. However, these studies have also revealed systematic error trends in genotype probability estimates. In this analysis, we investigate these error trends and show how the specific implementation of the Balding-Nichols model must be considered when applied to database-wide matching. Specifically, we show that in addition to accounting for increased allelic matching between individuals with recent shared ancestry, studies must account for relatively decreased allelic matching between individuals with more ancient shared ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rori Rohlfs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitor R.C. Aguiar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk E. Lohmueller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda M. Castro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandro C.S. Ferreira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanessa C.O. Almeida</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuri D. Louro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitting the Balding-Nichols model to forensic databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 22,403 marker composite genetic linkage map for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) derived from ten populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major staple crop in Africa, Asia, and South America, and its starchy roots provide nourishment for 800 million people worldwide. Although native to South America, cassava was brought to Africa approximately 400 years ago and is now widely cultivated across sub-Saharan Africa. The widespread use of clonal planting material, however, aids the spread of disease. Breeding for disease resistance and improved yield began in the 1920s and has accelerated in the last 45 years. To assist in the rapid identification of markers for pathogen resistance and crop traits, and to accelerate breeding programs, we generated a framework map for M. esculenta Crantz derived from reduced representation sequencing (genotyping-by-sequencing [GBS]). The composite 2,412 cM map integrates ten biparental maps (comprising 3,480 meioses) and organizes 22,403 genetic markers on 18 chromosomes, in agreement with the observed karyotype. The map anchors 71.9% of the draft genome assembly and 90.7% of the predicted protein-coding genes. The resulting chromosome-anchored genome sequence provides an essential framework for identification of trait markers and causal genes as well as genomics-enhanced breeding of this important crop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 22,403 marker composite genetic linkage map for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) derived from ten populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origin and evolution of maize in the American Southwest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maize offers an ideal system through which to demonstrate the potential of ancient population genomic techniques for reconstructing the evolution and spread of domesticates. The diffusion of maize from Mexico into the North American Southwest (SW) remains contentious with the available evidence being restricted to morphological studies of ancient maize plant material. We captured 1 Mb of nuclear DNA from 32 archaeological maize samples spanning 6000 years and compared them with modern landraces including those from the Mexican West coast and highlands. We found that the initial diffusion of domesticated maize into the SW is likely to have occurred through a highland route. However, by 2000 years ago a Pacific coastal corridor was also being used. Furthermore, we could distinguish between genes that were selected for early during domestication (such as zagl1 involved in shattering) from genes that changed in the SW context (e.g. related to sugar content and adaptation to drought) likely as a response to the local arid environment and new cultural uses of maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rute R da Fonseca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce D Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Wales</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrico Cappellini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontus Skoglund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteo Fumagalli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alfredo Samaniego</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Carøe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>María C Ávila-Arcos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David E Hufnagel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipe Garrett Vieira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattias Jakobsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardo Arriaza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eske Willerslev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew B Hufford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Albrechtsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Thomas P Gilbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origin and evolution of maize in the American Southwest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transition densities and sample frequency spectra of diffusion processes with selection and variable population size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in empirical population genetics have made apparent the need for models that simultaneously account for selection and demography. To address this need, we here study the Wright-Fisher diffusion under selection and variable effective population size. In the case of genic selection and piecewise-constant effective population sizes, we obtain the transition density function by extending a recently developed method for computing an accurate spectral representation for a constant population size. Utilizing this extension, we show how to compute the sample frequency spectrum (SFS) in the presence of genic selection and an arbitrary number of instantaneous changes in the effective population size. We also develop an alternate, efficient algorithm for computing the SFS using a method of moments. We apply these methods to answer the following questions: If neutrality is incorrectly assumed when there is selection, what effects does it have on demographic parameter estimation? Can the impact of negative selection be observed in populations that undergo strong exponential growth?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Zivkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Stephan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transition densities and sample frequency spectra of diffusion processes with selection and variable population size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
After the games are over: life-history trade-offs drive dispersal attenuation following range expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased dispersal propensity often evolves on expanding range edges due to the Olympic Village effect, which involves the fastest and fittest finding themselves together in the same place at the same time, mating, and giving rise to like individuals. But what happens after the ranges leading edge has passed and the games are over? Although empirical studies indicate that dispersal propensity attenuates following range expansion, hypotheses about the mechanisms driving this attenuation have not been clearly articulated or tested. Here we use a simple model of the spatiotemporal dynamics of two phenotypes, one fast and the other slow, to propose that dispersal attenuation beyond pre-expansion levels is only possible in the presence of trade-offs between dispersal and life-history traits. The Olympic Village effect ensures that fast dispersers pre-empt locations far from the ranges previous limits. When trade-offs are absent, this pre-emptive spatial advantage has a lasting impact, with highly dispersive individuals attaining equilibrium frequencies that are strictly higher than their introduction frequencies. When trade-offs are present, dispersal propensity decays rapidly at all locations. Our models results about the post-colonization trajectory of dispersal evolution are clear and, in principle, should be observable in field studies. We conclude that empirical observations of post-colonization dispersal attenuation offer a novel way to detect the existence of otherwise elusive trade-offs between dispersal and life-history traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex Perkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Boettiger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Phillips</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[After the games are over: life-history trade-offs drive dispersal attenuation following range expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Haplotype Assembly from High-Throughput Mate-Pair Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. The homologous pairs are almost identical pairs of chromosomes. For the most part, differences in homologous chromosome occur at certain documented positions called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A haplotype of an individual is the pair of sequences of SNPs on the two homologous chromosomes. In this paper, we study the problem of inferring haplotypes of individuals from mate-pair reads of their genome. We give a simple formula for the coverage needed for haplotype assembly, under a generative model. The analysis here leverages connections of this problem with decoding convolutional codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govinda M Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren Şaşoğlu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Haplotype Assembly from High-Throughput Mate-Pair Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting recent selective sweeps while controlling for mutation rate and background selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A composite likelihood ratio test implemented in the program SweepFinder is a commonly used method for scanning a genome for recent selective sweeps. SweepFinder uses information on the spatial pattern of the site frequency spectrum (SFS) around the selected locus. To avoid confounding effects of background selection and variation in the mutation process along the genome, the method is typically applied only to sites that are variable within species. However, the power to detect and localize selective sweeps can be greatly improved if invariable sites are also included in the analysis. In the spirit of a Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade test, we suggest to add fixed differences relative to an outgroup to account for variation in mutation rate, thereby facilitating more robust and powerful analyses. We also develop a method for including background selection modeled as a local reduction in the effective population size. Using simulations we show that these advances lead to a gain in power while maintaining robustness to mutation rate variation. Furthermore, the new method also provides more precise localization of the causative mutation than methods using the spatial pattern of segregating sites alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian D. Huber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael DeGiorgio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ines Hellmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting recent selective sweeps while controlling for mutation rate and background selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Fossils from Microorganisms Preserved in Glacial Ice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of microbial evolution is hindered by the fact that microbial populations leave few fossils. We hypothesized that bacterial cells preserved in ancient ice could be used as a molecular fossil record if their DNA could be extracted and sequenced. Channels formed along triple junctions of ice crystals contain liquid "veins" in which microbial cells may be preserved intact. Since vertical motion through the ice matrix is impossible, microbes found in ice cores are representative of microbes present at the time the ice was formed. We detected chlorophyll fluorescence in intact ice cores taken from Greenland and Antarctica. Flow cytometric analysis localized at least some of this fluorescence to particles < 1 m in diameter. Metagenomic analysis of meltwater indeed revealed sequences similar to modern strains of the picocyanobacterial genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, and some of these sequences were distinct from any sequences known from modern oceans or glacial environments. Our study is a first proof-of-concept of the use of ice cores as records of microbial evolution, and we suggest that future genetic studies with higher vertical resolution in the cores might shed light on the pace and character of evolution of these ecologically important cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>P. Buford Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Jeffrey Morris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan C. Bay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajeeth Adhikari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen J. Giovannoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin L. Vergin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Fossils from Microorganisms Preserved in Glacial Ice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral chromatin configuration constrains chromatin evolution on differentiating sex chromosomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosomes evolve distinctive types of chromatin from a pair of ancestral autosomes that are usually euchromatic. In Drosophila, the dosage-compensated X becomes enriched for hyperactive chromatin in males (mediated by H4K16ac), while the Y chromosome acquires silencing heterochromatin (enriched for H3K9me2/3). Drosophila autosomes are typically mostly euchromatic but the small dot chromosome has evolved a heterochromatin-like milieu (enriched for H3K9me2/3) that permits the normal expression of dot-linked genes, but which is different from typical pericentric heterochromatin. In Drosophila busckii, the dot chromosomes have fused to the ancestral sex chromosomes, creating a pair of  neo-sex chromosomes. Here we collect genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic data from D. busckii, to investigate the evolutionary trajectory of sex chromosomes from a largely heterochromatic ancestor. We show that the neo-sex chromosomes formed <1 million years ago, but nearly 60% of neo-Y linked genes have already become non-functional. Expression levels are generally lower for the neo-Y alleles relative to their neo-X homologs, and the silencing heterochromatin mark H3K9me2, but not H3K9me3, is significantly enriched on silenced neo-Y genes. Despite rampant neo-Y degeneration, we find that the neo-X is deficient for the canonical histone modification mark of dosage compensation (H4K16ac), relative to autosomes or the compensated ancestral X chromosome, possibly reflecting constraints imposed on evolving hyperactive chromatin in an originally heterochromatic environment. Yet, neo-X genes are transcriptionally more active in males, relative to females, suggesting the evolution of incipient dosage compensation on the neo-X. Our data show that Y degeneration proceeds quickly after sex chromosomes become established through genomic and epigenetic changes, and are consistent with the idea that the evolution of sex-linked chromatin is influenced by its ancestral configuration.nnAuthor SummaryDNA is packaged with proteins into two general types of chromatin: the transcriptionally active euchromatin and repressive heterochromatin. Sex chromosomes typically evolve from a pair of euchromatic autosomes. The Y chromosome of Drosophila is gene poor and almost entirely heterochromatic; the X chromosome, in contrast, has evolved a hyperactive euchromatin structure and globally up-regulates its gene expression, to compensate for loss of activity from the homologous genes on the Y chromosome. The evolutionary trajectory along which sex chromosomes evolve such opposite types of chromatin configurations remains unclear, as most sex chromosomes are ancient and no longer contain signatures of their transitions. Here we investigate a pair of unusual young sex chromosomes (termed  neo-Y and  neo-X chromosomes) in D. busckii, which formed through fusions of a largely heterochromatic autosome (the  dot chromosome) to the ancestral sex chromosomes. We show that nearly 60% of the neo-Y genes have already become non-functional within only 1 million years of evolution. Gene expression is lower on the neo-Y than on the neo-X, which is associated with a higher level of binding of a silencing heterochromatin mark. The neo-X, on the other hand, shows no evidence of evolving hyperactive chromatin for dosage compensation. Our results show that the Y chromosome can degenerate quickly, but the tempo and mode of chromatin evolution on the sex chromosomes may be constrained by the ancestral chromatin configuration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral chromatin configuration constrains chromatin evolution on differentiating sex chromosomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Approach for Detecting Mass-Extinction Events When Rates of Lineage Diversification Vary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The paleontological record chronicles numerous episodes of mass extinction that severely culled the Tree of Life. Biologists have long sought to assess the extent to which these events may have impacted particular groups. We present a novel method for detecting mass-extinction events from phylogenies estimated from molecular sequence data. We develop our approach in a Bayesian statistical framework, which enables us to harness prior information on the frequency and magnitude of mass-extinction events. The approach is based on an episodic stochastic-branching process model in which rates of speciation and extinction are constant between rate-shift events. We model three types of events: (1) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in speciation rate; (2) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in extinction rate, and; (3) instantaneous tree-wide mass-extinction events. Each of the events is described by a separate compound Poisson process (CPP) model, where the waiting times between each event are exponentially distributed with event-specific rate parameters. The magnitude of each event is drawn from an event-type specific prior distribution. Parameters of the model are then estimated using a reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) algorithm. We demonstrate via simulation that this method has substantial power to detect the number of mass-extinction events, provides unbiased estimates of the timing of mass-extinction events, while exhibiting an appropriate (i.e., below 5%) false discovery rate even in the case of background diversification rate variation. Finally, we provide an empirical application of this approach to conifers, which reveals that this group has experienced two major episodes of mass extinction. This new approach--the CPP on Mass Extinction Times (CoMET) model--provides an effective tool for identifying mass-extinction events from molecular phylogenies, even when the history of those groups includes more prosaic temporal variation in diversification rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. May</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Höhna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian R. Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Approach for Detecting Mass-Extinction Events When Rates of Lineage Diversification Vary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDMA impairs response to water intake in healthy volunteers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyponatremia is a serious complication of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use. We investigated potential mechanisms in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In study 1, healthy drug-experienced volunteers received MDMA or placebo alone and in combination with the alpha-1 adrenergic inverse agonist prazosin, used as a positive control to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In study 2, volunteers received MDMA or placebo followed by standardized water intake. MDMA lowered serum sodium, but did not increase ADH or copeptin, although the control prazosin did increase ADH. Water loading reduced serum sodium more after MDMA than after placebo. There was a trend for women to have lower baseline serum sodium than men, but there were no significant interactions with drug condition. Combining studies, MDMA potentiated the ability of water to lower serum sodium. Thus, hyponatremia appears to be a significant risk when hypotonic fluids are consumed during MDMA use. Clinical trials and events where MDMA use is common should anticipate and mitigate this risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Baggott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen J Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy R Coyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantt P Galloway</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan J Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marilyn A Huestis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Mendelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDMA impairs response to water intake in healthy volunteers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TESS: Bayesian inference of lineage diversification rates from (incompletely sampled) molecular phylogenies in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMany fundamental questions in evolutionary biology entail estimating rates of lineage diversification (speciation - extinction). We develop a flexible Bayesian framework for specifying an effectively infinite array of diversification models--where rates are constant, vary continuously, or change episodically through time--and implement numerical methods to estimate parameters of these models from molecular phylogenies, even when species sampling is incomplete. Additionally we provide robust methods for comparing the relative and absolute fit of competing branching-process models to a given tree, thereby providing rigorous tests of biological hypotheses regarding patterns and processes of lineage diversification.nnAvailability and implementationthe source code for TESS is freely available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/TESS/.nnContactSebastian.Hoehna@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Höhna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. May</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian R. Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TESS: Bayesian inference of lineage diversification rates from (incompletely sampled) molecular phylogenies in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy", "molly") is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychotherapy. MDMA has unusual, poorly understood socioemotional effects, including feelings of interpersonal closeness and sociability. To better understand these effects, we conducted a within-subjects double-blind placebo controlled study of the effects of 1.5 mg/kg oral MDMA on social emotions and autobiographical disclosure in a controlled setting. MDMA displayed both sedative- and stimulant-like effects, including increased self-report anxiety. At the same time, MDMA positively altered evaluation of the self (i.e., increasing feelings of authenticity) while decreasing concerns about negative evaluation by others (i.e., decreasing social anxiety). Consistent with these feelings, MDMA increased how comfortable participants felt describing emotional memories. Overall, MDMA produced a prosocial syndrome that seemed to facilitate emotional disclosure and that appears consistent with the suggestion that it represents a novel pharmacological class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Baggott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy R Coyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer D Siegrist</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen J Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantt P Galloway</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Mendelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila embryogenesis, increasing either oxygen concentration or temperature accelerates development. Having previously investigated temperatures impact on embryogenesis, we characterized developmental response to oxygen levels using time-lapse imaging. Changing oxygen concentrations greatly impact survival, with developmental rate changes that are dwarfed by those induced by temperature. While extreme temperatures increase early embryo mortality, mild hypoxia increases arrest and death during mid-embryogenesis and mild hyperoxia increases survival over normoxia. Though not independent, the reactions to temperature and oxygen are fundamentally different, with developmental time being inversely proportional to oxygen concentration but logarithmically related to temperature. Most notably, while development scales uniformly with temperature, oxygen changes drive developmental heterochrony. Morphological processes change with oxygen concentration at different rates. Gut formation is more severely slowed by decreases in oxygen, while head involution and syncytial development are less impacted than the rest of development. These data reveal that uniform scaling, seen with changes in temperature, is not the default result of adjusting developmental rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven Gregory Kuntz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B. Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome divergence and gene flow between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, a known drive element has recently migrated between species, caused a strong reduction in local divergence, and undermined the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarah B. Kingan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony J. Geneva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey P. Vedanayagam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Garrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome divergence and gene flow between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been much interest in analyzing genome-scale DNA sequence data to infer population histories, but inference methods developed hitherto are limited in model complexity and computational scalability. Here we present an efficient, flexible statistical method, diCal2, that can utilize whole-genome sequence data from multiple populations to infer complex demographic models involving population size changes, population splits, admixture, and migration. Applying our method to data from Australian, East Asian, European, and Papuan populations, we find that the population ancestral to Australians and Papuans started separating from East Asians and Europeans about 100,000 years ago, and that the separation of East Asians and Europeans started about 50,000 years ago, with pervasive gene flow between all pairs of populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A. Kamm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social selection parapatry in an Afrotropical sunbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent of range overlap of incipient and recent species depends on the type and magnitude of phenotypic divergence that separates them. Trait divergence by social selection likely initiates many speciation events, but may yield niche-conserved lineages predisposed to limit each others ranges via ecological competition. Here we examine this neglected aspect of social selection speciation theory in relation to the discovery of a non-ecotonal species border between sunbirds. We find that Nectarinia moreaui and N. fuelleborni meet in a ~6 km wide contact zone, as estimated by molecular cline analysis. These species exploit similar bioclimatic niches, but sing highly divergent learned songs, consistent with divergence by social selection. Cline analyses suggest that within-species stabilizing social selection on song-learning predispositions maintains species differences in song despite both hybridization and cultural transmission in the contact zone. We conclude that ecological competition between moreaui and fuelleborni contributes to the stabilization of the species border, but that ecological competition acts in conjunction with reproductive interference. The evolutionary maintenance of learned song differences in a hybrid zone recommend this study system for future studies on the mechanisms of learned song divergence and its role in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jay P McEntee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Penalba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacha Werema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia Mulungu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maneno Mbilinyi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Moyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Fjeldsaa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauri C.K. Bowie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social selection parapatry in an Afrotropical sunbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning for population genetic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given genomic variation data from multiple individuals, computing the likelihood of complex population genetic models is often infeasible. To circumvent this problem, we introduce here a novel likelihood-free inference framework by applying deep learning, a powerful modern technique in machine learning. In contrast to Approximate Bayesian Computation, another likelihood-free approach widely used in population genetics and other fields, deep learning does not require a distance function on summary statistics or a rejection step, and it is robust to the addition of uninformative statistics. To demonstrate that deep learning can be effectively employed to estimate population genetic parameters and learn informative features of data, we focus on the challenging problem of jointly inferring natural selection and demography (in the form of a population size change history). Our method is able to separate the global nature of demography from the local nature of selection, without sequential steps for these two factors. Studying demography and selection jointly is motivated by Drosophila, where pervasive selection confounds demographic analysis. We apply our method to 197 African Drosophila melanogaster genomes from Zambia to infer both their overall demography, and regions of their genome under selection. We find many regions of the genome that have experienced hard sweeps, and fewer under selection on standing variation (soft sweep) or balancing selection. Interestingly, we find that soft sweeps and balancing selection occur more frequently closer to the centromere of each chromosome. In addition, our demographic inference suggests that previously estimated bottlenecks for African Drosophila melanogaster are too extreme, likely due in part to the unaccounted impact of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sara Sheehan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning for population genetic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene discovery for Mendelian conditions via social networking: de novo variants in KDM1A cause developmental delay and distinctive facial features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose:The pace of Mendelian gene discovery is slowed by the "n-of-1 problem" - the difficulty of establishing causality of a putatively pathogenic variant in a single person or family. Identification of an unrelated person with an overlapping phenotype and suspected pathogenic variant in the same gene can overcome this barrier but is often impeded by lack of a convenient or widely-available way to share data on candidate variants / genes among families, clinicians and researchers.nnMethods:Social networking among families, clinicians and researchers was used to identify three children with variants of unknown significance in KDM1A and similar phenotypes.nnResults:De novo variants in KDM1A underlie a new syndrome characterized by developmental delay and distinctive facial features.nnConclusion:Social networking is a potentially powerful strategy to discover genes for rare Mendelian conditions, particularly those with non-specific phenotypic features. To facilitate the efforts of families to share phenotypic and genomic information with each other, clinicians, and researchers, we developed the Repository for Mendelian Genomics Family Portal (RMD-FP). Design and development of a web-based tool, MyGene2, that enables families, clinicians and researchers to search for gene matches based on analysis of phenotype and exome data deposited into the RMD-FP is underway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jessica Chong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joon-Ho Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Lorentzen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seema M Jamal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holly K Tabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anita Rauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margarita Sifuentes Saenz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugen Boltshauser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karynne E Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah A Nickerson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>University of Washington Center for Mendelian Geno</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Bamshad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene discovery for Mendelian conditions via social networking: de novo variants in KDM1A cause developmental delay and distinctive facial features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flowers face desiccating conditions, yet little is known about their ability to transport water. We quantified variability in floral hydraulic conductance (Kflower) for 20 species from 10 families and related it to traits hypothesized to be associated with liquid and vapor phase water transport. Basal angiosperm flowers had trait values associated with higher water and carbon costs than monocot and eudicot flowers. Kflower was coordinated with water supply (vein length per area, VLA) and loss (minimum epidermal conductance, gmin) traits among the magnoliids, but was insensitive to variation in these traits among the monocots and eudicots. Phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) correlations revealed that few traits had undergone coordinated evolution. However, VLA and the desiccation time (Tdes), the quotient of water content and gmin, had significant trait and PIC correlations. The near absence of stomata from monocot and eudicot flowers may have been critical in minimizing water loss rates among these clades. Early-divergent, basal angiosperm flowers maintain higher Kflower due to traits associated with high rates water loss and water supply, while monocot and eudicot flowers employ a more conservative strategy of limiting water loss and may rely on stored water to maintain turgor and delay desiccation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Roddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig R. Brodersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd E. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evaluation of transcriptome-based exon capture for frog phylogenomics across multiple scales of divergence (Class: Amphibia, Order: Anura) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Custom sequence capture experiments are becoming an efficient approach for gathering large sets of orthologous markers with targeted levels of informativeness in non-model organisms. Transcriptome-based exon capture utilizes transcript sequences to design capture probes, often with the aid of a reference genome to identify intron-exon boundaries and exclude shorter exons (< 200 bp). Here, we test an alternative approach that directly uses transcript sequences for probe design, which are often composed of multiple exons of varying lengths. Based on a selection of 1,260 orthologous transcripts, we conducted sequence captures across multiple phylogenetic scales for frogs, including species up to ~100 million years divergent from the focal group. After several conservative filtering steps, we recovered a large phylogenomic data set consisting of sequence alignments for 1,047 of the 1,260 transcriptome-based loci (~630,000 bp) and a large quantity of highly variable regions flanking the exons in transcripts (~70,000 bp). We recovered high numbers of both shorter (< 100 bp) and longer exons (> 200 bp), with no major reduction in coverage towards the ends of exons. We observed significant differences in the performance of blocking oligos for target enrichment and non-target depletion during captures, and observed differences in PCR duplication rates that can be attributed to the number of individuals pooled for capture reactions. We explicitly tested the effects of phylogenetic distance on capture sensitivity, specificity, and missing data, and provide a baseline estimate of expectations for these metrics based on nuclear pairwise differences among samples. We provide recommendations for transcriptome-based exon capture design based on our results, and describe multiple pipelines for data assembly and analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Portik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydia Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evaluation of transcriptome-based exon capture for frog phylogenomics across multiple scales of divergence (Class: Amphibia, Order: Anura)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide and single-base resolution DNA methylomes of the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Reveal Gradual Transition of the Genomic Methylation Pattern in Early Vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, cytosine methylation is a primary heritable epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates many cellular processes. While the whole-genome methylation pattern has been generally conserved in different eukaryotic groups, invertebrates and vertebrates exhibit two distinct patterns. Whereas almost all CpG sites are methylated in most vertebrates, with the exception of short unmethylated regions call CpG islands, the most frequent pattern in invertebrate animals is  mosaic methylation, comprising domains of heavily methylated DNA interspersed with domains that are methylation free. The mechanism by which the genome methylation pattern transited from a mosaic to a global pattern and the role of the one or two-round whole-genome duplication in this transition remain largely elusive, partly owing to the lack of methylome data from early vertebrates. In this study, we used the whole-genome bisulfite-sequencing technology to investigate the genome-wide methylation in three tissues (heart, muscle, and sperm) from the sea lamprey, an extant Agarthan vertebrate. Analyses of methylation level and the extent of CpG dinucleotide depletion of geneencoding, intergenic and promoter regions revealed a gradual increase in the methylation level from invertebrates to vertebrates, with the sea lamprey exhibiting an intermediate position. In addition, the methylation level of the majority of CpGs was intermediate in each sea lamprey tissue, indicating a high level of heterogeneity of methylation status between individual cells. In this regard, we defined the genomic methylation pattern of sea lamprey as "global genomic DNA intermediate methylation". The methylation features in different genomic regions, such as the transcription start site (TSS) region of the gene body, exon-intron boundaries, transposons, as well as genes grouping with different expression levels, supported the gradual methylation transition hypothesis. We further discussed that the copy number difference in DNA methylation transferases and the loss of the PWWP domain and/or DNTase domain in DNMT3 sub-family enzymes may have contributed to the methylation pattern transition in early vertebrates. These findings demonstrate an intermediate genomic methylation pattern between invertebrates and jawed vertebrates, providing evidence that supports the hypothesis that methylation patterns underwent a gradual transition from invertebrates (mosaic) to vertebrates (global).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangbiao Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yangyun Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James P. B. Lloyd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W. McCauley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiming Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun Gu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhixi Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide and single-base resolution DNA methylomes of the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Reveal Gradual Transition of the Genomic Methylation Pattern in Early Vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genes generate multiple mRNA transcript isoforms though alternative transcription, splicing, and polyadenylation. However, the relationship between human transcript diversity and protein production is complex and not well understood at a global level. We fractionated a polysome profile and reconstructed transcript isoforms from each fraction, which we term Transcript Isoforms in Polysomes sequencing (TrIP-seq). Analysis of these data revealed regulatory features that control ribosome occupancy and the resulting translational output of each transcript isoform. We extracted a panel of 5' and 3' untranslated regions that control protein production from an unrelated gene in cells over a 100-fold range. Select 5' untranslated regions exert robust translational control between cell lines, while 3' untranslated regions can confer cell-type-specific expression. These results expose the large dynamic range of transcript-isoform-specific translational control, identify isoform-specific sequences that control protein output in human cells, and demonstrate that transcript isoform diversity must be considered when relating RNA and protein levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen N Floor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Correction of the Sickle Mutation in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Using a Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a serious recessive genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the {beta}-globin gene (HBB). Sickle hemoglobin polymerizes within red blood cells (RBCs), causing them to adopt an elongated "sickle" shape. Sickle RBCs damage vasculature, leading to severe symptoms, ultimately diminishing patient quality of life and reducing lifespan. Here, we use codelivery of a pre-formed Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) and a singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide donor to drive sequence replacement at the SCD SNP in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Corrected HSPCs from SCD patients produce less sickle hemoglobin protein and correspondingly increased wild-type hemoglobin when differentiated into erythroblasts. When injected into immunocompromised mice, treated HSPCs maintain editing long-term at therapeutically relevant levels. These results demonstrate that the Cas9 RNP/ssDNA donor approach can mediate efficient HSPC gene editing and could form the basis for treatment of SCD by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark DeWitt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy Magis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas L Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tianjiao Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer R Berman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrizia Urbinati</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denise P Muñoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald B Kohn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark C Walters</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Carroll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David K Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob E Corn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Correction of the Sickle Mutation in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Using a Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Pollen-Vegetation Relationships in the American Midwest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fossil pollen assemblages are widely used to reconstruct past vegetation community composition at time scales ranging from centuries to millennia. These reconstructions often are based on the observed relationships between the proportions of plant taxa in the source vegetation and the proportions of the corresponding pollen types in pollen assemblages collected from surface sediments. Pollen-vegetation models rely upon parameters whose values typically are assumed to be stable through time, but this assumption is largely unevaluated, due in part to the rarity of comprehensive forest data, particularly for earlier time periods.nnHere we present a new dataset of early settlement-era pollen records for the upper Midwest of North America and combine it with three other pollen and forest composition datasets to assess the stability of the relationship between relative pollen composition and relative abundances of tree genera for two time periods: immediately prior to Euro-American settlement, and the late 20th Century. Over this time interval, Euro-American settlement resulted in widespread forest clearance for agriculture and logging, producing major changes to forest composition and structure and the pollen assemblages produced by these forests. These major changes provide an opportunity to test the constancy of the relationship between pollen and forest vegetation during a period of large vegetation change. Pollen-vegetation relationships are modeled, using a Generalized Linear Model, for thirteen upper Midwestern tree genera.nnWe find that estimates of pollen source radius for the gridded mesoscale data are 25-85 kilometers, consistent with prior studies. Pollen-vegetation relationships are significantly altered for several genera: Fagus, Betula, Tsuga, Quercus, Pinus, and Picea (p < 0.05). The use of contemporary pollen-vegetation relationships to model settlement era community composition significantly under-predicts the presence of Fagus, Betula, Tsuga, Quercus and Picea at all tree densities. Pinus is over-predicted at low relative proportions (<25%), but under-predicted at greater abundances. The divergence of pollen-vegetation relationships appears to be greatest for late-successional taxa characterized by high shade tolerance and low fire tolerance, although the statistical power is low for this analysis.nnHence, the ongoing rapid changes in land use and ecological communities associated with the Anthropocene affect not just our ability to make confident ecological forecasts for the future, but can also modify our inferences about the past. In the Anthropocene era, characterized by its rapidly changing vegetation and climates, paleoecology must move from its traditional reliance on spatial calibration datasets assumed to represent a single "present". Instead, when possible, paleoecologists should develop calibration datasets of pollen and forest composition that are distributed across major vegetation changes in time and space. Multitemporal calibration datasets are increasingly possible given the growing length and availability of vegetation observational data and will enable paleoecologists to better understand the complex processes governing pollen-vegetation relationships and make better-informed reconstructions of past vegetation dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellen Ruth Kujawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon J. Goring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andria Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Calcote</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Grimm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Hotchkiss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth A. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason McLachlan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannine-Marie St-Jacques</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles Umbanhowar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W. Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Pollen-Vegetation Relationships in the American Midwest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of natural selection from allele frequency time series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/037200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of accessible ancient DNA technology now allows the direct ascertainment of allele frequencies in ancestral populations, thereby enabling the use of allele frequency time series to detect and estimate natural selection. Such direct observations of allele frequency dynamics are expected to be more powerful than inferences made using patterns of linked neutral variation obtained from modern individuals. We developed a Bayesian method to make use of allele frequency time series data and infer the parameters of general diploid selection, along with allele age, in non-equilibrium populations. We introduce a novel path augmentation approach, in which we use Markov chain Monte Carlo to integrate over the space of allele frequency trajectories consistent with the observed data. Using simulations, we show that this approach has good power to estimate selection coefficients and allele age. Moreover, when applying our approach to data on horse coat color, we find that ignoring a relevant demographic history can significantly bias the results of inference. Our approach is made available in a C++ software package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven N. Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/037200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference of natural selection from allele frequency time series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open library of human kinase domain constructs for automated bacterial expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinases play a critical role in many cellular signaling pathways and are dysregulated in a number of diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Since the FDA approval of imatinib in 2001, therapeutics targeting kinases now account for roughly 50% of current cancer drug discovery efforts. The ability to explore human kinase biochemistry, biophysics, and structural biology in the laboratory is essential to making rapid progress in understanding kinase regulation, designing selective inhibitors, and studying the emergence of drug resistance. While insect and mammalian expression systems are frequently used for the expression of human kinases, bacterial expression systems are superior in terms of simplicity and cost-effectiveness but have historically struggled with human kinase expression. Following the discovery that phosphatase coexpression could produce high yields of Src and Abl kinase domains in bacterial expression systems, we have generated a library of 52 His-tagged human kinase domain constructs that express above 2 {micro}g/mL culture in a simple automated bacterial expression system utilizing phosphatase coexpression (YopH for Tyr kinases, Lambda for Ser/Thr kinases). Here, we report a structural bioinformatics approach to identify kinase domain constructs previously expressed in bacteria likely to express well in a simple high-throughput protocol, experiments demonstrating our simple construct selection strategy selects constructs with good expression yields in a test of 84 potential kinase domain boundaries for Abl, and yields from a high-throughput expression screen of 96 human kinase constructs. Using a fluorescence-based thermostability assay and a fluorescent ATP-competitive inhibitor, we show that the highest-expressing kinases are folded and have well-formed ATP binding sites. We also demonstrate how the resulting expressing constructs can be used for the biophysical and biochemical study of clinical mutations by engineering a panel of 48 Src mutations and 46 Abl mutations via single-primer mutagenesis and screening the resulting library for expression yields. The wild-type kinase construct library is available publicly via Addgene, and should prove to be of high utility for experiments focused on drug discovery and the emergence of drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel L. Parton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonya M. Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucelenie Rodríguez-Laureano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven K. Albanese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Gradia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Jeans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus A. Seeliger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas M. Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Chodera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open library of human kinase domain constructs for automated bacterial expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its effects relies partly on how effectively land-atmosphere interactions can be quantified. Quantifying composition of past forest ecosystems can help understand processes governing forest dynamics in a changing world. Fossil pollen data provide information about past forest composition, but rigorous interpretation requires development of pollen-vegetation models (PVMs) that account for interspecific differences in pollen production and dispersal. Widespread and intensified land-use over the 19th and 20th centuries may have altered pollen-vegetation relationships. Here we use STEPPS, a Bayesian hierarchical spatial PVM, to estimate key process parameters and associated uncertainties in the pollenvegetation relationship. We apply alternate dispersal kernels, and calibrate STEPPS using a newly developed Euro-American settlement-era calibration data set constructed from Public Land Survey data and fossil pollen samples matched to the settlement-era using expert elicitation. Models based on the inverse power-law dispersal kernel outperformed those based on the Gaussian dispersal kernel, indicating that pollen dispersal kernels are fat tailed. Pine and birch have the highest pollen productivities. Pollen productivity and dispersal estimates are generally consistent with previous understanding from modern data sets, although source area estimates are larger. Tests of model predictions demonstrate the ability of STEPPS to predict regional compositional patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andria Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Paciorek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason S. McLachlan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Goring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W. Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen T. Jackson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct ancient forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shannon: An Information-Optimal de Novo RNA-Seq Assembler 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo assembly of short RNA-Seq reads into transcripts is challenging due to sequence similarities in transcriptomes arising from gene duplications and alternative splicing of transcripts. We present Shannon, an RNA-Seq assembler with an optimality guarantee derived from principles of information theory: Shannon reconstructs nearly all information-theoretically reconstructable transcripts. Shannon is based on a theory we develop for de novo RNA-Seq assembly that reveals differing abundances among transcripts to be the key, rather than the barrier, to effective assembly. The assembly problem is formulated as a sparsest-flow problem on a transcript graph, and the heart of Shannon is a novel iterative flow-decomposition algorithm. This algorithm provably solves the information-theoretically reconstructable instances in linear-time even though the general sparsest-flow problem is NP-hard. Shannon also incorporates several additional new algorithmic advances: a new error-correction algorithm based on successive cancelation, a multi-bridging algorithm that carefully utilizes read information in the k-mer de Bruijn graph, and an approximate graph partitioning algorithm to split the transcriptome de Bruijn graph into smaller components. In tests on large RNA-Seq datasets, Shannon obtains significant increases in sensitivity along with improvements in specificity in comparison to state-of-the-art assemblers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreeram Kannan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Hui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayvon Mazooji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shannon: An Information-Optimal de Novo RNA-Seq Assembler]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-homologous DNA increases gene disruption efficiency by altering DNA repair outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 endonuclease can be targeted to genomic sequences by varying the sequence of the single guide RNA (sgRNA). The activity of these Cas9-sgRNA combinations varies widely at different genomic loci and in different cell types. Thus, disrupting genes in polyploid cell lines, or using inefficient sgRNAs, can require extensive downstream screening to identify homozygous clones. We have found that linear, non-homologous oligonucleotide DNA greatly stimulates Cas9-mediated gene disruption in the absence of homology-directed repair. This stimulation greatly increases the frequency of clones with homozygous gene disruptions, even in polyploid cell lines, and rescues otherwise ineffective sgRNAs. The mechanism of enhanced gene disruption differs between human cell lines, stimulating deletion of genomic sequence and/or insertion of non-homologous oligonucleotide DNA at the edited locus in a cell line specific manner. Thus, the addition of non-homologous DNA appears to drive cells towards error-prone instead of error-free repair pathways, dramatically increasing the frequency of gene disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher D Richardson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahm J Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob E Corn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-homologous DNA increases gene disruption efficiency by altering DNA repair outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans senses gentle touch via a mechanotransduction channel formed from the DEG/ENaC proteins MEC-4 and MEC-10. An additional protein, the paraoxonase-like protein MEC-6, is essential for transduction, and previous work suggested that MEC-6 was part of the transduction complex. We found that MEC-6 and a similar protein, POML-1, reside primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and do not colocalize with MEC-4 on the plasma membrane in vivo. As with MEC-6, POML-1 is needed for touch sensitivity, for the neurodegeneration caused by the mec-4(d) mutation, and for the expression and distribution of MEC-4 in vivo. Both proteins are likely needed for the proper folding or assembly of MEC-4 channels in vivo as measured by FRET. MEC-6 detectably increases the rate of MEC-4 accumulation on the Xenopus oocyte plasma membrane. These results suggest that MEC-6 and POML-1 interact with MEC-4 to facilitate expression and localization of MEC-4 on the cell surface. Thus, MEC-6 and POML-1 act more like chaperones for MEC-4 than channel components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yushu Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashank Bharill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeynep Altun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert O'Hagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Coblitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehud I. Isacoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Chalfie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans paraoxonase-like proteins control the functional expression of DEG/ENaC mechanosensory proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct stages in the recognition, sorting and packaging of proTGFα into COPII coated transport vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its role in forming vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the coat protein complex II (COPII) is also responsible for selecting specific cargo proteins to be packaged into COPII transport vesicles. Comparison of COPII vesicle formation in mammalian systems and in yeast suggested that the former employs more elaborate mechanisms for cargo recognition, presumably to cope with a significantly expanded repertoire of cargo that transits the secretory pathway. Using proTGF, the transmembrane precursor of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF), as a model cargo protein, we demonstrate in cell-free assays that at least one auxiliary cytosolic factor is specifically required for the efficient packaging of proTGF into COPII vesicles. Using a knockout HeLa cell line generated by CRISPR/Cas9, we provide functional evidence showing that a transmembrane protein, Cornichon-1 (CNIH), acts as a cargo receptor of proTGF. We show that both CNIH and the auxiliary cytosolic factor(s) are required for efficient recruitment of proTGF to the COPII coat in vitro. Moreover, we provide evidence that the recruitment of cargo protein by the COPII coat precedes and may be distinct from subsequent cargo packaging into COPII vesicles.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pengcheng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Schekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct stages in the recognition, sorting and packaging of proTGFα into COPII coated transport vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extrusions promote engulfment and Chlamydia survival within macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All obligate intracellular pathogens must exit their host cells in order to propagate and survive as a species; the precise strategies they use have a direct impact on their ability to disseminate within a host, transmit to new hosts, and engage or avoid immune responses. The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis exits the host cell by two distinct exit strategies, lysis and extrusion. Despite being equally active pathways, lysis and extrusion differ greatly in their mechanisms. The defining characteristics of extrusions, and advantages gained by Chlamydia within this unique double-membrane structure are not well understood. Here, we present data that defines extrusions as being largely devoid of host organelles, comprised mostly of Chlamydia elementary bodies, and containing phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the extrusion membrane. Towards defining a functional role for extrusions in Chlamydia pathogenesis, we demonstrate that extrusions confer significant infectious advantages for Chlamydia by serving as transient, intracellular-like niches for extracellular Chlamydia, as compared to Chlamydia that would otherwise exit by lysing the host cell. In addition to enhanced survival outside of the host cell, we report the key discovery that chlamydial extrusions can be engulfed by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, after which they provide a protective microenvironment for Chlamydia. Extrusion-derived Chlamydia were able to stave off macrophage based killing beyond 8 h, and culminated in the release of infectious EB from the macrophage. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which a major outcome of Chlamydia exiting epithelial cells inside extrusions is to hijack macrophages as vehicles for dissemination within the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meghan Zuck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisha C Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Venida</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Hybiske</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extrusions promote engulfment and Chlamydia survival within macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic organization of genes inside the nucleus is an important determinant for their function. Using ultra-fast microscopy in S. cerevisiae cells and improved analysis of mean square displacements, we quantified DNA motion at time scales ranging from 10 milliseconds to minutes and found that following DNA damage, DNA exhibits distinct sub-diffusive regimes. In response to double-strand breaks, chromatin is more mobile at large time scales but, surprisingly, its mobility is dramatically reduced at short time scales. This effect is even more pronounced at the break. Such pattern of dynamics is consistent with a global increase in chromatin persistence length following DNA damage. Scale-dependent nuclear exploration is regulated by the Rad51 repair protein, both at the break and throughout the genome. We propose a model in which stiffening of the damaged ends by the repair complex, combined with global increased stiffness, act like a "needle in a decompacted ball of yarn", enhancing the ability of the break to traverse the chromatin meshwork.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Judith Mine-Hattab</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Recamier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio Izeddin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodney Rothstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Darzacq</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast imaging of DNA motion reveals distinct sub-diffusion regimes at the site of DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotyping Allelic and Copy Number Variation in the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of genomic regions that contain gene copies and structural variation is a major challenge in modern genomics. Unlike variation involving single nucleotide changes, data on the variation of copy number is difficult to collect and few tools exist for analyzing the variation between individuals. The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) locus, which plays an integral role in the adaptive immune response, is an example of a genomic region that is known to vary in gene copy number. Lack of standard methods to genotype this region prevents it from being included in association studies and is holding back the growing field of antibody repertoire analysis. Here, we establish a convention of representing the locus in terms of a reference panel of operationally distinguishable segments defined by hierarchical clustering. Using this reference set, we develop a pipeline that identifies copy number and allelic variation in the IGHV locus from whole-genome sequencing reads. Tests on simulated reads demonstrate that our approach is feasible and accurate for detecting the presence and absence of gene segments using reads as short as 70 bp. With reads 100 bp and longer, coverage depth can also be used to determine copy number. When applied to a family of European ancestry, our method finds new copy number variants and confirms existing variants. This study paves the way for analyzing population-level patterns of variation in the IGHV locus in larger diverse datasets and for quantitatively handling regions of copy number variation in other structurally varying and complex loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shishi Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane A Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotyping Allelic and Copy Number Variation in the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FastProject: A Tool for Low-Dimensional Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA key challenge in the emerging field of single-cell RNA-Seq is to characterize phenotypic diversity between cells and visualize this information in an informative manner. A common technique when dealing with high-dimensional data is to project the data to 2 or 3 dimensions for visualization. However, there are a variety of methods to achieve this result and once projected, it can be difficult to ascribe biological significance to the observed features. Additionally, when analyzing single-cell data, the relationship between cells can be obscured by technical confounders such as variable gene capture rates.nnResultsTo aid in the analysis and interpretation of single-cell RNA-Seq data, we have developed FastProject, a software tool which analyzes a gene expression matrix and produces a dynamic output report in which two-dimensional projections of the data can be explored. Annotated gene sets (referred to as gene  signatures) are incorporated so that features in the projections can be understood in relation to the biological processes they might represent. FastProject provides a novel method of scoring each cell against a gene signature so as to minimize the effect of missed transcripts as well as a method to rank signature-projection pairings so that meaningful associations can be quickly identified. Additionally, FastProject is written with a modular architecture and designed to serve as a platform for incorporating and comparing new projection methods and gene selection algorithms.nnConclusionsHere we present FastProject, a software package for two-dimensional visualization of single cell data, which utilizes a plethora of projection methods and provides a way to systematically investigate the biological relevance of these low dimensional representations by incorporating domain knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David DeTomaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Yosef</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FastProject: A Tool for Low-Dimensional Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left-right leaf asymmetry in decussate and distichous phyllotactic systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leaves in plants with spiral phyllotaxy exhibit directional asymmetries, such that all the leaves originating from a meristem of a particular chirality are similarly asymmetric relative to each other. Models of auxin flux capable of recapitulating spiral phyllotaxis predict handed auxin asymmetries in initiating leaf primordia with empirically verifiable effects on superficially bilaterally symmetric leaves. Here, we extend a similar analysis of leaf asymmetry to decussate and distichous phyllotaxy. We found that our simulation models of these two patterns predicted mirrored asymmetries in auxin distribution in leaf primordia pairs. To empirically verify the morphological consequences of asymmetric auxin distribution, we analyzed the morphology of a tomato sister-of-pinformed1a (sopin1a) mutant, entire-2, in which spiral phyllotaxy consistently transitions to a decussate state. Shifts in the displacement of leaflets on the left and right sides of entire-2 leaf pairs mirror each other, corroborating predicted model results. We then analyze the shape of >800 commonivy (Hedera helix) and >3,000 grapevine (Vitis and Ampelopsis spp.) leaf pairs and find statistical enrichment of predicted mirrored asymmetries. Our results demonstrate that left-right auxin asymmetries in models of decussate and distichous phyllotaxy successfully predict mirrored asymmetric leaf morphologies in superficially symmetric leaves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciera C Martinez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel H Chitwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard S Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelima R Sinha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left-right leaf asymmetry in decussate and distichous phyllotactic systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards standard practices for sharing computer code and programs in neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background Background References Many areas of neuroscience are now critically dependent on computational tools to help understand the large volumes of data being created. Furthermore, computer models are increasingly being used to help predict and understand the function of the nervous system. Many of these computations are complex and usually cannot be concisely reported in the methods section of a scientific article. In a few areas there are widely used software packages for analysis (e.g., SPM, FSL, AFNI, FreeSurfer, Civet in neuroimaging) or simulation (e.g. NEURON, NEST, Brian). However, we often write new computer programs to solve specific problems in the course of our research. Some of these programs may be relatively small scripts that help analyze all of our data, and these rarely get described in papers. As authors, how best can we maximize the chances that other scientists can reprod ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen Eglen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Marwick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaroslav Halchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Hanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoaib Sufi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padraig Gleeson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Angus Silver</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Davison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda Lanyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew Abrams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Wachtler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David J Willshaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christophe Pouzat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards standard practices for sharing computer code and programs in neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide measurement of spatial expression in patterning mutants of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome sequencing has become commonplace, but the understanding of how those genomes ultimately specify cell fate during development is still elusive. Extrapolating insights from deep investigation of a handful of developmentally important Drosophila genes to understanding the regulation of all genes is a major challenge. The developing embryo provides a unique opportunity to study the role of gene expression in pattern specification; the precise and consistent spatial positioning of key transcription factors essentially provides separate transcriptional-readout experiments at a critical point in development.nnWe cryosectioned and sequenced mRNA from single Drosophila melanogaster embryos at the blastoderm stage to screen for spatially-varying regulation of transcription. Expanding on our previous screening of wild type embryos, here we present data from dosage mutants for key maternally provided regulators, including depletion of zelda and hunchback and both over-expression and depletion of bicoid. These data recapitulate all of the expected patterning changes driven by these regulators; for instance, we show spatially-confined up-regulation of expression in the bicoid over-expression condition, and down-regulation of those genes in the bicoid knock-down case, consistent with bicoids known function as an anterior-localized activator.nnOur data highlight the role of combinatorial regulation of patterning gene expression. When comparing changes in multiple conditions, genes responsive to one mutation tend to respond to other mutations in a similar fashion. Furthermore, genes that respond differently to these mutations tend to have more complex patterns of TF binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter A. Combs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide measurement of spatial expression in patterning mutants of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum is regulated by a switch-like behavior in the HtrA protease MamE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic organisms that produce subcellular magnetic particles in order to orient in the earths geomagnetic field. MamE, a predicted HtrA protease required to produce magnetite crystals in the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, was recently shown to promote the proteolytic processing of itself and two other biomineralization factors in vivo. Here, we have analyzed the in vivo processing patterns of three proteolytic targets and used this information to reconstitute proteolysis with a purified form of MamE in vitro. MamE cleaves a custom peptide substrate with positive cooperativity, and its auto-proteolysis can be stimulated with exogenous substrates or peptides that bind to either of its PDZ domains. A misregulated form of the protease that circumvents specific genetic requirements for proteolysis causes biomineralization defects, showing that proper regulation of its activity is required during magnetite biosynthesis in vivo. Our results represent the first reconstitution of MamEs proteolytic activity and show that its behavior is consistent with the previously proposed checkpoint model for biomineralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David M Hershey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick J Browne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony T Iavarone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joan Teyra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun H Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev S Sidhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arash Komeili</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum is regulated by a switch-like behavior in the HtrA protease MamE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of population size histories on estimates of selection coefficients from time-series genetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPMany approaches have been developed for inferring selection coefficients from time series data while accounting for genetic drift. However, the improvement in inference accuracy that can be attained by modeling drift is unknown. Here, by comparing maximum likelihood estimates of selection coefficients that account for the true population size history with estimates that ignore drift, we address the following questions: how much can modeling the population size history improve estimates of selection coefficients? How much can mis-inferred population sizes hurt inferences of selection coefficients? We conduct our analysis under the discrete Wright-Fisher model by deriving the exact probability of an allele frequency trajectory in a population of time-varying size and we replicate our results under the diffusion model by extending the exact probability of a frequency trajectory derived by Steinrucken et al. (2014) to the case of a piecewise constant population. For both the discrete Wright-Fisher and diffusion models, we find that ignoring drift leads to estimates of selection coefficients that are nearly as accurate as estimates that account for the true population history, even when population sizes are small and drift is high. In populations of time-varying size, estimates of selection coefficients that ignore drift are similar in accuracy to estimates that rely on crude, yet reasonable, estimates of the population history. These results are of interest because inference methods that ignore drift are widely used in evolutionary studies and can be many orders of magnitude faster than methods that account for population sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ethan M Jewett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of population size histories on estimates of selection coefficients from time-series genetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding specificity of Cas9-guide RNA complexes to DNA is important for genome engineering applications, but how mismatches influence target recognition and rejection kinetics is not well understood. We used single-molecule FRET to probe real-time interactions between Cas9-RNA and DNA targets. The bimolecular association rate is only weakly dependent on sequence, but the dissociation rate greatly increases from < 0.006 s-1 to > 2 s-1 upon introduction of mismatches proximal to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), demonstrating that mismatches encountered early during heteroduplex formation induce rapid rejection of off-target DNA. In contrast, PAM-distal mismatches up to 12 base pairs in length, which prevent DNA cleavage, still allow the formation of a stable complex (off-rate < 0.006 s-1), suggesting that extremely slow rejection could sequester Cas9-RNA, increasing the Cas9 expression level necessary for genome editing thereby aggravating off-target effects. We also observed at least two different bound FRET states that may represent distinct steps in target search and proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Digvijay Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel H. Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyi Fei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taekjip Ha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A. Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele Surfing Promotes Microbial Adaptation from Standing Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coupling of ecology and evolution during range expansions enables mutations to establish at expanding range margins and reach high frequencies. This phenomenon, called allele surfing, is thought to have caused revolutions in the gene pool of many species, most evidently in microbial communities. It has remained unclear, however, under which conditions allele surfing promotes or hinders adaptation. Here, using microbial experiments and simulations, we show that, starting with standing adaptive variation, range expansions generate a larger increase in mean fitness than spatially uniform population expansions. The adaptation gain results from  soft selective sweeps emerging from surfing beneficial mutations. The rate of these surfing events is shown to sensitively depend on the strength of genetic drift, which varies among strains and environmental conditions. More generally, allele surfing promotes the rate of adaptation per biomass produced, which could help developing biofilms and other resource-limited populations to cope with environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matti Gralka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian Stiewe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fred Farrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfram Moebius</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlomiej Waclaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele Surfing Promotes Microbial Adaptation from Standing Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical step in cellular trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes a snapthrough instability in which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to "snap" from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.nnSignificance statementPlasma membrane tension plays an important role in various biological processes. In particular, recent experimental studies have shown that membrane tension inhibits membrane budding processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We have identified a mathematical relationship between the curvature-generating capability of the protein coat and membrane tension that can predict whether the coat alone is sufficient to produce closed buds. Additionally, we show that a combination of increased coat rigidity and applied force from actin polymerization can produce closed buds at high membrane tensions. These findings are general to any membrane budding process, suggesting that biology has evolved to take advantage of a set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesicle formation across a range of organisms and mechanical environments.nnAuthor ContributionsJ.E.H., G.O., and P.R. designed research. J.E.H. performed research. J.E.H., D.G.D., and P.R. analyzed data. J.E.H., G.O., D.G.D., and P.R. wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julian E. Hassinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David G. Drubin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient spine enlargement (3-5 min timescale) is an important event associated with the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Many of the molecular mechanisms associated with transient spine en{-}largement have been identified experimentally. Here, we use a systems biology approach to construct a mathematical model of biochemical signaling and actin-mediated transient spine expansion in response to calcium-influx due to NMDA receptor activation. We have identified that a key feature of this signaling network is the paradoxical signaling loop. Paradoxical components act bifunctionally in signaling net{-}works and their role is to control both the activation and inhibition of a desired response function (protein activity or spine volume). Using ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based modeling, we show that the dynamics of different regulators of transient spine expansion including CaMKII, RhoA, and Cdc42 and the spine volume can be described using paradoxical signaling loops. Our model is able to capture the experimentally observed dynamics of transient spine volume. Furthermore, we show that actin remod{-}eling events provide a robustness to spine volume dynamics. We also generate experimentally testable predictions about the role of different components and parameters of the network on spine dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael G. Levy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid M. Khan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterized by deficits in face recognition without gross brain abnormalities. However, the neural basis of DP is not well understood. We measured population receptive fields (pRFs) in ventral visual cortex of DPs and typical adults to assess the contribution of spatial integration to face processing. While DPs showed typical retinotopic organization of ventral visual cortex and normal pRF sizes in early visual areas, we found significantly reduced pRF sizes in face-selective regions and in intermediate areas hV4 and VO1. Across both typicals and DPs, face recognition ability correlated positively with pRF size in both face-selective regions and VO1, whereby participants with larger pRFs perform better. However, face recognition ability is correlated with both pRF size and ROI volume only in face-selective regions. These findings suggest that smaller pRF sizes in DP may reflect a deficit in spatial integration affecting holistic processing required for face recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Witthoft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonia Poltoratski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golijeh Golarai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alina Liberman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen F LaRocque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary E Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalanit Grill-Spector</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Phenotypic Categorization for Neurobiological Analyses: Beyond DSM-5 Labels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundData-driven approaches can capture behavioral and biological variation currently unaccounted for by contemporary diagnostic categories, thereby enhancing the ability of neurobiological studies to characterize brain-behavior relationships.nnMethodsA community-ascertained sample of individuals (N=347, ages 18-59) completed a battery of behavioral measures, psychiatric assessment, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) in a cross-sectional design. Bootstrap-based exploratory factor analysis was applied to 49 phenotypic subscales from 10 measures. Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering was applied to resultant factor scores to identify nested groups. Adjacent groups were compared via independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests of factor scores, syndrome scores, and psychiatric prevalence. Multivariate Distance Matrix Regression examined functional connectome differences between adjacent groups.nnResultsReduction yielded six factors, which explained 77.8% and 65.4% of the variance in exploratory and constrained exploratory models, respectively. Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering of these 6 factors identified 2, 4, and 8 nested groups (i.e., phenotypic communities). At the highest clustering level, the algorithm differentiated functionally adaptive and maladaptive groups. At the middle clustering level, groups were separated by problem type (maladaptive groups; internalizing vs. externalizing problems) and behavioral type (adaptive groups; sensation-seeking vs. extraverted/emotionally stable). Unique phenotypic profiles were also evident at the lowest clustering level. Group comparisons exhibited significant differences in intrinsic functional connectivity at the highest clustering level in somatomotor, thalamic, basal ganglia, and limbic networks.nnConclusionsData-driven approaches for identifying homogenous subgroups, spanning typical function to dysfunction not only yielded clinically meaningful groups, but captured behavioral and neurobiological variation among healthy individuals as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Van Dam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David O'Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enitan T Marcelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erica J Ho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell H Tobe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilma Gabbay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James J Hudziak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco Xavier Castellanos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett L Leventhal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael P Milham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Phenotypic Categorization for Neurobiological Analyses: Beyond DSM-5 Labels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate choanoflagellate development with lipid activators, inhibitors, and synergists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, multicellular "rosette" development is regulated by environmental bacteria. The simplicity of this evolutionarily-relevant interaction provides an opportunity to identify the molecules and regulatory logic underpinning bacterial regulation of development. We find that the rosette-inducing bacterium Algoriphagus machipongonensis produces three structurally divergent classes of bioactive lipids that, together, activate, enhance, and inhibit rosette development in the choanoflagellate S. rosetta. One class of molecules, the lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), elicits no response on its own, but synergizes with activating sulfonolipid rosette inducing factors (RIFs) to recapitulate the full bioactivity of live Algoriphagus. LPEs, while ubiquitous in bacteria and eukaryotes, have not previously been implicated in the regulation of a host-microbe interaction. This study reveals that multiple bacterially-produced lipids converge to activate, enhance, and inhibit multicellular development in a choanoflagellate.nnSignificance StatementBacterial symbionts profoundly influence the biology of their animal hosts, yet complex interactions between animals and their resident bacteria often make it challenging to characterize the molecules and mechanisms. Simple model systems can reveal fundamental processes underlying interactions between eukaryotes and their associated microbial communities, and provide insight into how bacteria regulate animal biology. In this study we isolate and characterize bacterial molecules that regulate multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate. We find that multiple bacterially-derived lipids converge to activate, enhance, and inhibit choanoflagellate multicellular development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arielle Woznica</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra M. Cantley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Beemelmanns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizaveta Freinkman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Clardy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria regulate choanoflagellate development with lipid activators, inhibitors, and synergists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-driven jamming in growing microbial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural settings, microbes tend to grow in dense populations [1-4] where they need to push against their surroundings to accommodate space for new cells. The associated contact forces play a critical role in a variety of population-level processes, including biofilm formation [5-7], the colonization of porous media [8, 9], and the invasion of biological tissues [10-12]. Although mechanical forces have been characterized at the single cell level [13-16], it remains elusive how collective pushing forces result from the combination of single cell forces. Here, we reveal a collective mechanism of confinement, which we call self-driven jamming, that promotes the build-up of large mechanical pressures in microbial populations. Microfluidic experiments on budding yeast populations in space-limited environments show that self-driven jamming arises from the gradual formation and sudden collapse of force chains driven by microbial proliferation, extending the framework of driven granular matter [17-20]. The resulting contact pressures can become large enough to slow down cell growth by delaying the cell cycle in the G1 phase and to strain or even destroy the microenvironment through crack propagation. Our results suggest that self-driven jamming and build-up of large mechanical pressures is a natural tendency of microbes growing in confined spaces, contributing to microbial pathogenesis and biofouling [21-26].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan Delarue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jörn Hartung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Schreck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawel Gniewek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucy Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Herminghaus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-driven jamming in growing microbial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excess of mutational jackpot events in growing populations due to gene surfing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the hallmarks of spontaneous mutations in growing populations is the emergence of mutational jackpot events - large mutant clones arising from mutations that by chance occur early in the development of a cellular population so that their progenitors benefit from prolonged growth. Due to their sheer size, these jackpot events, first discovered by Luria and Delbruck [1], are thought to have momentous roles in short-term evolutionary processes, including the adaptation from standing variation [2-4], evolutionary rescue [5], drug resistance evolution [6-10], and the somatic evolution of genetic diseases [11, 12]. However, because the emergence of jackpot events has been understood only in uniformly growing populations [1, 10, 13], it is currently impossible to predict their impact on the evolution of many naturally structured populations. To study jackpot events in spatially structured populations, we tracked mutant clones in microbial populations using fluorescent microscopy and population sequencing. High-frequency mutations were massively enriched in microbial colonies compared to well-shaken liquid cultures, as a result of late-occurring mutations surfing at the edge of range expansions [14-16]. We provide a mathematical theory that explains the observed excess of jackpot events and predicts their role in promoting rare evolutionary outcomes. In particular, we show that resistant clones generated by surfing can become unleashed under high selection pressures, and thus represent a drug resistance hazard for high-dose drug treatments. An excess of mutational jackpot events is shown to be a general consequence of non-uniform growth and, therefore, could be relevant to the mutational load of developing biofilm communities, solid tumors and multi-cellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diana Fusco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matti Gralka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Anderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jona Kayser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oskar Hallatschek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excess of mutational jackpot events in growing populations due to gene surfing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building a Web of Linked Data Resources to Advance Neuroscience Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand the nervous system at all levels of description, from molecular components to behavior. The complexity of achieving this goal in neuroscience, and biomedicine in general, poses many technical and sociological challenges. Among these are the need to organize neuroscientific data, information, and knowledge to facilitate new scientific endeavors, provide credibility and visibility of research findings, and increase the efficiency of data reuse. Linked Data is a set of principles based on Web technology that can aid this process as it organizes data as an interconnected network of information. This review examines the history, practical impact, potential, and challenges of applying Linked Data principles to neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>B Nolan Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit S Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibor Auer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Grabowskith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camille Maumet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Keator</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian Pohl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building a Web of Linked Data Resources to Advance Neuroscience Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing in Neuroimaging using MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging enables rich noninvasive measurements of human brain activity, but translating such data into neuroscientific insights and clinical applications requires complex analyses and collaboration among a diverse array of researchers. The open science movement is reshaping scientific culture and addressing the challenges of transparency and reproducibility of research. To advance open science in neuroimaging the Organization for Human Brain Mapping created the Committee on Best Practice in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS), charged with creating a report that collects best practice recommendations from experts and the entire brain imaging community. The purpose of this work is to elaborate the principles of open and reproducible research for neuroimaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and then distill these principles to specific research practices. Many elements of a study are so varied that practice cannot be prescribed, but for these areas we detail the information that must be reported to fully understand and potentially replicate a study. For other elements of a study, like statistical modelling where specific poor practices can be identified, and the emerging areas of data sharing and reproducibility, we detail both good practice and reporting standards. For each of seven areas of a study we provide tabular listing of over 100 items to help plan, execute, report and share research in the most transparent fashion. Whether for individual scientists, or for editors and reviewers, we hope these guidelines serve as a benchmark, to raise the standards of practice and reporting in neuroimaging using MRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas E. Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samir Das</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon B. Eickhoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan C. Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristan Glatard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Hanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaus Kriegeskorte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael P. Milham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell A. Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erika Proal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Thirion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David C. Van Essen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonya White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B. T. Thomas Yeo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing in Neuroimaging using MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long shelf-life streptavidin support-films suitable for electron microscopy of biological macromolecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a rapid and convenient method of growing streptavidin (SA) monolayer crystals directly on holey-carbon EM grids. As expected, these SA monolayer crystals retain their biotin-binding function and crystalline order through a cycle of embedding in trehalose and, later, its removal. This fact allows one to prepare, and store for later use, EM grids on which SA monolayer crystals serve as an affinity substrate for preparing specimens of biological macromolecules. In addition, we report that coating the lipid-tail side of trehalose-embedded monolayer crystals with evaporated carbon appears to improve the consistency with which well-ordered, single crystals are observed to span over entire, 2 m holes of the support films. Randomly biotinylated 70 S ribosomes are used as a test specimen to show that these support films can be used to obtain a high-resolution cryo-EM structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bong-Gyoon Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoe Watson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arto Pulk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth Downing</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Glaeser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long shelf-life streptavidin support-films suitable for electron microscopy of biological macromolecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of alternative splicing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing ("AS") greatly expands proteome diversity, but little is known about the evolutionary landscape of AS in Drosophila, and how it differs between embryonic and adult stages, or males and females. Here we study the transcriptome from several tissues and developmental stages in males and females from four species across the Drosophila genus. We find that 20-37% of multi-exon genes are alternatively spliced. While males generally express a larger number of genes, AS is more prevalent in females, suggesting that the sexes adopt different expression strategies for their specialized function. While the number of total genes expressed increases during early embryonic development, the proportion of expressed genes that are alternatively spliced is highest in the very early embryo, before the onset of zygotic transcription. This indicates that females deposit a diversity of isoforms into the egg, consistent with abundant AS found in ovary. Cluster analysis by gene expression levels ("GE") show mostly stage-specific clustering in embryonic samples, and tissue-specific clustering in adult tissues. Clustering embryonic stages and adult tissues based on AS profiles results in stronger species-specific clustering, and over development, samples segregate by developmental stage within species. Most sex-biased AS found in flies is due to AS in gonads, with little sex-specific splicing in somatic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauren Gibilisco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivani Mahajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doris Bachtrog</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of alternative splicing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open-hardware platform for optogenetics and photobiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In optogenetics, researchers use light and genetically encoded photoreceptors to control biological processes with unmatched precision. However, outside of neuroscience, the impact of optogenetics has been limited by a lack of user-friendly, flexible, accessible hardware. Here, we engineer the Light Plate Apparatus (LPA), a device that can deliver two independent 310 to 1550 nm light signals to each well of a 24-well plate with intensity control over three orders of magnitude and millisecond resolution. Signals are programmed using an intuitive web tool named Iris. All components can be purchased for under $400 and the device can be assembled and calibrated by a non-expert in one day. We use the LPA to precisely control gene expression from blue, green, and red light responsive optogenetic tools in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells and simplify the entrainment of cyanobacterial circadian rhythm. The LPA dramatically reduces the entry barrier to optogenetics and photobiology experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karl Gerhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan Olson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Castillo-Hair</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas Hartsough</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Landry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix Ekness</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayka Yokoo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Gomez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabha Ramakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junghae Suh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Savage</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Tabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open-hardware platform for optogenetics and photobiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional neuroimaging techniques have transformed our ability to probe the neurobiological basis of behaviour and are increasingly being applied by the wider neuroscience community. However, concerns have recently been raised that the conclusions drawn from some human neuroimaging studies are either spurious or not generalizable. Problems such as low statistical power, flexibility in data analysis, software errors, and lack of direct replication apply to many fields, but perhaps particularly to fMRI. Here we discuss these problems, outline current and suggested best practices, and describe how we think the field should evolve to produce the most meaningful answers to neuroscientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris I Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joke Durnez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul M Matthews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus Munafo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Vul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Yarkoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput biochemical profiling reveals Cas9 off-target binding and unbinding heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
**. Introduction **. Introduction **. Main body **. Online Methods **. Author contributions **. Competing financial... ** References The bacterial adaptive immune system CRISPR-Cas9 has been appropriated as a versatile tool for editing genomes, controlling gene expression, and visualizing genetic loci1. To analyze Cas9s ability to bind DNA rapidly and specifically, we measured the kinetics of catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) interactions with a library of potential binding partners. Using a massively parallel assay of protein-DNA interactions derived from a high-throughput sequencing flow cell (HiTS-FLIP)2 and building on the established importance of protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and seed recognition3- ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evan August Boyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Oscar Lennart Andreasson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Mallory Chircus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Henry Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Jennifer Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantal Katrin Guegler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Anne Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William James Greenleaf</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput biochemical profiling reveals Cas9 off-target binding and unbinding heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Activity Can Produce Cross-Frequency Coupling in Cortical Signals in the Absence of Functional Interaction Between Neural Sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of cross-frequency coupling (CFC) has become popular in studies involving intracranial and scalp EEG recordings in humans. It has been argued that some cases where CFC is mathematically present may not reflect an interaction of two distinct yet functionally coupled neural sources with different frequencies. Here we provide two empirical examples from intracranial recordings where CFC can be shown to be driven by the shape of a periodic waveform rather than by a functional interaction between distinct sources. Using simulations, we also present a generalized and realistic scenario where such coupling may arise. This scenario, which we term waveform-dependent CFC, arises when sharp waveforms (e.g., cortical potentials) occur in a periodic manner throughout parts of the data. Since the waveforms are repeated periodically, they constitute a slow wave that is inherently phase-aligned with the high-frequency component carried by the same waveforms. We submit that such behavior of the data, which seems to be present in various cortical signals, cannot be interpreted as reflecting functional modulation between distinct neural sources without additional evidence. In addition, we show that even low amplitude periodic potentials that cannot be readily observed or controlled for, are sufficient for significant CFC to occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edden M. Gerber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boaz Sadeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Ward</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert T. Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon Y. Deouell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic Non-Sinusoidal Activity Can Produce Cross-Frequency Coupling in Cortical Signals in the Absence of Functional Interaction Between Neural Sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Thousand Fly Genomes: An Expanded Drosophila Genome Nexus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila Genome Nexus is a population genomic resource that provides D. melanogaster genomes from multiple sources. To facilitate comparisons across data sets, genomes are aligned using a common reference alignment pipeline which involves two rounds of mapping. Regions of residual heterozygosity, identity-by-descent, and recent population admixture are annotated to enable data filtering based on the users needs. Here, we present a significant expansion of the Drosophila Genome Nexus, which brings the current data object to a total of 1,122 wild-derived genomes. New additions include 306 previously unpublished genomes from inbred lines representing six population samples in Egypt, Ethiopia, France, and South Africa, along with another 193 genomes added from recently-published data sets. We also provide an aligned D. simulans genome to facilitate divergence comparisons. This improved resource will broaden the range of population genomic questions that can addressed from multi-population allele frequencies and haplotypes in this model species. The larger set of genomes will also enhance the discovery of functionally relevant natural variation that exists within and between populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justin B Lack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy D Lange</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison B Tang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell B Corbett-Detig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John E Pool</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Thousand Fly Genomes: An Expanded Drosophila Genome Nexus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How phospholipids are trafficked between the bacterial inner and outer membranes through the intervening hydrophilic space of the periplasm is not known. Here we report that members of the mammalian cell entry (MCE) protein family form structurally diverse hexameric rings and barrels with a central channel capable of mediating lipid transport. The E. coli MCE protein, MlaD, forms a ring as part of a larger ABC transporter complex in the inner membrane, and employs a soluble lipid-binding protein to ferry lipids between MlaD and an outer membrane protein complex. In contrast, EM structures of two other E. coli MCE proteins show that YebT forms an elongated tube consisting of seven stacked MCE rings, and PqiB adopts a syringe-like architecture. Both YebT and PqiB create channels of sufficient length to span the entire periplasmic space. This work reveals diverse architectures of highly conserved protein-based channels implicated in the transport of lipids between the inner and outer membranes of bacteria and some eukaryotic organelles.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIMCE proteins adopt diverse architectures for transporting lipids across the bacterial periplasmnC_LIO_LICryo-EM and X-ray structures reveal how the MlaFEDB complex, along with MlaC, might shuttle lipids across the periplasmnC_LIO_LI3.9 [A] cryo-EM structure of PqiB reveals a syringe-like architecture with a continuous central channelnC_LIO_LIYebT forms a a segmented tube-like structure, and YebT and PqiB are poised to directly link the inner and outer membranes to facilitate lipid transport.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damian C Ekiert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gira Bhabha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett Greenan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Ovchinnikov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery S Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald D Vale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of a DMR6 ortholog in tomato confers broad-spectrum disease resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic microbes are responsible for severe production losses in crops worldwide. The use of disease resistant crop varieties can be a sustainable approach to meet the food demand of the worlds growing population. However, classical plant breeding is usually laborious and time-consuming, thus hampering efficient improvement of many crops. With the advent of genome editing technologies, in particular the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9) system, we are now able to introduce improved crop traits in a rapid and efficient manner. In this work, we genome edited durable disease resistance in tomato by modifying a specific gene associated with disease resistance. Recently, it was demonstrated that inactivation of a single gene called DMR6 (downy mildew resistance 6) confers resistance to several pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. This gene is specifically up-regulated during pathogen infection, and mutations in the dmr6 gene results in increased salicylic acid levels. The tomato SlDMR6-1 orthologue Solyc03g080190 is also up-regulated during infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Phytophthora capsici. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we generated tomato plants with small deletions in the SlDMR6-1 gene that result in frameshift and premature truncation of the protein. Remarkably, these mutants do not have significant detrimental effects in terms of growth and development under greenhouse conditions and show disease resistance against different pathogens, including P. syringae, P. capsici and Xanthomonas spp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinton Brail</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Dahlbeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian J Staskawicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of a DMR6 ortholog in tomato confers broad-spectrum disease resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNase H enables efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R-loops, three-stranded structures that form when transcripts hybridize to chromosomal DNA, are potent agents of genome instability. This instability has been explained by the ability of R-loops to induce DNA damage. Here, we show that persistent R-loops also compromise DNA repair. Depleting endogenous RNase H activity impairs R-loop removal in budding yeast, causing DNA damage that occurs preferentially in the repetitive ribosomal DNA locus (rDNA). We analyzed the repair kinetics of this damage and identified mutants that modulate repair. Our results indicate that persistent R-loops in the rDNA induce damage that is slowly repaired by break-induced replication (BIR). Furthermore, R-loop induced BIR at the rDNA leads to lethal repair intermediates when RNA polymerase I elongation is compromised. We present a model to explain how removal of R-loops by RNase H is critical in ensuring the efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage by pathways other than BIR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeremy D. Amon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Koshland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNase H enables efficient repair of R-loop induced DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional analysis of the contribution of climatic niche divergence to adaptive radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating how ecological and evolutionary mechanisms interact to produce and maintain biodiversity is a fundamental problem in evolutionary ecology. We investigate this issue by focusing on how physiological evolution affects performance and species coexistence along the thermal niche axis in replicated radiations of Anolis lizards, groups best known for resource partitioning based on morphological divergence. We find repeated divergence in thermal physiology within these radiations, and that this divergence significantly affects performance within natural thermal environments. Morphologically similar species that co-occur invariably differ in their thermal physiology, providing evidence that physiological divergence facilitates species co-existence within anole communities. Despite repeated divergence in traits of demonstrable ecological importance, phylogenetic comparative analyses indicate that physiological traits have evolved more slowly than key morphological traits related to the structural niche. Phylogenetic analyses also reveal that physiological divergence is correlated with divergence in broad-scale habitat climatic features commonly used to estimate thermal niche evolution, but that the latter incompletely predicts variation in the former. We provide comprehensive evidence for repeated adaptive evolution of physiological divergence within Anolis adaptive radiations, including the complementary roles of physiological and morphological divergence in promoting community-level diversity. We recommend greater integration of performance-based traits into analyses of climatic niche evolution, as they facilitate a more complete understanding of the phenotypic and ecological consequences of climatic divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex R Gunderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Luke Mahler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel Leal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional analysis of the contribution of climatic niche divergence to adaptive radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systems-Level Model Reveals That 1,2-Propanediol Utilization Microcompartments Enhance Pathway Flux Through Intermediate Sequestration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization of metabolism is common to all domains of life. Enteric and other bacteria use subcellular organelles known as bacterial microcompartments to spatially organize the metabolism of pathogenicity-relevant carbon sources, such as 1,2-propanediol. The organelles are thought to sequester a private cofactor pool, minimize the effects of toxic intermediates, and enhance flux through the encapsulated metabolic pathways. We develop a mathematical model of the function of the 1,2-propanediol utilization microcompartment of Salmonella enterica and use it to analyze the function of the microcompartment organelles in detail. Our model makes accurate predictions of doubling times based on an optimized compartment shell permeability determined by maximizing metabolic flux in the model. The compartments function primarily to decouple cytosolic intermediate concentrations from the concentrations in the microcompartment, allowing significant enhancement in pathway flux by the generation of large concentration gradients across the microcompartment shell. We find that selective permeability of the microcompartment shell is not absolutely necessary, but is often beneficial in establishing this intermediate-trapping function. Our findings also implicate active transport of the 1,2-propanediol substrate under conditions of low external substrate concentration, and we present a mathematical bound, in terms of external 1,2-proanediol substrate concentration and diffusive rates, on when active transport of the substrate is advantageous. By allowing us to predict experimentally inaccessible aspects of microcompartment function, such as intra-microcompartment metabolite concentrations, our model presents avenues for future research and underscores the importance of carefully considering changes in external metabolite concentrations and other conditions during batch cultures. Our results also suggest that the encapsulation of heterologous pathways in bacterial microcompartments might yield significant benefits for pathway flux, as well as for toxicity mitigation.nnAuthor SummaryMany bacterial species, such as Salmonella enterica (responsible for over 1 million illnesses per year in the United States) and Yersinia pestis (the causative agent of bubonic plague), have a suite of unique metabolic capabilities allowing them to proliferate in the hostile environment of the host gut. Bacterial microcompartments are the subcellular organelles that contain the enzymes responsible for these special metabolic pathways. In this study, we use a mathematical model to explore the possible reasons why Salmonella enclose the 1,2-propanediol utilization metabolic pathway within these sophisticated organelle structures. Using our model, we can examine experimentally inaccessible aspects of the system and make predictions to be tested in future experiments. The metabolic benefits that bacteria gain from the microcompartment system may also prove helpful in enhancing bacterial production of fuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher M Jakobson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marilyn F. Slininger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle Tullman-Ercek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niall M. Mangan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systems-Level Model Reveals That 1,2-Propanediol Utilization Microcompartments Enhance Pathway Flux Through Intermediate Sequestration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CH···O Interactions Are Not the Cause of Trends in Reactivity and Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Enzymatic SN2 Methyl Transfer Reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compaction mattersSN2 substitution represents an important class of reaction for both chemical and biological systems. The ability to assess enzymatic transition state structure within this class of reaction remains a major experimental challenge. Here, we comment on and compare the relative impact of compaction along the axis of reaction to the impact of an orthogonal CH{middle dot}{middle dot}{middle dot}O hydrogen bonding interaction. The latter is concluded to play a limited role in determining relative reaction rates and secondary KIEs derived from experimental structure-activity correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jianyu Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith P. Klinman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CH···O Interactions Are Not the Cause of Trends in Reactivity and Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Enzymatic SN2 Methyl Transfer Reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ohana, a tool set for population genetic analyses of admixture components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStructure methods are highly used population genetic methods for classifying individuals in a sample fractionally into discrete ancestry components.nnContributionWe introduce a new optimization algorithm of the classical Structure model in a maximum likelihood framework. Using analyses of real data we show that the new optimization algorithm finds higher likelihood values than the state-of-the-art method in the same computational time. We also present a new method for estimating population trees from ancestry components using a Gaussian approximation. Using coalescence simulations modeling populations evolving in a tree-like fashion, we explore the adequacy of the Structure model and the Gaussian assumption for identifying ancestry components correctly and for inferring the correct tree. In most cases, ancestry components are inferred correctly, although sample sizes and times since admixture can influence the inferences. Similarly, the popular Gaussian approximation tends to perform poorly when branch lengths are long, although the tree topology is correctly inferred in all scenarios explored. The new methods are implemented together with appropriate visualization tools in the computer package Ohana.nnAvailabilityOhana is publicly available at https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana. Besides its source code and installation instructions, we also provide example workflows in the project wiki site.nnContactjade.cheng@birc.au.dk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jade Yu Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Mailund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ohana, a tool set for population genetic analyses of admixture components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Range stability predicts lineage persistence in a morphologically cryptic ground squirrel species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes responsible for patterns of cytonuclear discordance remain unclear. Here, we employ an exon capture dataset, demographic methods, and species distribution modeling to elucidate the impact of historical demography on patterns of genealogical concordance and discordance in ground squirrel lineages from the Otospermophilus beecheyi species complex. Previous studies in O. beecheyi revealed three morphologically cryptic and highly divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages (named the Northern, Central, and Southern lineages based on geography) with only the Northern lineage exhibiting concordant divergence in nuclear markers. We show that these mtDNA lineages likely formed in allopatry during the Pleistocene, but responded differentially to climatic changes that occurred since the last interglacial ([~]120,000 years ago). We find that the Northern lineage maintained a stable range throughout this period, correlating with genetic distinctiveness among all genetic markers and low migration rates between the other lineages. In contrast, our results support a scenario where the Southern lineage expanded from Baja California Sur during the Late Pleistocene and hybridized with the Central lineage, eventually driving the Central lineage to extinction. While high intraspecific gene flow among newly colonized populations eroded significant signals of Central ancestry from autosomal markers, male sex-biased dispersal in this system preserved signals of this past hybridization and introgression event in matrilineal-biased X-chromosome and mtDNA markers. Our results highlight the importance of range stability in maintaining the persistence of phylogeographic lineages, whereas unstable range dynamics can increase the tendency for lineages to interact and collapse upon secondary contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark A Phuong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig Moritz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Range stability predicts lineage persistence in a morphologically cryptic ground squirrel species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC1 controls cytoplasmic crowding by regulating ribosome concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary (Abstract)Macromolecular crowding has a profound impact on reaction rates and the physical properties of the cell interior, but the mechanisms that regulate crowding are poorly understood. We developed Genetically Encoded Multimeric nanoparticles (GEMs) to dissect these mechanisms. GEMs are homomultimeric scaffolds fused to a fluorescent protein. GEMs self-assemble into bright, stable fluorescent particles of defined size and shape. By combining tracking of GEMs with genetic and pharmacological approaches, we discovered that the mTORC1 pathway can tune the effective diffusion coefficient of macromolecules [&ge;]15 nm in diameter more than 2-fold without any discernable effect on the motion of molecules [&ge;]5 nm. These mTORCI-dependent changes in crowding and rheology affect phase-separation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results establish a role for mTORCI in controlling both the biophysical properties of the cytoplasm and the phase-separation of biopolymers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittingham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtsev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC1 controls cytoplasmic crowding by regulating ribosome concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity of language in left-hemisphere stroke: evidence linking subsecond electrophysiology and structural connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of neuroplasticity following stroke is predominantly based on neuroimaging measures that cannot address the subsecond neurodynamics of impaired language processing. We combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures and structural-connectivity estimates to characterize neuroplasticity underlying successful compensation of language abilities after left-hemispheric stroke. We recorded the electroencephalogram from patients with stroke lesions to the left temporal lobe and matched controls during context-driven word retrieval. Participants heard lead-in sentences that either constrained the final word ("He locked the door with the") or not ("She walked in here with the"). The last word was shown as a picture to be named. We conducted individual-participant analyses and focused on oscillatory power as a subsecond indicator of a brain region's functional neurophysiological computations. All participants named pictures faster following constrained than unconstrained sentences, except for two patients, who had extensive damage to the left temporal lobe. Left-lateralized alpha-beta oscillatory power decreased in controls pre-picture presentation for constrained relative to unconstrained contexts. In patients, the alpha-beta power decreases were observed with the same time course as in controls but were lateralized to the intact right hemisphere. The right lateralization depended on the probability of white-matter connections between the bilateral temporal lobes. The two patients who performed poorly behaviorally showed no alpha-beta power decreases. Our findings suggest that incorporating direct measures of neural activity into investigations of neuroplasticity can provide important neural markers to help predict language recovery, assess the progress of neurorehabilitation, and delineate targets for therapeutic neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vitoria Piai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lars Meyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina F Dronkers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert T Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroplasticity of language in left-hemisphere stroke: evidence linking subsecond electrophysiology and structural connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple factors influence population sex ratios in the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPremise of research: Natural populations of many mosses appear highly female-biased based on the presence of reproductive structures. This bias could be caused by increased male mortality, lower male growth rate, or a higher threshold for achieving sexual maturity in males. Here we test these hypotheses using samples from two populations of the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis.nC_LIO_LIMethods: We used double digest restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to identify candidate sex-associated loci in a panel of sex-expressing plants. Next, we used putative sex-associated markers to identify the sex of individuals without sex structures.nC_LIO_LIKey results: We found an 18:1 phenotypic female: male sex ratio in the higher elevation site (Wrightwood), and no sex expression at the low elevation site (Phelan). In contrast, based on genetic data we found a 2:1 female bias in the Wrightwood site and only females in the Phelan site. The area occupied by male and female genets was indistinguishable.nC_LIO_LIConclusions: These data suggest that both differential mortality and sexual dimorphism in thresholds for sex expression likely contribute to population genetic and phenotypic sex ratio biases, and that phenotypic sex expression alone fails to capture the extent of actual sex ratio bias present in natural populations of S. caninervis.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenna T. Baughman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam C. Payton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amber E. Paasch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten M. Fisher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart F. McDaniel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple factors influence population sex ratios in the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP homeostasis underlies optimal glucose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycolysis is central to energy metabolism in most organisms, and is highly regulated to enable optimal growth. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, feedback mechanisms that control flux through glycolysis span transcriptional control to metabolite levels in the cell. Using a cellobiose consumption pathway, we decoupled glucose sensing from carbon utilization, revealing new modular layers of control that induce ATP consumption to drive rapid carbon fermentation. Alterations of the beta subunit of phosphofructokinase (PFK2), H+-plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1), and glucose sensors (SNF3, RGT2) revealed the importance of coupling extracellular glucose sensing to manage ATP levels in the cell. Controlling the upper bound of cellular ATP levels may be a general mechanism used to regulate energy levels in cells, via a regulatory network that can be uncoupled from ATP concentrations under perceived starvation conditions.nnImportanceLiving cells are fine-tuned through evolution to thrive in their native environments. Genome alterations to create organisms for specific biotechnological applications may result in unexpected and undesired phenotypes. We used a minimal synthetic biological system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a platform to reveal novel connections between carbon sensing, starvation conditions and energy homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulika Chomvong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Benjamin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Nomura</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamie Cate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP homeostasis underlies optimal glucose consumption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Electrochemistry Study of Cryoelectrolysis in Frozen Physiological Saline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is the first quantitative study on the fundamental physical and electrochemical processes that occur during cryoelectrolysis. Cryoelectrolysis is a new minimally invasive tissue ablation surgical technique that combines the processes of electrolysis and solid/liquid phase transformation (freezing). We measured the pH front propagation and the changes in resistance in a tissue simulant made of physiological saline gel with a pH dye as a function of the sample temperature in the high subzero range above the eutectic. Results demonstrate that effective electrolysis can occur in a high subzero freezing milieu and that the propagation of the pH front is only weakly dependent on temperature. These observations are consistent with a mechanism involving ionic movement through the concentrated saline solution channels between ice crystals at subfreezing temperatures above the eutectic. The Joule heating in these microchannel may cause local microscopic melting, the observed weak dependence of pH front propagation on temperature, and the large changes in resistance with time. In addition, we observed that the pH front propagation from the anode is more rapid than from the cathode. The explanation is the electro-osmotic flow from the cathode to the anode. The findings in this paper may be of fundamental value for designing future cryoelectrolytic ablation surgery protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas J. Manuel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujita Munnangi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boris Rubinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Electrochemistry Study of Cryoelectrolysis in Frozen Physiological Saline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scientific community is increasingly concerned with cases of published "discoveries" that are not replicated in further studies. The field of mouse behavioral phenotyping was one of the first to raise this concern, and to relate it to other complicated methodological issues: the complex interaction between genotype and environment; the definitions of behavioral constructs; and the use of the mouse as a model animal for human health and disease mechanisms. In January 2015, researchers from various disciplines including genetics, behavior genetics, neuroscience, ethology, statistics and bioinformatics gathered in Tel Aviv University to discuss these issues. The general consent presented here was that the issue is prevalent and of concern, and should be addressed at the statistical, methodological and policy levels, but is not so severe as to call into question the validity and the usefulness of model organisms as a whole. Well-organized community efforts, coupled with improved data and metadata sharing, were agreed by all to have a key role to play in identifying specific problems and promoting effective solutions. As replicability is related to validity and may also affect generalizability and translation of findings, the implications of the present discussion reach far beyond the issue of replicability of mouse phenotypes but may be highly relevant throughout biomedical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neri Kafkafi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Agassi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elissa J Chesler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C Crabbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wim E Crusio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Eilam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Gerlai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Golani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Gomez-Marin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuad Iraqi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iman Jaljuli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natasha A Karp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh Morgan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Nicholson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald W Pfaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helene S Richter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip B Stark</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Stiedl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Stodden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa M Tarantino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valter Tucci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Valdar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert W Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanno Wurbel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QTL-guided metabolic engineering of a complex trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering complex phenotypes for industrial and synthetic biology applications is difficult and often confounds rational design. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks is a complex trait that requires multiple host systems to utilize, detoxify, and metabolize a mixture of sugars and inhibitors present in plant hydrolysates. Here, we demonstrate an integrated approach to discovering and optimizing host factors that impact fitness of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation of a Miscanthus x giganteus plant hydrolysate. We first used high-resolution Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping and systematic Bulk Reciprocal Hemizygosity analysis (bRHA) to discover 17 loci that differentiate hydrolysate tolerance between an industrially related (JAY291) and a laboratory (S288C) strain. We then used this data to identify a subset of favorable allelic loci that were most amenable for strain engineering. Guided by this "genetic blueprint", and using a dual-guide Cas9-based method to efficiently perform multi-kilobase locus replacements, we engineered an S288C strain with superior hydrolysate tolerance than JAY291. Our methods should be generalizable to engineering any complex trait in S. cerevisiae, as well as other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Maurer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence Sutardja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic Pinel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda L Muehlbauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler D Ames</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Skerker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Arkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QTL-guided metabolic engineering of a complex trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWALO: scaffolding with assembly likelihood optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scaffolding i.e. ordering and orienting contigs is an important step in genome assembly. We present a method for scaffolding based on likelihoods of genome assemblies. Generative models for sequencing are used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of gaps between contigs and to estimate whether linking contigs into scaffolds would lead to an increase in the likelihood of the assembly. We then link contigs if they can be unambiguously joined or if the corresponding increase in likelihood is substantially greater than that of other possible joins of those contigs. The method is implemented in a tool called SO_SCPLOWWALOC_SCPLOW with approximations to make it efficient and applicable to large datasets. Analysis on real and simulated datasets reveals that it consistently makes more or similar number of correct joins as other scaffolders while linking very few contigs incorrectly, thus outperforming other scaffolders and demonstrating that substantial improvement in genome assembly may be achieved through the use of statistical models. SO_SCPLOWWALOC_SCPLOW is freely available for download at https://atifrahman.github.io/SWALO/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWALO: scaffolding with assembly likelihood optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple molecular mechanism explains multiple patterns of cell-size regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasingly accurate and massive data have recently shed light on the fundamental question of how cells maintain a stable size trajectory as they progress through the cell cycle. Microbes seem to use strategies ranging from a pure sizer, where the end of a given phase is triggered when the cell reaches a critical size, to pure adder, where the cell adds a constant size during a phase. Yet the biological origins of the observed spectrum of behavior remain elusive. We analyze a molecular size-control mechanism, based on experimental data from the yeast S. cerevisiae, that gives rise to behaviors smoothly interpolating between adder and sizer. The size-control is obtained from the titration of a repressor protein by an activator protein that accumulates more rapidly with increasing cell size. Strikingly, the size-control is composed of two different regimes: for small initial cell size, the size-control is a sizer, whereas for larger initial cell size, is is an imperfect adder. Our model thus indicates that the adder and critical size behaviors may just be different dynamical regimes of a single simple biophysical mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple molecular mechanism explains multiple patterns of cell-size regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal-assumption inference from population-genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Samples of multiple complete genome sequences contain vast amounts of information about the evolutionary history of populations, much of it in the associations among polymorphisms at different loci. Current methods that take advantage of this linkage information rely on models of recombination and coalescence, limiting the sample sizes and populations that they can analyze. We introduce a method, Minimal-Assumption Genomic Inference of Coalescence (MAGIC), that reconstructs key features of the evolutionary history, including the distribution of coalescence times, by integrating information across genomic length scales without using an explicit model of recombination, demography or selection. Using simulated data, we show that MAGICs performance is comparable to PSMC on single diploid samples generated with standard coalescent and recombination models. More importantly, MAGIC can also analyze arbitrarily large samples and is robust to changes in the coalescent and recombination processes. Using MAGIC, we show that the inferred coalescence time histories of samples of multiple human genomes exhibit inconsistencies with a description in terms of an effective population size based on single-genome data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal-assumption inference from population-genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired lexical selection with competing distractors: Evidence from left temporal and left prefrontal lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to the competition account of lexical selection in word production, conceptually driven word retrieval involves the activation of a set of candidate words in left temporal cortex, and competitive selection of the intended word from this set, regulated by frontal cortical mechanisms. However, the relative contribution of these brain regions to competitive lexical selection is uncertain. In the present study, five patients with left prefrontal cortex lesions (overlapping in ventral and dorsal lateral cortex), eight patients with left lateral temporal cortex lesions (overlapping in middle temporal gyrus), and 13 matched controls performed a picture-word interference task. Distractor words were semantically related or unrelated to the picture, or the name of the picture (congruent condition). Semantic interference (related vs unrelated), tapping into competitive lexical selection, was examined. An overall semantic interference effect was observed for the control and left-temporal groups separately. The left-frontal patients did not show a reliable semantic interference effect as a group. The left-temporal patients had increased semantic interference in the error rates relative to controls. Error distribution analyses indicated that these patients had more hesitant responses for the related than for the unrelated condition. We propose that left middle temporal lesions affect the lexical activation component, making lexical selection more susceptible to errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired lexical selection with competing distractors: Evidence from left temporal and left prefrontal lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of thermogenic UCP1 as a historical contingency in multiple placental mammal clades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is essential for non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and is widely accepted to have played a key thermoregulatory role in small-bodied and neonatal placental mammals that enabled the exploitation of cold environments. Here we map ucp1 sequences from 133 mammals onto a species tree constructed from a [~]51-kb sequence alignment and show that inactivating mutations have occurred in at least eight of the 18 traditional placental orders, thereby challenging the physiological importance of UCP1 across Placentalia. Selection and timetree analyses further reveal that ucp1 inactivations temporally correspond with strong secondary reductions in metabolic intensity in xenarthrans and pangolins, or in six other lineages coincided with a [~]30 million year episode of global cooling in the Paleogene that promoted sharp increases in body mass and cladogenesis evident in the fossil record. Our findings also demonstrate that members of various lineages (e.g., cetaceans, horses, woolly mammoths, Stellers sea cows) evolved extreme cold hardiness in the absence of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. Finally, we identify ucp1 inactivation as a historical contingency that is linked to the current low species diversity of clades lacking functional UCP1, thus providing the first evidence for species selection related to the presence or absence of a single gene product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastroch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofreiter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paijmans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wales, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of thermogenic UCP1 as a historical contingency in multiple placental mammal clades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical properties of simple random-effects models for genetic heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Random-effects models are a popular tool for analysing total narrow-sense heritability for simple quantitative phenotypes on the basis of large-scale SNP data. Recently, there have been disputes over the validity of conclusions that may be drawn from such analysis. We derive some of the fundamental statistical properties of heritability estimates arising from these models, showing that the bias will generally be small. We show that that the score function may be manipulated into a form that facilitates intelligible interpretations of the results. We use this score function to explore the behavior of the model when certain key assumptions of the model are not satisfied -- shared environment, measurement error, and genetic effects that are confined to a small subset of sites -- as well as to elucidate the meaning of negative heritability estimates that may arise.nnThe variance and bias depend crucially on the variance of certain functionals of the singular values of the genotype matrix. A useful baseline is the singular value distribution associated with genotypes that are completely independent -- that is, with no linkage and no relatedness -- for a given number of individuals and sites. We calculate the corresponding variance and bias for this setting.nnMSC 2010 subject classifications: Primary 92D10; secondary 62P10; 62F10; 60B20.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinsaltz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical properties of simple random-effects models for genetic heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved proteomics vs. ribosome profiling reveals translation dynamics under stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many small molecule chemotherapeutics induce stresses that globally inhibit mRNA translation, remodeling the cancer proteome and governing response to treatment. Here we measured protein synthesis in multiple myeloma cells treated with low-dose bortezomib by coupling pulsed-SILAC (pSILAC) with high-accuracy targeted quantitative proteomics. We found that direct measurement of protein synthesis by pSILAC correlated well with the indirect measurement of protein synthesis by ribosome profiling under conditions of robust translation. By developing a statistical model integrating longitudinal proteomic and mRNA-seq measurements, we found that proteomics could directly detect global alterations in translational rate as a function of therapy-induced stress after prolonged bortezomib exposure. Finally, the model we develop here, in combination with our experimental data including both protein synthesis and degradation, predicts changes in proteome remodeling under a variety of cellular perturbations. pSILAC therefore provides an important complement to ribosome profiling in directly measuring proteome dynamics under conditions of cellular stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved proteomics vs. ribosome profiling reveals translation dynamics under stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent neural activity encoding real-time presence of visual stimuli decays along the ventral stream 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural populations that encode sensory experience should be persistently active for as long as the experience persists. However, research into visual neural activity has focused almost exclusively on onset-driven responses that cannot account for sustained perception. We used intracranial recordings in humans to determine the degree to which the presence of a visual stimulus is persistently encoded by neural activity. The correspondence between stimulus duration and response duration was strongest in early visual cortex and gradually diminished along the visual hierarchy, such that is was weakest in inferior-temporal category-selective regions. A similar posterior-anterior gradient was found within inferior temporal face-selective regions, with posterior but not anterior sites showing persistent face-selective activity. The results suggest that regions that appear uniform in terms of their category selectivity are dissociated by how they temporally represent a stimulus in support of real-time experience, and delineate a large-scale organizing principle of the ventral visual stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent neural activity encoding real-time presence of visual stimuli decays along the ventral stream]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Semantics of Adjective Noun Phrases in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a person reads, the brain performs complex operations to create higher order semantic representations from individual words. While these steps are effortless for competent readers, we are only beginning to understand how the brain performs these actions. Here, we explore semantic composition using magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of people reading adjective-noun phrases presented one word at a time. We track the neural representation of semantic information over time, through different brain regions. Our results reveal two novel findings: 1) a neural representation of the adjective is present during noun presentation, but this neural representation is different from that observed during adjective presentation 2) the neural representation of adjective semantics observed during adjective reading is reactivated after phrase reading, with remarkable consistency. We also note that while the semantic representation of the adjective during the reading of the adjective is very distributed, the later representations are concentrated largely to temporal and frontal areas previously associated with composition. Taken together, these results paint a picture of information flow in the brain as phrases are read and understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fyshe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Semantics of Adjective Noun Phrases in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have shown that translation elongation is regulated by multiple factors, but the observed heterogeneity remains only partially explained. To dissect quantitatively the different determinants of elongation speed, we use probabilistic modeling to estimate initiation and local elongation rates from ribosome profiling data. This model-based approach allows us to quantify the extent of interference between ribosomes on the same transcript. We show that neither interference nor the distribution of slow codons is sufficient to explain the observed heterogeneity. Instead, we find that electrostatic interactions between the ribosomal exit tunnel and specific parts of the nascent polypeptide govern the elongation rate variation as the polypeptide makes its initial pass through the tunnel. Once the N-terminus has escaped the tunnel, the hydropathy of the nascent polypeptide within the ribosome plays a major role in modulating the speed. We show that our results are consistent with the biophysical properties of the tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of an autoimmunity-associated IL2RA enhancer by unbiased targeting of transcriptional activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of genetic variants associated with common human diseases map to enhancers, non-coding elements that shape cell type-specific transcriptional programs and responses to specific extracellular cues 1-3. In order to understand the mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation contributes to disease, systematic mapping of functional enhancers and their biological contexts is required. Here, we develop an unbiased discovery platform that can identify enhancers for a target gene without prior knowledge of their native functional context. We used tiled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to synthetically recruit transcription factors to sites across large genomic regions (>100 kilobases) surrounding two key autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA (interleukin-2 receptor alpha; CD25). We identified several CRISPRa responsive elements (CaREs) with stimulation-dependent enhancer activity, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbors an autoimmunity risk variant. Using engineered mouse models and genome editing of human primary T cells, we found that sequence perturbation of the disease-associated IL2RA enhancer does not block IL2RA expression, but rather delays the timing of gene activation in response to specific extracellular signals. This work develops an approach to rapidly identify functional enhancers within non-coding regions, decodes a key human autoimmunity association, and suggests a general mechanism by which genetic variation can cause immune dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boontanrart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curie, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gool, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahr, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of an autoimmunity-associated IL2RA enhancer by unbiased targeting of transcriptional activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Resource for Assessing Information Processing in the Developing Brain Using EEG and Eye Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a dataset combining electrophysiology and eye tracking intended as a resource for the investigation of information processing in the developing brain. The dataset includes high-density task-based and task-free EEG, eye tracking, and cognitive and behavioral data collected from 126 individuals (ages: 6-44). The task battery spans both the simple/complex and passive/active dimensions to cover a range of approaches prevalent in modern cognitive neuroscience. The active task paradigms facilitate principled deconstruction of core components of task performance in the developing brain, whereas the passive paradigms permit the examination of intrinsic functional network activity during varying amounts of external stimulation. Alongside these neurophysiological data, we include an abbreviated cognitive test battery and questionnaire-based measures of psychiatric functioning. We hope that this dataset will lead to the development of novel assays of neural processes fundamental to information processing, which can be used to index healthy brain development as well as detect pathologic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jozanovic, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Resource for Assessing Information Processing in the Developing Brain Using EEG and Eye Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared activity patterns arising at genetic susceptibility loci reveal underlying genomic and cellular architecture of human disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants underlying complex traits, including disease susceptibility, are enriched within the transcriptional regulatory elements, promoters and enhancers. There is emerging evidence that regulatory elements associated with particular traits or diseases share patterns of transcriptional regulation. Accordingly, shared transcriptional regulation (coexpression) may help prioritise loci associated with a given trait, and help to identify the biological processes underlying it. Using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) profiles of promoter and enhancer-derived RNAs across 1824 human samples, we have quantified coexpression of RNAs originating from trait-associated regulatory regions using a novel analytical method (network density analysis; NDA). For most traits studied, sequence variants in regulatory regions were linked to tightly coexpressed networks that are likely to share important functional characteristics. These networks implicate particular cell types and tissues in disease pathogenesis; for example, variants associated with ulcerative colitis are linked to expression in gut tissue, whereas Crohns disease variants are restricted to immune cells. We show that this coexpression signal provides additional independent information for fine mapping likely causative variants. This approach identifies additional genetic variants associated with specific traits, including an association between the regulation of the OCT1 cation transporter and genetic variants underlying circulating cholesterol levels. This approach enables a deeper biological understanding of the causal basis of complex traits.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYWe discover that variants associated with a specific disease share expression profiles across tissues and cell types, enabling fine mapping and identification of new disease-associated variants, illuminating key cell types involved in disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baillie, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretherick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clohisey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barret, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenesa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daub, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IIBDGC Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FANTOM5 Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satsangi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashizaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hume, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared activity patterns arising at genetic susceptibility loci reveal underlying genomic and cellular architecture of human disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms underlying folding of mammalian chromosomes remain poorly understood. The transcription factor CTCF is a candidate regulator of chromosomal structure. Using the auxin-inducible degron system in mouse embryonic stem cells, we show that CTCF is absolutely and dose-dependently required for looping between CTCF target sites and segmental organization into topologically associating domains (TADs). Restoring CTCF reinstates proper architecture on altered chromosomes, indicating a powerful instructive function for CTCF in chromatin folding, and CTCF remains essential for TAD organization in non-dividing cells. Surprisingly, active and inactive genome compartments remain properly segregated upon CTCF depletion, revealing that compartmentalization of mammalian chromosomes emerges independently of proper insulation of TADs. Further, our data supports that CTCF mediates transcriptional insulator function through enhancer-blocking but not direct chromatin barrier activity. These results define the functions of CTCF in chromosome folding, and provide new fundamental insights into the rules governing mammalian genome organization.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/095802_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (49K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@79c6c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8e61forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c2eedorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cf7f3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nora, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebsersohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical interactions in bacterial colonies and the surfing probability of beneficial mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial conglomerates such as biofilms and microcolonies are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in industry and medicine. In contrast to well-mixed, diluted cultures routinely used in microbial research, bacteria in a microcolonv interact mechanically with one another and with the substrate to which they are attached. Despite their ubiquity, little is known about the role of such mechanical interactions on growth and biological evolution of microbial populations. Here we use a computer model of a microbial colony of rod-shaped cells to investigate how physical interactions between cells determine their motion in the colony, this affects biological evolution. We show that the probability that a faster-growing mutant "surfs" at the colonys frontier and creates a macroscopic sector depends on physical properties of cells (shape, elasticity, friction). Although all these factors contribute to the surfing probability in seemingly different ways, they all ultimately exhibit their effects by altering the roughness of the expanding frontier of the colony and the orientation of cells. Our predictions are confirmed by experiments in which we measure the surfing probability for colonies of different front roughness. Our results show that physical interactions between bacterial cells play an important role in biological evolution of new traits, and suggest that these interaction may be relevant to processes such as de novo evolution of antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waclaw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical interactions in bacterial colonies and the surfing probability of beneficial mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complex origins of strigolactone signalling in land plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that control many aspects of plant growth. The SL signalling mechanism is homologous to that of karrikins (KARs), smoke-derived compounds that stimulate seed germination. In angiosperms, the SL receptor is an /{beta} hydrolase known as DWARF14 (D14); its close homologue, KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), functions as a KAR receptor, and likely recognizes an uncharacterized, endogenous signal. Previous phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the KAI2 lineage is ancestral in land plants, and that canonical D14-type SL receptors only arose in seed plants; this is paradoxical, however, as non-vascular plants synthesize and respond to SLs. Here, we have used a combination of phylogenetic and structural approaches to re-assess the evolution of the D14/KAI2 family in land plants. We analyzed 339 members of the D14/KAI2 family from land plants and charophyte algae. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the divergence between the eu-KAI2 lineage and the DDK (D14/DLK2/KAI2) lineage that includes D14 occurred very early in land plant evolution. We identify characteristic structural features of D14 and KAI2 proteins, and use homology modelling to show that the earliest members of the DDK lineage structurally resemble KAI2, and not D14 proteins. Furthermore, we show that probable SL receptors in non-seed plants do not have D14-like structure. Our results suggest that SL perception has relatively relaxed structural requirements, and that the evolution from KAI2-like to D14-like protein structure in the DDK lineage may have been driven by interactions with protein partners, rather than being required for SL perception itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bythell-Douglas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complex origins of strigolactone signalling in land plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composite Likelihood Method for Inferring Local Pedigrees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pedigrees contain information about the genealogical relationships among individuals and are of fundamental importance in many areas of genetic studies. However, pedigrees are often unknown and must be inferred from genetic data. Despite the importance of pedigree inference, existing methods are limited to inferring only close relationships or analyzing a small number of individuals or loci. We present a simulated annealing method for estimating pedigrees in large samples of otherwise seemingly unrelated individuals using genome-wide SNP data. The method supports complex pedigree structures such as polygamous families, multi-generational families, and pedigrees in which many of the member individuals are missing. Computational speed is greatly enhanced by the use of a composite likelihood function which approximates the full likelihood. We validate our method on simulated data and show that it can infer distant relatives more accurately than existing methods. Furthermore, we illustrate the utility of the method on a sample of Greenlandic Inuit.nnAuthor SummaryPedigrees contain information about the genealogical relationships among individuals. This information can be used in many areas of genetic studies such as disease association studies, conservation efforts, and learning about the demographic history and social structure of a population. Despite their importance, pedigrees are often unknown and must be estimated from genetic information. However, pedigree inference remains a difficult problem due to the high cost of likelihood computation and the enormous number of possible pedigrees we must consider. These difficulties limit existing methods in their ability to infer pedigrees when the sample size or the number of markers is large, or when the sample contains only distant relatives. In this report, we present a method that circumvents these computational barriers in order to infer pedigrees of complex structure for a large number of individuals. From our simulation studies, we found that our method can infer distant relatives much more accurately than existing methods. Our ability to infer pedigrees with a greater accuracy opens up possibilities for developing or improving pedigree-based methods in many areas research such as linkage analysis, demographic inference, association studies, and conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composite Likelihood Method for Inferring Local Pedigrees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSerologicalantibody levels are a sensitive marker of pathogen exposure, and advances in multiplex assays have created enormous potential for large-scale, integrated infectious disease surveillance. Most methods to analyze antibody measurements reduce quantitative antibody levels to seropositive and seronegative groups, but this can be difficult for many pathogens and may provide lower resolution information than quantitative levels in low transmission settings. Analysis methods have predominantly maintained a single disease focus, yet integrated surveillance platforms would benefit from methodologies that work across diverse pathogens included in multiplex assays.nnMethods/Principal FindingsWe developed an approach to measure changes in transmission from quantitative antibody levels that can be applied to diverse pathogens of global importance. We compared age-dependent immunoglobulin G curves in repeated cross-sectional surveys between populations with differences in transmission for multiple pathogens, including: lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) measured before and after mass drug administration on Mauke, Cook Islands, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) before and after a combined insecticide and mass drug administration intervention in the Garki project, Nigeria, and enteric protozoans (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica), bacteria (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.), and viruses (norovirus groups I and II) in children living in Haiti and the USA. Age-dependent antibody curves fit with ensemble machine learning followed a characteristic shape across pathogens that aligned with predictions from basic mechanisms of humoral immunity. Differences in pathogen transmission led to shifts in fitted antibody curves that were remarkably consistent across pathogens, assays, and populations. Mean antibody levels correlated strongly with traditional measures of transmission intensity, such as the entomological inoculation rate for P. falciparum (Spearmans rho=0.75). Seroprevalence estimates recapitulated patterns observed in quantitative antibody levels, albeit with lower resolution.nnConclusions/SignificanceAge-dependent antibody curves and summary means provided a robust and sensitive measure of changes in transmission, with greatest sensitivity among young children. The method generalizes to pathogens that can be measured in high-throughput, multiplex serological assays, and scales to surveillance activities that require high spatiotemporal resolution. The approach represents a new opportunity to conduct integrated serological surveillance for neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and other infectious diseases with well-defined antigen targets.nnAuthor SummaryGlobal elimination strategies for infectious diseases like neglected tropical diseases and malaria rely on accurate estimates of pathogen transmission to target and evaluate control programs. Circulating antibody levels can be a sensitive measure of recent pathogen exposure, but no broadly applicable method exists to measure changes in transmission directly from quantitative antibody levels. We developed a novel method that applies recent advances in machine learning and data science to flexibly fit age-dependent antibody curves. Shifts in age-dependent antibody curves provided remarkably consistent, sensitive measures of transmission changes when evaluated across many globally important pathogens (filarial worms, malaria, enteric infections). The methods generality and performance in diverse applications demonstrate its broad potential for integrated serological surveillance of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Laan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubofcik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammie, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of genomes from metagenomes via a dereplication, aggregation, and scoring strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are critical to ecosystem function. A key objective of metagenomic studies is to analyse organism-specific metabolic pathways and reconstruct community interaction networks. This requires accurate assignment of assembled genome fragments to genomes. Existing binning methods often fail to reconstruct a reasonable number of genomes and report many bins of low quality and completeness. Furthermore, the performance of existing algorithms varies between samples and biotopes. Here, we present a dereplication, aggregation and scoring strategy, DAS Tool, that combines the strengths of a flexible set of established binning algorithms. DAS Tool applied to a constructed community generated more accurate bins than any automated method. Further, when applied to environmental and host-associated samples of different complexity, DAS Tool recovered substantially more near-complete genomes, including novel lineages, than any single binning method alone. The ability to reconstruct many near-complete genomes from metagenomics data will greatly advance genome-centric analyses of ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieber, C. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of genomes from metagenomes via a dereplication, aggregation, and scoring strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing propagule pressure: Simulated and experimental disentanglement of introduction size and number of introductions for colonizing individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting whether individuals will colonize a novel habitat is of fundamental ecological interest and is crucial to both conservation efforts and invasive species management. A consistently supported predictor of colonization success is the number of individuals introduced, also called propagule pressure. Propagule pressure increases with the number of introductions and the number of individuals per introduction (the size of the introduction), but it is unresolved which process is a stronger driver of colonization success. Furthermore their relative importance may depend upon the environment, with multiple introductions potentially enhancing colonization of fluctuating environments. To evaluate the relative importance of the number and size of introductions and its dependence upon environmental variability, we paired demographic simulations with a microcosm experiment. Using Tribolium flour beetles as a model system, we introduced a fixed number of individuals into replicated novel habitats of stable or fluctuating quality, varying the number of introductions through time and size of each introduction. We evaluated establishment probability and the size of extant populations after 7 generations. In the simulations and microcosms, we found that establishment probability increased with more, smaller introductions, but was not affected by biologically realistic fluctuations in environmental quality. Population size was not significantly affected by environmental variability in the simulations, but populations in the microcosms grew larger in a stable environment, especially with more introduction events. In general, the microcosm experiment yielded higher establishment probability and larger populations than the demographic simulations. We suggest that genetic mechanisms likely underlie these differences and thus deserve more attention in efforts to parse propagule pressure. Our results highlight the importance of preventing further introductions of undesirable species to invaded sites, and suggest conservation efforts should focus on increasing the number of introductions or re-introductions of desirable species rather than increasing the size of those introduction events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koontz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfather, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbourne, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufbauer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing propagule pressure: Simulated and experimental disentanglement of introduction size and number of introductions for colonizing individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPII-coated membranes function as transport carriers of intracellular procollagen-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coat protein complex II (COPII) is essential for the secretion of large cargo, such as the 300 nm precursor fibrils of procollagen I (PC1). Previous work has shown that the CUL3-KLHL12 complex increases the size of COPII vesicles to over 300 nm in diameter and accelerates the secretion of PC1; however, the role of large COPII vesicles as PC1 transport carriers was not unambiguously demonstrated. In this study, using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), correlated light electron microscopy (CLEM), and live cell imaging we report the existence of mobile COPII-coated vesicles that completely encapsulate the cargo PC1 and are physically separated from ER. We have also developed a cell-free COPII vesicle budding reaction that reconstitutes the capture of PC1 into large COPII vesicles. This process requires COPII proteins and the GTPase activity of the COPII subunit SAR1. We conclude from in vivo and in vitro evidence that large COPII vesicles are bona fide carriers of PC1.nnSummaryCOPII may play a direct or indirect role in the traffic of large protein complexes such as procollagen. Using high resolution imaging techniques in intact cells and in vitro reconstituted vesicles, Gorur et al. show that COPII coated vesicles carry procollagen1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPII-coated membranes function as transport carriers of intracellular procollagen-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells enter meiosis, their chromosomes reorganize as linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to a central axis. Meiotic chromosome axes form a platform for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC), and play central roles in other meiotic processes, including homologous pairing, recombination, and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the three-dimensional organization of components within the axes, which consist of cohesin complexes and additional meiosis-specific proteins. Here we investigate the molecular organization of meiotic chromosome axes in C. elegans through STORM and PALM superresolution imaging of intact germline tissue. By tagging one axis protein (HIM-3) with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, we established a spatial reference for other components, which were localized using antibodies against epitope tags inserted by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Using three-dimensional averaging, we determined the 3D-organization of all known components within synapsed chromosome axes to a precision of 2-5 nanometers. We find that meiosis-specific HORMA-domain proteins span a gap between cohesin complexes and the central region of the SC, consistent with their essential roles in SC assembly. Our data further suggest that the two different meiotic cohesin complexes are distinctly arranged within the axes: Cohesin complexes containing COH-3 or -4 kleisins form a central core in the central plane of the axes, whereas complexes containing REC-8 kleisin protrude above and below the plane defined by the SC. This splayed organization may help to explain the role of the chromosome axes in promoting inter-homolog repair of meiotic double strand breaks by inhibiting inter-sister repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Microtubules Exhibit Polarized Growth, Mixed-Polarity Bundling, and Destabilization by GTP Hydrolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter express homologs of eukaryotic -and {beta}-tubulin, called BtubA and BtubB, that have been observed to assemble into bacterial microtubules (bMTs). The btubAB genes likely entered the Prosthecobacter lineage via horizontal gene transfer and may derive from an early ancestor of the modern eukaryotic microtubule (MT). Previous biochemical studies revealed that BtubA/B polymerization is GTP-dependent and reversible and that BtubA/B folding does not require chaperones. To better understand bMT behavior and gain insight into the evolution of microtubule dynamics, we characterized in vitro bMT assembly using a combination of polymerization kinetics assays, and microscopy. Like eukaryotic microtubules, bMTs exhibit polarized growth with different assembly rates at each end. GTP hydrolysis stimulated by bMT polymerization drives a stochastic mechanism of bMT disassembly that occurs via polymer breakage. We also observed treadmilling (continuous addition and loss of subunits at opposite ends) of bMT fragments. Unlike MTs, polymerization of bMTs requires KCl, which reduces the critical concentration for BtubA/B assembly and induces bMTs to form stable mixed-orientation bundles in the absence of any additional bMT-binding proteins. Our results suggest that at potassium concentrations resembling that inside the cytoplasm of Prosthecobacter, bMT stabilization through self-association may be a default behavior. The complex dynamics we observe in both stabilized and unstabilized bMTs may reflect common properties of an ancestral eukaryotic tubulin polymer.nnImportanceMicrotubules are polymers within all eukaryotic cells that perform critical functions: they segregate chromosomes in cell division, organize intracellular transport by serving as tracks for molecular motors, and support the flagella that allow sperm to swim. These functions rely on microtubules remarkable range of tunable dynamic behaviors. Recently discovered bacterial microtubules composed of an evolutionarily related protein are evolved from a missing link in microtubule evolution, the ancestral eukaryotic tubulin polymer. Using microscopy and biochemical approaches to characterize bacterial microtubules, we observed that they exhibit complex and structurally polarized dynamic behavior like eukaryotic microtubules, but differ in how they self-associate into bundles and become destabilized. Our results demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms that microtubule-like filaments employ to promote filament dynamics and monomer turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risca, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polka, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasterio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Microtubules Exhibit Polarized Growth, Mixed-Polarity Bundling, and Destabilization by GTP Hydrolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Junction Usage Model (JUM): A method for comprehensive annotation-free differential analysis of tissue-specific global alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) greatly diversifies metazoan transcriptomes and proteomes and is crucial for gene regulation. Current computational analysis methods of AS from Illumina RNA-seq data rely on pre-annotated libraries of known spliced transcripts, which hinders AS analysis with poorly annotated genomes and can further mask unknown AS patterns. To address this critical bioinformatics problem, we developed a method called the Junction Usage Model (JUM) that uses a bottom-up approach to identify, analyze and quantitate global AS profiles without any prior transcriptome annotations. JUM accurately reports global AS changes in terms of the five conventional AS patterns and an additional "Composite" category composed of inseparable combinations of conventional patterns. JUM stringently classifies the difficult and disease-relevant pattern of intron retention, reducing the false positive rate of IR detection commonly seen in other annotation-based methods to near negligible rates. When analyzing AS in RNA-samples derived from Drosophila heads, human tumors and human cell lines bearing cancer-associated splicing factor mutations, JUM consistently identified ~ twice the number of novel AS events missed by other methods. Computational simulations showed JUM exhibits a 1.2-4.8 times higher true positive rate at a fixed cut-off of 5% false discovery rate. In summary, JUM provides a new framework and improved method that removes the necessity for transcriptome annotations and enables the detection, analysis and quantification of AS patterns in complex metazoan transcriptomes with superior accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Junction Usage Model (JUM): A method for comprehensive annotation-free differential analysis of tissue-specific global alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic compensation does not rescue populations at a trailing range edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As climate change shifts species' climatic envelopes across the landscape, equilibrium between geographic ranges and niches is likely diminishing due to time lags in demography and dispersal. If a species' range and niche are out of equilibrium, then population performance should decrease from cool, "leading" range edges, where populations are expanding into recently ameliorated habitats, to warm, "trailing" range edges, where populations are contracting from newly unsuitable areas. Population contraction signals that compensatory changes in vital rates are insufficient to buffer population growth from deteriorating environments. Life history theory predicts tradeoffs between fast development, high reproduction, and short longevity at low latitudes and slow development, less frequent but multiple bouts of reproduction, and long lifespan at high latitudes. If demographic compensation is driven by life history evolution, compensatory negative correlations in vital rates may be associated with this fast-slow continuum. An outstanding question is whether range limits and range contractions reflect inadequate compensatory life history shifts along environmental gradients, causing population growth rates to fall below replacement levels at range edges. We surveyed demography of 32 populations of the scarlet monkeyflower (Erythranthe cardinalis) spanning 11{degrees} latitude in western North America and used integral projection models to infer population dynamics and assess demographic compensation. Population growth rates decreased from north to south, consistent with leading-trailing dynamics. Southern populations are declining due to reduced survival, growth, and recruitment, despite compensatory increases in reproduction and faster life history characteristics, suggesting that demographic compensation will not rescue populations at the trailing range edge.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhile climate change is causing poleward shifts in many species' geographic distributions, some species' ranges have remained stable, particularly at low-latitude limits. One explanation for why some species' ranges have not shifted is demographic compensation, whereby declines in some demographic processes are offset by increases in others, potentially buffering populations from extinction. However, we have limited understanding of whether demographic compensation can prevent collapse of populations facing climate change. We examined the demography of natural populations of a perennial herb spanning a broad latitudinal gradient. Despite increases in reproduction, low-latitude populations declined due to diminished survival, growth, and recruitment. Thus, demographic compensation may not be sufficient to rescue low-latitude, warm-edge populations from extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic compensation does not rescue populations at a trailing range edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Cell Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body, by undertaking a Human Cell Atlas Project as an international collaborative effort. The aim would be to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (e.g., gene expression) and connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (e.g., location and morphology). A comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, as well as provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clatworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberwine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhlanga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Cell Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of Isonitrile Lipopeptides by Conserved Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in Actinobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A putative lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster is conserved in many species of Actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. marinum, but the specific function of the encoding proteins has been elusive. Using both in vivo heterologous reconstitution and in intro biochemical analyses, we have revealed that the five encoding biosynthetic enzymes are capable of synthesizing a new family of isonitrile lipopeptides (INLPs) through a thio-template mechanism. The biosynthesis features the generation of isonitrile from a single precursor Gly promoted by a thioesterase and a non-heme iron(II)-dependent oxidase homologue, and the acylation of both amino groups of Lys by the same isonitrile acyl chain facilitated by a single condensation domain of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). In addition, the deletion of INLP biosynthetic genes in M. marinum has decreased the intracellular metal concentration, suggesting the role of this biosynthetic gene cluster in metal transport.nnSignificance StatementMycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), of which millions of deaths occur annually. A putative lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster has been shown to be essential for the survival of this pathogen in hosts, and homologous gene clusters have also been found in all pathogenic mycobacteria and other species of Actinobacteria. We have identified the function of these gene clusters in making a new family of isonitrile lipopeptides. The biosynthesis has several unique features, including an unprecedented mechanism for isonitrile synthesis. Our results have further suggested that these biosynthetic gene clusters play a role in metal transport, and thus have shed light on a new metal transport system that is crucial for virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of Isonitrile Lipopeptides by Conserved Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in Actinobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Should A Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories Of Conscious Perception? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Is activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) critical for conscious perception? Major theories of consciousness make distinct predictions about the role of PFC, providing an opportunity to arbitrate between these views empirically. Here we address three common misconceptions: i) PFC lesions do not affect subjective perception; ii) PFC activity does not reflect specific perceptual content; iii) PFC involvement in studies of perceptual awareness is solely driven by the need to make reports required by the experimental tasks, rather than subjective experience per se. These claims are incompatible with empirical findings, unless one focuses only on studies using methods with limited sensitivity. The literature highlights PFCs essential role in enabling the subjective experience in perception, contra the objective capacity to perform visual tasks; conflating the two can also be a source of confusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odegaard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Should A Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories Of Conscious Perception?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale Manipulation Of Membrane Curvature For Probing Endocytosis In Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves nanoscale bending and inward budding of the plasma membrane, by which cells regulate both the distribution of membrane proteins and the entry of extracellular species1,2. Extensive studies have shown that CME proteins actively modulate the plasma membrane curvature1,3,4. However, the reciprocal regulation of how plasma membrane curvature affects the activities of endocytic proteins is much less explored, despite studies suggesting that membrane curvature itself can trigger biochemical reactions5-8. This gap in our understanding is largely due to technical challenges in precisely controlling the membrane curvature in live cells. In this work, we use patterned nanostructures to generate well-defined membrane curvatures ranging from +50 nm to -500 nm radius of curvature. We find that the positively curved membranes are CME hotspots, and that key CME proteins, clathrin and dynamin, show a strong preference toward positive membrane curvatures with a radius < 200 nm. Of ten CME related proteins we examined, all show preferences to positively curved membrane. By contrast, other membrane-associated proteins and non-CME endocytic protein, caveolin1, show no such curvature preference. Therefore, nanostructured substrates constitute a novel tool for investigating curvature-dependent processes in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale Manipulation Of Membrane Curvature For Probing Endocytosis In Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution images reconstructed from single-molecule localizations can reveal cellular structures close to the macromolecular scale and are now being used routinely in many biomedical research applications. However, because of their coordinate-based representation, a widely applicable and unified analysis platform that can extract a quantitative description and biophysical parameters from these images is yet to be established. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for correlation analysis of coordinate-based super-resolution images using distance histograms. We demonstrate the application of this concept in multiple scenarios including image alignment, tracking of diffusing molecules, as well as for quantification of colocalization.nnSignificance statementCorrelation analysis is one of the most widely used image processing method. In the quantitative analysis of localization-based super-resolution images, there still lacks a generalized coordinate-based correlation analysis framework to take fully advantage of the super-resolution information. We show a coordinate-based correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy. This framework is highly general and flexible in that it can be easily extended to model the effect of localization uncertainty, to the time domain and other distance definitions, enabling it to be adapted for a wide range of applications. Our work will greatly benefit the quantitative interpretation of super-resolution images and thus the biological application of super-resolution microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schnitzbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZINB-WaVE: A general and flexible method for signal extraction from single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful high-throughput technique that enables researchers to measure genome-wide transcription levels at the resolution of single cells. Because of the low amount of RNA present in a single cell, some genes may fail to be detected even though they are expressed; these genes are usually referred to as dropouts. Here, we present a general and flexible zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB-WaVE), which leads to low-dimensional representations of the data that account for zero inflation (dropouts), over-dispersion, and the count nature of the data. We demonstrate, with simulated and real data, that the model and its associated estimation procedure are able to give a more stable and accurate low-dimensional representation of the data than principal component analysis (PCA) and zero-inflated factor analysis (ZIFA), without the need for a preliminary normalization step.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZINB-WaVE: A general and flexible method for signal extraction from single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic regression of claw keratin, taste receptor and light-associated genes inform biology and evolutionary origins of snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regressive evolution of anatomical traits corresponds with the regression of genomic loci underlying such characters. As such, studying patterns of gene loss can be instrumental in addressing questions of gene function, resolving conflicting results from anatomical studies, and understanding the evolutionary history of clades. The origin of snakes coincided with the regression of a number of anatomical traits, including limbs, taste buds and the visual system. By studying the genomes of snakes, I was able to test three hypotheses associated with the regression of these features. The first concerns two keratins that are putatively specific to claws. Both genes that encode these keratins were pseudogenized/deleted in snake genomes, providing additional evidence of claw- specificity. The second hypothesis is whether snakes lack taste buds, an issue complicated by unequivocal, conflicting results in the literature. I found evidence that different snakes have lost one or more taste receptors, but all snakes examined retained at least some capacity for taste. The final hypothesis I addressed is that the earliest snakes were adapted to a dim light niche. I found evidence of deleted and pseudogenized genes with light- associated functions in snakes, demonstrating a pattern of gene loss similar to other historically nocturnal clades. Together these data also provide some bearing on the ecological origins of snakes, including molecular dating estimates that suggest dim light adaptation preceded the loss of limbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic regression of claw keratin, taste receptor and light-associated genes inform biology and evolutionary origins of snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics allows researchers to investigate complex communities of heterogeneous cells. These methods can be applied to stem cells and their descendants in order to chart the progression from multipotent progenitors to fully differentiated cells. While a number of statistical and computational methods have been proposed for analyzing cell lineages, the problem of accurately characterizing multiple branching lineages remains difficult to solve. Here, we introduce a novel method, Slingshot, for inferring multiple developmental lineages from single-cell gene expression data. Slingshot is a uniquely robust and flexible tool for inferring developmental lineages and ordering cells to reflect continuous, branching processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromatin extension model for insulator function based on comparison of high-resolution chromatin conformation capture and polytene banding maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulator proteins bind to specific genomic loci and have been shown to play a role in partitioning genomes into independent domains of gene expression and chromatin structure. Despite decades of study, the mechanism by which insulators establish these domains remains elusive. Here, we use genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) to generate a high-resolution map of spatial interactions of chromatin from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. We show that from the earliest stages of development the genome is divided into distinct topologically associated domains (TADs), that we can map the boundaries between TADs to sub-kilobase resolution, and that these boundaries correspond to 500-2000 bp insulator elements. Comparing this map with a detailed assessment of the banding pattern of a region of a polytene chromosome, we show that these insulator elements correspond to low density polytene interbands that divide compacted bands, which correspond to TADs. It has been previously shown that polytene interbands have low packing ratios allowing the conversion of small genomic distances (in base pairs) into a large physical distances. We therefore suggest a simple mechanism for insulator function whereby insulators increase the physical space between adjacent domains via the unpacking and extension of intervening chromatin. This model provides an intuitive explanation for known features of insulators, including the ability to block enhancer-promoter interactions, limit the spread of heterochromatin, and organize the structural features of interphase chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromatin extension model for insulator function based on comparison of high-resolution chromatin conformation capture and polytene banding maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology is derived from a microbial adaptive immune system, where bacteriophages are often the intended target. Natural inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9 enable phages to evade immunity and show promise in controlling Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. However, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 inhibition is not known and the potential applications for Cas9 inhibitor proteins in mammalian cells has not fully been established. We show here that the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIA4 binds only to assembled Cas9-single guide RNA (sgRNA) complexes and not to Cas9 protein alone. A 3.9 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of the Cas9-sgRNA-AcrIIA4 complex revealed that the surface of AcrIIA4 is highly acidic and binds with 1:1 stoichiometry to a region of Cas9 that normally engages the DNA protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Consistent with this binding mode, order-of-addition experiments showed that AcrIIA4 interferes with DNA recognition but has no effect on pre-formed Cas9-sgRNA-DNA complexes. Timed delivery of AcrIIA4 into human cells as either protein or expression plasmid allows on-target Cas9-mediated gene editing while reducing off-target edits. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of AcrIIA4 function and demonstrate that inhibitors can modulate the extent and outcomes of Cas9-mediated gene editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lncRNA/Lin28/Let7 Axis Coupled To DNA Methylation Fine Tunes The Dynamics Of A Cell State Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Execution of pluripotency requires progression from the naive status represented by mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to a condition poised for lineage specification. This process is controlled at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels and non-coding RNAs are contributors to this regulation complexity. Here we identify a molecular cascade initiated by a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), Ephemeron (Epn), that modulates the dynamics of exit from naive pluripotency. Epn deletion delays the extinction of ESC identity, an effect mediated by perduring expression of the pivotal transcription factor Nanog. In the absence of Epn, Lin28a expression is reduced, resulting in an elevated level of Mirlet7g that suppresses de novo methyltransferases Dnmt3a/b. Dnmt3a/b deletion also retards exit from the ESC state, and is associated with delayed promoter methylation and slower down-regulation of Nanog. Altogether, our findings reveal a lncRNA/miRNA/DNA methylation axis that facilitates a timely stem cell state transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Meyenn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouzarides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lncRNA/Lin28/Let7 Axis Coupled To DNA Methylation Fine Tunes The Dynamics Of A Cell State Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense Bicoid Hubs Accentuate Binding along the Morphogen Gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogen gradients direct the spatial patterning of developing embryos, however, the mechanisms by which these gradients are interpreted remain elusive. Here we perform in vivo single molecule imaging in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos of the transcription factor Bicoid that forms a gradient and initiates patterning along the anteroposterior axis. We observe that Bicoid binds to DNA with a rapid off-rate, such that its average occupancy at target loci is on-rate dependent, a property required for concentration-sensitive regulation. Surprisingly, we also observe abundant specific DNA binding in posterior nuclei, where Bicoid levels are vanishingly low. Live embryo imaging reveals spatiotemporal "hubs" of local high Bicoid concentration that are dependent on the ubiquitous maternal factor Zelda. We propose that localized modulation of transcription factor on-rates via clustering, provides a general mechanism to facilitate binding to low-affinity targets, and that this may be a prevalent feature directing other developmental transcription networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense Bicoid Hubs Accentuate Binding along the Morphogen Gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fronto-Parietal Interactions With Task-Evoked Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible interaction between brain regions enables neural systems to transfer and process information adaptively for goal-directed behaviors. In the current study, we investigated neural substrates that interact with task-evoked functional connectivity during cognitive control. We conducted a human fMRI study where participants selectively attended to a category of visual stimuli in the presence of competing distractors from another stimulus category. To study flexible interactions between brain regions, we performed a dynamic functional connectivity analysis to estimate temporal changes in connectivity strength between brain regions under different levels of cognitive control. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we found that cognitive control selectively enhances functional connectivity for prioritizing the processing of task-relevant information. By regressing temporal changes in connectivity strength against activity patterns elsewhere in the brain, we localized frontal and parietal regions that potentially provide top-down biasing signals for influencing, or reading information out from, task-evoked functional connectivity. Our results suggest that in addition to modulating local activity, fronto-parietal regions could also exert top-down biasing signals to influence functional connectivity between distributed brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fronto-Parietal Interactions With Task-Evoked Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing In Human Cells Works Via The Fanconi Anemia Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing creates targeted double strand breaks (DSBs) in eukaryotic cells that are processed by cellular DNA repair pathways. Co-administration of single stranded oligonucleotide donor DNA (ssODN) during editing can result in high-efficiency (>20%) incorporation of ssODN sequences into the break site. This process is commonly referred to as homology directed repair (HDR) and here referred to as single stranded template repair (SSTR) to distinguish it from repair using a double stranded DNA donor (dsDonor). The high efficacy of SSTR makes it a promising avenue for the treatment of genetic diseases1,2, but the genetic basis of SSTR editing is still unclear, leaving its use a mostly empiric process. To determine the pathways underlying SSTR in human cells, we developed a coupled knockdown-editing screening system capable of interrogating multiple editing outcomes in the context of thousands of individual gene knockdowns. Unexpectedly, we found that SSTR requires multiple components of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) repair pathway, but does not require Rad51-mediated homologous recombination, distinguishing SSTR from repair using dsDonors. Knockdown of FA genes impacts SSTR without altering break repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in multiple human cell lines and in neonatal dermal fibroblasts. Our results establish an unanticipated and central role for the FA pathway in templated repair from single stranded DNA by human cells. Therapeutic genome editing has been proposed to treat genetic disorders caused by deficiencies in DNA repair, including Fanconi Anemia. Our data imply that patient genotype and/or transcriptome profoundly impact the effectiveness of gene editing treatments and that adjuvant treatments to bias cells towards FA repair pathways could have considerable therapeutic value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing In Human Cells Works Via The Fanconi Anemia Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used quantitative confocal microscopy and FPALM super resolution microscopy of live fission yeast to investigate the structures and assembly of two types of interphase nodes, multiprotein complexes associated with the plasma membrane that merge together and mature into the precursors of the cytokinetic contractile ring. During the long G2 phase of the cell cycle seven different interphase node proteins maintain constant concentrations as they accumulate in proportion to cell volume. During mitosis the total numbers of type 1 node proteins (cell cycle kinases Cdr1p, Cdr2p, Wee1p, and anillin Mid1p) are constant even when the nodes disassemble. Quantitative measurements provide strong evidence that both types of nodes have defined sizes and numbers of constituent proteins, as observed for cytokinesis nodes. Type 1 nodes assemble in two phases, a burst at the end of mitosis, followed by steady increase during interphase to double the initial number. Type 2 nodes containing Blt1p, Rho-GEF Gef2p, and kinesin Klp8p remain intact throughout the cell cycle and are constituents of the contractile ring. They are released from the contractile ring as it disassembles and then associate with type 1 nodes around the equator of the cell during interphase.nnHighlight summaryFPALM super resolution microscopy and quantitative confocal microscopy reveal that interphase nodes, the precursors to the fission yeast cytokinetic contractile ring, are discrete unitary structures with defined sizes and ratios of component proteins. Type 1 nodes disassemble during mitosis, but type 2 nodes remain intact throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus and conflict among ecological forecasts of Zika virus outbreaks in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecologists are increasingly involved in the pandemic prediction process. In the course of the Zika outbreak in the Americas, several ecological models were developed to forecast the potential global distribution of the disease. Conflicting results produced by alternative methods are unresolved, hindering the development of appropriate public health forecasts. We compare ecological niche models and experimentally-driven mechanistic forecasts for Zika transmission in the continental United States, a region of high model conflict. We use generic and uninformed stochastic county-level simulations to demonstrate the downstream epidemiological consequences of conflict among ecological models, and show how assumptions and parameterization in the ecological and epidemiological models propagate uncertainty and produce downstream model conflict. We conclude by proposing a basic consensus method that could resolve conflicting models of potential outbreak geography and seasonality. Our results illustrate the unacceptable and often undocumented margin of uncertainty that could emerge from using any one of these predictions without reservation or qualification. In the short term, ecologists face the task of developing better post hoc consensus that accurately forecasts spatial patterns of Zika virus outbreaks. Ultimately, methods are needed that bridge the gap between ecological and epidemiological approaches to predicting transmission and realistically capture both outbreak size and geography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus and conflict among ecological forecasts of Zika virus outbreaks in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A thermostable Cas9 with increased lifetime in human plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful technology that has enabled genome editing in a wide range of species. However, the currently developed Cas9 homologs all originate from mesophilic bacteria, making them susceptible to proteolytic degradation and unsuitable for applications requiring function at elevated temperatures. Here, we show that the Cas9 protein from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GeoCas9) catalyzes RNA-guided DNA cleavage over a wide temperature range and has an enhanced protein lifetime in human plasma. GeoCas9 is active at temperatures up to 70{degrees}C, compared to 45{degrees}C for Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9), which greatly expands the temperature range for CRISPR-Cas9 applications. By comparing features of two closely related Geobacillus homologs, we created a variant of GeoCas9 that doubles the DNA target sequences that can be recognized by this system. We also found that GeoCas9 is an effective tool for editing mammalian genomes when delivered as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Together with an increased lifetime in human plasma, the thermostable GeoCas9 provides the foundation for improved RNP delivery in vivo and expands the temperature range of CRISPR-Cas9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez-Espino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staahl, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrpides, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A thermostable Cas9 with increased lifetime in human plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Aphrodisiac Produced By Vibrio fischeri Stimulates Mating In The Closest Living Relatives Of Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We serendipitously discovered that the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri induces sexual reproduction in one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Although bacteria influence everything from nutrition and metabolism to cell biology and development in eukaryotes, bacterial regulation of eukaryotic mating was unexpected. Here we show that a single V. fischeri protein, the previously uncharacterized EroS, fully recapitulates the aphrodisiac activity of live V. fischeri. EroS is a chondroitin lyase; although its substrate, chondroitin sulfate, was previously thought to be an animal synapomorphy, we demonstrate that S. rosetta produces chondroitin sulfate and thus extend the ancestry of this important glycosaminoglycan to the premetazoan era. Finally, we show that V. fischeri, purified EroS, and other bacterial chondroitin lyases induce S. rosetta mating at environmentally-relevant concentrations suggesting that bacterially-produced aphrodisiacs likely regulate choanoflagellate mating in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdt, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Aphrodisiac Produced By Vibrio fischeri Stimulates Mating In The Closest Living Relatives Of Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with damage to the cerebellum perform poorly in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. This deficit has been attributed to impairment in sensory-prediction-error-based updating of an internal forward model, a form of implicit learning. These individuals can, however, successfully counter a perturbation when instructed with an explicit aiming strategy. This successful use of an instructed aiming strategy presents a paradox: In adaptation tasks, why dont individuals with cerebellar damage come up with an aiming solution on their own to compensate for their implicit learning deficit? To explore this question, we employed a variant of a visuomotor rotation task in which, prior to executing a movement on each trial, the participants verbally reported their intended aiming location. Compared to healthy controls, participants with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) displayed impairments in both implicit learning and aiming. This was observed when the visuomotor rotation was introduced abruptly (Exp. 1) or gradually (Exp. 2). This dual deficit does not appear to be related to the increased movement variance associated with ataxia: Healthy undergraduates showed little change in implicit learning or aiming when their movement feedback was artificially manipulated to produce similar levels of variability (Exp. 3). Taken together the results indicate that a consequence of cerebellar dysfunction is not only impaired sensory-prediction-error-based learning, but also a difficulty in developing and/or maintaining an aiming solution in response to a visuomotor perturbation. We suggest that this dual deficit can be explained by the cerebellum forming part of a network that learns and maintains action-outcome associations across trials.nnNew and noteworthyIndividuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired in sensorimotor adaptation. This deficit has been attributed to an impairment in error-based learning, specifically, from a deficit in using sensory prediction errors to update an internal model. Here, we show that these individuals also have difficulty in discovering an aiming solution to overcome their adaptation deficit, suggesting a new role for the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyketides are an important class of bioactive small molecules valued not only for their diverse therapeutic applications, but also for their role in controlling interesting biological phenotypes in their producing organisms. While numerous examples of polyketides derived from aerobic organisms exist, only a single family of polyketides has been identified from anaerobic organisms. Here we uncover a novel family of polyketides native to the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, an organism well-known for its historical use as an industrial producer of the organic solvents acetone, butanol, and ethanol. Through mutational analysis and chemical complementation assays, we demonstrate that these polyketides influence butanol production and act as chemical triggers of sporulation and granulose accumulation in this strain. This study represents a significant addition to the body of work demonstrating the existence and importance of polyketides in anaerobes, and showcases a novel strategy of manipulating the secondary metabolism of an organism to improve traits significant for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thirty-five experimental fisheries reveal the mechanisms of selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fisheries have been described as large-scale evolutionary experiments; yet such "experiments" tend to be poorly replicated and therefore lack the predictive power essential for designing appropriate management strategies to minimize the effects of fisheries-induced selection. Large-scale removal of non-native trout from 35 montane lakes in California provided repeated experimental fisheries that allowed us to explore how environmental parameters affect the three potential contributors to overall selection: the fitness-trait correlation, trait variability, and fitness variability. Our results demonstrate that fishing rapidly altered the size structure of harvested populations, and that the magnitude of change was primarily driven by the fitness-trait correlation (net selectivity). Fishing-induced selection was repeatable overall but was also influenced by environmental (lake size and quality) and demographic (size structure) parameters. Decomposing fishing-induced selection into its key components can improve the management of stocks experiencing fishing-induced selection by identifying the drivers of selection and therefore the appropriate target for management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nussle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendry, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturrock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thirty-five experimental fisheries reveal the mechanisms of selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association Mapping From Sequencing Reads Using K-mers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) rely on microarrays, or more recently mapping of whole-genome sequencing reads, to genotype individuals. The reliance on prior sequencing of a reference genome for the organism on which the association study is to be performed limits the scope of association studies, and also precludes the identification of differences between cases and controls outside of the reference. We present an alignment free method for association studies that is based on counting k-mers in sequencing reads, testing for associations directly between k-mers and the trait of interest, and local assembly of the statistically significant k-mers to identify sequence differences. Results with simulated data and an analysis of the 1000 genomes data provide a proof of principle for the approach. In a pairwise comparison of the Toscani in Italia (TSI) and the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) populations we find that sequences identified by our method largely agree with results obtained using standard GWAS based on variant calling from mapped reads. However unlike standard GWAS, we find that our method identifies associations with structural variations and sites not present in the reference genome revealing sequences absent from the human reference genome. We also analyze data from the Bengali from Bangladesh (BEB) population to explore possible genetic basis of high rate of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among South Asians and find significant differences in frequencies of a number of non-synonymous variants in genes linked to CVDs between BEB and TSI samples, including the site rs1042034, which has been associated with higher risk of CVDs previously, and the nearby rs676210 in the Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene.nnAuthor SummaryWe present a method for associating regions in genomes to traits or diseases. The method is based on finding differences in frequencies of short strings of letters in sequencing reads and do not require reads to be aligned to a reference genome. This makes it applicable to study of organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. We test our method with simulated data and sequencing data from the 1000 genomes project and find agreement with the conventional approach based on alignment to a reference genome. In addition, our method finds associations with sequences not in reference genomes and reveals sequences missing from the human reference genome. We also explore high rates of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among South Asians and find prevalence of variations in genes associated with heart diseases in samples from the Bengali from Bangladesh population including one that has been reported to be associated with early onset of cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallgrimsdottir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association Mapping From Sequencing Reads Using K-mers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility has been shown to be limited in many scientific fields. This question is a fundamental tenet of the scientific activity, but the related issues of reusability of scientific data are poorly documented. Here, we present a case study of our attempt to reproduce a promising bioinformatics method [1] and illustrate the challenges to use a published method for which code and data were available. First, we tried to re-run the analysis with the code and data provided by the authors. Second, we reimplemented the method in Python to avoid dependency on a MATLAB licence and ease the execution of the code on HPCC (High-Performance Computing Cluster). Third, we assessed reusability of our reimplementation and the quality of our documentation. Then, we experimented with our own software and tested how easy it would be to start from our implementation to reproduce the results, hence attempting to estimate the robustness of the reproducibility. Finally, in a second part, we propose solutions from this case study and other observations to improve reproducibility and research efficiency at the individual and collective level.nnAvailabilitylast version of StratiPy (Python) with two examples of reproducibility are available at GitHub [2].nnContactyang-min.kim@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human PRDM9 Can Bind And Activate Promoters, And Other Zinc-Finger Proteins Associate With Reduced Recombination In cis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across mammals, PRDM9 binding localizes almost all meiotic recombination hotspots. However, most PRDM9 motif sequence matches are not bound, and most PRDM9-bound loci do not become hotspots. To explore factors that affect binding and subsequent recombination outcomes, we mapped human and chimp PRDM9 binding sites in a human cell line, and measured PRDM9-induced H3K4me3 and gene expression changes. These data revealed varied DNA-binding modalities of PRDM9, and histone modifications that predict binding. At sites where PRDM9 binds, specific cis sequence motifs associated with TRIM28 recruitment, and histone modifications, predict whether recombination subsequently occurs. These results implicate the large family of KRAB-ZNF genes in consistent, localized meiotic recombination suppression. PRDM9 affects gene expression for a small number of genes including CTCFL and VCX, by binding nearby. Finally, we show that PRDM9s DNA-binding zinc finger domain strongly impacts the formation of multimers, with a pair of highly diverged alleles multimerizing less efficiently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbeault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aricescu, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human PRDM9 Can Bind And Activate Promoters, And Other Zinc-Finger Proteins Associate With Reduced Recombination In cis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On The Number Of Siblings And p-th Cousins In A Large Population Sample 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.The number of individuals in a random sample with close relatives in the sample is a quantity of interest when designing Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and other cohort based genetic, and non-genetic, studies. In this paper, we develop expressions for the distribution and expectation of the number of p-th cousins in a sample from a population of size N under two diploid Wright-Fisher models. We also develop simple asymptotic expressions for large values of N. For example, the expected proportion of individuals with at least one p-th cousin in a sample of K individuals, for a diploid dioecious Wright-Fisher model, is approximately 1 - e-(22p-1)K/N. Our results show that a substantial fraction of individuals in the sample will have at least a second cousin if the sampling fraction (K/N) is on the order of 10-2. This confirms that, for large cohort samples, relatedness among individuals cannot easily be ignored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On The Number Of Siblings And p-th Cousins In A Large Population Sample]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Totally Asymmetric Exclusion Process (TASEP) is a classical stochastic model for describing the transport of interacting particles, such as ribosomes moving along the mRNA during translation. Although this model has been widely studied in the past, the extent of collision between particles and the average distance between a particle to its nearest neighbor have not been quantified explicitly. We provide here a theoretical analysis of such quantities via the distribution of isolated particles. In the classical form of the model in which each particle occupies only a single site, we obtain an exact analytic solution using the Matrix Ansatz. We then employ a refined mean field approach to extend the analysis to a generalized TASEP with particles of an arbitrary size. Our theoretical study has direct applications in mRNA translation and the interpretation of experimental ribosome profiling data. In particular, our analysis of data from S. cerevisiae suggests a potential bias against the detection of nearby ribosomes with gap distance less than ~ 3 codons, which leads to some ambiguity in estimating the initiation rate and protein production flux for a substantial fraction of genes. Despite such ambiguity, however, we demonstrate theoretically that the interference rate associated with collisions can be robustly estimated, and show that approximately 1% of the translating ribosomes get obstructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To build the spindle at mitosis, motors exert spatially regulated forces on microtubules. We know that dynein pulls on mammalian spindle microtubule minus-ends, and this localized activity at ends is predicted to allow dynein to cluster microtubules into poles. How dynein becomes enriched at minus-ends is not known. Here, we use quantitative imaging and laser ablation to show that NuMA targets dynactin to minus-ends, localizing dynein activity there. NuMA is recruited to new minus-ends independently of dynein and more quickly than dynactin, and both NuMA and dynactin display specific, steady-state binding at minus-ends. NuMA localization to minus-ends requires a C-terminal region outside NuMAs canonical microtubule binding domain, and it is independent of direct minus-end binders {gamma}-TuRC, CAMSAP1, and KANSL1/3. Both NuMAs minus-end-binding and dynein-dynactin-binding modules are required to rescue focused, bipolar spindle organization. Thus, NuMA may serve as a mitosis-specific minus-end cargo adaptor, targeting dynein activity to minus-ends to cluster spindle microtubules into poles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hueschen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of topological domain boundaries, insulators, and polytene interbands revealed by high-resolution mapping of chromatin contacts in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence has emerged in recent years linking insulators and the proteins that bind them to the higher order structure of animal chromatin, but the precise nature of this relationship and the manner by which insulators influence chromatin structure have remained elusive. Here we present high-resolution genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) data from early Drosophila melanogaster embryos that allow us to map three-dimensional interactions to 500 base pairs. We observe a complex, nested pattern of regions of chromatin self-association, and use a combination of computational and manual annotation to identify boundaries between these topological associated domains (TADs). We demonstrate that, when mapped at high resolution, boundaries resemble classical insulators: short (500 - 1000 bp) genomic regions that are sensitive to DNase digestion and strongly bound by known insulator proteins. Strikingly, we show that for regions where the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes has been mapped to genomic position at comparably high resolution, there is a perfect correspondence between polytene banding and our chromatin conformation maps, with boundary insulators forming the interband regions that separate compacted bands that correspond to TADs. We propose that this precise, high-resolution relationship between insulators and TADs on the one hand and polytene bands and interbands on the other extends across the genome, and suggest a model in which the decompaction of insulator regions drives the organization of interphase chromosomes by creating stable physical separation between adjacent domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of topological domain boundaries, insulators, and polytene interbands revealed by high-resolution mapping of chromatin contacts in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SMuSh pathway is essential for survival during growth-induced compressive mechanical stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells that proliferate within a confined environment build up mechanical compressive stress. For example, mechanical pressure emerges in the naturally space-limited tumor environment. However, little is known about how cells sense and respond to mechanical compression. We developed microfluidic bioreactors to enable the investigation of the effects of compressive stress on the growth of the genetically tractable model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used this system to determine that compressive stress is partly partly sensed through a module consisting of the mucin Msb2, and the cell wall protein Sho1, which act together as a sensor module in one of the two major osmosensing pathways in budding yeast. This signal is transmitted via the MAPKKK kinase Ste11. Thus, we term this mechanosensitive pathway the SMuSh pathway, for Ste11 through Mucin / Sho1 pathway. The SMuSh pathway delays cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and improves cell survival in response to growth-induced pressure. We also found that the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway contributes to the response to mechanical compressive stress. These latter results are confirmed in complimentary experiments in the accompanying manuscript from Mishra et al. When both the SMuSh and the CWI pathways are deleted, cells fail to adapt to compressive stress and all cells lyse at relatively low pressure when grown in confinement. Thus, we define a network that is essential for cell survival during growth under pressure. We term this new mechanosensory system the SCWISh (Survival through the CWI and SMuSh) network.nnSignificance StatementGrowth in confined environments leads to the build up of compressive mechanical stresses, which are relevant to diverse fields, from cancer to microbiology. In contrast to tensile stress, little is known about the molecular integration of compressive stresses. In this study, we elucidate the SMuSh pathway, which, together with the Cell Wall Integrity pathway, is essential for viability of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae when growing under mechanical pressure. Pressure-sensing requires the transmembrane mucin, Msb2, which is linked to the actin cortex. Our result raises the intriguing question of whether mucins, widely conserved in eukaryotes and frequently misregulated in cancers, might sense compressive stresses in other organisms, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poterewicz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoxha, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SMuSh pathway is essential for survival during growth-induced compressive mechanical stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Architecture Leads a Bifurcation in Cell Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome architecture is important in transcriptional regulation and study of its features is a critical part of fully understanding cell identity. Altering cell identity is possible through overexpression of transcription factors (TFs); for example, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into muscle cells by introducing MYOD1. How TFs dynamically orchestrate genome architecture and transcription as a cell adopts a new identity during reprogramming is not well understood. Here we show that MYOD1-mediated reprogramming of human fibroblasts into the myogenic lineage undergoes a critical transition, which we refer to as a bifurcation point, where cell identity definitively changes. By integrating knowledge of genome-wide dynamical architecture and transcription, we found significant chromatin reorganization prior to transcriptional changes that marked activation of the myogenic program. We also found that the local architectural and transcriptional dynamics of endogenous MYOD1 and MYOG reflected the global genomic bifurcation event. These TFs additionally participate in entrainment of biological rhythms. Understanding the system-level genome dynamics underlying a cell fate decision is a step toward devising more sophisticated reprogramming strategies that could be used in cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meixner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Architecture Leads a Bifurcation in Cell Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurodegeneration-associated mutant TREM2 proteins abortively cycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein expressed on microglia within the brain. Several rare mutations in TREM2 cause an early-onset form of neurodegeneration when inherited homozygously. Here we investigate how these mutations affect the intracellular transport of TREM2. We find that most pathogenic TREM2 mutant proteins fail to undergo normal maturation in the Golgi complex and show markedly reduced cell surface expression. Prior research has suggested that two such mutants are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but we find, using a cell-free COPII vesicle budding reaction, that mutant TREM2 is exported efficiently from the ER. In addition, mutant TREM2 becomes sensitive to cleavage by endoglycosidase D under conditions that inhibit recycling to the ER, indicating that it normally reaches a post-ER compartment. Maturation-defective TREM2 mutants are also efficiently bound by a lectin that recognizes O-glycans added in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and cis Golgi cisterna. Finally, mutant TREM2 accumulates in the ERGIC in cells depleted of COPI. These results indicate that efficient ER export is not sufficient to enable normal cell surface expression of TREM2. Moreover, our findings suggest that the ERGIC may play an underappreciated role as a quality-control center for mutant and/or malformed membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirkis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurodegeneration-associated mutant TREM2 proteins abortively cycle between the ER and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although apoptotic cells (ACs) contain nucleic acids that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), engulfment of ACs does not initiate inflammation in healthy organisms. To better understand this phenomenon, we identified and characterized macrophage populations that continually engulf ACs in several distinct tissues. These macrophages share characteristics compatible with immunologically silent clearance of ACs, including high expression of AC recognition receptors, low expression of TLR9, and reduced TLR responsiveness to nucleic acids. When removed from tissues these macrophages lose many of these characteristics and generate inflammatory responses to AC-derived nucleic acids, suggesting that cues from the tissue microenvironment are required to program macrophages for silent AC clearance. We show that KLF2 and KLF4 control expression of many genes within this AC clearance program. Coordinated expression of AC receptors with genes that limit responses to nucleic acids may represent a central feature of tissue macrophages that ensures maintenance of homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomchik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) and T cell beta variable (TRBV) loci are among the most complex and variable regions in the human genome. Generated through a process of gene duplication/deletion and diversification, these loci can vary extensively between individuals in copy number and contain genes that are highly similar, making their analysis technically challenging. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the functional gene segments in the IGHV and TRBV loci, quantifying their copy number and single nucleotide variation in a globally diverse sample of 109 (IGHV) and 286 (TRBV) humans from over a hundred populations. We find that the IGHV and TRBV gene families exhibit starkly different patterns of variation. In particular, with hundreds of copy number haplotypes (instances that have differences in the number of functional gene segments), the IGHV locus has undergone more frequent gene duplication/deletion compared to the TRBV locus, which has only a few copy number haplotypes. In contrast, the TRBV locus has a greater or at least equal propensity to mutate, as evidenced by greater single nucleotide variation, compared to the IGHV locus. Thus, despite common molecular and functional characteristics, the genes that comprise the IGHV and TRBV loci have evolved in strikingly different ways. As well as providing insight into the different evolutionary paths the IGHV and TRBV loci have taken, our results are also important to the adaptive immune repertoire sequencing community, where the lack of frequencies of common alleles and copy number variants is hampering existing analytical pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila Y chromosome affects heterochromatin integrity genome-wide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila Y-chromosome is gene poor and mainly consists of silenced, repetitive DNA. Nonetheless, the Y influences expression of hundreds of genes genome-wide, possibly by sequestering key components of the heterochromatin machinery away from other positions in the genome. To test the influence of the Y chromosome on the genome-wide chromatin landscape, we assayed the genomic distribution of histone modifications associated with gene activation (H3K4me3), or heterochromatin (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) in fruit flies with varying sex chromosome complements (X0, XY and XYY males; XX and XXY females). Consistent with the general deficiency of active chromatin modifications on the Y, we find that Y gene dose has little influence on the genomic distribution of H3K4me3. In contrast, both the presence and the number of Y-chromosomes strongly influence genome-wide enrichment patterns of repressive chromatin modifications. Highly repetitive regions such as the pericentromeres, the dot, and the Y chromosome (if present) are enriched for heterochromatic modifications in wildtype males and females, and even more strongly in X0 flies. In contrast, the additional Y chromosome in XYY males and XXY females diminishes the heterochromatic signal in these normally silenced, repeat-rich regions, which is accompanied by an increase in expression of Y-linked repeats. We find hundreds of genes that are expressed differentially between individuals with aberrant sex chromosome karyotypes, many of which also show sex-biased expression in wildtype Drosophila. Thus, Y-chromosomes influence heterochromatin integrity genome-wide, and differences in the chromatin landscape of males and females may also contribute to sex-biased gene expression and sexual dimorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila Y chromosome affects heterochromatin integrity genome-wide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Y chromosome contributes to sex-specific aging in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin suppresses repetitive DNA, and a loss of heterochromatin has been observed in aged cells of several species, including humans and Drosophila. Males often contain substantially more heterochromatic DNA than females, due to the presence of a large, repeat-rich Y chromosome, and male flies generally have shorter average life spans than females. Here we show that repetitive DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old male flies relative to females, and repeats on the Y chromosome are disproportionally mis-expressed during aging. This is associated with a loss of heterochromatin at repetitive elements during aging in male flies, and a general loss of repressive chromatin in aged males away from pericentromeric regions and the Y. By generating flies with different sex chromosome karyotypes (XXY females; X0 and XYY males), we show that repeat de-repression and average lifespan is directly correlated with the number of Y chromosomes. Thus, sex-specific chromatin differences contribute to sex-specific aging in flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Y chromosome contributes to sex-specific aging in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cpf1 is a novel class of CRISPR-Cas DNA endonucleases, with a wide range of activity across different eukaryotic systems. Yet, the underlying determinants of this variability are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LbCpf1, but not AsCpf1, ribonucleoprotein complexes allow efficient mutagenesis in zebrafish and Xenopus. We show that temperature modulates Cpf1 activity by controlling its ability to access genomic DNA. This effect is stronger on AsCpf1, explaining its lower efficiency in ectothermic organisms. We capitalize on this property to show that temporal control of the temperature allows post-translational modulation of Cpf1-mediated genome editing. Finally, we determine that LbCpf1 significantly increases homology-directed repair in zebrafish, improving current approaches for targeted DNA integration in the genome. Together, we provide a molecular understanding of Cpf1 activity in vivo and establish Cpf1 as an efficient and inducible genome engineering tool across ectothermic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mateos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread translational remodeling during human neuronal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faithful cellular differentiation requires precise coordination of changes in gene expression. However, the relative contributions of transcriptional and translational regulation during human cellular differentiation are unclear. Here, we induced forebrain neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and characterized genomewide RNA and translation levels during neurogenesis. We find that thousands of genes change at the translation level across differentiation without a corresponding change in RNA level. Specifically, we identify mTOR complex 1 signaling as a key driver for elevated translation of translation-related genes in hESCs. In contrast, translational repression in active neurons is mediated by transcript 3' UTRs, through regulatory sequences. Together, our findings identify a functional role for the dramatic 3' UTR extensions that occur during brain development, and provide insights to interpret genetic variants in post-transcriptional control factors that influence neurodevelopmental disorders and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread translational remodeling during human neuronal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant distributions can be limited by habitat-biased herbivory, but the proximate causes of such biases are rarely known. Distinguishing plant-centric from herbivore-centric mechanisms driving differential herbivory between habitats is difficult without experimental manipulation of both plants and herbivores. Here we tested alternative hypotheses driving habitat-biased herbivory in bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia), which is more abundant under shade of shrubs and trees (shade) than in nearby meadows (sun) where herbivory is intense from the specialist fly Scaptomyza nigrita. This system has served as a textbook example of habitat-biased herbivory driving a plants distribution across an ecotone, but the proximate mechanisms underlying differential herbivory are still unclear. First, we found that higher S. nigrita herbivory in sun habitats contrasts sharply with their preference to attack plants from shade habitats in laboratory choice experiments. Second, S. nigrita strongly preferred leaves in simulated sun over simulated shade habitats, regardless of plant source habitat. Thus, herbivore preference for brighter, warmer habitats overrides their preference for more palatable shade plants. This promotes the sun-biased herbivore pressure that drives the distribution of bittercress into shade habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrery, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affeldt, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of the IFT Machinery at the Ciliary Tip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Due to the traffic jam of multiple trains at the ciliary tip, how IFT trains are remodeled in these turnaround zones cannot be determined by conventional imaging. Using Photogate, we visualized the full range of movement of single IFT trains and motors in Chlamydomonas flagella. Anterograde trains split apart and IFT complexes mix with each other at the tip to assemble retrograde trains. Dynein-1b is carried to the tip by kinesin-II as inactive cargo on anterograde trains. Unlike dynein-1b, kinesin-II detaches from IFT trains at the tip and diffuses in flagella. As the flagellum grows longer, diffusion delays return of kinesin-II to the basal body, depleting kinesin-II available for anterograde transport. Our results suggest that dissociation of kinesin-II from IFT trains serves as a negative feedback mechanism that facilitates flagellar length control in Chlamydomonas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritschler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of the IFT Machinery at the Ciliary Tip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of traction in membrane curvature generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Curvature of biological membranes can be generated by a variety of molecular mechanisms including protein scaffolding, compositional heterogeneity, and cytoskeletal forces. These mechanisms have the net effect of generating tractions (force per unit length) on the bilayer that are translated into distinct shapes of the membrane. Here, we demonstrate how the local shape of the membrane can be used to infer the traction acting locally on the membrane. We show that buds and tubes, two common membrane deformations studied in trafficking processes, have different traction distributions along the membrane and that these tractions are specific to the molecular mechanism used to generate these shapes. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of an axial force applied to the membrane as well as that of an effective line tension can be calculated from these tractions. Finally, we consider the sensitivity of these quantities with respect to uncertainties in material properties and follow with a discussion on sources of uncertainty in membrane shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of traction in membrane curvature generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR-Cas9 targeting accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) has been widely repurposed for genome editing1-4. High-fidelity (SpCas9-HF1) and enhanced specificity (eSpCas9(1.1)) variants exhibit substantially reduced off-target cleavage in human cells, but the mechanism of target discrimination and the potential to further improve fidelity were unknown5-9. Using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments, we show that both SpCas9-HF1 and eSpCas9(1.1) are trapped in an inactive state10 when bound to mismatched targets. We find that a non-catalytic domain within Cas9, REC3, recognizes target mismatches and governs the HNH nuclease to regulate overall catalytic competence. Exploiting this observation, we identified residues within REC3 involved in mismatch sensing and designed a new hyper-accurate Cas9 variant (HypaCas9) that retains robust on-target activity in human cells. These results offer a more comprehensive model to rationalize and modify the balance between target recognition and nuclease activation for precision genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagdas, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstiver, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR-Cas9 targeting accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broad role for YBX1 in defining the small non-coding RNA composition of exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA is secreted from cells enclosed within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Defining the RNA composition of EVs is challenging due to their co-isolation with contaminants, a lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of RNA sorting into EVs and limitations of conventional RNA-seq methods. Here we present our observations using thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing (TGIRT-seq) to characterize the RNA extracted from HEK293T cell EVs isolated by flotation gradient ultracentrifugation and from exosomes containing the tetraspannin CD63 further purified from the gradient fractions by immunoisolation. We found that EV-associated transcripts are dominated by full-length, mature tRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs encapsulated within vesicles. A substantial proportion of the reads mapping to protein-coding genes, long non-coding, and antisense RNAs were due to DNA contamination on the surface of vesicles. Nevertheless, sequences mapping to spliced mRNAs were identified within HEK293T cell EVs and exosomes, among the most abundant being transcripts containing a 5 terminal oligopyrimidine (5 TOP) motif. Our results indicate that the RNA-binding protein YBX1, which we showed previously is required for the sorting of selected miRNAs into exosomes, plays a role in the sorting of highly abundant small non-coding RNA species, including tRNAs, Y RNAs, and Vault RNAs. Finally, we obtained evidence for an EV-specific tRNA modification, perhaps indicating a role for post-transcriptional modification in the sorting of some RNA species into EVs. The identification of full-length small non-coding RNAs within EVs suggests a role for EVs in the export and possible intercellular functional transfer of abundant cellular transcripts.nnStatement of SignificanceCells release vesicles containing selectively packaged cargo, including RNA, into the extracellular environment. Prior studies have identified RNA inside extracellular vesicles (EVs) but, due to limitations of conventional sequencing methods, highly structured and post-transcriptionally modified RNA species were not effectively captured. Using an alternative sequencing approach (TGIRT-seq), we found that EVs contain abundant small non-coding RNA species, including full-length tRNAs and Y RNAs. Using a knockout cell line, we obtained evidence that the RNA-binding protein YBX1 plays a role in sorting small non-coding RNAs into a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles termed exosomes. These experiments expand our understanding of EV-RNA composition and provide insights into how RNA is sorted into EVs for export from the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shurtleff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottingham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broad role for YBX1 in defining the small non-coding RNA composition of exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How animals evolved from their single-celled ancestors over 600 million years ago is poorly understood. Comparisons of genomes from animals and their closest relatives - choanoflagellates, filastereans and ichthyosporeans - have recently revealed the genomic landscape of animal origins. However, the cell and developmental biology of the first animals have been less well examined. Using principles from evolutionary cell biology, we reason that the last common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates (the  Urchoanozoan) used a collar complex - a flagellum surrounded by a microvillar collar - to capture bacterial prey. The origin of animal multicellularity likely occurred through the modification of pre-existing mechanisms for extracellular matrix synthesis and regulation of cytokinesis. The progenitors of animals likely developed clonally through serial division of flagellated cells, giving rise to sheets of cells that folded into spheres by a morphogenetic process comparable to that seen in modern choanoflagellate rosettes and calcareous sponge embryos. Finally, we infer that cell differentiation evolved in the animal stem-lineage by a combination of three mechanisms: division of labor from ancient plurifunctional cell types, conversion of temporally segregated phenotypes into spatially segregated cell types, and functional innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetically Engineered Medea Gene Drive System in the Worldwide Crop Pest, D. suzukii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic gene drive systems possess enormous potential to replace, alter, or suppress wild populations of significant disease vectors and crop pests; however, their utility in diverse populations remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report the creation of the first-ever synthetic Medea gene drive element in a major worldwide crop pest, D. suzukii. We demonstrate that this drive element, based on an engineered maternal "toxin" coupled with a linked embryonic "antidote," is capable of biasing Mendelian inheritance rates with up to 100% efficiency. However, we find that drive resistance, resulting from naturally occurring genetic variation and associated fitness costs, can hinder the spread of such an element. Despite this, our results suggest that this element could maintain itself at high frequencies in a wild population, and spread to fixation, if either its fitness costs or toxin resistance were reduced, providing a clear path forward for developing future such systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetically Engineered Medea Gene Drive System in the Worldwide Crop Pest, D. suzukii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spores and soil from six sides: interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmentally Transmitted Diseases Are Comparatively Poorly Understood And Managed, And Their Ecology Is Particularly Understudied. Here We Identify Challenges Of Studying Environmental Transmission And Persistence With A Six-Sided Interdisciplinary Review Of The Biology Of Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis). Anthrax Is A Zoonotic Disease Capable Of Maintaining Infectious Spore Banks In Soil For Decades (Or Even Potentially Centuries), And The Mechanisms Of Its Environmental Persistence Have Been The Topic Of Significant Research And Controversy. Where Anthrax Is Endemic, It Plays An Important Ecological Role, Shaping The Dynamics Of Entire Herbivore Communities. The Complex Eco-Epidemiology Of Anthrax, And The Mysterious Biology Of Bacillus Anthracis During Its Environmental Stage, Have Necessitated An Interdisciplinary Approach To Pathogen Research. Here, We Illustrate Different Disciplinary Perspectives Through Key Advances Made By Researchers Working In Etosha National Park, A Long-Term Ecological Research Site In Namibia That Has Exemplified The Complexities Of AnthraxS Enzootic Process Over Decades Of Surveillance. In Etosha, The Role Of Scavengers And Alternate Routes (Waterborne Transmission And Flies) Has Proved Unimportant, Relative To The Long-Term Persistence Of Anthrax Spores In Soil And Their Infection Of Herbivore Hosts. Carcass Deposition Facilitates Green-Ups Of Vegetation To Attract Herbivores, Potentially Facilitated By Anthrax Spores Role In The Rhizosphere. The Underlying Seasonal Pattern Of Vegetation, And Herbivores Immune And Behavioral Responses To Anthrax Risk, Interact To Produce Regular "Anthrax Seasons" That Appear To Be A Stable Feature Of The Etosha Ecosystem. Through The Lens Of Microbiologists, Geneticists, Immunologists, Ecologists, Epidemiologists, And Clinicians, We Discuss How Anthrax Dynamics Are Shaped At The Smallest Scale By Population Genetics And Interactions Within The Bacterial Communities Up To The Broadest Scales Of Ecosystem Structure. We Illustrate The Benefits And Challenges Of This Interdisciplinary Approach To Disease Ecology, And Suggest Ways Anthrax Might Offer Insights Into The Biology Of Other Important Pathogens. Bacillus Anthracis, And The More Recently Emerged Bacillus Cereus Biovar Anthracis, Share Key Features With Other Environmentally-Transmitted Pathogens, Including Several Zoonoses And Panzootics Of Special Interest For Global Health And Conservation Efforts. Understanding The Dynamics Of Anthrax, And Developing Interdisciplinary Research Programs That Explore Environmental Persistence, Is A Critical Step Forward For Understanding These Emerging Threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kausrud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizauskas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos Carrillo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easterday, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okstad, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolsto, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenseth, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spores and soil from six sides: interdisciplinarity and the environmental biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusion detection and quantification by pseudoalignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing in cancer cells is a powerful technique to detect chromosomal rearrangements, allowing for de novo discovery of actively expressed fusion genes. Here we focus on the problem of detecting gene fusions from raw sequencing data, assembling the reads to define fusion transcripts and their associated breakpoints, and quantifying their abundances. Building on the pseudoalignment idea that simplifies and accelerates transcript quantification, we introduce a novel approach to fusion detection based on inspecting paired reads that cannot be pseudoaligned due to conflicting matches. The method and software, called pizzly, filters false positives, assembles new transcripts from the fusion reads, and reports candidate fusions. With pizzly, fusion detection from raw RNA-Seq reads can be performed in a matter of minutes, making the program suitable for the analysis of large cancer gene expression databases and for clinical use. pizzly is available at https://github.com/pmelsted/pizzly
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melsted, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hateley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusion detection and quantification by pseudoalignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dramatic expansion of microbial groups that shape the global sulfur cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth is driven by microbial sulfate reduction, yet organisms from relatively few lineages have been implicated in this process. Recent studies using functional marker genes have detected abundant, novel dissimilatory sulfite reductases that confer the capacity for microbial sulfate reduction and could do not be affiliated with known organisms. Thus, the identity of a significant fraction of sulfate reducing microbes has remained elusive. Here we report the discovery of the capacity for sulfate reduction in the genomes of organisms from twelve bacterial and archaeal phyla, thereby doubling the number of microbial phyla associated with this process. Eight of the twelve newly identified groups are candidate phyla that lack isolated representatives, a finding only possible given genomes from metagenomes. Two candidate phyla, Candidatus Rokubacteria and Candidatus Hydrothermarchaeota contain the earliest evolved genes. The capacity for sulfate reduction has been laterally transferred in multiple events within some phyla, and a key gene potentially capable of switching sulfur oxidation to sulfate reduction in associated cells has been acquired by putatively symbiotic bacteria. We conclude that functional predictions based on phylogeny will significantly underestimate the extent of sulfate reduction across Earths ecosystems. Understanding the prevalence of this capacity is integral to interpreting the carbon cycle because sulfate reduction is often coupled to turnover of buried organic carbon. Our findings expand the diversity of microbial groups associated with sulfur transformations in the environment and motivate revision of biogeochemical process models based on microbial community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dramatic expansion of microbial groups that shape the global sulfur cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening and directed evolution of transporters to improve xylodextrin utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The economic production of cellulosic biofuel requires efficient and full utilization of all abundant carbohydrates naturally released from plant biomass by enzyme cocktails. Recently, we reconstituted the Neurospora crassa xylodextrin transport and consumption system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling growth of yeast on xylodextrins aerobically. However, the consumption rate of xylodextrin requires improvement for industrial applications, including consumption in anaerobic conditions. As a first step in this improvement, we report analysis of orthologues of the N. crassa transporters CDT-1 and CDT-2. Transporter ST16 from Trichoderma virens enables faster aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae on xylodextrins compared to CDT-2. ST16 is a xylodextrin-specific transporter, and the xylobiose transport activity of ST16 is not inhibited by cellobiose. Other transporters identified in the screen also enable growth on xylodextrins including xylotriose. Taken together, these results indicate that multiple transporters might prove useful to improve xylodextrin utilization in S. cerevisiae. Efforts to use directed evolution to improve ST16 from a chromosomally-integrated copy were not successful, due to background growth of yeast on other carbon sources present in the selection medium. Future experiments will require increasing the baseline growth rate of the yeast population on xylodextrins, to ensure that the selective pressure exerted on xylodextrin transport can lead to isolation of improved xylodextrin transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Sampson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening and directed evolution of transporters to improve xylodextrin utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective normalization for copy number variation in Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normalization is essential to ensure accurate analysis and proper interpretation of sequencing data. Chromosome conformation data, such as Hi-C, is not different. The most widely used type of normalization of Hi-C data casts estimations of unwanted effects as a matrix balancing problem, relying on the assumption that all genomic regions interact as much as any other. Here, we show that these approaches, while very effective on fully haploid or diploid genome, fail to correct for unwanted effects in the presence of copy number variations. We propose a simple extension to matrix balancing methods that properly models the copy-number variation effects. Our approach can either retain the copy-number variation effects or remove it. We show that this leads to better downstream analysis of the three-dimensional organization of rearranged genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Servant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoqaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective normalization for copy number variation in Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parasite mediated competition facilitates invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites play an important role in invasion success with important consequences for biodiversity and community structure. While much research has focused on direct effects of parasites on biological invasions, parasites can also indirectly influence interactions within the invaded community across trophic levels. For instance, parasites can mediate competitive interactions between native and exotic species through trait-mediated indirect effects. We consider the interactions between the parasitoid fly Pseudacteon sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), and its native host ant Linipethema iniquum, and the exotic ant Wasmannia auropunctata in the introduced range of Puerto Rico. We examined the effects of phorid flies on the competitive outcome between the arboreal ants W. auropunctata and native ant L. iniquum. Furthermore, we investigate the searching efficiency of phorid flies in detecting L. iniquum nests. To study the indirect effects on ant competition, we monitored ant recruitment to baits over a 60-min time interval in the presence and absence of phorid fly parasitoids. We then performed field experiments and measured phorid arrival time to arboreal nests of L. iniquum located in both a) W. auropunctata patches and in b) isolated patches dominated by L. iniquum nests. We found that the presence of phorid fly significantly reduced recruitment of L. iniquum workers to baits through induced behavioral changes thereby increasing the ability of W. auropunctata to acquire resources. In addition, we found that phorid arrival time in isolated patches of L. iniquum patches was faster as compared to L. iniquum nests located within W. auropunctata patches. Our results show that phorid fly parasitoids indirectly may influence competitive interactions by attacking the host-ant L. iniquum and consequently providing an advantage to local spread of W. auropuntata populations in Puerto Rico. However, the spatial dynamics of arboreal ants shows that L. iniquum seeks protection from phorid fly parasotoids by moving their nests to W. auropunctata dominated patches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yitbarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parasite mediated competition facilitates invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience-dependent neuronal activity regulates the translation of mRNA, supporting memory formation. We have developed a new method termed translating ribosome affinity purification and ribosome profiling (TRiP) which allows us to determine cell type-specific ribosome occupancy of mRNA with nucleotide resolution. Using TRiP we show that a memory-inducing experience creates a distinct translational state in mouse CA1 pyramidal cells. The experience-dependent translation state is characterized by enhanced translation of protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) including numerous components of the actin cytoskeleton and calcium/calmodulin binding proteins, and by decreased translation of a defined subset of genes containing upstream ORFs (uORFs). Using animals heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2), we show that dephosphorylation of eIF2 contributes significantly to the experience-dependent translation state. These observations demonstrate that TRiP is a valuable methodology for studying physiologically relevant changes in translational state in genetically defined cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eacker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brichta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riessland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Budding yeast Wpl1p regulates cohesin functions in cohesion, condensation and DNA repair by a common mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin tethers DNA to mediate sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. How the cell regulates cohesin to perform these distinct functions remains to be elucidated. One cohesin regulator, Wpl1p, was characterized in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a promoter of cohesion and as an inhibitor of condensation. Here we provide evidence that Wpl1p has an additional function in promoting the timely repair of DNA damage induced during S-phase. In addition to these biological functions, Wpl1p has been implicated as an inhibitor of cohesins ability to stably bind DNA by modulating the interface between two subunits (Mcd1p and Smc3p) of the core cohesin complex. We show that Wpl1p likely modulates this interface to regulate all cohesins biological functions. Furthermore, we show that Wpl1p regulates cohesion and condensation through the formation of a functional complex with another cohesin-associated factor, Pds5p. In contrast, Wpl1p regulates DNA repair independently of its interaction with Pds5p. Together these results suggest that Wpl1p regulates distinct biological functions of cohesin by Pds5p-dependent and - independent modulation of the Smc3p-Mcd1p interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Budding yeast Wpl1p regulates cohesin functions in cohesion, condensation and DNA repair by a common mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of single pair of interneurons for bitter taste processing in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila has become an excellent model system for investigating the organization and function of the gustatory system due to the relatively simple neuroanatomical organization of its brain and the availability of powerful genetic and transgenic technology. Thus, at the molecular and cellular level, a great deal of insight into the peripheral detection and coding of gustatory information has already been attained. In contrast, much less is known about the central neural circuits that process this information and induce behaviorally appropriate motor output. Here we combine functional behavioral tests with targeted transgene expression through specific driver lines to identify a single bilaterally homologous pair of bitter sensitive interneurons that are located in the subesophageal zone of the brain. Anatomical and functional data indicate that these interneurons receive specific synaptic input from bitter sensitive gustatory receptor neurons. Targeted transgenic activation and inactivation experiments show that these bitter sensitive interneurons can largely suppress the proboscis extension reflex to appetitive stimuli such as sugar and water. These functional experiments together with calcium-imaging studies indicate that these first order local interneurons play an important role in the inhibition of the proboscis extension reflex that occurs in response to bitter tastants. Taken together, our studies present a cellular identification and functional characterization of a key gustatory interneuron in the bitter sensitive gustatory circuitry of the adult fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallman, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VijayRaghavan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of single pair of interneurons for bitter taste processing in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of live mycobacteria with a solvatochromic trehalose probe for point-of-care tuberculosis diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from an infectious bacterial disease. Poor diagnostic tools to detect active disease plague TB control programs and affect patient care. Accurate detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, will improve TB diagnosis and patient treatment. We report that live mycobacteria can be specifically detected with a fluorogenic trehalose analog. We designed a 4-N,N-dimethylamino-1,8- naphthalimide-trehalose (DMN-Tre) conjugate that undergoes >700-fold fluorescence increase when transitioned from aqueous to hydrophobic environments. This enhancement occurs upon metabolic conversion of DMN-Tre to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the outer membrane. DMN-Tre labeling enabled the rapid, no-wash visualization of mycobacterial and corynebacterial species without nonspecific labeling of Gram-positive or -negative bacteria. DMN-Tre labeling was selective for live mycobacteria and was reduced by treatment with TB drugs. Lastly, DMN-Tre labeled Mtb in TB-positive sputum samples suggesting this operationally simple method may be deployable for TB diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamariza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rivera, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ealand, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kana, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of live mycobacteria with a solvatochromic trehalose probe for point-of-care tuberculosis diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A catch-bond drives stator mechanosensitivity in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is the rotary motor which powers the swimming and swarming of many motile bacteria. The torque is provided by stator units, ion motive force powered ion channels known to assemble and disassemble dynamically in the BFM. This turnover is mechano-sensitive, with the number of engaged units dependent upon the viscous load experienced by the motor through the flagellum. However, the molecular mechanism driving BFM mechano-sensitivity is unknown. Here we directly measure the kinetics of arrival and departure of the stator units in individual wild-type motors via analysis of high-resolution recordings of motor speed, while dynamically varying the load on the motor via external magnetic torque. Obtaining the real-time stator stoichiometry before and after periods of forced motor stall, we measure both the number of active stator units at steady-state as a function of the load and the kinetic association and dissociation rates, by fitting the data to a reversible random sequential adsorption model. Our measurements indicate that BFM mechano-sensing relies on the dissociation rate of the stator units, which decreases with increasing load, while their association rate remains constant. This implies that the lifetime of an active stator unit assembled within the BFM increases when a higher force is applied to its anchoring point in the cell wall, providing strong evidence that a catch-bond mechanism can explain the mechano-sensitivity of the BFM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nord, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Carrasco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedaci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A catch-bond drives stator mechanosensitivity in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nutrient-dependent division antagonist is regulated post-translationally by the Clp proteases in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in nutrient availability have dramatic and well-defined impacts on both transcription and translation in bacterial cells. At the same time, the role of post-translational control in adaptation to nutrient-poor environments is poorly understood. Here we report a role for the bacterial Clp proteases in degradation of the division inhibitor UgtP during growth in nutrient-poor medium. Under nutrient-rich conditions, interactions with its substrate UDP-glucose promote interactions between UgtP and the tubulin-like cell division protein FtsZ in Bacillus subtilis, inhibiting maturation of the cytokinetic ring and increasing cell size. In nutrient-poor medium, reductions in UDP-glucose availability favor UgtP oligomerization, sequestering it from FtsZ and allowing division to occur at a smaller cell mass. Intriguingly, in nutrient-poor conditions UgtP levels are reduced [~] 3-fold independent of UDP-glucose, suggesting an additional layer of regulation. B. subtilis cells cultured under different nutrient conditions indicate that UgtP accumulation is controlled through a nutrient-dependent post-translational mechanism dependent on the Clp proteases. Notably, all three B. subtilis Clp chaperones appeared able to target UgtP for degradation during growth in nutrient-poor conditions. Together these findings highlight conditional proteolysis as a mechanism for bacterial adaptation to a rapidly changing nutritional landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buske, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nutrient-dependent division antagonist is regulated post-translationally by the Clp proteases in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment: an analytical solution for the minimum selection concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental antibiotic risk management requires an understanding of how subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations contribute to the spread of resistance. We develop a simple model of competition between sensitive and resistant bacterial strains to predict the minimum selection concentration (MSC), the lowest level of antibiotic at which resistant bacteria are selected. We present an analytical solution for the MSC based on the routinely measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the selection coefficient (sc) that expresses fitness differences between strains. We calibrated the model by optimizing the shape of the bacterial growth dose-response curve to antibiotic or metal exposure (the Hill coefficient, {kappa}) to fit previously published experimental growth rate difference data. The model fit varied among nine compound-taxa combinations examined, but predicted the experimentally observed MSC/MIC ratio well (R2 [&ge;] 0.95). The shape of the antibiotic response curve varied among compounds (0.7 [&le;] {kappa} [&le;] 10.5), with the steepest curve for the aminoglycosides streptomycin and kanamycin. The model was sensitive to this antibiotic response curve shape and to the sc, indicating the importance of fitness differences between strains for determining the MSC. The MSC can be more than one order of magnitude lower than the MIC, typically by a factor sc{kappa}. This study provides an initial quantitative depiction and a framework for a research agenda to examine the growing evidence of selection for resistant bacteria communities at low environmental antibiotic concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenfield, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrs, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raxter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKone, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolliet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment: an analytical solution for the minimum selection concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The challenge of linking intergenic mutations to target genes has limited molecular understanding of diverse human diseases. Here, we show H3K27ac HiChIP generates high-resolution contact maps of active enhancers and target genes in rare primary human T cell subtypes and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Differentiation of naive T cells to either T helper 17 cells or regulatory T cells create subtype-specific enhancer-promoter interactions, specifically at regions of shared DNA accessibility. These data provide a principled means of assigning molecular functions to autoimmune and cardiovascular disease risk variants, linking hundreds of noncoding variants to putative gene targets. Target genes identified with HiChIP are further supported by CRISPR interference and activation at linked enhancers, by the presence of expression quantitative trait loci, and by allele-specific enhancer loops in patient-derived primary cells. The majority of disease-associated enhancers contact genes beyond the nearest gene in the linear genome, leading to a four-fold increase of potential target genes for autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mumbach, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenside, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavari, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural indices of affective coloring for neutral social stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional processing often continues beyond the presentation of emotionally evocative stimuli, which can result in affective biasing or coloring of subsequently encountered events. Here, we describe neural correlates of affective coloring and examine how individual differences in affective style impact the magnitude of affective coloring. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging in 117 adults who passively viewed negative, neutral, and positive pictures presented 2s prior to neutral faces. Brain responses to neutral faces were modulated by the valence of preceding pictures, with greater activation for faces following negative (vs. positive) pictures in the amygdala, dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortex, ventral visual cortices, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Three days after the MRI scan, participants rated their memory and liking of previously encountered neutral faces. Individuals higher in trait positive affect and emotional reappraisal rated faces as more likable when preceded by emotionally arousing (negative or positive) pictures. Additionally, greater amygdala responses to neutral faces preceded by positively valenced pictures were associated with greater memory for these faces three days later. Collectively, these results reveal individual differences in how emotions spill over onto the processing of unrelated social stimuli, resulting in persistent and affectively biased evaluations of such stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural indices of affective coloring for neutral social stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role for Ribosome-Associated Complex and Stress-Seventy subfamily B (RAC-Ssb) in integral membrane protein translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting of most integral membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which recognizes a hydrophobic signal sequence near the protein N-terminus. Proper folding of these proteins is monitored by the unfolded protein response, and involves protein degradation pathways to ensure quality control. Here, we identify a new pathway for quality control of major facilitator superfamily transporters that occurs before the first transmembrane helix-the signal sequence recognized by SRP-is made by the ribosome. Increased rates of translation elongation of the N-terminal sequence of these integral membrane proteins can divert the nascent protein chains to the ribosome-associated complex (RAC) and Stress-Seventy Subfamily B (Ssb) chaperones. We also show that quality control of integral membrane proteins by RAC-Ssb couples translation rate to the unfolded protein response, which has implications for understanding mechanisms underlying human disease and protein production in biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Sampson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Döring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role for Ribosome-Associated Complex and Stress-Seventy subfamily B (RAC-Ssb) in integral membrane protein translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp functions as an inter-organ signal that regulates developmental timing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many organisms, developmental transitions are triggered by a neuroendocrine axis and are contingent upon multiple organs achieving sufficient growth and maturation. How the status of peripheral organs is communicated to the neuroendocrine axis is not known. In Drosophila larvae, metamorphosis is triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone, secreted by the prothoracic gland (PG). Here we show that the BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp, which regulates growth and patterning of larval imaginal discs, also functions as a systemic signal to regulate developmental timing. Dpp from peripheral tissues, mostly imaginal discs, can reach the PG and inhibit ecdysone biosynthesis. As the discs grow, Dpp signaling decreases in the PG, thus alleviating the inhibition of ecdysone biosynthesis, and permitting entry into metamorphosis. We suggest that if a tissue can trap more morphogen locally as it grows and matures, then circulating levels of morphogen can provide a systemic readout of organ size and maturation.nnOne Sentence SummaryDpp functions as a long-range endocrine signal between peripheral tissues and the prothoracic gland to regulate developmental timing in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BMP2/4 ortholog Dpp functions as an inter-organ signal that regulates developmental timing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection-like biases emerge in population models with recurrent jackpot events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics driven out of equilibrium by growth, expansion or adaptation often generate a characteristically skewed distribution of descendant numbers: The earliest, the most advanced or the fittest ancestors have exceptionally large number of descendants, which Luria and Delbruck called "jackpot" events. Here, we show that recurrent jackpot events generate a deterministic bias favoring majority alleles, which is equivalent to an effective frequency-dependent selection (proportional to the log ratio of the frequencies of mutant and wild-type alleles). This "fictitious" selection force results from the fact that majority alleles tend to sample deeper into the tail of the descendant distribution. The flipside of this sampling effect is the rare occurrence of large frequency hikes in favor of minority alleles, which ensures that the allele frequency dynamics remains neutral overall unless genuine selection is present. The limiting allele frequency process is dual to the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent and has a particularly simple representation in terms of the logarithm of the mutant frequency. The resulting picture of a selection-like bias compensated by rare big jumps allows for an intuitive understanding of allele frequency trajectories and enables the exact calculation of transition densities for a range of important scenarios, including population size changes and different forms of selection. The fixation of unconditionally beneficial mutations is shown to be exponentially suppressed and balancing selection can maintain diversity only if the population size is large enough. We briefly discuss analogous effects in disordered complex systems, where sampling-induced biases can be viewed as ergodicity breaking driving forces.nnOne of the virtues of mathematizing Darwins theory of evolution is that one obtains quantitative predictions about the dynamics of allele frequencies that can be tested with increasing rigor as experimental techniques, sequencing methods and computational power advance. The Wright-Fisher model is arguably the simplest null model of how allele frequencies change across time [17]. Although, for modeling neutral genetic diversity, it is often replaced by equivalent backward-in-time models of the ensuing tree structures [23], forward-in-time approaches are still unrivaled in their ability to include the effects of natural selection. As such, the Wright-Fisher model has been instrumental for shaping the intuition of generations of population genetics about the basic dynamics of neutral and selected variants. But transition densities derived from the Wright-Fisher model also find tangible application in scans for selection in time series data [4, 9, 22].nnThe Wright-Fisher model is remarkably versatile as it can be adjusted to many scenarios by the use of effective model parameters: An effective population size, an effective mutation rate and effective selection coefficients. But, crucially, these re-parameterizations cannot account for extremely skewed family size distributions. While remarkably skewed family distributions occur in some natural populations [15], they routinely arise in microbial populations that combine exponential growth with recurrent mutations. This was first highlighted by Luria and Delbruck [26], who noticed that mutations that occur early in an exponential growth process will produce an exceptionally large number of descendants. The distribution of such mutational "jackpot" events has a particular power law tail in well-mixed population, as is briefly explained in Fig. 1A. Simplest models of continual evolution [28] and related models of traveling waves [36] can be viewed, on a coarse-grained level, as repeatedly sampling from this jackpot distribution. (The number of draws and the characteristic resampling time scale varies with the model.) It is by now well-established that the ensuing genealogies are described by a particular multiple-merger coalescent [7, 8, 13, 29, 33-35] first identified by Bolthausen and Sznitman [5].nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=116 SRC="FIGDIR/small/182519_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (16K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d391e7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff4eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198495aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f7b58e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFIG. 1:C_FLOATNO A) Illustration of mutational jackpot events, first studied by Luria and Delbriick. Consider the growth of a well-mixed population of microbes starting from a single cell (ignore death). A mutation that occurs in the jth cell division will have a final frequency of about {approx} 1/j (j = 4 in the illustration) and thus a "family size" of u = N/j. Hence, the probability Pr[U > u] to reach an even larger family size U is equal to the probability {approx} j/N = 1/u that the mutation occurs prior to the nth cell division. The probability density to acquire a family size u therefore exhibits a power law tail p(u) {propto} u-2. (Our argument ignores the stochasticity in cell division events, which however does not change the power law exponent.) B) The blue line indicates the probability Pr[U > u] that the family size U of a mutation is larger than u. The largest family size u* in a sample of N jackpot events should typically be of order N because the probability of sampling an even larger event is 1/n (dashed lines). A typical n-sample, therefore, has a mean family size of order log(n), which is obtained upon truncating the family size distribution at u*. It turns out that this effect generates a selection-like bias favoring majority alleles, which is compensated by rare sampling events that favor minority alleles.nnC_FIGnnWhile extensions of the Wright-Fisher diffusion process to capture skewed offspring numbers have been formally constructed [2, 3, 14, 20], also including selection and mutations [1, 10, 11, 16, 18], we still lack explicit finite time predictions for the probability distribution of allele frequency trajectories. Our goal here is to fill this gap for the particular case of the Luria-Delbriick jackpot distribution, by characterizing the allele frequency process in such a way that it can be easily generalized, intuitively understood and integrated in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection-like biases emerge in population models with recurrent jackpot events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Materials  Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References Flowers are developmentally and morphologically complex structures whose primary function is to promote sexual reproduction (Specht & Bartlett 2009). Coevolution with animal pollinators has long been considered the primary selective agent responsible for the many, diverse forms apparent among angiosperm flowers (Sprengel 1793, 1996; Fenster et al. 2004). Yet, floral adaptations to pollinators may not be as frequent as commonly considered, and non-pollinator agents of selection, such as the resource costs of building and maintaining flowers, may also influence floral form and function (Herrera 1996; Strauss & Whittall 2006). Fo ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neither pulled nor pushed: Genetic drift and front wandering uncover a new class of reaction-diffusion waves 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short AbstractTraveling waves describe diverse natural phenomena from crystal growth in physics to range expansions in biology. Two classes of waves exist with very different properties: pulled and pushed. Pulled waves are driven by high growth rates at the expansion edge, where the number of organisms is small and fluctuations are large. In contrast, fluctuations are suppressed in pushed waves because the region of maximal growth is shifted towards the population bulk. Although it is commonly believed that expansions are either pulled or pushed, we found an intermediate class of waves with bulk-driven growth, but exceedingly large fluctuations. These waves are unusual because their properties are controlled by both the leading edge and the bulk of the front.nnLong AbstractEpidemics, flame propagation, and cardiac rhythms are classic examples of reaction-diffusion waves that describe a switch from one alternative state to another. Only two types of waves are known: pulled, driven by the leading edge, and pushed, driven by the bulk of the wave. Here, we report a distinct class of semi-pushed waves for which both the bulk and the leading edge contribute to the dynamics. These hybrid waves have the kinetics of pushed waves, but exhibit giant fluctuations similar to pulled waves. The transitions between pulled, semi-pushed, and fully-pushed waves occur at universal ratios of the wave velocity to the Fisher velocity. We derive these results in the context of a species invading a new habitat by examining front diffusion, rate of diversity loss, and fluctuation-induced corrections to the expansion velocity. All three quantities decrease as a power law of the population density with the same exponent. We analytically calculate this exponent taking into account the fluctuations in the shape of the wave front. For fully-pushed waves, the exponent is -1 consistent with the central limit theorem. In semi-pushed waves, however, the fluctuations average out much more slowly, and the exponent approaches 0 towards the transition to pulled waves. As a result, a rapid loss of genetic diversity and large fluctuations in the position of the front occur even for populations with cooperative growth and other forms of an Allee effect. The evolutionary outcome of spatial spreading in such populations could therefore be less predictable than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neither pulled nor pushed: Genetic drift and front wandering uncover a new class of reaction-diffusion waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within and across-trial dynamics of human EEG reveal cooperative interplay between reinforcement learning and working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from rewards and punishments is essential to survival, and facilitates flexible human behavior. It is widely appreciated that multiple cognitive and reinforcement learning systems contribute to behavior, but the nature of their interactions is elusive. Here, we leverage novel methods for extracting trial-by-trial indices of reinforcement learning (RL) and working memory (WM) in human electroencephalography to reveal single trial computations beyond that afforded by behavior alone. Within-trial dynamics confirmed that increases in neural expectation were predictive of reduced neural surprise in the following feedback period, supporting central tenets of RL models. Cross-trial dynamics revealed a cooperative interplay between systems for learning, in which WM contributes expectations to guide RL, despite competition between systems during choice. Together, these results provide a deeper understanding of how multiple neural systems interact for learning and decision making, and facilitate analysis of their disruption in clinical populations.nnOne sentence summaryDecoding of dynamical neural signals in humans reveals cooperation between cognitive and habit learning systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within and across-trial dynamics of human EEG reveal cooperative interplay between reinforcement learning and working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning leveraging genomes from metagenomes identifies influential antibiotic resistance genes in the infant gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance in pathogens is extensively studied, yet little is known about how antibiotic resistance genes of typical gut bacteria influence microbiome dynamics. Here, we leverage genomes from metagenomes to investigate how genes of the premature infant gut resistome correspond to the ability of bacteria to survive under certain environmental and clinical conditions. We find that formula feeding impacts the resistome. Random forest models corroborated by statistical tests revealed that the gut resistome of formula-fed infants is enriched in class D beta-lactamase genes. Interestingly, Clostridium difficile strains harboring this gene are at higher abundance in formula-fed infants compared to C. difficile lacking this gene. Organisms with genes for major facilitator superfamily drug efflux pumps have faster replication rates under all conditions, even in the absence of antibiotic therapy. Using a machine learning approach, we identified genes that are predictive of an organisms direction of change in relative abundance after administration of vancomycin and cephalosporin antibiotics. The most accurate results were obtained by reducing annotated genomic data into five principal components classified by boosted decision trees. Among the genes involved in predicting if an organism increased in relative abundance after treatment are those that encode for subclass B2 beta-lactamases and transcriptional regulators of vancomycin resistance. This demonstrates that machine learning applied to genome-resolved metagenomics data can identify key genes for survival after antibiotics and predict how organisms in the gut microbiome will respond to antibiotic administration.nnImportanceThe process of reconstructing genomes from environmental sequence data (genome-resolved metagenomics) allows for unique insight into microbial systems. We apply this technique to investigate how the antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria affect their ability to flourish in the gut under various conditions. Our analysis reveals that strain-level selection in formula-fed infants drives enrichment of beta-lactamase genes in the gut resistome. Using genomes from metagenomes, we built a machine learning model to predict how organisms in the gut microbial community respond to perturbation by antibiotics. This may eventually have clinical and industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning leveraging genomes from metagenomes identifies influential antibiotic resistance genes in the infant gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence is absent at the time of perception but increases in visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments have shown that visual cognition blends current visual input with that from the recent past to guide ongoing decision making. This serial dependence is tuned to the similarity between consecutive stimuli and appears to exploit the temporal autocorrelation normally present in visual scenes to promote perceptual stability. While these benefits have been assumed, evidence that serial dependence directly alters stimulus perception has been limited. In the present study, we parametrically vary the delay between stimulus and response in a spatial delayed response task to explore the trajectory of serial dependence from the moment of perception into post-perceptual visual working memory. We find that behavioral responses made immediately after viewing a stimulus show evidence of adaptation, but not attractive serial dependence. Only as the memory period lengthens is a blending of past and present information apparent in behavior, reaching its maximum with a memory delay of six seconds. These results dovetail with other recent findings to bolster the interpretation that serial dependence is a phenomenon of mnemonic rather than perceptual processes. We also demonstrate that when leading mathematical models of visual working memory are adjusted to account for this trial-history effect, their fit to behavioral data is substantially improved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bliss, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence is absent at the time of perception but increases in visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The FACT complex is required for DNA demethylation at heterochromatin during reproduction in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DEMETER (DME) DNA glycosylase catalyzes genome-wide DNA demethylation and is required for endosperm genomic imprinting and embryo viability. Targets of DME-mediated DNA demethylation reside in small, euchromatic, AT-rich transposons and at the boundaries of large transposons, but how DME interacts with these diverse chromatin states is unknown. The STRUCTURE SPECIFIC RECOGNITION PROTEIN 1 (SSRP1), subunit of the chromatin remodeler FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions (FACT), was previously shown to be involved in the DME-dependent regulation of genomic imprinting in Arabidopsis endosperm. Therefore, to investigate the interaction between DME and chromatin, we focused on the activity of the two FACT subunits, SSRP1 and SUPPRESSOR of TY16 (SPT16), during reproduction in Arabidopsis. We find that FACT co-localizes with nuclear DME in vivo, and that DME has two classes of target sites, the first being euchromatic and accessible to DME, but the second, representing over half of DME targets, requiring the action of FACT for DME-mediated DNA demethylation genome-wide. Our results show that the FACT-dependent DME targets are GC-rich heterochromatin domains with high nucleosome occupancy enriched with H3K9me2 and H3K27me1. Further, we demonstrate that heterochromatin-associated linker histone H1 specifically mediates the requirement for FACT at a subset of DME-target loci. Overall, our results demonstrate that FACT is required for DME targeting by facilitating its access to heterochromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The FACT complex is required for DNA demethylation at heterochromatin during reproduction in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic devices with integrated valves provide precise, programmable fluid handling platforms for high-throughput biological or chemical assays. However, setting up the infrastructure to control such platforms often requires specific engineering expertise or expensive commercial solutions. To address these obstacles, we present a Kit for Arduino-based Transistor Array Actuation (KATARA), an open-source and low-cost Arduino-based controller that can drive 70 solenoid valves to pneumatically actuate integrated microfluidic valves. We include a python package with a GUI to control the KATARA from a personal computer. No programming experience is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is traditionally described as a process of error reduction, whereby a fraction of the error is corrected for with each movement. Here, in our study of healthy human participants, we characterize two constraints on this learning process: the size of adaptive corrections is only related to error size when errors are smaller than 6{degrees}, and learning functions converge to a similar level of asymptotic learning over a wide range of error sizes. These findings are problematic for current models of sensorimotor adaptation, and point to a new theoretical perspective in which learning is constrained by the size of the error correction, rather than sensitivity to error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazzezi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basidomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides (a.k.a. Rhodotorula toruloides) accumulates high concentrations of lipids and carotenoids from diverse carbon sources. It has great potential as a model for the cellular biology of lipid droplets and for sustainable chemical production. We developed a method for high-throughput genetics (RB-TDNAseq), using sequence-barcoded Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA insertions into the R. toruloides genome. We identified 1337 putative essential genes with low T-DNA insertion rates. We functionally profiled genes required for fatty acid catabolism and lipid accumulation, validating results with 35 targeted deletion strains. We found that both mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes were required for growth on fatty acids, with different peroxisomal enzymes required on different fatty acids. We identified a high-confidence set of 150 genes affecting lipid accumulation, including genes with predicted function in signaling cascades, gene expression, protein modification and vesicular trafficking, autophagy, amino acid synthesis and tRNA modification, as well as genes of unknown function. These results greatly advance our understanding of lipid metabolism in this oleaginous species, identify key biological processes to be further explored and optimized for production of lipid-based bioproducts, and demonstrate a general approach for barcoded mutagenesis that should enable functional genomics in diverse fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiselman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA binding and HEPN nuclease activation are decoupled in CRISPR-Cas13a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas13a enzymes are RNA-guided, RNA-activated ribonucleases. Their properties have been exploited as powerful tools for RNA detection, RNA imaging and RNA regulation. However, the relationship between target RNA binding and HEPN (higher-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes nucleotide-binding)- domain nuclease activation is not well understood. Using sequencing experiments coupled with in vitro biochemistry, we find that Cas13as target RNA binding affinity and HEPN-nuclease activity are differentially affected by the number of and position of mismatches between the guide and target. We identify a central  binding seed where perfect base pairing is absolutely required for target binding, and a separate  nuclease switch where imperfect base-pairing results in tight binding but no HEPN-nuclease activation. These results demonstrate that the binding and cleavage activities of Cas13a are decoupled, highlighting a complex specificity landscape. Our findings underscore a need to consider the range of effects off-target recognition has on Cas13as RNA binding and cleavage behavior for RNA-targeting tool development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>East-Seletsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA binding and HEPN nuclease activation are decoupled in CRISPR-Cas13a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spillover effects of a combined water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWater, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions may confer indirect benefits ("spillovers") on neighbors of recipients by interrupting pathogen transmission. We measured geographically local spillovers in WASH Benefits, a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh, by comparing outcomes among neighbors of intervention vs. control participants.nnMethodsWASH Benefits had randomly allocated geographically-defined clusters to a compound-level intervention (chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing promotion) or control and followed children for two years. We enrolled neighboring children age-matched to trial participants that would have been eligible for WASH Benefits had they been conceived slightly earlier or later. After 28 months of intervention, we quantified fecal indicator bacteria in toy rinse and drinking water samples, measured soil-transmitted helminth infections, and recorded caregiver-reported diarrhea and respiratory illness. Neither fieldworkers nor participants were masked. Analysis was intention-to-treat.nnResultsWe enrolled neighbors of WASH Benefits participants in 90 control (N=900) and 90 intervention clusters (N=899). Neighbors characteristics were balanced across arms. The prevalence of any detectable E. coli in tubewell samples was lower for neighbors of intervention vs. control (prevalence ratio=0.83; 0.73, 0.95). There was no difference in E. coli and coliform prevalence between arms for other environmental samples. Disease prevalence was similar in neighbors of intervention vs. control participants: Ascaris (prevalence difference [PD]=0.00; -0.07, 0.08), hookworm (PD=0.01; -0.01, 0.04), Trichuris (PD=0.02; -0.02, 0.05), diarrhea (PD=0.00; -0.02,0.03), respiratory illness (PD=-0.01; -0.04, 0.03).nnConclusionsWe found spillover effects of a compound-level combined WSH intervention for tubewell water contamination but not for child health outcomes.nnKey MessagesO_LIWater, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions may confer indirect benefits ("spillovers") on neighbors of recipients by interrupting pathogen transmission, reducing environmental contamination, or spurring the adoption of health behaviors.nC_LIO_LIWe conducted a randomized trial in rural Bangladesh to measure whether neighbors of a compound-level WSH intervention improved hygiene behaviors and had lower prevalence environmental contamination, soil-transmitted helminth infection, diarrhea, and respiratory illness among children under 5 years after two years of intervention.nC_LIO_LIWe did not find evidence of intervention adoption or improved hygiene behavior among neighbors of a WSH intervention delivered for 2 years.nC_LIO_LIThe WSH intervention reduced fecal contamination of neighbors tubewell water but did not lead to spillovers for other proximal measures of contamination in the domestic environment or for child health outcomes. For proximal spillover effects to translate to distal spillover effects, improvements in neighbors health behaviors may have been necessary.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spillover effects of a combined water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brocas area has long been implicated in sentence comprehension. Damage to this region is thought to be the central source of "agrammatic comprehension" in which performance is substantially worse (and near chance) on sentences with noncanonical word orders compared to canonical word order sentences (in English). This claim is supported by functional neuroimaging studies demonstrating greater activation in Brocas area for noncanonical versus canonical sentences. However, functional neuroimaging studies also have frequently implicated the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in sentence processing more broadly, and recent lesion-symptom mapping studies have implicated the ATL and mid temporal regions in agrammatic comprehension. The present study investigates these seemingly conflicting findings in 66 left hemisphere patients with chronic focal cerebral damage. Patients completed two sentence comprehension measures, sentence-picture matching and plausibility judgments. Patients with damage including Brocas area (but excluding the temporal lobe; n=11) on average did not exhibit the expected agrammatic comprehension pattern, e.g. their performance was > 80% on noncanonical sentences in the sentence-picture matching task. Patients with ATL damage (n=18) also did not exhibit an agrammatic comprehension pattern. Across our entire patient sample, the lesions of patients with agrammatic comprehension patterns in either task had maximal overlap in posterior superior temporal and inferior parietal regions. Using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM), we find that lower performances on canonical and noncanonical sentences in each task are both associated with damage to a large left superior temporal-inferior parietal network including portions of the ATL, but not Brocas area. Notably however, response bias in plausibility judgments was significantly associated with damage to inferior frontal cortex, including gray and white matter in Brocas area, suggesting that the contribution of Brocas area to sentence comprehension may be related to task-related cognitive demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogalsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damasio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: a lesion study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially uniform establishment of chromatin accessibility in the early Drosophila embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the Drosophila embryo transitions from the use of maternal RNAs to zygotic transcription, domains of open chromatin, with relatively low nucleosome density and specific histone marks, are established at promoters and enhancers involved in patterned embryonic transcription. However, it remains unclear whether open chromatin is a product of activity - transcription at promoters and patterning transcription factor binding at enhancers - or whether it is established by independent mechanisms. Recent work has implicated the ubiquitously expressed, maternal factor Zelda in this process. To assess the relative contribution of activity in the establishment of chromatin accessibility, we have probed chromatin accessibility across the anterior-posterior axis of early Drosophila melanogaster embryos by applying a transposon based assay for chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) to anterior and posterior halves of hand-dissected, cellular blastoderm embryos. We find that genome-wide chromatin accessibility is remarkably similar between the two halves. Promoters and enhancers that are active in exclusively one half of the embryo have open chromatin in the other half, demonstrating that chromatin accessibility is not a direct result of activity. However, there is a small skew at enhancers that drive transcription exclusively in either the anterior or posterior half of the embryo, with greater accessibility in the region of activity. Taken together these data support a model in which regions of chromatin accessibility are defined and established by ubiquitous factors, and fine-tuned subsequently by activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially uniform establishment of chromatin accessibility in the early Drosophila embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, mediated by formin molecules at the filopodia tips. Filopodia can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we induced sustained growth of filopodia by applying pulling force to their tips via attached fibronectin-coated beads trapped by optical tweezers. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA, which localized to the base of filopodia, resulted in weakening of filopodia adherence strength. Inhibition of formins, which caused detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produced similar effect. Thus, myosin IIA-generated centripetal force transmitted to the filopodia tips through interactions between formins and actin filaments are required for filopodia adhesion. Force-dependent adhesion led to preferential attachment of filopodia to rigid versus fluid substrates, which may underlie cell orientation and polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alieva, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efremov, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romet-Lemonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force dependence of filopodia adhesion: involvement of myosin II and formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactivation of representations corresponding to recent experience is thought to be a critical mechanism supporting long-term memory stabilization. Targeted memory reactivation, or the re-exposure of recently learned cues, seeks to induce reactivation and has been shown to benefit later memory when it takes place during sleep. However, despite recent evidence for endogenous reactivation during post-encoding awake periods, less work has addressed whether awake targeted memory reactivation modulates memory. Here, we found that brief (50ms) visual stimulus re-exposure during a repetitive foil task enhanced the stability of cued versus uncued associations in memory. The extent of external or task-oriented attention prior to re-exposure was inversely related to cueing benefits, suggesting that an internally-orientated state may be most permissible to reactivation. Critically, cueing-related memory benefits were greatest in participants without explicit recognition of cued items and remained reliable when only considering associations not recognized as cued, suggesting that explicit cue-triggered retrieval processes did not drive cueing benefits. Cueing benefits were strongest for items and participants with the poorest initial learning. These findings expand our knowledge of the conditions under which targeted memory reactivation can benefit memory, and in doing so, support the notion that reactivation during awake time periods improves memory stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berners-Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rice paddy Nitrospirae encode and express genes related to sulfate respiration: proposal of the new genus Candidatus Sulfobium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrospirae spp. distantly related to thermophilic, sulfate-reducing Thermodesulfovibrio species are regularly observed in environmental surveys of anoxic marine and freshwater habitats. However, little is known about their genetic make-up and physiology. Here, we present the draft genome of Nitrospirae bacterium Nbg-4 as a representative of this clade and analyzed its in situ protein expression under sulfate-enriched and sulfate-depleted conditions in rice paddy soil. The genome of Nbg-4 was assembled from replicated metagenomes of rice paddy soil that was used to grow rice plants in the presence and absence of gypsum (CaSO4x2H2O). Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and showed expression thereof in gypsum-amended anoxic bulk soil as revealed by parallel metaproteomics. In addition, Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which was expressed in bulk soil without gypsum amendment. The relative abundance of Nbg-4-related metagenome reads was similar under both treatments indicating that it maintained stable populations while shifting its energy metabolism. Further genome reconstruction revealed the potential to utilize butyrate, formate, H2, or acetate as electron donor, with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway being expressed under both conditions. Comparison to publicly available Nitrospirae genome bins confirmed that the pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction is also present in related Nitrospirae recovered from groundwater. Subsequent phylogenomics showed that such microorganisms form a novel genus within the phylum Nitrospirae, with Nbg-4 as a representative species. Based on the widespread occurrence of this novel genus, we propose for Nbg-4 the name Candidatus Sulfobium mesophilum, gen. nov., spec. nov.nnImportanceRice paddies are indispensable for food supply but are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane. If not counterbalanced by cryptic sulfur cycling, methane emission from rice paddy fields would be even higher. However, the microorganisms involved in this sulfur cycling are little understood. By using an environmental systems biology approach of Italian rice paddy soil, we could retrieve the population genome of a novel member of the phylum Nitrospirae. This microorganism encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and expressed it in situ under sulfate-enriched and anoxic conditions. Phylogenomics and comparison to environmental surveys showed that such microorganisms are actually widespread in freshwater and marine environments. At the same time, they represent a yet undiscovered genus within the little explored Nitrospirae. Our results will be important to design enrichment strategies and postgenomic studies to fully understand the contribution of these novel Nitrospirae to the global sulfur cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zecchin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bergen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rice paddy Nitrospirae encode and express genes related to sulfate respiration: proposal of the new genus Candidatus Sulfobium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-task contributions of fronto-basal ganglia circuitry in response inhibition and conflict-induced slowing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why are we so slow in choosing the lesser of two evils? We considered whether such slowing relates to uncertainty about the value of these options, which arises from the tendency to avoid them during learning, and whether such slowing relates to fronto-subthalamic inhibitory control mechanisms. 49 participants performed a reinforcement-learning task and a stop-signal task while fMRI was recorded. A reinforcement-learning model was used to quantify learning strategies. Individual differences in lose-lose slowing related to information uncertainty due to sampling, and independently, to less efficient response inhibition in the stop-signal task. Neuroimaging analysis revealed an analogous dissociation: subthalamic nucleus (STN) BOLD activity related to variability in stopping latencies, whereas weaker fronto-subthalamic connectivity related to slowing and information sampling. Across tasks, fast inhibitors increased STN activity for successfully cancelled responses in the stop task, but decreased activity for lose-lose choices. These data support the notion that fronto-STN communication implements a rapid but transient brake on response execution, and that slowing due to decision uncertainty could result from an inefficient release of this "hold your horses" mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jahfari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridderinkhof, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldorp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-task contributions of fronto-basal ganglia circuitry in response inhibition and conflict-induced slowing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electron microscopic evidence that Aip1 disintegrates cofilin-saturated F-actin domains in the presence of coronin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cofilin is an essential actin filament severing protein necessary for fast actin turnover dynamics. Segments of actin bound to cofilin adapt an alternative twist. This configuration is stable, but boundaries between cofilin occupied and unoccupied polymer are weak and fragment. Coronin and Aip1 are two factors that promote cofilin mediated actin filament disassembly, but whether they simply accelerate the basic cofilin severing mechanism or alter the mode of filament disassembly is still being investigated. Using electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that coronin accelerates phosphate release from F-actin to stimulate highly cooperative cofilin binding on to the polymer creating long stretches with a hypertwisted morphology. We find that Aip1 attacks these hypertwisted regions along their length, not just the boundaries, causing sections to disintegrate into monomers. Therefore, coronin promotes cofilin binding to F-actin to generate longer segments of polymer that are themselves the substrates for Aip1 mediated disintegration, as opposed to simply creating more heterotypic junctions that would sever. The morphological characteristics of the disassembling filaments along with spectroscopic data showing the rapid liberation of actin monomers suggest that the combination of cofilin, coronin, and Aip1 might be triggering a more catastrophic mode of filament disassembly than severing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brieher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electron microscopic evidence that Aip1 disintegrates cofilin-saturated F-actin domains in the presence of coronin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interventional Soylent diet increases the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in human gut microbiome communities: a randomized controlled trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiome and health has rapidly expanded in recent years. Diet has been shown to have causative effects on microbiome composition, which can have subsequent implications on health. Soylent 2.0 is a liquid meal replacement drink that satisfies nearly 20% of all recommended daily intakes per serving. This study aims to characterize the changes in gut microbiota composition resulting from a short-term Soylent diet. Fourteen participants were separated into two groups: 5 in the regular diet group and 9 in the Soylent diet group. The regular diet group maintained a diet closely resembling self-reported regular diets. The Soylent diet group underwent three dietary phases: A) a regular diet for 2 days, B) a Soylent-only diet (five servings of Soylent daily and water as needed) for 4 days, and C) a regular diet for 4 days. Daily logs self-reporting diet, Bristol stool ratings, and any abdominal discomfort were electronically submitted. Eight fecal samples per participant were collected using fecal sampling kits, which were subsequently sent to uBiome, Inc. for sample processing and V4 16S rDNA sequencing. Reads were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and taxonomically identified against the GreenGenes 16S database. We find that an individuals alpha-diversity is not significantly altered during a Soylent-only diet. In addition, principal coordinate analysis using the unweighted UniFrac distance metric shows samples cluster strongly by individual and not by dietary phase. Among Soylent dieters, we find a significant increase in the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes abundance, which is associated with several positive health outcomes, including reduced risks of obesity and intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, M. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interventional Soylent diet increases the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in human gut microbiome communities: a randomized controlled trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of Gypsophila paniculata color morphs in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGypsophila paniculata (babys breath) is an invasive species found throughout much of the northwest United States and western Canada. Recently, plants exhibiting a different color morphology were identified within the coastal dunes along eastern Lake Michigan. The common babys breath (G. paniculata) typically produces stems that are purple in color (purple morph), while the atypical morph has stems that are green-yellow (green-yellow morph). The purpose of this study was to characterize these newly identified morphs and determine if they are genetically distinct species from the common babys breath in order to assess whether alternative management strategies should be employed to control these populations.nnMethodsWe sequenced two chloroplast regions, rbcL and matK, and one nuclear region, ITS2, from the purple morphs and green-yellow morphs collected from Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA (SBDNL). Sequences were aligned to the reference sequences from other Gypsophila species obtained from the Barcode of Life (BOLD) and GenBank databases. We also collected seeds from wild purple morph and wild green-yellow morph plants in SBDNL. We grew the seeds in a common garden setting and characterized the proportion of green-yellow individuals produced from the two color morphs after five-months of growth.nnResultsPhylogenetic analyses based upon rbcL, matK, and ITS2 regions suggest that the two color morphs are not distinct species and they both belong to G. paniculata. Seeds collected from wild green-yellow morphs produced a significantly higher proportion of green-yellow individuals compared to the number produced by seeds collected from wild purple morphs. However, seeds collected from both color morphs produced more purple morphs than green-yellow morphs.nnDiscussionBased upon these results, we propose that the two color morphs are variants of G. paniculata. Given the significant difference in the number of green-yellow morphs produced from the seeds of each morph type, we also suggest that this color difference has some genetic basis. We propose that current management continue to treat the two color morphs in a similar manner in terms of removal to prevent the further spread of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leimbach-Mas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of Gypsophila paniculata color morphs in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate design of translational output by a neural network model of ribosome distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous codon choice can have dramatic effects on ribosome speed, RNA stability, and protein expression. Ribosome profiling experiments have underscored that ribosomes do not move uniformly along mRNAs, exposing a need for models of coding sequences that capture the full range of empirically observed variation. We present a method, Ixnos, that models this variation in translation elongation using a feedforward neural network to predict the translation elongation rate at each codon as a function of its sequence neighborhood. Our approach revealed sequence features affecting translation elongation and quantified the impact of large technical biases in ribosome profiling. We applied our model to design synonymous variants of a fluorescent protein spanning the range of possible translation speeds predicted with our model. We found that levels of the fluorescent protein in yeast closely tracked the predicted translation speeds across their full range. We therefore demonstrate that our model captures information determining translation dynamics in vivo, and that control of translation elongation alone is sufficient to produce large, quantitative differences in protein output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tunney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate design of translational output by a neural network model of ribosome distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-specific control of the neural dynamics of temporal attention by the human cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physiological methods have identified a number of signatures of temporal prediction, a core component of attention. While the underlying neural dynamics have been linked to activity within cortico-striatal networks, recent work has shown that the behavioral benefits of temporal prediction causally rely on the cerebellum. Here we examine the involvement of the human cerebellum in the generation and/or temporal adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics, measuring scalp electroencephalography in individuals with cerebellar degeneration. When the temporal prediction relied on an interval representation, duration-dependent adjustments were impaired in the cerebellar group compared to matched controls. This impairment was evident in ramping activity, beta-band power, and phase locking of delta-band activity. Remarkably, these same neural adjustments were preserved when the prediction relied on a rhythmic stream. Thus, the cerebellum has a context-specific causal role in the adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics of temporal prediction, providing the requisite modulation to optimize behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-specific control of the neural dynamics of temporal attention by the human cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING controls Herpes Simplex Virus in vivo independent of type I interferon induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA derived from bacteria, viruses and tumors. To signal, the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING recruits TBK1, a kinase that phosphorylates serine 365 (S365) in the CTT. Phospho-S365 acts as a docking site for IRF3, a transcription factor that is phosphorylated and activated by TBK1, leading to transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs are essential for antiviral immunity and are widely viewed as the primary output of STING signaling in mammals. However, other more evolutionarily ancestral responses, such as induction of NF-{kappa}B or autophagy, also occur downstream of STING. The relative importance of the various outputs of STING signaling during in vivo infections is unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) point mutation in STING exhibit normal susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but, unexpectedly, are resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. Likewise, we find Irf3-/- mice exhibit resistance to HSV-1. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT or TBK1, suggesting that STING protects against HSV-1 upon TBK1 recruitment by the STING CTT, independent of IRF3 or type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a TBK1-dependent IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice, and autophagy has previously been shown to be required for resistance to HSV-1. We thus propose that autophagy and perhaps other ancestral interferon-independent functions of STING are required for STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpara, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING controls Herpes Simplex Virus in vivo independent of type I interferon induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overprecision Increases Subsequent Surprise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overconfident people should be surprised that they are so often wrong. Are they? Three studies examined the relationship between confidence and surprise in order to shed light on the psychology of overprecision in judgment. Participants reported ex-ante confidence in their beliefs, and after receiving accuracy feedback, they then reported ex-post surprise. Results show that more ex-ante confidence produces less ex-post surprise for correct answers; this relationship reverses for incorrect answers. However, this sensible pattern only holds for some measures of confidence; it fails for confidence-interval measures. The results can help explain the robust durability of overprecision in judgment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overprecision Increases Subsequent Surprise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation and Analysis of Animal Movement Paths using Numerus Model Builder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal movement paths are represented by point-location time series called relocation data. How well such paths can be simulated, when the rules governing movement depend on the internal state of individuals and environmental factors (both local and, when memory is involved, global) remains an open question. To answer this, we formulate and test models able to capture the essential statistics of multiphase versions of such paths (viz., movement-phase-specific step-length and turning-angle means, variances, auto-correlation, and cross correlation values), as well as broad scale movement patterns. The latter may include patchy coverage of the landscape, as well as the existence of home-range boundaries and gravitational centers-of-movement (e.g., centered around nests). Here we present a Numerus Model Builder implementation of two kinds of models: a high-frequency, multi-mode, biased, correlated random walk designed to simulate real movement data at a scale that permits simulation and identification of path segments that range from minutes to days; and a model that uses statistics extracted from relocation data--either empirical or simulated--to construct movement modes and phases at subhourly to daily scales. We evaluate how well our derived statistical movement model captures patterns produced by our more detailed simulation model as a way to evaluate how well derived statistical movement models may capture patterns occurring in empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissat, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.876987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation and Analysis of Animal Movement Paths using Numerus Model Builder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients frequently present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A core diagnostic criterion for ASD is the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors, which may result from abnormal activity in striatal circuits that mediate motor learning, action selection and habit formation. Striatal control over motor behavior relies on the coordinated activity of two subtypes of principle neurons, direct pathway and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs or iSPNs, respectively), which provide the main output of the striatum. To test if altered striatal activity is sufficient to cause changes to motor behavior in the context of TSC, we conditionally deleted Tsc1 from dSPNs or iSPNs in mice and determined the consequences on synaptic function and motor learning. We find that mice with loss of Tsc1 from dSPNs, but not iSPNs, have enhanced motor routine learning in the accelerating rotarod task. In addition, dSPN Tsc1 KO mice have impaired endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at cortico-dSPN synapses in the dorsal striatum. Consistent with a loss of eCB-LTD, disruption of Tsc1 in dSPNs, but not iSPNs, results in a strong enhancement of corticostriatal synaptic drive. Together these findings demonstrate that within the striatum, dSPNs show selective sensitivity to Tsc1 loss and indicate that enhanced cortical activation of the striatal direct pathway is a potential contributor to altered motor behaviors in TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthall, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cording, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A. H. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the Extracellular Matrix Requires its Putative Zinc-Peptidase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a catalytic cleft characteristic for zinc metallopeptidases and has significant sequence similarities with some bacterial peptidoglycan metallopeptidases defining a subgroup within the M15A family that, besides having the characteristic zinc coordination domain, can bind two calcium ions. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components in animals include heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, which are analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan and thus potentially involved in the extracellular distribution of Shh. We found that the zinc-coordination fold of Shh is required for its association with ECM as well as for non-cell autonomous signaling. Association with the ECM requires the presence of at least 0.1 M zinc and is prevented by mutations affecting critical conserved catalytical residues as well as extracellular calcium. Our results demonstrate that the zinc-coordination fold is required for ECM-association and suggest that the putative intrinsic peptidase activity of Shh is required for non-cell autonomous signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaegers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the Extracellular Matrix Requires its Putative Zinc-Peptidase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A unifying feature of the bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a limited and highly variable repertoire of biosynthetic capabilities. However, the distribution of metabolic traits across the CPR and the evolutionary processes underlying them are incompletely resolved. Here, we selected [~]1,000 genomes of CPR bacteria from diverse environments to construct a robust internal phylogeny that was consistent across two unlinked marker sets. Mapping of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism onto the tree showed that some components of these pathways are sparsely distributed and that similarity between metabolic platforms is only partially predicted by phylogenetic relationships. To evaluate the extent to which gene loss and lateral gene transfer have shaped trait distribution, we analyzed the patchiness of gene presence in a phylogenetic context, examined the phylogenetic depth of clades with shared traits, and compared the reference tree topology with those of specific metabolic proteins. While the central glycolytic pathway in CPR is widely conserved and has likely been shaped primarily by vertical transmission, there is evidence for both gene loss and transfer especially in steps that convert glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glycerate 3P into pyruvate. Additionally, the distribution of Group 3 and Group 4-related NiFe hydrogenases is patchy and suggests multiple events of ancient gene transfer. Overall, patterns of gene gain and loss, including acquisition of accessory traits in independent transfer events, may have been driven by shifts in host-derived resources and led to sparse but varied genetic inventories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For more than 225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines (1-4). Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ~135 million years ago (MYA) (5), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium (6), the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem (7-9), which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compare it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (like monocots and Nelumbo). This reveals lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also find the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent vascular cambium loss reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent trait loss events. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness - one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

Significance StatementFor ~225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of flowering plants ~135 million years ago, Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first seed plant lineages to become herbaceous through loss of the meristematic cell population known as the vascular cambium. We sequence and assemble the draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, and compare it to genomes of other plants that have retained or lost the vascular cambium. By using both genome-wide and candidate-gene analysis, we find lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence associated with cambium loss. Our reveal divergent genomic signatures of convergent trait loss in a system characterized by complex gene-trait relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Povilus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaCosta, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satyaki, P. R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeglein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.873364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual experience instructs dendrite orientation but is not required for asymmetric wiring of the retinal direction selective circuit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.873364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in dendritic morphology in response to activity have long been thought to be a critical component of how neural circuits develop to properly encode sensory information. Here we report the impact of dark-rearing on the dendritic morphology and function of a retinal ganglion cell type, a ventral-preferring direction-selective ganglion cell (vDSGC). vDSGCs have asymmetric dendrites oriented along their preferred direction. We found that, at eye opening, vDSGC dendrites are not yet ventrally oriented, and that, surprisingly, dark-rearing prevents ventral orientation of vDSGC dendrites. Despite their dramatic change in dendritic morphology, vDSGCs in dark-reared mice maintain ventral directional preference. Direction selective tuning in dark-reared mice is mediated by asymmetric inhibition, as observed in vDSGCs of normally reared animals. Hence, we postulate that dendritic form follows proper circuit function, where dendritic orientation is refined over the course of development and is dependent on structured visual experience following eye opening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Quessny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maanum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.873364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual experience instructs dendrite orientation but is not required for asymmetric wiring of the retinal direction selective circuit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing provides powerful insight into the factors that determine each cells unique identity, including variation in transcription and RNA splicing among diverse cell types. Previous studies led to the surprising observation that alternative splicing outcomes among single cells are highly variable and follow a bimodal pattern: a given cell consistently produces either one or the other isoform for a particular splicing choice, with few cells producing both isoforms. Here we show that this pattern arises almost entirely from technical limitations. We analyzed single cell alternative splicing in human and mouse single cell RNA-seq datasets, and modeled them with a probablistic simulator. Our simulations show that low gene expression and low capture efficiency distort the observed distribution of isoforms in single cells. This gives the appearance of a binary isoform distribution, even when the underlying reality is consistent with more than one isoform per cell. We show that accounting for the true amount of information recovered can produce biologically meaningful measurements of splicing in single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buen Abad Najar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of T cell activation mediated by eIF3 interactions with T cell receptor mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of T cells requires a global surge in cellular protein synthesis, accompanied by a large increase in translation initiation1-4. A central component of the translation initiation machinery-the multi-subunit eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3)-is rapidly turned on when quiescent T cells are stimulated3. However, the precise role eIF3 plays in activated T cells is not known. Using a global transcriptome crosslinking approach, we show human eIF3 interacts with a distinct set of mRNAs in activated Jurkat cells. A subset of these mRNAs, including those encoding the T cell receptor (TCR) subunits TCRA and TCRB, crosslink to eIF3 across the entire length of the mRNA. The TCRA and TCRB mRNAs do not co-localize with translationally repressed environments of P-bodies or stress granules but form distinct granules, potentially acting as translation "hot-spots." T cell activation through CD28 causes a burst of TCR translation controlled by elements in the 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) of the TCRA and TCRB mRNAs that directly contact eIF3 and that are required for T cell activity. These results highlight a new role for eIF3 in regulating the translation dynamics of the TCR and provide insights that can guide the engineering of T cells used in cell immunotherapy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Silva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of T cell activation mediated by eIF3 interactions with T cell receptor mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial communities can respond to antibiotic perturbations by rapidly altering their taxonomic and functional composition. However, little is known about the strain-level processes that drive this collective response. Here we characterize the gut microbiome of a single individual at high temporal and genetic resolution through a period of health, disease, antibiotic treatment, and recovery. We used deep, linked-read metagenomic sequencing to track the longitudinal trajectories of thousands of single nucleotide variants within 36 species, which allowed us to contrast these genetic dynamics with the ecological fluctuations at the species level. We found that antibiotics can drive rapid shifts in the genetic composition of individual species, often involving incomplete genome-wide sweeps of pre-existing variants. These genetic changes were frequently observed in species without obvious changes in species abundance, emphasizing the importance of monitoring diversity below the species level. We also found that many sweeping variants quickly reverted to their baseline levels once antibiotic treatment had concluded, demonstrating that the ecological resilience of the microbiota can sometimes extend all the way down to the genetic level. Our results provide new insights into the population genetic forces that shape individual microbiomes on therapeutically relevant timescales, with potential implications for personalized health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roodgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babveyh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesamoney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.886093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.886382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alteration of the premature tRNA landscape by gammaherpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.886382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) and play a central role in decoding our genome, yet their expression and non-canonical function remain understudied. Many DNA tumor viruses enhance the activity of RNAPIII, yet whether infection alters tRNA expression is largely unknown. Here, we present the first genome-wide analysis of how viral infection alters the tRNAome. Using a tRNA-specific sequencing method (DM-tRNA-seq), we find that the murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 induces global changes in pre-tRNA expression with 14% of tRNA genes upregulated more than 3-fold, indicating that differential tRNA gene induction is a characteristic of DNA virus infection. Elevated pre-tRNA expression corresponds to increased RNAPIII occupancy for the subset of tRNA genes tested; additionally, post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the accumulation of pre-tRNA species. We find increased abundance of tRNA fragments derived from pre-tRNAs upregulated by viral infection, suggesting that non-canonical tRNA cleavage is also affected. Further, pre-tRNA accumulation, but not RNAPIII recruitment, requires gammaherpesvirus-induced degradation of host mRNAs by the virally encoded mRNA endonuclease muSOX. We hypothesize that depletion of pre-tRNA maturation or turnover machinery contributes to robust accumulation of full-length pre-tRNAs in infected cells. Collectively, these findings reveal pervasive changes to tRNA expression during DNA virus infection and highlight the potential of using viruses to explore tRNA biology.

SignificanceViral infection can dramatically change the gene expression landscape of the host cell, yet little is known regarding changes in non-coding gene transcription by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII). Among these are transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are fundamental in protein translation, yet whose gene regulatory features remain largely undefined in mammalian cells. Here, we perform the first genome-wide analysis of tRNA expression changes during viral infection. We show that premature tRNAs accumulate during infection with the model gammaherpesvirus MHV68 as a consequence of increased transcription, but that transcripts do not undergo canonical maturation into mature tRNAs. These findings underscore how tRNA expression is a highly-regulated process and that cells have strategies to balance tRNA pools during conditions of elevated RNAPIII activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.886382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alteration of the premature tRNA landscape by gammaherpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory receptors tuned to volatile mustard oils in drosophilid flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their propensity to specialize on toxic plants. In an evolutionary twist, toxins betray the identity of their bearers when herbivores co-opt them as cues for host-plant finding, but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We focused on Scaptomyza flava, an herbivorous drosophilid specialized on isothiocyanate (ITC)-producing (Brassicaceae) plants, and identified Or67b paralogs that were triplicated as mustard-specific herbivory evolved. Using heterologous systems for the expression of olfactory receptors, we found that S. flava Or67bs, but not homologs from microbe-feeding relatives, responded selectively to ITCs, each paralog detecting different ITC subsets. Consistent with this, S. flava was attracted to ITCs, as was Drosophila melanogaster expressing S. flava Or67b3 in the homologous Or67b olfactory circuit. Thus, our results show that plant toxins were likely co-opted as olfactory attractants through gene duplication and functional specialization (neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization) in drosophilid flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.27.889774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory receptors tuned to volatile mustard oils in drosophilid flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved herpesviral kinase ORF36 activates B2 retrotransposons during murine gammaherpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcribed, retrotransposable noncoding RNA (ncRNA) elements ubiquitously spread throughout mammalian genomes. While normally silenced in healthy somatic tissue, SINEs can be induced during infection with DNA viruses, including the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying MHV68 activation of SINE ncRNAs. We demonstrate that lytic MHV68 infection of B cells, macrophages and fibroblasts leads to robust activation of the B2 family of SINEs in a cell autonomous manner. B2 ncRNA induction requires neither host innate immune signaling factors nor involvement of the RNAPIII master regulator Maf1. However, we identify MHV68 ORF36, the conserved herpesviral kinase, as playing a key role in B2 induction during lytic infection. SINE activation is linked to ORF36 kinase activity and can also be induced by HDAC1/2 inhibition, which is one of the known ORF36 functions. Collectively, our data suggest that ORF36-mediated changes in chromatin modification contribute to B2 activation during MHV68 infection, and that this activity is conserved in other herpesviral protein kinase homologs.

AUTHOR SUMMARYViral infection dramatically changes the levels of many types of RNA in a cell. In particular, certain oncogenic viruses activate expression of repetitive genes called retrotransposons, which are normally silenced due to their ability to copy and spread throughout the genome. Here, we established that infection with the gammaherpesvirus MHV68 leads to a dramatic induction of a class of noncoding retrotransposons called B2 SINEs in multiple cell types. We then explored how MHV68 activates B2 SINEs, revealing a role for the conserved herpesviral protein kinase ORF36. Both ORF36 kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions contribute to B2 induction, perhaps through ORF36 targeting of proteins involved in controlling the accessibility of chromatin surrounding SINE loci. Understanding features underlying induction of these elements following MHV68 infection should provide insight into core elements of SINE regulation, as well as dis-regulation of SINE elements associated with disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved herpesviral kinase ORF36 activates B2 retrotransposons during murine gammaherpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of the transcriptional regulator SP140 in resistance to bacterial infections via repression of type I interferons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for anti-viral immunity, but often impair protective immune responses during bacterial infections. An important question is how type I IFNs are strongly induced during viral infections, and yet are appropriately restrained during bacterial infections. The Super susceptibility to tuberculosis 1 (Sst1) locus in mice confers resistance to diverse bacterial infections. Here we provide evidence that Sp140 is a gene encoded within the Sst1 locus that represses type I IFN transcription during bacterial infections. We generated Sp140-/- mice and find they are susceptible to infection by Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Susceptibility of Sp140-/- mice to bacterial infection was rescued by crosses to mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar-/-). Our results implicate Sp140 as an important negative regulator of type I IFNs that is essential for resistance to bacterial infections.

Impact StatementRepression of type I interferons by SP140 is essential for resistance to Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamboni, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of the transcriptional regulator SP140 in resistance to bacterial infections via repression of type I interferons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial biomass can reach its annual maximum pool size beneath the winter snowpack and is known to decline abruptly following snowmelt in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems. Observed differences in winter versus summer microbial taxonomic composition also suggests that phylogenetically conserved traits may permit winter-versus summer-adapted microorganisms to occupy distinct niches. In this study, we sought to identify archaea, bacteria, and fungi that are associated with the soil microbial bloom overwinter and the subsequent biomass collapse following snowmelt at a high-altitude watershed in central Colorado, USA. Archaea, bacteria, and fungi were categorized into three life strategies (Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, Spring-Adapted) based on changes in abundance during winter, the snowmelt period, and after snowmelt in spring. We calculated indices of phylogenetic relatedness (archaea and bacteria) or assigned functional attributes (fungi) to organisms within life strategies to infer whether phylogenetically conserved traits differentiate Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, and Spring-Adapted groups. We observed that the soil microbial bloom was correlated in time with a pulse of snowmelt infiltration, which commenced 65 days prior to soils becoming snow-free. A pulse of nitrogen (N, as nitrate) occurred after snowmelt, along with a collapse in the microbial biomass pool size, and an increased abundance of nitrifying archaea and bacteria (e.g., Thaumarchaeota, Nitrospirae). Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting that phylogenetically conserved traits allow Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria to occupy distinct niches. In contrast, Snowmelt-Specialist archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically overdispersed, suggesting that the key mechanism(s) of the microbial biomass crash are likely to be density-dependent (e.g., trophic interactions, competitive exclusion) and affect organisms across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. Saprotrophic fungi were the dominant functional group across fungal life strategies, however, ectomycorrhizal fungi experienced a large increase in abundance in spring. If well-coupled plant-mycorrhizal phenology currently buffers ecosystem N losses in spring, then changes in snowmelt timing may alter ecosystem N retention potential. Overall, we observed that the snowmelt separates three distinct soil niches that are occupied by ecologically distinct groups of microorganisms. This ecological differentiation is of biogeochemical importance, particularly with respect to the mobilization of nitrogen during winter, before and after snowmelt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polussa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.900621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferrosomes are iron storage organelles formed by broadly conserved gene clusters in bacteria and archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular iron homeostasis is vital and maintained through tight regulation of iron import, efflux, storage, and detoxification1-3. The most common modes of iron storage employ proteinaceous compartments that are composed of ferritin or related proteins4,5. While lipid-bounded iron compartments have also been described, the basis for their formation and function remains unknown. Here, we focus on one such compartment, the ferrosome, which had been previously observed in the anaerobic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus6. We identify three ferrosome-associated (Fez) proteins, encoded by a putative operon, that are associated with and responsible for forming ferrosomes in D. magneticus. Fez proteins include FezB, a P1B-6-ATPase found in phylogenetically and metabolically diverse species of bacteria and archaea with anaerobic lifestyles. In the majority of these species, two to ten genes define a cluster that encodes FezB. We show that two other species, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Shewanella putrefaciens, make ferrosomes in anaerobic conditions through the action of their six-gene fez operon. Additionally, we find that the S. putrefaciens fez operon is sufficient for ferrosome formation in Escherichia coli. Using S. putrefaciens as a model, we find that ferrosomes likely play a role in the anaerobic adaptation to iron starvation. Overall, this work establishes ferrosomes as a new class of lipid-bounded iron storage organelles and sets the stage for studying ferrosome formation and structure in diverse microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferrosomes are iron storage organelles formed by broadly conserved gene clusters in bacteria and archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canopy parkour: movement ecology of post-hatch dispersal in a gliding nymphal stick insect (Extatosoma tiaratum) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For flightless arboreal arthropods, moving from the understory into tree canopies is cognitively and energetically challenging because vegetational structures present complex three-dimensional landscapes with substantial gaps. Predation risk and wind-induced perturbations in the canopy may further impede the movement process. In the Australian stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum, first-instar nymphs hatch on the forest floor and disperse toward tree canopies in the daytime. Here, we address such vertical movements and associated sensory cues in E. tiaratum nymphs. Newly hatched nymphs ascend with high endurance, travelling >100 m within 60 minutes. Navigation toward open canopies is underpinned by negative gravitaxis, positive phototaxis, and visual responses to vertically oriented contrast patterns. Nymphal E. tiaratum also use directed jumping to cross air gaps, and respond to tactile stimulation and potential threat with a self-dropping reflex, resulting aerial descent. Post-hatch dispersal in E. tiaratum thus consists of visually mediated displacement both on vegetational structures and in the air; within the latter context, gliding is then an effective mechanism enabling recovery after predator- and perturbation-induced descent. These results further support the importance of a diurnal niche, in addition to the arboreal spatial niche, in the evolution of gliding in wingless arboreal invertebrates.

Summary statementTo effectively disperse into canopies, ground-hatched stick insects use gravity and visual cues to navigate during midday, jump to cross air gaps and respond to threat or perturbation with self-dropping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.903724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canopy parkour: movement ecology of post-hatch dispersal in a gliding nymphal stick insect (Extatosoma tiaratum)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a nanoparticle enters a biological environment, the surface is rapidly coated with proteins to form a "protein corona". Presence of the protein corona surrounding the nanoparticle has significant implications for applying nanotechnologies within biological systems, affecting outcomes such as biodistribution and toxicity. Herein, we measure protein corona formation on single-stranded DNA wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (ssDNA-SWCNTs), a high-aspect ratio nanoparticle ideal for sensing and delivery applications, and polystyrene nanoparticles, a model nanoparticle system. The protein corona of each nanoparticle is studied in human blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. We characterize corona composition by proteomic mass spectrometry to determine abundant and differentially enriched vs. depleted corona proteins. High-binding corona proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs include proteins involved in lipid binding and transport (clusterin and apolipoprotein A-I), complement activation (complement C3), and blood coagulation (fibrinogen). Of note, albumin is the most common blood protein (55% w/v), yet exhibits low-binding affinity towards ssDNA-SWCNTs, displaying 1300-fold lower bound concentration relative to native plasma. We investigate the role of electrostatic and entropic interactions driving selective protein corona formation, and find that hydrophobic interactions drive inner corona formation, while shielding of electrostatic interactions allows for outer corona formation. Lastly, we study real-time binding of proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs and find relative agreement between proteins that are enriched and bind strongly, such as fibrinogen, and proteins that are depleted and bind marginally, such as albumin. Interestingly, certain proteins express contrary behavior in single-protein experiments than within the whole biofluid, highlighting the importance of cooperative mechanisms driving selective corona adsorption on the SWCNT surface. Knowledge of the protein corona composition, dynamics, and structure informs translation of engineered nanoparticles from in vitro design to effective in vivo application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crothers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.907998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome specialization of anaerobic fungi during ruminal degradation of recalcitrant plant fiber 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.907998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rumen harbors a complex microbial mixture of archaea, bacteria, protozoa and fungi that efficiently breakdown plant biomass and its complex dietary carbohydrates into soluble sugars that can be fermented and subsequently converted into metabolites and nutrients utilized by the host animal. While rumen bacterial populations have been well documented, only a fraction of the rumen eukarya are taxonomically and functionally characterized, despite the recognition that they contribute to the cellulolytic phenotype of the rumen microbiota. To investigate how anaerobic fungi actively engage in digestion of recalcitrant fiber that is resistant to degradation, we resolved genome-centric metaproteome and metatranscriptome datasets generated from switchgrass samples incubated for 48 hours in nylon bags within the rumen of cannulated dairy cows. Across a gene catalogue covering anaerobic rumen bacteria, fungi and viruses, a significant portion of the detected proteins originated from fungal populations. Intriguingly, the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) profile suggested a domain-specific functional specialization, with bacterial populations primarily engaged in the degradation of polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, whereas fungi were inferred to target recalcitrant cellulose structures via the detection of a number of endo- and exo-acting enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5, 6, 8 and 48. Notably, members of the GH48 family were amongst the highest abundant CAZymes and detected representatives from this family also included dockerin domains that are associated with fungal cellulosomes. A eukaryote-selected metatranscriptome further reinforced the contribution of uncultured fungi in the ruminal degradation of recalcitrant fibers. These findings elucidate the intricate networks of in situ recalcitrant fiber deconstruction, and importantly, suggests that the anaerobic rumen fungi contribute a specific set of CAZymes that complement the enzyme repertoire provided by the specialized plant cell wall degrading rumen bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norbeck, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arntzen, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasa-Tolic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.907998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome specialization of anaerobic fungi during ruminal degradation of recalcitrant plant fiber]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.911099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the flavivirus genus share a high level of sequence similarity and often circulate in the same geographical regions. However, whether T cells induced by one viral species cross-react with other related flaviviruses has not been globally addressed. Here, we tested pools of epitopes derived from dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses by Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) using PBMCs of individuals naturally exposed to DENV or immunized with DENV (TV005) or YF17D vaccines. CD8 T cell responses recognized epitopes from multiple flaviviruses, however, the magnitude of cross-reactive responses was consistently several-fold lower than those to the autologous epitope pools, and associated with lower expression of activation markers such as CD40L, CD69, and CD137. Next, we characterized the antigen sensitivity of short-term T cell lines (TCL) representing twenty-nine different individual epitope/donor combinations. TCL derived from DENV monovalent vaccinees induced CD8 and CD4 T cells that cross-reacted within the DENV serocomplex but were consistently associated with more than 100-fold lower antigen sensitivity for most other flaviviruses, with no cross-recognition of YFV derived peptides. CD8 and CD4 TCL from YF17D vaccinees were associated with very limited cross-reactivity with any other flaviviruses, and in five out of eight cases more than 1000-fold lower antigen sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest limited cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses between flaviviruses and has implications for understanding immunity elicited by natural infection, and strategies to develop live attenuated vaccines against flaviviral species.

ImportanceThe envelope (E) protein is the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Accordingly, several DENV vaccine constructs use the E protein in a live attenuated vaccine format, utilizing a backbone derived from a heterologous flavivirus (such as YF) as a delivery vector. This backbone comprises the non-structural (NS) and capsid (C) antigens which are dominant targets of T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-reactivity at the level of T cell responses amongst different flaviviruses is very limited, despite high levels of sequence homology. Thus, the use of heterologous flavivirus species as a live attenuated vaccine vector is not likely to generate optimal T cell responses, and might thus impair vaccine performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brien, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryhn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.911099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responses induced by attenuated flavivirus vaccination are specific and show limited cross-reactivity with other flavivirus species.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The optoretinogram reveals how human photoreceptors deform in response to light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limited accessibility of retinal neurons to electrophysiology on a cellular scale in-vivo has restricted studies of their signaling to in-vitro preparations and animal models. Physiological changes underlying neural activity are mediated by variations in electrical potential that alter the surface tension of the cell membrane. In addition, physiological processes affect concentration of the cells constituents that results in variation of osmotic pressure. Both these phenomena affect the neurons shape which can be detected using interferometric imaging, thereby enabling non-invasive label-free imaging of physiological activity in-vivo with cellular resolution. Here, we apply high-speed phase-resolved optical coherence tomography in line-field configuration to image the biophysical phenomena associated with phototransduction in human cone photoreceptors in vivo. We demonstrate that individual cones exhibit a biphasic response to light: an early ms-scale fast contraction of the outer segment immediately after the onset of the flash stimulus followed by a gradual (hundreds of ms) expansion. We demonstrate that the contraction can be explained by rapid charge movement accompanying the isomerization of cone opsins, consistent with the early receptor potential observed in the electroretinogram and classical electrophysiology in-vitro. We demonstrate the fidelity of such all-optical recording of light-induced activity in the human retina, namely the optoretinogram, across a range of spatiotemporal scales. This approach incorporates functional evaluation into a routine clinical examination of retinal structure and thus holds enormous potential to serve as a biomarker for early disease diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandiyan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelli, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The optoretinogram reveals how human photoreceptors deform in response to light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical competition triggered by innate immune signaling drives the collective extrusion of bacterially-infected epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple distinct types of intracellular bacterial pathogens have been shown to alter the mechanics of their mammalian host cells to promote cell-to-cell spread. Conversely, host cells may respond by altering their own mechanical behavior to limit infection. We monitored epithelial cell monolayers sparsely infected with the intracellular bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes or Rickettsia parkeri over the course of several days. Under conditions where these pathogens were able to trigger innate immune signaling through the NF-{kappa}B pathway and to use actin-based motility to spread non-lytically from cell to cell, domains of infected cells formed enormous three-dimensional mounds, where uninfected cells surrounding the infected cells became stiffer and actively moved toward the site of infection, collectively squeezing the softer and weaker infected cells up and ejecting them from the epithelial monolayer. Bacteria in mounds were less able to spread laterally in the monolayer, limiting the growth of the focus, while mounded cells eventually underwent cell death. Cells in infected monolayers exhibited behavioral and molecular signatures of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), such that coordinated forceful action by uninfected bystander cells actively eliminated large domains of infected cells, consistent with the hypothesis that this collective cell response represents an innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastounis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcade, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Benito, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aznar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical competition triggered by innate immune signaling drives the collective extrusion of bacterially-infected epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism can orchestrate immune cell function. We previously demonstrated that lipid biosynthesis represents one such gatekeeper to Th17 cell functional state. Utilizing Compass, a transcriptome-based algorithm for prediction of metabolic flux, we constructed a comprehensive metabolic circuitry for Th17 cell function and identified the polyamine pathway as a candidate metabolic node, the flux of which regulates the inflammatory function of T cells. Testing this prediction, we found that expression and activities of enzymes of the polyamine pathway were enhanced in pathogenic Th17 cells and suppressed in regulatory T cells. Perturbation of the polyamine pathway in Th17 cells suppressed canonical Th17 cell cytokines and promoted the expression of Foxp3, accompanied by dramatic shift in transcriptome and epigenome, transitioning Th17 cells into a Treg-like state. Genetic and chemical perturbation of the polyamine pathway resulted in attenuation of tissue inflammation in an autoimmune disease model of central nervous system, with changes in T cell effector phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bod, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.911966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism, a key regulator of immune responses, is difficult to study with current technologies in individual cells Here, we present Compass, an algorithm to characterize the metabolic state of cells based on single-cell RNA-Seq and flux balance analysis. We applied Compass to associate metabolic states with functional variability (pathogenic potential) amongst Th17 cells and recovered a metabolic switch between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, akin to known differences between Th17 and Treg cells, as well as novel targets in amino-acid pathways, which we tested through targeted metabolic assays. Compass further predicted a particular glycolytic reaction (phosphoglycerate mutase -- PGAM) that promotes an anti-inflammatory Th17 phenotype, contrary to the common understanding of glycolysis as pro-inflammatory. We demonstrate that PGAM inhibition leads non-pathogenic Th17 cells to adopt a pro-inflammatory transcriptome and induce autoimmunity in vivo. Compass is broadly applicable for characterizing metabolic states of cells and relating metabolic heterogeneity to other cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akama-Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.912717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection is an important driver of genetic and phenotypic differentiation between species. A powerful way to test the role of natural selection in the formation and maintenance of species is to study species complexes in which potential gene flow is high but realized gene flow is low. For a recent radiation of New World desert shrubs (Encelia: Asteraceae), we use fine-scale geographic sampling and population genomics to determine patterns of gene flow across two hybrid zones formed between two independent pairs of species with parapatric distributions. After finding evidence for extremely strong selection at both hybrid zones, we use a combination of field experiments, high-resolution imaging, and physiological measurements to determine the ecological basis for selection at one of the hybrid zones. Our results identify multiple ecological mechanisms of selection (drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial) that together are sufficient to maintain species boundaries despite high rates of hybridization. Given that multiple pairs of species hybridize at ecologically divergent parapatric boundaries in the adaptive radiation of Encelia, such mechanisms may maintain species boundaries throughout this group.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn Baja California, the deserts meet the coastal dunes in a narrow transition visible even from satellite images. We study two species pairs of desert shrubs (Encelia) that occur across this transition. Although these species can interbreed, they remain distinct. Using a combination of genetics, field experiments, 3D-imaging, and physiological measurements, we show that natural selection counteracts the homogenizing effects of gene exchange. The different habitats of these species create multiple mechanisms of selection - drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial, which together maintain these species in their native habitats and their hybrids in intermediate habitats. This study illustrates how environmental factors influence traits and fitness and how this in turn maintain species, highlighting the importance of natural selection in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiVittorio, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Villavicencio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Arce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyhos, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.917021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamine Metabolism Regulates the T Cell Epigenome Through Hypusination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report here a central role for polyamines in T cell differentiation and function. Deficiency in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a critical enzyme for polyamine synthesis, resulted in a profound failure of CD4+ T cells to adopt correct subset specification, underscored by ectopic expression of multiple cytokines and lineage-defining transcription factors across TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg polarizing conditions, and enhanced colitogenic potential. T cells deficient in deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) or deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which sequentially utilize polyamines to generate hypusine, phenocopied Odc-deficient T cells, and mice in which T cells lacked Dhps or Dohh developed colitis. Polyamine-hypusine pathway enzyme deficiency caused widespread chromatin and transcriptional dysregulation accompanied by alterations in histone methylation, histone acetylation, and TCA cycle metabolites. Epigenetic modulation by 2-hydroxyglutarate, or histone acetyltransferase inhibition, restored CD4+ T cell subset specification. Thus, polyamine synthesis via hypusine is critical for maintaining the epigenome to focus TH cell subset fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachsmann, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanckzak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmelpfennig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balabanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamine Metabolism Regulates the T Cell Epigenome Through Hypusination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution and development of anatomical-functional relationships in the cerebral cortex is of major interest in neuroscience. Here, we leveraged the fact that a functional region selective for visual scenes is located within a sulcus in medial ventral temporal cortex (VTC) in both humans and macaques to examine the relationship between sulcal depth and place-selectivity in medial VTC across species and age groups. To do so, we acquired anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 9 macaques, 26 human children, and 28 human adults. Our results revealed a strong structural-functional coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity across age groups and species in which selectivity was strongest at the deepest sulcal point (the sulcal pit). Interestingly, this coupling between sulcal depth and place-selectivity strengthens from childhood to adulthood in humans. Morphological analyses suggest that the stabilization of sulcal-functional coupling in adulthood may be due to sulcal deepening and areal expansion with age as well as developmental differences in cortical curvature at the pial, but not the white matter surfaces. Our results implicate sulcal features as functional landmarks in high-level visual cortex and highlight that sulcal-functional relationships in medial VTC are preserved between macaques and humans despite differences in cortical folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal depth in medial ventral temporal cortex predicts the location of a place-selective region in macaques, children, and adults.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative dissection of transcription in development yields evidence for transcription factor-driven chromatin accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermodynamic models of gene regulation can predict transcriptional regulation in bacteria, but in eukaryotes chromatin accessibility and energy expenditure may call for a different framework. Here we systematically tested the predictive power of models of DNA accessibility based on the Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model of allostery, which posits that chromatin fluctuates between accessible and inaccessible states. We dissected the regulatory dynamics of hunchback by the activator Bicoid and the pioneer-like transcription factor Zelda in living Drosophila embryos and showed that no thermodynamic or non-equilibrium MWC model can recapitulate hunchback transcription. Therefore, we explored a model where DNA accessibility is not the result of thermal fluctuations but is catalyzed by Bicoid and Zelda, possibly through histone acetylation, and found that this model can predict hunchback dynamics. Thus, our theory-experiment dialogue uncovered potential molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulatory dynamics, a key step toward reaching a predictive understanding of developmental decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazemzadeh-Atoufi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoreishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blythe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative dissection of transcription in development yields evidence for transcription factor-driven chromatin accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses include the oncogenic human viruses Kaposis sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is a significant cause of congenital disease. Near the end of their replication cycle, these viruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. Late gene transcription requires six virally-encoded proteins, one of which is a functional mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) that is also involved in recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) via unknown mechanisms. Here, we applied biochemical protein interaction studies together with electron microscopy-based imaging of a reconstituted human preinitiation complex to define the mechanism underlying Pol II recruitment. These data revealed that the herpesviral TBP, encoded by ORF24 in KSHV, makes a direct protein-protein contact with the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which is a unique feature that functionally distinguishes viral from cellular TBP. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ORF24 through a conserved motif that is shared in its {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesvirus homologs. Thus, these herpesviruses employ an unprecedented strategy in eukaryotic transcription, wherein promoter recognition and polymerase recruitment are facilitated by a single transcriptional activator with functionally distinct domains.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses mediate their late gene transcription through a set of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs). One of these vTAs, ORF24 in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP). We demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of ORF24 and its homologs from other {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses directly bind the unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II. This functionally distinguishes the viral TBP mimic from cellular TBP, which does not bind Pol II. Thus, herpesviruses encode a transcription factor that has the dual ability to directly interact with promoter DNA and the polymerase, a property which is unique in eukaryotic transcription and is conceptually akin to prokaryotic transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connecting actin polymer dynamics across multiple scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is an intracellular protein that constitutes a primary component of the cellular cytoskeleton and is accordingly crucial for various cell functions. Actin assembles into semi-flexible filaments that cross-link to form higher order structures within the cytoskeleton. In turn, the actin cytoskeketon regulates cell shape, and participates in cell migration and division. A variety of theoretical models have been proposed to investigate actin dynamics across distinct scales, from the stochastic nature of protein and molecular motor dynamics to the deterministic macroscopic behavior of the cytoskeleton. Yet, the relationship between molecular-level actin processes and cellular-level actin network behavior remains understudied, where prior models do not holistically bridge the two scales together.

In this work, we focus on the dynamics of the formation of a branched actin structure as observed at the leading edge of motile eukaryotic cells. We construct a minimal agent-based model for the microscale branching actin dynamics, and a deterministic partial differential equation model for the macroscopic network growth and bulk diffusion. The microscale model is stochastic, as its dynamics are based on molecular level effects. The effective diffusion constant and reaction rates of the deterministic model are calculated from averaged simulations of the microscale model, using the mean displacement of the network front and characteristics of the actin network density. With this method, we design concrete metrics that connect phenomenological parameters in the reaction-diffusion system to the biochemical molecular rates typically measured experimentally. A parameter sensitivity analysis in the stochastic agent-based model shows that the effective diffusion and growth constants vary with branching parameters in a complementary way to ensure that the outward speed of the network remains fixed. These results suggest that perturbations to microscale rates can have significant consequences at the macroscopic level, and these should be taken into account when proposing continuum models of actin network dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connecting actin polymer dynamics across multiple scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity revealsthe mechanisms structuring ecological communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Reconciling the relative importance of these processes is hindered by current theory, which tends to focus on a single spatial, temporal or taxonomic scale. We introduce a mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: i) species richness and abundances; ii) population genetic diversities; and iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. We demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. We combine our massive eco-evolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS) with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overcast, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosindell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, P. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahler, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Week, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickerson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rominger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity revealsthe mechanisms structuring ecological communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Reactive Aldehyde Detoxification by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) as a Treatment Strategy for Endometriosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometriosis affects [~]176 million women worldwide, yet on average, women experience pain [~]10 years from symptom onset before being properly diagnosed. Standard treatments (drugs or surgery) often fail to provide long-term pain relief. Elevated levels of reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been implicated in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis and upon accumulation, reactive aldehydes can form protein-adducts and/or generate pain. A key enzyme in detoxifying reactive aldehydes to less reactive forms, is the mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). Here, we tested the hypothesis that aberrant reactive aldehyde detoxification by ALDH2, underlies endometriosis and its associated pain. We determined, in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with severe (stage IV) peritoneal endometriosis, that ALDH2 enzyme activity was decreased, which was associated with decreased ALDH2 expression and increased 4-HNE adduct formation compared to the eutopic endometrium of controls in the proliferative phase. Using a rodent model of endometriosis and an ALDH2*2 knock-in mouse with decreased ALDH2 activity, we determined that increasing ALDH2 activity with the enzyme activator Alda-1 could prevent endometriosis lesion development as well as alleviate pain-associated behaviors in proestrus. Overall, our findings suggest that targeting the ALDH2 enzyme in endometriosis may lead to better treatment strategies and in the proliferative phase, that increased 4-HNE adduct formation within the endometrium may serve as a less invasive diagnostic biomarker to reduce years of suffering in women.

One Sentence SummaryALDH2 activity influences endometriosis and its associated pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAllister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinharoy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Reactive Aldehyde Detoxification by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) as a Treatment Strategy for Endometriosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOR coordinates nucleotide availability with ribosome biogenesis in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a conserved eukaryotic Ser/Thr protein kinase that coordinates growth and metabolism with nutrient availability. We conducted a medium-throughput functional genetic screen to discover essential genes that promote TOR activity in plants, and identified a critical regulatory enzyme, cytosolic phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase (PRS4). PRS4 synthesizes cytosolic PRPP, a key upstream metabolite in nucleotide synthesis and salvage pathways. We found that prs4 knockouts are embryo-lethal in A. thaliana, and that silencing PRS4 expression in N. benthamiana causes pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, including dwarfism, aberrant leaf shape, and delayed flowering. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ribosome biogenesis is among the most strongly repressed processes in prs4 knockdowns. Building on these results, we discovered that TOR activity is inhibited by chemical or genetic disruption of nucleotide biosynthesis, but that this effect can be reversed by supplying plants with physiological levels of nucleotides. Finally, we show that TOR transcriptionally promotes nucleotide biosynthesis to support the demands of ribosomal RNA synthesis. We propose that TOR coordinates ribosome biogenesis with nucleotide availability in plants to maintain metabolic homeostasis and support growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOR coordinates nucleotide availability with ribosome biogenesis in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An iron (II) dependent oxygenase performs the last missing step of plant lysine catabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to low abundance in many staple food crops, the essential amino acid lysine must be produced industrially to meet global food supply needs. Despite intensive study, manipulation, and agricultural importance, the steps of plant lysine catabolism beyond the 2-oxoadipate (2OA) intermediate remain undescribed. Recently we described a missing step in the D-lysine catabolic pathway of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida in which 2OA is converted to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) via hydroxyglutarate synthase (HglS), an enzyme belonging to the previously uncharacterized DUF1338 protein family. Here we solve the structure of HglS to 1.1[A] resolution in the substrate-free form and in complex with 2OA. Structural similarity to hydroxymandelate synthase suggested a successive decarboxylation and intramolecular hydroxylation mechanism forming 2HG in a Fe(II)- and O2-dependent manner, which is validated experimentally. 2OA specificity was mediated by a single arginine (R74), highly conserved across nearly all DUF1338 family proteins, including in 76% of plant enzymes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a DUF1338 homolog is coexpressed with known lysine catabolism enzymes, and mutants show significant germination rate defects consistent with disrupted lysine catabolism. Structural and biochemical analysis of the Oryza sativa homolog FLO7 revealed identical activity to HglS despite low sequence identity. Our results suggest that nearly all DUF1338 containing enzymes likely catalyze the same biochemical reaction, exerting the same physiological function across bacteria and eukaryotes.

SignificanceTo meet human demands, millions of tons of lysine are produced by bacterial fermentation annually due to its low abundance in staple crops. Here, we show the last missing step of lysine catabolism in nearly all plant endosperms is likely catalyzed by an iron-dependant DUF1338-containing enzyme homologous to the bacterial hydroxyglutarate synthase. Structural and bioninformatic analyses of DUF1338-containing enzymes showed high conservation of critical catalytic and specificity-conferring residues across multiple domains of life despite low sequence identity. These results suggest that the DUF1338 family evolved a specific physiological function within lysine catabolism across multiple domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangasky, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skyrud, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An iron (II) dependent oxygenase performs the last missing step of plant lysine catabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRT complexes drive membrane scission in HIV-1 release, autophagosome closure, MVB biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other cell processes. ESCRT-I is the most upstream complex and bridges the system to HIV-1 Gag in virus release. The crystal structure of the headpiece of human ESCRT-I comprising TSG101:VPS28:VPS37B:MVB12A was determined, revealing an ESCRT-I helical assembly with a 12 molecule repeat. Electron microscopy confirmed that ESCRT-I subcomplexes form helical filaments in solution. Mutation of VPS28 helical interface residues blocks filament formation in vitro and autophagosome closure and HIV-1 release in human cells. Coarse grained simulations of ESCRT assembly at HIV-1 budding sites suggest that formation of a 12-membered ring of ESCRT-I molecules is a geometry-dependent checkpoint during late stages of Gag assembly and HIV-1 budding, and templates ESCRT-III assembly for membrane scission. These data show that ESCRT-I is not merely a bridging adaptor, but has an essential scaffolding and mechanical role in its own right.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouamr, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.927327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextLarge intraspecific functional trait variation strongly impacts many aspects of natural communities and ecosystems, yet is inconsistent across traits and species.

ApproachWe measured within-species variation in leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), branch wood density (WD), and allocation to stem area vs. leaf area in branches (branch Huber value, HV) across the aridity range of seven Australian eucalypts and an Acacia species to explore how traits and their variances change with aridity.

Results and ConclusionsWithin-species, we found consistent increases in LMA, LDMC and WD, and HV with increasing aridity, resulting in consistent trait coordination across tissues. However, this coordination only emerged across sites with large climate differences. Unlike trait means, patterns of trait variance with aridity were mixed across populations and species and showed limited support for constrained trait variation in dryer populations or more xeric species.

SynthesisOur results highlight that climate can drive consistent within-species trait patterns, but that these patterns might often be obscured by the complex nature of morphological traits and sampling incomplete species ranges or sampling confounded stress gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, L. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loy, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovenden, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HilleRisLambers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aridity drives coordinated trait shifts but not decreased trait variance across the geographic range of eight Australian trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.933291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-resolved metagenomics and detailed geochemical speciation analyses yield new insights into microbial mercury cycling in geothermal springs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.933291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geothermal systems emit substantial amounts of aqueous, gaseous and methylated mercury, but little is known about microbial influences on mercury speciation. Here we report results from genome-resolved metagenomics and mercury speciation analysis of acid warm springs in the Ngawha Geothermal Field (<55 {degrees}C, pH < 4.5), Northland Region, Aotearoa (New Zealand). Our aim was to identify the microorganisms genetically equipped for mercury methylation, demethylation, or Hg(II) reduction to volatile Hg(0) in these springs. Dissolved total and methylated mercury concentrations in two adjacent springs with different mercury speciation ranked among the highest reported from natural sources (250-16000 ng L-1 and 0.5-13.9 ng L-1, respectively). Total solid mercury concentrations in spring sediments ranged from 1273 to 7000 {micro}g g-1. In the context of such ultra-high mercury levels, the geothermal microbiome was unexpectedly diverse, and dominated by acidophilic and mesophilic sulfur- and iron-cycling bacteria, mercury- and arsenic-resistant bacteria, and thermophilic and acidophilic archaea. Integrating microbiome structure and metagenomic potential with geochemical constraints, we constructed a conceptual model for biogeochemical mercury cycling in geothermal springs. The model includes abiotic and biotic controls on mercury speciation, and illustrates how geothermal mercury cycling may couple to microbial community dynamics and sulfur and iron biogeochemistry.

IMPORTANCELittle is currently known about biogeochemical mercury cycling in geothermal systems. This manuscript presents an important new conceptual model, supported by genome-resolved metagenomic analysis and detailed geochemical measurements. This work provides a framework for studying natural geothermal mercury emissions globally. Specifically, our findings have implications for mercury speciation in wastewaters from geothermal power plants and the potential environmental impacts of microbially and abiotically formed mercury species, particularly where mobilized in spring waters that mix with surface- or ground-waters. Furthermore, in the context of thermophilic origins for microbial mercury volatilisation, this report yields new insights into how such processes may have evolved alongside microbial mercury methylation/demethylation, and the environmental constraints imposed by the geochemistry and mineralogy of geothermal systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gionfriddo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorek, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krabbenhoft, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.933291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-resolved metagenomics and detailed geochemical speciation analyses yield new insights into microbial mercury cycling in geothermal springs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silicon modulates multi-layered defense against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silicon (Si) has been widely employed in agriculture to enhance resistance against pathogens in many crop plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of Si-mediated resistance remain elusive. In this study, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem was employed to investigate possible defense mechanisms engaged for Si-mediated resistance. Because Arabidopsis lacks efficient Si transporters and thus is a low Si-accumulator, two heterologous Si influx transporters (from barley and muskmelon) were individually expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis Col-0 and a panel of mutants defective in different immune signaling pathways. Results from infection tests showed that while very low leaf Si content slightly induced salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance, high Si promoted PAD4-dependent but EDS1- and SA-independent resistance against the adapted powdery mildew isolate Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1. Intriguingly, our results also showed that high Si could largely reboot non-host resistance in an immune-compromised eds1/pad4/sid2 triple mutant background against a non-adapted powdery mildew isolate G. cichoracearum UMSG1. Taken together, our results suggest that assimilated Si modulates distinct, multi-layered defense mechanisms to enhance plant resistance against adapted and no-adapted powdery mildew pathogens, possibly via synergistic interaction with defense-induced callose
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silicon modulates multi-layered defense against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septins coordinate cell wall integrity and lipid metabolism in a sphingolipid-dependent process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During normal development and response to environmental stress, fungi must coordinate synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane. Septins, small cytoskeletal GTPases, colocalize with membrane sterol-rich regions and facilitate recruitment of cell wall synthases during dynamic wall remodeling. In this study we show that null mutants missing an Aspergillus nidulans core septin present in hexamers and octamers ({Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, or {Delta}aspCcdc12) are sensitive to multiple cell wall-disturbing agents known to activate the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway and that this sensitivity can be remediated by osmotic support. The null mutant missing the octamer-exclusive core septin ({Delta}aspDcdc10) showed similar osmotic-remedial sensitivity, but only to a single cell wall-disturbing agent and the null mutant missing the noncore septin ({Delta}aspE) showed very mild osmotic-remedial sensitivity to a different single agent. Representative core septin null mutants showed changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition, organization, and chitin synthase localization. Double mutant analysis with{Delta} mpkA suggested core septins interact with the cell wall integrity pathway. Null mutants missing any of the five septins were resistant to ergosterol-disrupting agents. The {Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, and {Delta}aspCcdc12 mutants showed increased sensitivity to sphingolipid-disrupting agents that was remediated by addition of exogenous phytosphingosine. Representative core septins were mislocalized after treatment with sphingolipid-disrupting agents, but not after treatment with ergosterol-disrupting agents. When challenged with both sphingolipid-disturbing and cell wall-disturbing agents in combination, remediation of the lipid defect restored proper growth to {Delta}aspAcdc11, {Delta}aspBcdc3, and {Delta}aspCcdc12, but remediation of the cell wall defect did not. Our data suggest that the core hexamer and octamer septins are involved in cell wall integrity signaling with the noncore septin playing a minor role; that all five septins are involved in monitoring ergosterol metabolism; that the hexamer septins are required for sphingolipid metabolism; and that septins require sphingolipids to coordinate the cell wall integrity response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septins coordinate cell wall integrity and lipid metabolism in a sphingolipid-dependent process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAR1 paralogs differ biochemically in assembly of the COPII coat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COPII-coated vesicles are the primary mediators of vesicular traffic from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. SAR1 is a small GTPase, which, upon GTP binding, recruits the other COPII proteins to the ER membrane. In mammals, there are two SAR1 paralogs which genetic data suggest may have distinct physiological roles, e.g. in lipoprotein secretion for SAR1B. We identified two clusters of amino acids that have conserved, paralog-specific sequences. One cluster is adjacent to the SAR1 GTP-binding pocket and alters the kinetics of GTP exchange. The other cluster is adjacent to the binding site of COPII components SEC31 and SEC23. We found that the latter cluster confers a SEC23A binding preference to SAR1B over SAR1A. In contrast to SAR1B, SAR1A is prone to oligomerize on a membrane surface. Importantly, in relation to its physiological function, SAR1B, but not SAR1A, can compensate for loss of SAR1B in lipoprotein secretion. The SEC31/SEC23-binding site-adjacent divergent cluster is critical for this function. These data identify the novel paralog-specific function for SAR1B, and provide insights into the mechanisms of large cargo secretion and COPII related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melville, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAR1 paralogs differ biochemically in assembly of the COPII coat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.937540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a exploits R-loop asymmetry to form double strand breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.937540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most type V CRISPR-Cas interference proteins use a single RuvC active site to make RNA-guided breaks in double-stranded DNA substrates, an activity essential for both bacterial immunity and genome editing applications. The best-studied of these enzymes, Cas12a, initiates DNA cutting by forming a 20-nucleotide R-loop in which the guide RNA displaces one of the DNA strands of a double-helical substrate, positioning the DNase active site for first-strand cleavage. However, crystal structures and biochemical data have not explained how the second strand is cut to complete the double-strand break. Here, we show that Cas12a-mediated R-loop formation destabilizes DNA at the second-strand cleavage site, which is located outside of the R-loop structure and beyond the 3' end of the guide RNA. Chemical and fluorescent DNA probes reveal that this destabilization is an intrinsic feature of DNA flanking the RNA-3' side of R-loops and does not require direct protein interactions. Interestingly, DNA flanking the RNA-5' side of R-loops is not intrinsically unstable. This asymmetry in R-loop structure may explain the uniformity of guide RNA architecture and the single-active-site cleavage mechanism that are fundamental features of all type V CRISPR-Cas systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.937540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas12a exploits R-loop asymmetry to form double strand breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence that phages with unusually large genomes are common across various natural and human microbiomes, but little is known about their genetic inventories or potential ecosystem impacts. Here, we reconstructed large phage genomes from freshwater lakes known to contain bacteria that oxidize methane. Twenty-two manually curated genomes (18 are complete) ranging from 159 to 527 kbp in length were found to encode the pmoC gene, an enzymatically critical subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase, the predominant methane oxidation catalyst in nature. The phage-associated PmoC show high similarity (> 90%) and affiliate phylogenetically with those of coexisting bacterial methanotrophs, and their abundance patterns correlate with the abundances of these bacteria, supporting host-phage relationships. We suggest that phage PmoC has similar functions to additional copies of PmoC encoded in bacterial genomes, thus contribute to growth on methane. Transcriptomics data from one system showed that the phage-associated pmoC genes are actively expressed in situ. Augmentation of bacterial methane oxidation by pmoC-phages during infection could modulate the efflux of this powerful greenhouse gas into the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colenbrander Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.942896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.945071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Boss: Rapid Prototyping of Bioinformatic Automata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.945071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMany C++ libraries for using Hidden Markov Models in bioinformatics focus on inference tasks, such as likelihood calculation, parameter-fitting, and alignment. However, construction of the state machines can be a laborious task, automation of which would be time-saving and less error-prone.

ResultsWe present Machine Boss, a software tool implementing not just inference and parameter-fitting algorithms, but also a set of operations for manipulating and combining automata. The aim is to make prototyping of bioinformatics HMMs as quick and easy as the construction of regular expressions, with one-line "recipes" for many common applications. We report data from several illustrative examples involving protein-to-DNA alignment, DNA data storage, and nanopore sequence analysis.

Availability and ImplementationMachine Boss is released under the BSD-3 open source license and is available from http://machineboss.org/.

ContactIan Holmes, ihh@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.945071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Boss: Rapid Prototyping of Bioinformatic Automata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider the problem of single-molecule identification in super-resolution microscopy. Super-resolution microscopy overcomes the diffraction limit by localizing individual fluorescing molecules in a field of view. This is particularly difficult since each individual molecule appears and disappears randomly across time and because the total number of molecules in the field of view is unknown. Additionally, data sets acquired with super-resolution microscopes can contain a large number of spurious fluorescent fluctuations caused by background noise.

To address these problems, we present a Bayesian nonparametric framework capable of identifying individual emitting molecules in super-resolved time series. We tackle the localization problem in the case in which each individual molecule is already localized in space. First, we collapse observations in time and develop a fast algorithm that builds upon the Dirichlet process. Next, we augment the model to account for the temporal aspect of fluorophore photo-physics. Finally, we assess the performance of our methods with ground-truth data sets having known biological structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Nellie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian nonparametric approach to super-resolution single-molecule localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, pairing between homologous chromosomes is stabilized by the assembly of a protein lattice known as the synaptonemal complex (SC). The SC ensures the formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes and also regulates their distribution. However, how the SC regulates crossover formation remains elusive. We isolated an unusual mutation in C. elegans that disrupts crossover interference but not the assembly of the SC. This mutation alters the unique C-terminal domain of an essential SC protein, SYP-4, a likely ortholog of the vertebrate SC protein SIX6OS1. To characterize the structure of the SC in wild-type and mutant animals, we use three-dimensional STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (3D-STORM) to interrogate the molecular architecture of the SC in intact germline tissue from C. elegans. The approach enabled us to define positions of protein epitopes with respect to the 3D architecture of this complex. Using a probabilistic mapping approach to analyze super-resolution image data, we detect a marked structural transition in wild-type animals that coincides with crossover designation. We also found that our syp-4 mutant subtly perturbs SC architecture. Our findings add to growing evidence that the SC is an active material whose molecular organization contributes to chromosome-wide crossover regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Köhler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.947804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.948406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing enables reverse genetics of multicellular development in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.948406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a previous study, we established a forward genetic screen to identify genes required for multicellular development in the choanoflagellate, Salpingoeca rosetta (Levin et al., 2014). Yet, the paucity of reverse genetic tools for choanoflagellates has hampered direct tests of gene function and impeded the establishment of choanoflagellates as a model for reconstructing the origin of their closest living relatives, the animals. Here we establish CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in S. rosetta by engineering a selectable marker to enrich for edited cells. We then use genome editing to disrupt the coding sequence of a S. rosetta C-type lectin gene, rosetteless, and thereby demonstrate its necessity for multicellular rosette development. This work advances S. rosetta as a model system in which to investigate how genes identified from genetic screens and genomic surveys function in choanoflagellates and evolved as critical regulators of animal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.948406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing enables reverse genetics of multicellular development in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intriguing dynamics of chromatin folding and assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigate the dynamics of chromatin folding based on the "strings and binders" (SBS) model with molecular dynamics simulation. SBS model is a coarse-grained model considering a self-avoiding chain interacting with diffusive binders. By introducing transition among different categories of beads with specific transition cycles and transition probabilities, our model is capable of introducing different dynamics quantitatively during the folding process, thus capturing variety of phenomena related to chromatin dynamics. Firstly, roles of dynamics in the process of chromatin folding were examined. We discovered that there is a minimum gyration of chromatin under varying characteristic times of transition which indicates neither dramatically dynamic nor static folding process is optimal for chromatin to reach stable states with relatively low free energy. Secondly, it is noticeable that when beads transit from or into others in distinct dynamics, the equilibrium concentrations are distinct as well. As a consequence, the distribution of chromatin loop length is relevant to the dynamics of binders which can be modified by complex such as Wings apart-like protein homolog (Wapl) and SCC2/SCC4 cohesin loader complex (SCC2/SCC4). Finally, our model is able to reproduce contact matrices of both wild type HAP1 cell and {Delta}WAPL HAP1 cell obtained from Hi-C technology with a relatively high accuracy. Our model recapitulate the accumulating contacts at the corners of TADs and vanishing short-range contacts along the diagonal, manifesting the difference of chromatin structures before and after eliminating WAPL.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEOur model includes reciprocal transition among beads in SBS model to introduce different dynamics in chromatin folding process. Our model is able to examine the roles of dynamics in chromatin folding, reveal the loop length variation due to the concentration imbalance caused by distinct dynamics and reproduce contact matrices of both wild type and WAPL-deficient cells. Our research work provides a model to investigate the dynamics of chromatin folding quantitatively and displays its significance of revealing multiple experimental results using computational tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.953398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intriguing dynamics of chromatin folding and assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the investigation of complex biological processes in multicellular organisms with high resolution. However, many phenotypic features that are critical to understanding the functional role of cells in a heterogeneous tissue or organ are not directly encoded in the genome and therefore cannot be profiled with scRNA-seq. Quantitative optical microscopy has long been a powerful approach for characterizing diverse cellular phenotypes including cell morphology, protein localization, and chemical composition. Combining scRNA-seq with optical imaging has the potential to provide comprehensive single-cell analysis, allowing for functional integration of gene expression profiling and cell-state characterization. However, it is difficult to track single cells through both measurements; therefore, coupling current scRNA-seq protocols with optical measurements remains a challenge. Here, we report Microfluidic Cell Barcoding and Sequencing (CB-seq), a microfluidic platform that combines high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells. CB-seq is enabled by a novel fabrication method that preloads primers with known barcode sequences inside addressable reaction chambers of a microfluidic device. In addition to enabling multi-modal single-cell analysis, CB-seq improves gene detection sensitivity, providing a scalable and accurate method for information-rich characterization of single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalavadia, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and state abstractions for efficient learning, transfer and composition in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans use prior knowledge to efficiently solve novel tasks, but how they structure past knowledge to enable such fast generalization is not well understood. We recently proposed that hierarchical state abstraction enabled generalization of simple one-step rules, by inferring context clusters for each rule. However, humans daily tasks are often temporally extended, and necessitate more complex multi-step, hierarchically structured strategies. The options framework in hierarchical reinforcement learning provides a theoretical framework for representing such transferable strategies. Options are abstract multi-step policies, assembled from simpler one-step actions or other options, that can represent meaningful reusable strategies as temporal abstractions. We developed a novel sequential decision making protocol to test if humans learn and transfer multi-step options. In a series of four experiments, we found transfer effects at multiple hierarchical levels of abstraction that could not be explained by flat reinforcement learning models or hierarchical models lacking temporal abstraction. We extended the options framework to develop a quantitative model that blends temporal and state abstractions. Our model captures the transfer effects observed in human participants. Our results provide evidence that humans create and compose hierarchical options, and use them to explore in novel contexts, consequently transferring past knowledge and speeding up learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and state abstractions for efficient learning, transfer and composition in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of actin filaments into distinct cytoskeletal structures plays a critical role in cell physiology, but how proteins localize differentially to these structures within a shared cytoplasm remains unclear. Here, we show that the actin-binding domains of accessory proteins can be sensitive to filament conformational changes. Using a combination of live cell imaging and in vitro single molecule binding measurements, we show that tandem calponin homology domains (CH1-CH2) can be mutated to preferentially bind actin networks at the front or rear of motile cells, and we demonstrate that the affinity of CH1-CH2 domain mutants varies as actin filament conformation is altered by perturbations that include stabilizing drugs, physical constraints, and other binding proteins. These findings suggest that conformational heterogeneity of actin filaments in cells could help to direct accessory binding proteins to different actin cytoskeletal structures through a biophysical feedback loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied from phylogenetic perspectives to understand how common ancestry and divergent evolution drive their formation. Other processes, such as gene flow between populations, have not received as much attention. Here we investigate the roles of divergence and gene flow between populations in the origin and maintenance of a leapfrog distribution in Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejía-Vargas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amezquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide association study reveals plant loci controlling heritability of the rhizosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host genetics has recently been shown to be a driver of plant microbiome composition. However, identifying the underlying genetic loci controlling microbial selection remains challenging. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) represent a potentially powerful, unbiased method to identify microbes sensitive to host genotype, and to connect them with the genetic loci that influence their colonization. Here, we conducted a population-level microbiome analysis of the rhizospheres of 200 sorghum genotypes. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we identify rhizosphere-associated bacteria exhibiting heritable associations with plant genotype, and identify significant overlap between these lineages and heritable taxa recently identified in maize. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GWAS can identify host loci that correlate with the abundance of specific subsets of the rhizosphere microbiome. Finally, we demonstrate that these results can be used to predict rhizosphere microbiome structure for an independent panel of sorghum genotypes based solely on knowledge of host genotypic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caddell, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide association study reveals plant loci controlling heritability of the rhizosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.960872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative framework reveals the ecological drivers of grassland soil microbial community assembly in response to warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.22.960872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling the drivers controlling community assembly is a central issue in ecology. Selection, dispersal, diversification and drift are conceptually accepted as major community assembly processes. Defining their relative importance in governing biodiversity is compellingly needed, but very challenging. Here, we present a novel framework to quantitatively infer community assembly mechanisms by phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (iCAMP). Our results with simulated microbial communities showed that iCAMP had high accuracy (0.93 - 0.99), precision (0.80 - 0.94), sensitivity (0.82 - 0.94), and specificity (0.95 - 0.98), which were 10-160% higher than those from the entire community-based approach. Applying it to grassland microbial communities in response to experimental warming, our analysis showed that homogeneous selection (38%) and "drift" (59%) played dominant roles in controlling grassland soil microbial community assembly. Interestingly, warming enhanced homogeneous selection, but decreased "drift" over time. Warming-enhanced selection was primarily imposed on Bacillales in Firmicutes, which were strengthened by increased drought and reduced plant productivity. This general framework should also be useful for plant and animal ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.22.960872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative framework reveals the ecological drivers of grassland soil microbial community assembly in response to warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial respiration is an important source of uncertainty in projecting future climate and carbon (C) cycle feedbacks. Despite intensive studies for two decades, the magnitude, direction, and duration of such feedbacks are uncertain, and their underlying microbial mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we examined the responses of soil respiration and microbial community structure to long-term experimental warming in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Our results indicated that the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration (i.e., Q10) persistently decreased by 12.0{+/-}3.7% across 7 years of warming. Integrated metagenomic and functional analyses showed that microbial community adaptation played critical roles in regulating respiratory acclimation. Incorporating microbial functional gene abundance data into a microbially-enabled ecosystem model significantly improved the modeling performance of soil microbial respiration by 5-19%, compared to the traditional non-microbial model. Model parametric uncertainty was also reduced by 55-71% when gene abundances were used. In addition, our modeling analyses suggested that decreased temperature sensitivity could lead to considerably less heterotrophic respiration (11.6{+/-}7.5%), and hence less soil C loss. If such microbially mediated dampening effects occur generally across different spatial and temporal scales, the potential positive feedback of soil microbial respiration in response to climate warming may be less than previously predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyo Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penton, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.961300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lower Soil Carbon Loss Due to Persistent Microbial Adaptation to Climate Warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.956771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pair consensus decoding improves accuracy of neural network basecallers for nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.956771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore technology allows for direct sequencing of individual DNA duplexes. However, its higher error rate compared to other sequencing methods has limited its application in situations where deep coverage is unavailable, such as detection of rare variants or characterization of highly polymorphic samples. In principle, 2X coverage is available even for single duplexes, using Oxford Nanopore Technologies 1D2 protocol or related methods which sequence both strands of the duplex consecutively. Using both strands should improve accuracy; however, most neural network basecaller architectures are designed to operate on single strands. We have developed a general approach for improving accuracy of 1D2 and related protocols by finding the consensus of two neural network basecallers, by combining a constrained profile-profile alignment with a heuristic variant of beam search. When run on a basecalling neural network we trained, our consensus algorithm improves median basecall accuracy from 86.2% (for single-read decoding) to 92.1% (for pair decoding). Our software can readily be adapted to work with the output of other basecallers, such as the recently released Bonito basecaller. Although Bonito operates only on individual strands and was not designed to leverage the 1D2 protocol, our method lifts its median accuracy from 93.3% to 97.7%, more than halving the median error rate. This surpasses the maximum accuracy achievable with Guppy, an alternate basecaller which was designed to include pair decoding of 1D2 reads. Our software PoreOver, including both our neural network basecaller and our consensus pair decoder (which can be separably applied to improve other basecallers), is implemented in Python 3 and C++11 and is freely available at https://github.com/jordisr/poreover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.956771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pair consensus decoding improves accuracy of neural network basecallers for nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement error and resolution in quantitative stable isotope probing: implications for experimental design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) estimates the degree of incorporation of an isotope tracer into nucleic acids of metabolically active organisms and can be applied to microorganisms growing in complex communities, such as the microbiomes of soil or water. As such, qSIP has the potential to link microbial biodiversity and biogeochemistry. As with any technique involving quantitative estimation, qSIP involves measurement error; a more complete understanding of error, precision and statistical power will aid in the design of qSIP experiments and interpretation of qSIP data. We used several existing qSIP datasets of microbial communities found in soil and water to evaluate how variance in the estimate of isotope incorporation depends on organism abundance and on the resolution of the density fractionation scheme. We also assessed statistical power for replicated qSIP studies, and sensitivity and specificity for unreplicated designs. We found that variance declines as taxon abundance increases. Increasing the number of density fractions reduces variance, although the benefit of added fractions declines as the number of fractions increases. Specifically, nine fractions appear to be a reasonable tradeoff between cost and precision for most qSIP applications. Increasing replication improves power and reduces the minimum detectable threshold for inferring isotope uptake to 5 atom%. Finally, we provide evidence for the importance of internal standards to calibrate the %GC to mean weighted density regression per sample. These results should benefit those designing future SIP experiments, and provide a reference for metagenomic SIP applications where financial and computational limitations constrain experimental scope.

ImportanceOne of the biggest challenges in microbial ecology is correlating the identity of microorganisms with the roles they fulfill in natural environmental systems. Studies of microbes in pure culture reveal much about genomic content and potential functions, but may not reflect an organisms activity within its natural community. Culture-independent studies supply a community-wide view of composition and function in the context of community interactions, but fail to link the two. Quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) is a method that can link the identity and function of specific microbes within a naturally occurring community. Here we explore how the resolution of density-gradient fractionation affects the error and precision of qSIP results, how they may be improved via additional replication, and cost-benefit balanced scenarios for SIP experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmockel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.965764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement error and resolution in quantitative stable isotope probing: implications for experimental design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics has transformed the characterization of brain cell identity by providing quantitative molecular signatures for large, unbiased samples of brain cell populations. With the proliferation of taxonomies based on individual datasets, a major challenge is to integrate and validate results toward defining biologically meaningful cell types. We used a battery of single-cell transcriptome and epigenome measurements generated by the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) to comprehensively assess the molecular signatures of cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex (MOp). We further developed computational and statistical methods to integrate these multimodal data and quantitatively validate the reproducibility of the cell types. The reference atlas, based on more than 600,000 high quality single-cell or -nucleus samples assayed by six molecular modalities, is a comprehensive molecular account of the diverse neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in MOp. Collectively, our study indicates that the mouse primary motor cortex contains over 55 neuronal cell types that are highly replicable across analysis methods, sequencing technologies, and modalities. We find many concordant multimodal markers for each cell type, as well as thousands of genes and gene regulatory elements with discrepant transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures. These data highlight the complex molecular regulation of brain cell types and will directly enable design of reagents to target specific MOp cell types for functional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrige, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada Bravo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezieux, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ner</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.970558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving replicability in single-cell RNA-Seq cell type discovery with Dune 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.974220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has allowed many new types of investigations at unprecedented and unique levels of resolution. Among the primary goals of scRNA-Seq is the classification of cells into potentially novel cell types. Many approaches build on the existing clustering literature to develop tools specific to single-cell applications. However, almost all of these methods rely on heuristics or user-supplied parameters to control the number of clusters identified. This affects both the resolution of the clusters within the original dataset as well as their replicability across datasets. While many recommendations exist to select these tuning parameters, most of them are quite ad hoc. In general, there is little assurance that any given set of parameters will represent an optimal choice in the ever-present trade-off between cluster resolution and replicability. For instance, it may be the case that another set of parameters will result in more clusters that are also more replicable, or in fewer clusters that are also less replicable.

Here, we propose a new method called Dune for optimizing the trade-off between the resolution of the clusters and their replicability across datasets. Our method takes as input a set of clustering results on a single dataset, derived from any set of clustering algorithms and associated tuning parameters, and iteratively merges clusters within partitions in order to maximize their concordance between partitions. As demonstrated on a variety of scRNA-Seq datasets from different platforms, Dune outperforms existing techniques, that rely on hierarchical merging for reducing the number of clusters, in terms of replicability of the resultant merged clusters. It provides an objective approach for identifying replicable consensus clusters most likely to represent common biological features across multiple datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.974220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving replicability in single-cell RNA-Seq cell type discovery with Dune]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.959429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential virulence contributions of the efflux transporter MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas syringae infecting a variety of host plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.959429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efflux transporters such as MexAB-OprM contribute to bacterial resistance to diverse antimicrobial compounds. Here, we show that MexB contributes to epiphytic and apoplastic growth of Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a, as well as lesion formation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). While a mexB deletion mutant formed fewer lesions after topical application to common bean, these lesions contain the same number of cells (105 to 107 cells) as those caused by the wild-type strain. The internalized population size of both the WT and the MexB mutant within small segments of surface-sterilized asymptomatic portions of the leaves varied from undetectably low to as high as 105 cells/cm2. Localized populations of bacteria within the leaf must apparently exceed a threshold size of about 105 cells/cm2 in order for a visible lesion to form. Strain B728a was capable of moderate to extensive apoplastic growth in diverse host plants including lima bean (P. lunatus), fava bean (Vicia faba), pepper (Capsicum annuum), Nicotiana benthamiana, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). MexB was not required for growth in a subset of these plant species, and in which the duration of growth after inoculation was longer, indicating apparent variation in onset time or magnitude of plant chemical defenses among those hosts. The use of a hyper-susceptible efflux pump mutant strain is an informative strategy to explore the diversity of host chemical immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.959429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential virulence contributions of the efflux transporter MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas syringae infecting a variety of host plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic genome-wide querying of coding and non-coding functional elements in E. coli using CRISPRi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide repression screens using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) have enabled the high-throughput identification of essential genes in bacteria. However, there is a lack of functional studies leveraging CRISPRi to systematically explore targeting of both the coding and non-coding genome in bacteria. Here we perform CRISPRi screens in Escherichia coli MG1655 K-12 targeting ~13,000 genomic features, including nearly all protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs, promoters, and transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) using a ~33,000-member sgRNA library, which represents the most compact and comprehensive genome-wide CRISPRi library in E. coli to date. Our data reveal insights into the conditional essentiality of the genome with key refinements to screen design and profiling. First, we demonstrate that strong fitness defects associated with essential cellular processes can be resolved using inducible time-series measurements. We show that knockdowns of different classes of genes exhibit distinct, transient responses that are correlated to gene function with genes involved in translation exhibiting the strongest responses. We also query feature essentiality across several biochemical conditions and show that several genes, sRNAs, and operons exhibit conditional phenotypes not reported by previous high-throughput efforts. Second, we evaluate systematically targeting non-genic features (promoters and TFBSs) in the E. coli genome. We show that promoter-targeting guides can be used to add phenotypic confidence to promoter annotations and verify computationally predicted promoters. In contrast to prior studies, we find that promoter knockdowns exhibit a strong targeting orientation dependency where targeting the non-template strand of the promoter closest to the target gene is more effective in knocking down gene expression than other promoter targeting orientations. Unlike eukaryotic genomes, we note that interpreting the effects of TFBS targeting is particularly challenging due to the small size of such features and their proximity to and overlap with other genomic features. Together, this work reveals novel conditionally essential gene phenotypes, provides a characterized set of sgRNAs for future E. coli CRISPRi screens, and highlights considerations for CRISPRi library design and screening for microbial genome characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.975888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic genome-wide querying of coding and non-coding functional elements in E. coli using CRISPRi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.981811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polysome fractionation analysis reveals features important for human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.981811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation-dependent mRNA surveillance pathway that eliminates transcripts with premature termination codons. Several studies have tried defined the features governing which transcripts are targeted to NMD. However, these approaches often rely on inhibiting core NMD factors, which often have roles in non-NMD processes within the cell. Based on reports that NMD-targeted transcripts are often bound by a single ribosome, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from a polysome fractionation experiment (TrlP-Seq) to characterize the features of NMD-targeted transcripts in human cells. This approach alleviates the need to inhibit the NMD pathway. We found that the exon junction complex (EJC) model, wherein an exon-exon junction located [&ge;]50 nucleotides downstream of a stop codon is predicted to elicit NMD, was a powerful predictor of transcripts with high abundance in the monosome fraction (bound by a single ribosome). This was also true for the presence of an upstream open reading frame. In contrast, as 3 UTR lengths increase, the proportion of transcripts that are most abundant in the monosome fraction does not increase. This suggests that either longer 3 UTRs do not consistently act as potent triggers of NMD or that the degradation of these transcripts is mechanistically different to other NMD-targeted transcripts. Of the ribosome-associated transcripts annotated as "non-coding", we find that a majority are bound by a single ribosome. Many of these transcripts increase in response to NMD inhibition, including the oncogenic SHNG15, suggesting many might be NMD targets. Finally, we found that retained intron transcripts without a premature termination codon are over-represented in the monosome fraction, suggesting an alternative mechanism is responsible for the low level of translation of these transcripts. In summary, our analysis finds that the EJC model is a powerful predictor of NMD-targeted transcripts, while the presence of a long 3 UTR is not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.981811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polysome fractionation analysis reveals features important for human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from their magnetite crystals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that form intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) in a genetically controlled manner. Magnetite and greigite synthesis requires MTB to transport a large amount of iron from the environment which is subsequently concentrated in organelles called magnetosomes for crystal precipitation and maturation. X-ray absorption analysis of MTB suggests that the intracellular iron is mainly contained within the crystals, thus preventing potential toxic effects of free iron. In contrast, recent mass spectrometry studies suggest that MTB may contain a large amount of iron that is not precipitated in crystals. Here, we attempt to resolve these descrepancies by performing chemical and magnetic assays to quantify the different iron pools in the magnetite-forming strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 cultivated at varying iron concentrations. AMB-1 mutants showing defects in crystal precipitation were also characterized following the same approach. All results show that magnetite represents at most 30 % of the total intracellular iron under our experimental conditions. We further examined the iron speciation and subcellular localization in AMB-1 using the fluorescent indicator FIP-1 that is designed for detection of labile Fe(II). Staining with this probe suggests that unmineralized reduced iron is found in the cytoplasm and associated with magnetosomes. Our results demonstrate that, under our experimental conditions, AMB-1 is able to accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from magnetite. Finally, we discuss the biochemical and geochemical implications of these results.

ImportanceMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of microorganisms producing iron-based intracellular magnetic crystals. They represent a model system for studying iron homeostasis and biomineralization in bacteria. MTB contain an important mass of iron, about 10 to 100 higher than other bacterial model such as Escherichia coli, suggesting efficient iron uptake and storage systems. Accordingly, MTB have been proposed to significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle in sequestering a large amount of soluble iron into crystals. Recently, several studies proposed that MTB could also accumulate iron in a reservoir distinct from their crystals. Here, we present a chemical and magnetic methodology for quantifying the fraction of the total cellular iron contained in the magnetic crystals of the magnetotactic strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Comparison of the mass of iron contained in the different cellular pools showed that most of the bacterial iron is not contained in AMB-1 crystals. We then adapted protocols for the fluorescent detection of Fe(II) in bacteria, and showed that iron could be detected outside of crystals using fluorescence assays. This work suggests a more complex picture for iron homeostasis in MTB than previously thought. Because iron speciation controls its solubility, our results also provide important insights into the geochemical impact of MTB. A large pool of unmineralized iron in MTB could be more easily released in the environment than magnetite, thus limiting iron sequestration into MTB crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetotactic bacteria accumulate a large pool of iron distinct from their magnetite crystals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.988105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale CRISPR interference guide library enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.988105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transcriptional interference (CRISPRi) enables programmable gene knock-down, yielding interpretable loss-of-function phenotypes for nearly any gene. Effective, inducible CRISPRi has been demonstrated in budding yeast, but no genome-scale guide libraries have been reported. We present a comprehensive yeast CRISPRi library, based on empirical design rules, containing 10 distinct guides for most genes. Competitive growth after pooled transformation revealed strong fitness defects for most essential genes, verifying that the library provides comprehensive genome coverage. We used the relative growth defects caused by different guides targeting essential genes to further refine yeast CRISPRi design rules. In order to obtain more accurate and robust guide abundance measurements in pooled screens, we link guides with random nucleotide barcodes and carry out linear amplification by in vitro transcription. Taken together, we demonstrate a broadly useful platform for comprehensive, high-precision CRISPRi screening in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGlincy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.988105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale CRISPR interference guide library enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses possess temporally unfolding gene expression patterns aimed at subverting host defenses, commandeering host metabolism, and ultimately producing a large number of progeny virions. High throughput -omics tools, such as RNA-seq, have dramatically enhanced resolution of expression patterns during infection. Less studied have been viral satellites, mobile genomes that parasitize viruses and have far reaching effects on host-cell fitness. By performing RNA-seq on infection time courses, we have obtained the first time-resolved transcriptomes for bacteriophage satellites during lytic infection. Specifically, we have acquired transcriptomes for the lytic Vibrio cholerae phage ICP1 and all five known variants of ICP1s parasite, the Phage Inducible Chromosomal Island-Like Elements (PLEs). PLEs rely on ICP1 for both DNA replication and mobilization, and abolish production of ICP1 progeny in infected cells. We investigated PLEs impact on ICP1 gene expression and found that PLEs did not broadly restrict or reduce ICP1 gene expression. A major exception occurred in ICP1s capsid morphogenesis operon, which was downregulated by each of the PLE variants. This transcriptional manipulation, conserved among PLEs, has also evolved independently in at least one other phage satellite, suggesting that viral satellites may be under strong selective pressure to reduce the capsid expression of their larger host viruses. Surprisingly, PLEs were also found to alter the gene expression of CTX{phi}, the integrative phage that encodes cholera toxin and is necessary for virulence of toxigenic V. cholerae. One PLE, PLE1, upregulated CTX{phi} genes involved in replication and integration, and boosted CTX{phi} mobility following induction of the SOS response. Our data show that PLEs exhibit conserved manipulation of their host-phages gene expression, but divergent effects on CTX{phi}, revealing that PLEs can influence both their hosts resistance to phage and the mobility of virulence encoding elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation are assembled from a disparate spatiotemporal landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate the origins and stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation, we reconstructed the spatial and temporal histories of genetic variants underlying major phenotypic axes of diversification from the genomes of 202 Caribbean pupfishes. Ancient standing variation from disparate spatial sources was reassembled into new combinations which are under strong selection for adaptation to novel trophic niches on only a single island throughout the Caribbean. This occurred in three stages: first, standing variation associated with feeding behavior swept, then standing variation regulating craniofacial development and pigmentation, and finally de novo variation for craniofacial development. Our results provide clear support for two longstanding hypotheses about adaptive radiation and demonstrate how ancient alleles maintained for millennia in distinct environmental refugia can be assembled into new adaptive combinations.

One Sentence SummaryAncient origins of adaptive radiation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelstra, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major stages of vertebrate adaptive radiation are assembled from a disparate spatiotemporal landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome engineering of primary human cells with CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized experimental and therapeutic approaches to cell biology, but human myeloid-lineage cells have remained largely genetically intractable. We present a method for delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes by nucleofection directly into CD14+ human monocytes purified from peripheral blood, leading to high rates of precise gene knockout. These cells can be efficiently differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells. This process yields genetically-edited cells that retain critical markers of both myeloid differentiation and phagocytic function. Genetic ablation of the restriction factor SAMHD1 increased HIV-1 infection more than fifty-fold, demonstrating the power of this system for genotype-phenotype interrogation. This fast, flexible and scalable platform can be used for genetic studies of human myeloid cells in immune signaling, inflammation, cancer immunology, host-pathogen interactions, and beyond, and could facilitate development of novel myeloid cellular therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavero, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathore, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzidi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcechowskyj, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.991414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Visual Uncertainty on Implicit Motor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation is driven by sensory prediction errors, the difference between the predicted and actual feedback. When the position of the feedback is made uncertain, adaptation is attenuated. This effect, in the context of optimal sensory integration models, has been attributed to a weakening of the error signal driving adaptation. Here we consider an alternative hypothesis, namely that uncertainty alters the perceived location of the feedback. We present two visuomotor adaptation experiments to compare these hypotheses, varying the size and uncertainty of a visual error signal. Uncertainty attenuated learning when the error size was small but had no effect when the error size was large. This pattern of results favors the hypothesis that uncertainty does not impact the strength of the error signal, but rather, leads to mis-localization of the error. We formalize these ideas to offer a novel perspective on the effect of visual uncertainty on implicit sensorimotor adaptation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCurrent models of sensorimotor adaptation assume that the rate of learning will be related to properties of the error signal (e.g., size, consistency, relevance). Recent evidence has challenged this view, pointing to a rigid, modular system, one that automatically recalibrates the sensorimotor map in response to movement errors, with minimal constraint. In light of these developments, this study revisits the influence of feedback uncertainty on sensorimotor adaptation. Adaptation was attenuated in response to a noisy feedback signal, but the effect was only manifest for small errors and not for large errors. This interaction suggests that uncertainty does not weaken the error signal. Rather, it may influence the perceived location of the feedback and thus the change in the sensorimotor map induced by that error. These ideas are formalized to show how the motor system remains exquisitely calibrated, even if adaptation is largely insensitive to the statistics of error signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.992008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Visual Uncertainty on Implicit Motor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial integration during active tactile sensation drives elementary shape perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active haptic sensation is critical for object identification and manipulation, such as for tool use in humans, or prey capture in rodents. The neural circuit basis for recognizing objects through active touch alone is poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined optogenetics, two photon imaging, and high-speed behavioral tracking in mice solving a novel surface orientation discrimination task with their whiskers. We found that orientation discrimination required animals to summate input from multiple whiskers specifically along the whisker arc. Many animals discriminated the orientation of the stimulus per se, as their performance was invariant to the specific location of the presented stimulus. Two photon imaging showed that populations of neurons in the barrel cortex encoded each of the discriminated orientations, and this coding depended on integration over the whisker array. Finally, acute optogenetic inactivation of the barrel cortex strongly impaired surface orientation discrimination, and even cell-type specific optogenetic suppression of layer 4 excitatory neurons degraded performance, implying a role for superficial layers in this computation. These data suggest a model in which spatial summation over an active haptic array generates representations of an objects surface orientations. These computations may facilitate the encoding of complex three-dimensional objects during active exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telian, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.994145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial integration during active tactile sensation drives elementary shape perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.997551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally occurring cobalamin (B12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.997551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobalamin, commonly known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient for humans because of its role as an enzyme cofactor. Cobalamin is one of over a dozen structurally related compounds - cobamides - that are found in food and are produced by microorganisms in the human gut. Very little is known about how different cobamides affect B12-dependent metabolism in human cells. Here, we test in vitro how diverse cobamide cofactors affect the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), one of two cobalamin-dependent enzymes in humans. We find that, although cobalamin is the most effective cofactor for MMUT, multiple cobamides support MMUT function with differences in binding affinity (Kd), binding kinetics (kon), and concentration dependence during catalysis (KM, app). Additionally, we find that six disease-associated MMUT variants that cause cobalamin-responsive impairments in enzymatic activity also respond to other cobamides, with the extent of catalytic rescue dependent on the identity of the cobamide. Our studies challenge the exclusive focus on cobalamin in the context of human physiology, indicate that diverse cobamides can support the function of a human enzyme, and suggest future directions that will improve our understanding of the roles of different cobamides in human biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plessl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinnon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froese, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.997551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally occurring cobalamin (B12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposing the yeast peroxisome to compartmentalize a toxic enzyme enables improved (S)-reticuline production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize metabolic pathways in organelles to achieve optimal reaction conditions and avoid crosstalk with other factors in the cytosol. Increasingly, engineers are researching ways in which synthetic compartmentalization could be used to address challenges in metabolic engineering. Here, we identified that norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), the enzyme which catalyzes the first committed reaction in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis, is toxic when expressed cytosolically in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, consequently, restricts (S)-reticuline production. We developed a compartmentalization strategy that alleviates NCS toxicity while promoting increased (S)-reticuline titer, achieved through efficient targeting of toxic NCS to the peroxisome while, crucially, taking advantage of the free flow of metabolite substrates and product across the peroxisome membrane. We identified that peroxisome protein capacity in S. cerevisiae becomes a limiting factor for further improvement of BIA production and demonstrate that expression of engineered transcription factors can mimic the oleate response for larger peroxisomes, further increasing BIA titer without the requirement for peroxisome induction with fatty acids. This work specifically addresses the challenges associated with toxic NCS expression and, more broadly, highlights the potential for engineering organelles with desired characteristics for metabolic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grewal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.000851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposing the yeast peroxisome to compartmentalize a toxic enzyme enables improved (S)-reticuline production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conspicuous candidate alleles point to cis-regulatory divergence underlying rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing a mechanistic understanding of genetic variation contributing to variation in complex craniofacial traits is a major goal of both basic and translational research. Investigating closely related species that evolved divergent feeding morphology is a powerful approach to identify genetic variation underlying natural and clinical variation in human craniofacial phenotypes. We combined whole-genome resequencing of 258 individuals with 50 transcriptomes to identify candidate cis-acting genetic variation influencing rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes within an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes. This radiation consists of a dietary generalist species and two derived trophic niche specialists - a molluscivore and a scale-eating species. Despite extensive morphological divergence, these species only diverged 10 kya and produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory. Out of 9.3 million genome-wide SNPs and 80,012 structural variants, we found very few alleles fixed between species - only 157 SNPs and 87 deletions. Comparing gene expression across 38 purebred F1 offspring sampled at three early developmental stages, we identified 17 fixed variants within 10 kb of 12 genes that were highly differentially expressed between species. By measuring allele-specific expression in F1 hybrids from multiple crosses, we found strong evidence for two cis-regulatory alleles affecting expression divergence of two genes with putative effects on skeletal development (dync2li1 and pycr3). These results suggest that SNPs and structural variants contribute to the evolution of novel traits and highlight the utility of the San Salvador pupfish system as an evolutionary model for craniofacial development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conspicuous candidate alleles point to cis-regulatory divergence underlying rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Function of a novel nasal protrusion for oral-shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary specialization on hard prey items, such as mollusks and crustaceans, is commonly observed in a diverse array of fish species. Many fish consume these types of prey by crushing the shell to consume the soft tissue within, but a few fishes extricate the soft tissue without breaking the shell using a method known as oral shelling. Oral shelling involves pulling a mollusk from its shell and may be a way to subvert an otherwise insurmountable shell defense. However, the biomechanical requirements and potential adaptations for oral shelling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that a novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling in a durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides). We first demonstrate oral shelling in this species and then predicted that a larger nasal protrusion would allow pupfish to consume larger snails. Durophagous pupfish are found within an endemic radiation of pupfish on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We took advantage of closely related sympatric species and outgroups to test: 1) whether durophagous pupfish shell and consume more snails than other species, 2) if F1 and F2 durophagous hybrids consume similar amounts of snails as purebred durophagous pupfish, and 3) to determine if nasal protrusion size in parental and hybrid populations increases the maximum diameter snail consumed. We found that durophagous pupfish and their hybrids consumed the most snails, but did not find a strong association between nasal protrusion size and maximum snail size consumed within the parental or F2 hybrid population, suggesting that the size of their novel nasal protrusion does not provide a major benefit in oral shelling. Instead, we suggest that nasal protrusion may increase feeding efficiency, act as a sensory organ, or is a sexually selected trait, and that a strong feeding preference may be most important for oral shelling.

Significance StatementSpecialization on hard-shell prey items (i.e. durophagy) is a common dietary niche among fishes. Oral shelling is a rare technique used by some durophagous fish to consume prey items like snails; however, adaptations for oral shelling are still unknown. Here, we document the first evidence of oral shelling in a cyprinodontiform fish, the durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides), and experimentally test whether its novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling using hybrid feeding trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Function of a novel nasal protrusion for oral-shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new sulcal landmark identifying anatomical and functional gradients in human lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between neuroanatomy and function in portions of human cortex that are expanded compared to other mammals such as lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is of major interest in systems and cognitive neuroscience. When considering neuroanatomical-functional relationships in LPFC, shallow indentations in cortex known as tertiary sulci have been largely ignored. Here, by implementing a multi-modal approach and manually defining 936 neuroanatomical structures in 72 hemispheres (males and females), we show that a subset of these overlooked tertiary sulci serve as a meso-scale link between microstructural (myelin content) and functional (network connectivity) properties of human LPFC in individuals. For example, the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) is a tertiary sulcus with three components that differ in their myelin content, resting state connectivity profiles, and engagement across meta-analyses of 83 cognitive tasks. Further, generating microstructural profiles of myelin content across cortical depths for each pmfs component and the surrounding middle frontal gyrus (MFG) shows that both gyral and sulcal components of the MFG have greater myelin content in deeper compared to superficial layers and that the myelin content in superficial layers of the gyral components is greater than sulcal components. These findings support a classic, yet largely unconsidered theory that tertiary sulci may serve as landmarks in association cortices, as well as a modern cognitive neuroscience theory proposing a functional hierarchy in LPFC. As there is a growing need for computational tools that automatically define tertiary sulci throughout cortex, we share pmfs probabilistic sulcal maps with the field.

Significance statementLateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is critical for higher-order cognitive control and goal-directed behavior and is disproportionately expanded in the human brain. However, relationships between fine-scale neuroanatomical structures largely specific to hominoid cortex and functional properties of LPFC remain elusive. Here, we show that these structures, which have been largely neglected throughout history, surprisingly serve as markers for anatomical and functional organization in human LPFC. These findings have theoretical, methodological, developmental, and evolutionary implications for improved understanding of neuroanatomical-functional relationships not only in LPFC, but also in association cortices more broadly. Finally, these findings ignite new questions regarding how morphological features of these neglected neuroanatomical structures contribute to functions of association cortices that are critical for human-specific aspects of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new sulcal landmark identifying anatomical and functional gradients in human lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered olfactory function is a common symptom of COVID-19, but its etiology is unknown. A key question is whether SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) - the causal agent in COVID-19 - affects olfaction directly by infecting olfactory sensory neurons or their targets in the olfactory bulb, or indirectly, through perturbation of supporting cells. Here we identify cell types in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb that express SARS-CoV-2 cell entry molecules. Bulk sequencing revealed that mouse, non-human primate and human olfactory mucosa expresses two key genes involved in CoV-2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2. However, single cell sequencing and immunostaining demonstrated ACE2 expression in support cells, stem cells, and perivascular cells; in contrast, neurons in both the olfactory epithelium and bulb did not express ACE2 message or protein. These findings suggest that CoV-2 infection of non-neuronal cell types leads to anosmia and related disturbances in odor perception in COVID-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukahara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.009084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of DNA-barcoded antibodies to tag cell-surface molecules has enabled the use of droplet-based single cell sequencing (dsc-seq) to profile the surface proteomes of cells. Compared to flow and mass cytometry, the major limitation of current dsc-seq-based workflows is the high cost associated with profiling each cell, thus precluding its use in applications where millions of cells are required. Here, we introduce SCITO-seq, a new workflow that combines combinatorial indexing and commercially available dsc-seq to enable cost-effective cell surface proteomic sequencing of greater than 105 cells per microfluidic reaction. We demonstrate SCITO-seqs feasibility and scalability by profiling mixed species cell lines and mixed human T and B lymphocytes. To further demonstrate its applicability, we show comparable cellular composition estimates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained with SCITO-seq and mass cytometry. SCITO-seq can be extended to include simultaneous profiling of additional modalities such as transcripts and accessible chromatin or tracking of experimental perturbations such as genome edits or extracellular stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.015057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expression phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.015057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To realize the promise of CRISPR/Cas9-based genetics, approaches are needed to quantify a specific, molecular phenotype across genome-wide libraries of genetic perturbations. We address this challenge by profiling transcriptional, translational, and post-translational reporters using CRISPR interference with barcoded expression reporter sequencing (CiBER-seq). Our barcoding approach connects an entire library of guides to their individual phenotypic consequences using pooled sequencing. We show that CiBER-seq profiling fully recapitulates the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway in yeast. Genetic perturbations causing uncharged tRNA accumulation activated ISR reporter transcription. Surprisingly, tRNA insufficiency also activated the reporter, independent of the Gcn2 kinase that senses uncharged tRNAs. By uncovering alternate triggers for ISR activation, we illustrate how precise, comprehensive CiBER-seq profiling provides a powerful and broadly applicable tool for dissecting genetic networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.29.015057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expression phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological extreme minimization with un-gated plant growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolffia is the fastest growing plant genus on Earth with a recorded doubling time of less than a day. Wolffia has a dramatically reduced body plan, primarily growing through a continuous, budding-type asexual reproduction with no obvious phase transition. Most plants are bound by the 24-hour light-dark cycle with the majority of processes such as gene expression partitioned or phased to a specific time-of-day (TOD). However, the role that TOD information and the circadian clock plays in facilitating the growth of a fast-growing plant is unknown. Here we generated draft reference genomes for Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog & Plas to monitor gene expression over a two-day time course under light-dark cycles. Wolffia australiana has the smallest genome size in the genus at 357 Mb and has a dramatically reduced gene set at 15,312 with a specific loss of root (WOX5), vascular (CASP), circadian (TOC1), and light-signaling (NPH3) genes. Remarkably, it has also lost all but one of the NLR genes that are known to be involved in innate immunity. In addition, only 13% of its genes cycle, which is far less than in other plants, with an overrepresentation of genes associated with carbon processing and chloroplast-related functions. Despite having a focused set of cycling genes, TOD cis-elements are conserved in W. australiana, consistent with the overall conservation of transcriptional networks. In contrast to the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, the reduction in cycling genes correlates with fewer pathways under TOD control in Wolffia, which could reflect a release of functional gating. Since TOD networks and the circadian clock work to gate activities to specific times of day, this minimization of regulation may enable Wolffia to grow continuously with optimal economy. Wolffia is an ideal model to study the transcriptional control of growth and the findings presented here could serve as a template for plant improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortleb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sree, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appenroth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisjuk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological extreme minimization with un-gated plant growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Nimbolide-Based Kinase Degrader Preferentially Degrades Oncogenic BCR-ABL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have arisen as powerful therapeutic modalities for degrading specific protein targets in a proteasome-dependent manner. However, a major limitation to broader TPD applications is the lack of E3 ligase recruiters. Recently, we discovered the natural product nimbolide as a covalent ligand for the E3 ligase RNF114. When linked to the BET family inhibitor JQ1, the resulting heterobifunctional PROTAC molecule was capable of selectively degrading BRD4 in cancer cells. Here, we show the broader utility of nimbolide as an E3 ligase recruiter for TPD applications. We demonstrate that a PROTAC linking nimbolide to the kinase and BCR-ABL fusion oncogene inhibitor dasatinib, BT1, selectively degrades BCR-ABL over c-ABL in leukemia cancer cells, compared to previously reported cereblon or VHL-recruiting BCR-ABL degraders that show opposite selectivity or in some cases inactivity. Further contrasting from cereblon or VHL-recruiting degradation, we show that BT1 treatment not only leads to BCR-ABL degradation, but also stabilizes the endogenous RNF114 substrate and tumor suppressor substrate p21. This leads to additional anti-proliferative effects in leukemia cancer cells beyond those observed with cereblon or VHL-recruiting BCR-ABL PROTACs. Thus, we further establish nimbolide as an additional general E3 ligase recruiter for PROTACs with unique additional benefits for oncology applications. We also further demonstrate the importance of expanding upon the arsenal of E3 ligase recruiters, as such molecules confer differing and unpredictable selectivity for the degradation of neo-substrate proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novaes, L. F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Nimbolide-Based Kinase Degrader Preferentially Degrades Oncogenic BCR-ABL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-frequency neural tracking of speech envelope reflects evoked responses to acoustic edges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amplitude envelope of speech is crucial for accurate comprehension. Considered a key stage in speech processing, the phase of neural activity in the theta-delta bands (1 - 10 Hz) tracks the phase of the speech amplitude envelope during listening. However, the mechanisms underlying this envelope representation have been heavily debated. A dominant model posits that envelope tracking reflects entrainment of endogenous low-frequency oscillations to the speech envelope. Alternatively, envelope tracking reflects a series of evoked responses to acoustic landmarks within the envelope. It has proven challenging to distinguish these two mechanisms. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography while participants listened to natural speech, and compared the neural phase patterns to the predictions of two computational models: An oscillatory entrainment model and a model of evoked responses to peaks in the rate of envelope change. Critically, we also presented speech at slowed rates, where the spectrotemporal predictions of the two models diverge. Our analyses revealed transient theta phase-locking in regular speech, as predicted by both models. However, for slow speech we found transient theta and delta phase-locking, a pattern that was fully compatible with the evoked response model but could not be explained by the oscillatory entrainment model. Furthermore, encoding of acoustic edge magnitudes was invariant to contextual speech rate, demonstrating speech rate normalization of acoustic edge representations. Taken together, our results suggest that neural phase locking to the speech envelope is more likely to reflect discrete representation of transient information rather than oscillatory entrainment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-frequency neural tracking of speech envelope reflects evoked responses to acoustic edges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene Regulated Release of Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenes can alter cellular structure, function, development and metabolism including changing the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. However, how oncogenes regulate tumor cell biomass remains poorly understood. Using isogenic mammary breast epithelial cells transformed with a panel of ten oncogenes found commonly mutated, amplified or overexpressed in multiple cancers, we show that specific oncogenes reduce the biomass of cancer cells by promoting extracellular vesicle release. While MYC and AURKB elicited the highest number of EVs, each oncogene tested selectively altered the protein composition of released EVs. Likewise, miRNAs were differentially sorted into EVs in an oncogene-specific manner. MYC overexpressing cells require ceramide, while AURKB require ESCRT to release high levels of EVs. Finally, lysosome-associated genes are broadly downregulated in the context of MYC and AURKB, suggesting that cellular contents instead of being degraded, were released via EVs. Thus, oncogene mediated biomass regulation via differential EV release is a new metabolic phenotype which may have implications for cellular signaling and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momcilovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohnz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene Regulated Release of Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) robustness under elevated membrane tension is maintained by actin assembly-mediated force generation. However, whether more actin assembles at endocytic sites in response to increased load, as has been observed in lamellipodia, has not previously been investigated. Here actin network ultrastructure at CME sites was examined under low and high membrane tension. Actin and N-WASP spatial organization indicate that actin polymerization initiates at the base of clathrin-coated pits and that the network then grows away from the plasma membrane. Actin network height at individual CME sites was not coupled to coat shape, raising the possibility that local differences in mechanical load feedback on assembly. By manipulating membrane tension and Arp2/3 complex activity we tested the hypothesis that actin assembly at CME sites increases in response to elevated load. Indeed, in response to elevated membrane tension, actin grew higher, resulting in greater coverage of the clathrin coat, and CME slowed. When membrane tension was elevated and the Arp2/3 complex was inhibited, shallow clathrin-coated pits accumulated, indicating that this adaptive mechanism is especially crucial for coat curvature generation. We propose that actin assembly increases in response to increased load to ensure CME robustness over a range of plasma membrane tensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diz-Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural image statistics at depth edges modulate perceptual stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binocular fusion relies on matching points in the two eyes that correspond to the same physical feature in the world. However, not all world features are binocularly visible. In particular, at depth edges parts of a scene are often visible to only one eye (so-called half occlusions). Accurate detection of these monocularly visible regions is likely to be important for stable visual perception. If monocular regions are not detected as such, the visual system may attempt to binocularly fuse non-corresponding points, which can result in unstable percepts. We investigated the hypothesis that the visual system capitalizes upon statistical regularities associated with depth edges in natural scenes to aid binocular fusion and facilitate perceptual stability. By sampling from a large set of stereoscopic natural image patches, we found evidence that monocularly visible regions near depth edges in natural scenes tend to have features more visually similar to the adjacent binocularly visible background region than to the adjacent binocularly visible foreground. The generality of these results was supported by a parametric study of three-dimensional (3D) viewing geometry in simulated environments. In two perceptual experiments, we examined if this statistical regularity may be leveraged by the visual system. The results show that perception tended to be more stable when the visual properties of the depth edge were statistically more likely. Exploiting regularities in natural environments may allow the visual system to facilitate fusion and perceptual stability of natural scenes when both binocular and monocular regions are visible.

PrecisWe report an analysis of natural scenes and two perceptual studies aimed at understanding how the visual statistics of depth edges impact perceptual stability. Our results suggest that the visual system exploits natural scene regularities to aid binocular fusion and facilitate perceptual stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basgoze, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural image statistics at depth edges modulate perceptual stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay represses RNA polymerase II transcription during early apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA abundance is generally sensitive to perturbations in decay and synthesis rates, but crosstalk between RNA polymerase II transcription and cytoplasmic mRNA degradation often leads to compensatory changes in gene expression. Here, we reveal that widespread mRNA decay during early apoptosis represses RNAPII transcription, indicative of positive (rather than compensatory) feedback. This repression requires active cytoplasmic mRNA degradation, which leads to impaired recruitment of components of the transcription preinitiation complex to promoter DNA. Importin /{beta}- mediated nuclear import is critical for this feedback signaling, suggesting that proteins translocating between the cytoplasm and nucleus connect mRNA decay to transcription. We also show that an analogous pathway activated by viral nucleases similarly depends on nuclear protein import. Collectively, these data demonstrate that accelerated mRNA decay leads to the repression of mRNA transcription, thereby amplifying the shutdown of gene expression. This highlights a conserved gene regulatory mechanism by which cells respond to threats.

IMPACT STATEMENTHuman cells respond to cytoplasmic mRNA depletion during early apoptosis by inhibiting RNA polymerase II transcription, thereby magnifying the gene expression shutdown during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan-Lewis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.034694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic mRNA decay represses RNA polymerase II transcription during early apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on sperm fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.034835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies point to reduced fertility upon chronic exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and plasticizers. These toxins are ubiquitous and are often found in food and beverage containers, medical devices, as well as in common household and personal care items. Animal studies with EDCs, such as phthalates and bisphenol A have shown a dose-dependent decrease in fertility and embryo toxicity upon chronic exposure. However, limited research has been conducted on the acute effects of these EDCs on male fertility. Here we used a murine model to test the acute effects of four ubiquitous environmental toxins: bisphenol A (BPA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on sperm fertilizing ability and pre-implantation embryo development. The most potent of these toxins, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), was further evaluated for its effect on sperm ion channel activity, capacitation status, acrosome reaction and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DEHP demonstrated a profound hazardous effect on sperm fertility by producing an altered capacitation profile, impairing the acrosome reaction, and, interestingly, also increasing ROS production. These results indicate that in addition to its known chronic impact on reproductive potential, DEHP also imposes acute and profound damage to spermatozoa, and thus, represents a significant risk to male fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabelev Khasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell Rosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.034835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on sperm fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate inference in parametric models reshapes neuroscientific interpretation and improves data-driven discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of systems neuroscience is to understand the relationships amongst constituent units in neural populations and their modulation by external factors using high-dimensional and stochastic neural recordings. Statistical models, particularly parametric models, play an instrumental role in accomplishing this goal, because their fitted parameters can provide insight into the underlying biological processes that generated the data. However, extracting conclusions from a parametric model requires that it is fit using an inference procedure capable of selecting the correct parameters and properly estimating their values. Traditional approaches to parameter inference have been shown to suffer from failures in both selection and estimation. Recent development of algorithms that ameliorate these deficiencies raises the question of whether past work relying on such inference procedures have produced inaccurate systems neuroscience models, thereby impairing their interpretation. Here, we used the Union of Intersections, a statistical inference framework capable of state-of-the-art selection and estimation performance, to fit functional coupling, encoding, and decoding models across a battery of neural datasets. We found that, compared to baseline procedures, UoI inferred models with increased sparsity, improved stability, and qualitatively different parameter distributions, while maintaining predictive performance across recording modality, brain region, and task. Specifically, we obtained highly sparse functional coupling networks with substantially different community structure, more parsimonious encoding models, and decoding models that rely on fewer single-units. Together, these results demonstrate that accurate parameter inference reshapes interpretation in diverse neuroscience contexts. The ubiquity of model-based data-driven discovery in biology suggests that analogous results would be seen in other fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate inference in parametric models reshapes neuroscientific interpretation and improves data-driven discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theoretical and experimental observations that catalysis enhances the diffusion of enzymes have generated exciting implications about nanoscale energy flow, molecular chemotaxis and self-powered nanomachines. However, contradictory claims on the origin, magnitude, and consequence of this phenomenon continue to arise. Experimental observations of catalysis-enhanced enzyme diffusion, to date, have relied almost exclusively on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution single-particle tracking (SPT), we show that catalysis does not increase the diffusion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at the single-molecule level, in sharp contrast to the ~20% enhancement seen in parallel FCS experiments using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Combining comprehensive FCS controls, ABEL trap, surface-based single-molecule fluorescence, and Monte-Carlo simulations, we establish that pNPP-induced dye blinking at the ~10 ms timescale is responsible for the apparent diffusion enhancement seen in FCS. Our observations urge a crucial revisit of various experimental findings and theoretical models--including those of our own--in the field, and indicate that in-solution SPT and ABEL trap are more reliable means to investigate diffusion phenomena at the nanoscale.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent experiments have suggested that the energy released by a chemical reaction can propel its enzyme catalyst (for example, alkaline phosphatase, ALP). However, this topic remains controversial, partially due to the indirect and ensemble nature of existing measurements. Here, we used recently developed single-molecule approaches to monitor directly the motions of individual proteins in aqueous solution and find that single ALP enzymes do not diffuse faster under catalysis. Instead, we demonstrate that interactions between the fluorescent dye and the enzymes substrate can produce the signature of apparent diffusion enhancement in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), the standard ensemble assay currently used to study enzyme diffusion and indicate that single-molecule approaches provide a more robust means to investigate diffusion at the nanoscale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.996116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in dorsal premotor cortex of behaving rhesus macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.996116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major effort is now underway across the brain sciences to identify, characterize and manipulate mesoscale neural circuits in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying sensory perception, cognition and behavior. Optical imaging technologies, in conjunction with genetically encoded sensors and actuators, serve as important tools toward these goals, allowing access to large-scale genetically defined neuronal populations. In particular, one-photon miniature microscopes, coupled with genetically encoded calcium indicators and microendoscopic gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lenses, enable unprecedented readout of neural circuit dynamics in cortical and deep subcortical brain regions during active behavior in rodents. This has already led to breakthrough discoveries across a wide array of rodent brain regions and behaviors. However, in order to study the neural circuit mechanisms underlying more complex and clinically relevant human behaviors and cognitive functions, it is crucial to translate this technology to non-human primates. Here, we describe the first successful application of this technology in the rhesus macaque. We identified a viral strategy for robust expression of GCaMP, optimized a surgical protocol for microendoscope GRIN lens insertion, and created a chronic cranial chamber and lens mounting system for imaging in gyral cortex. Using these methods, we demonstrate the ability to perform plug-and-play, head-mounted recordings of cellular-resolution calcium dynamics from over 100 genetically-targeted neurons simultaneously in dorsal premotor cortex while the macaque performs a naturalistic motor reach task with the head unrestrained and freely moving. The recorded population of neurons exhibited calcium dynamics selective to the direction of reach, which we show can be used to decode the animals trial-by-trial motor behavior. Recordings were stable over several months, allowing us to longitudinally track large populations of individual neurons and monitor their relationship to motor behavior over time. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to conduct simultaneous, multi-site imaging in bilateral dorsal premotor cortices, offering an opportunity to study distributed networks underlying complex behavior and cognition. Together, this work establishes head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in macaque as a powerful new approach for studying the neural circuit mechanisms underlying complex and clinically relevant behaviors, and promises to greatly advance our understanding of human brain function, as well as its dysfunction in neurological disease.

HighlightsFirst demonstration of head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in behaving macaque.

Surgical protocols developed for preparing the animal for calcium imaging, including virus injections to express GCaMP and chronic implantation of a GRIN lens to enable optical access to gyral cortex.

Proof of concept plug-and-play calcium imaging in behaving macaques with months long stable recording capability allowing populations of individual neurons to be tracked longitudinally.

Bilateral calcium imaging from dorsal premotor cortex exhibited dynamics selective to the animals direction of reach and allowed decoding of the animals motor behavior
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bollimunta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moxon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.996116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Head-mounted microendoscopic calcium imaging in dorsal premotor cortex of behaving rhesus macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.036384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin-46/50 in a dynamic lipid environment resolved by CryoEM at 1.9 A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.036384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap junctions establish direct pathways for connected cells and tissues to transfer metabolic and electrical messages1. The local lipid environment is known to affect the structure, stability and intercellular channel activity of gap junctions2-5; however, the molecular basis for these effects remains unknown. To gain insight toward how gap junctions interact with their local membrane environment, we used lipid nanodisc technology to incorporate native connexin-46/50 (Cx46/50) intercellular channels into a dual lipid membrane system, closely mimicking a native cell-to-cell junction. Structural characterization of Cx46/50 lipid-embedded channels by single particle CryoEM revealed a lipid-induced stabilization to the channel, resulting in a 3D reconstruction at 1.9 [A] resolution. Together with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and 3D heterogeneity analysis of the ensemble CryoEM data, it is shown that Cx46/50 in turn imparts long-range stabilization to the dynamic local lipid environment that is specific to the extracellular lipid leaflet of the two opposed membranes. In addition, nearly 400 water molecules are resolved in the CryoEM map, localized throughout the intercellular permeation pathway and contributing to the channel architecture. These results illustrate how the aqueous-lipid environment is integrated with the architectural stability, structure and function of gap junction communication channels, and demonstrates the ability of CryoEM to effectively characterize dynamical protein-lipid interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshioka, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichow, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.036384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin-46/50 in a dynamic lipid environment resolved by CryoEM at 1.9 A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) rely on fatty acid {beta}-oxidation (FAO)-driven OXPHOS for differentiation and function. Recent data have demonstrated a role for Tregs in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis with tissue-resident Tregs possessing tissue-specific transcriptomes. However, specific signals that establish these tissue-resident Tregs programs are largely unknown. As Tregs metabolically rely on FAO, and considering the lipid-rich environments of tissues, we hypothesized that environmental lipids drive Treg homeostasis. Using human adipose tissue as a model for tissue residency, we identify oleic acid as the most prevalent free fatty acid in human adipose tissue. Mechanistically, oleic acid amplifies Treg FAO-driven OXPHOS metabolism, creating a positive feedback mechanism that induces the expression of Foxp3 and enhances phosphorylation of STAT5, which acts to stabilize the Treg lineage and increase suppressive function. Comparing the transcriptomic program induced by oleic acid to that of the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid, we find that Tregs sorted from peripheral blood and adipose of healthy donors transcriptomically resemble the oleic acid in vitro treated Tregs, whereas Tregs obtained from the adipose tissue of relapsing-remitting MS patients more closely resemble an arachidonic acid profile. Finally, we find that oleic acid concentrations are reduced in the fat tissue of MS patients, and exposure of dysfunctional MS Tregs to oleic acid restores defects in their suppressive function. These data demonstrate the importance of fatty acids in regulating tissue inflammatory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pompura, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPerche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Villar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the lysosomal SCARF (L-SCARF) complex, an Arf GAP haploinsufficient in ALS and FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation of C9ORF72 is the most prevalent defect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD). Together with hexanucleotide repeat expansion, haploinsufficiency of C9ORF72 contributes to neuronal dysfunction. We determined the structure of the SMCR8-C9orf72-WDR41 complex by cryo-EM. C9orf72 and SMCR8 are both longin-DENN domain proteins, while WDR41 is a beta-propeller protein that binds to SMCR8 such that the whole structure resembles an eye slip hook. Contacts between WDR41 and SMCR8DENN drive lysosomal localization in amino acid starvation. The structure suggested that SMCR8-C9orf72 was a small GTPase activating protein (GAP). We found that SMCR8-C9orf72-WDR41 is a GAP for Arf family small GTPases, and refer to it as the Lysosomal SMCR8-C9orf72 Arf GAP ("L-SCARF") complex. These data rationalize the function of C9orf72 both in normal physiology and in ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the lysosomal SCARF (L-SCARF) complex, an Arf GAP haploinsufficient in ALS and FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a dodecameric or tetradecameric enzyme with crucial roles in neuronal signaling and cardiac function. Activation of CaMKII is reported to trigger the exchange of subunits between holoenzymes, which can increase spread of the active state. Using mass spectrometry, we now show that peptides derived from the sequence of the CaMKII- regulatory segment can bind to the CaMKII- hub assembly and break it into smaller oligomers. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the regulatory segments can dock spontaneously at the interface between hub subunits, trapping large fluctuations in hub structure. Single-molecule fluorescence intensity analysis of human CaMKII- isolated from mammalian cells shows that activation of CaMKII- results in the destabilization of the holoenzyme. Our results show how the release of the regulatory segment by activation and phosphorylation could allow it to destabilize the hub, producing smaller CaMKII assemblies that can reassemble to form new holoenzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakage of the Oligomeric CaMKII Hub by the Regulatory Segment of the Kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The health of a cell depends on accurate translation and proper protein folding; misfolding can lead to aggregation and disease. The first opportunity for a protein to fold occurs during translation, when the ribosome and surrounding environment can affect the energy landscape of the nascent chain. However, quantifying these environmental effects is challenging due to the ribosomal proteins and rRNA, which preclude most spectroscopic measurements of protein energetics. We have applied two gel-based approaches, pulse proteolysis and force-peptide arrest assays, to probe the folding and unfolding pathways of RNase H ribosome-stalled nascent chains. We find that ribosome-stalled RNase H has an increased unfolding rate compared to free RNase H, which completely accounts for observed changes in protein stability and indicates that the folding rate is unchanged. Using arrest peptide-based force-profile analysis, we assayed the force generated during the folding of RNase H on the ribosome. Surprisingly, we find that population of the RNase H folding intermediate is required to generate sufficient force to release the SecM stall and that readthrough of the stall sequence directly correlates with the stability of the folding intermediate. Together, these data imply that the folding pathway of RNase H is unchanged on the ribosome. Furthermore, our data indicate that the ribosome promotes unfolding while the nascent chain is proximal to the ribosome, which may limit the deleterious effects of misfolding and assist in folding fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samelson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubicon is a potent negative regulator of autophagy and a potential target for autophagy-inducing therapeutics. Rubicon-mediated inhibition of autophagy requires the interaction of the C-terminal Rubicon homology (RH) domain of Rubicon with Rab7-GTP. Here we report the 2.8 [A] crystal structure of the Rubicon RH domain in complex with Rab7-GTP. Our structure reveals a novel fold for the RH domain built around four zinc clusters. The switch regions of Rab7 insert into pockets on the surface of the RH domain in a mode that is distinct from those of other Rab-effector complexes. Rubicon residues at the dimer interface are required for Rubicon and Rab7 to colocalize in living cells. Mutation of Rubicon RH residues in the Rab7 binding site restore efficient autophagic flux in the presence of overexpressed Rubicon, validating the Rubicon RH domain as a promising therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byck, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.048462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JARID2 and AEBP2 regulate PRC2 activity in the presence of H2A ubiquitination or other histone modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 functionally interact to coordinate cell type identity by the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. It has been proposed that PRC2 is recruited to genomic loci via the recognition of PRC1-mediated mono-ubiquitination of histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1), but the mechanism of this process remains poorly understood. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of human PRC2 with cofactors JARID2 and AEBP2 bound to a nucleosome substrate containing H2AK119ub1. We find that JARID2 and AEBP2 each interact with one of the two ubiquitin molecules in the nucleosome. A ubiquitin-interaction motif (UIM) in JARID2 is sandwiched between ubiquitin and the histone H2A-H2B acidic patch. Simultaneously, the tandem zinc-fingers of AEBP2 interact with the second ubiquitin and the histone H2A-H2B surface on the opposite side of the nucleosome. JARID2 plays a dual role in the H2AK119ub1 dependent stimulation of PRC2 through interactions with both EED via its K116 trimethylation and with the H2AK119-ubiquitin. AEBP2, on the other hand, appears to primarily serve as a scaffold contributing to the interaction between PRC2 and the H2AK119ub1 nucleosome. Our structure also provides a detailed visualization of the EZH2-nucleosome interface, revealing a segment of EZH2 (named "bridge helix") that is stabilized as it bridges the EZH2(SET) domain, the H3 tail and the nucleosomal DNA. In addition to the role played by AEBP2 and JARID2 in PRC2 regulation by H2AK119ub1 recognition, we also observe that the presence of these cofactors partially overcomes the inhibitory effect that H3K4- and H3K36-trimethylation have on core PRC2. Together, our results reveal the central role played by cofactors JARID2 and AEBP2 in orchestrating the crosstalk between histone post-translational modifications and PRC2 methyltransferase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmatka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.049213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JARID2 and AEBP2 regulate PRC2 activity in the presence of H2A ubiquitination or other histone modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is most closely related, by average genetic distance, to two coronaviruses isolated from bats, RaTG13 and RmYN02. However, there is a segment of high amino acid similarity between human SARS-CoV-2 and a pangolin isolated strain, GD410721, in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, a pattern that can be caused by either recombination or by convergent amino acid evolution driven by natural selection. We perform a detailed analysis of the synonymous divergence, which is less likely to be affected by selection than amino acid divergence, between human SARS-CoV-2 and related strains. We show that the synonymous divergence between the bat derived viruses and SARS-CoV-2 is larger than between GD410721 and SARS-CoV-2 in the RBD, providing strong additional support for the recombination hypothesis. However, the synonymous divergence between pangolin strain and SARS-CoV-2 is also relatively high, which is not consistent with a recent recombination between them, instead it suggests a recombination into RaTG13. We also find a 14-fold increase in the dN/dS ratio from the lineage leading to SARS-CoV-2 to the strains of the current pandemic, suggesting that the vast majority of non-synonymous mutations currently segregating within the human strains have a negative impact on viral fitness. Finally, we estimate that the time to the most recent common ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 or RmYN02 based on synonymous divergence, is 51.71 years (95% C.I., 28.11-75.31) and 37.02 years (95% C.I., 18.19-55.85), respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adherens junction serves to generate cryptic lamellipodia required for collective migration of epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective migration of epithelial cells plays crucial roles in various biological processes such as cancer invasion. In migrating epithelial sheets, leader cells form lamellipodia to advance, and follower cells also form similar motile apparatus at cell-cell boundaries, which are called cryptic lamellipodia (c-lamellipodia). Using adenocarcinoma-derived epithelial cells, we investigated how c-lamellipodia are generated, and found that they sporadically grew from Ecadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs). WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes were localized along the AJs, and silencing them not only interfered with c-lamellipodia formation but also prevented follower cells from trailing the leaders. Disruption of AJs by removing E-catenin resulted in uncontrolled c-lamellipodia growth, and this was brought about by myosin II activation and the resultant contraction of AJ-associated actomyosin cables. Additional observations indicated that c-lamellipodia tended to grow at mechanically weak sites of the junction. We conclude that AJs not only tie cells together but also generate c-lamellipodia by recruiting actin regulators, enabling epithelial cells to undergo ordered collective migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimori-Kiyosue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeichi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adherens junction serves to generate cryptic lamellipodia required for collective migration of epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic precision labeling enables selective probing of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine glycosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation events that happen early in the secretory pathway are often dysregulated during tumorigenesis. These events can be probed, in principle, by monosaccharides with bioorthogonal tags that would ideally be specific for distinct glycan subtypes. However, metabolic interconversion into other monosaccharides drastically reduces such specificity in the living cell. Here, we use a structure-based design process to develop the monosaccharide probe GalNAzMe that is specific for cancer-relevant Ser/Thr-N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycosylation. By virtue of a branched N-acylamide side chain, GalNAzMe is not interconverted by epimerization to the corresponding N-acetylglucosamine analog like conventional GalNAc-based probes. GalNAzMe enters O-GalNAc glycosylation but does not enter other major cell surface glycan types including Asn (N)-linked glycans. We equip cells with the capacity to biosynthesize the nucleotide-sugar donor UDP-GalNAzMe from a caged precursor. Tagged with a bioorthogonal azide group, GalNAzMe serves as an O-glycan specific reporter in superresolution microscopy, chemical glycoproteomics, a genome-wide CRISPR knock-out (KO) screen, and imaging of intestinal organoids. GalNAzMe is a precision tool that allows a detailed view into the biology of a major type of cancer-relevant protein glycosylation.

Significance statementA large portion of all secreted and cell surface proteins in humans are modified by Ser/Thr(O)-linked glycosylation with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). While of fundamental importance in health and disease, O-GalNAc glycosylation is technically challenging to study because of a lack of specific tools to be used in biological assays. Here, we design an O-GalNAc specific reporter molecule termed GalNAzMe to selectively label O-GalNAc glycoproteins in living human cells. GalNAzMe is compatible with a range of experiments in quantitative biology to broaden our understanding of glycosylation. We further demonstrate that labeling is genetically programmable by expression of a mutant glycosyltransferase, allowing application even to experiments with low inherent sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debets, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastan, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeckl, L. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bineva-Todd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antononopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbay, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roustan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic precision labeling enables selective probing of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine glycosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.057430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles--arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.057430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover". However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, non-human animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially  spill back to infect local wildlife--a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. We address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment--wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence--applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our study in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin--yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses--have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althouse, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.057430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles--arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.052050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embedded Enzyme Nanoclusters Depolymerize Polyesters via Chain-End Mediated Processive Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.052050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bioactive elements, long perceived as non-viable for material development, are now emerging as viable building blocks to encode material lifecycle and to ensure our harmonious existence with nature. Yet, there is a significant knowledge gap on how bio-elements interface with synthetic counterparts and function outside of their native environments. Here, we show that when enzymes are dispersed as nanoclusters confined within macromolecular matrices, their reaction kinetics, pathway, and substrate selectivity can be modulated to achieve programmable polymer degradation down to repolymerizable small molecules. Specifically, when enzyme nanoclusters are dispersed in trace amount (~0.02 wt%) in polyesters, i.e. poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), chain-end mediated processive depolymerization can be realized, leading to scalable bioactive plastics for efficient sorting, such as recovery of precious metal filler from flexible electronics. Present studies demonstrate that when the enzyme is confined at dimensions similar to that of polymer chains, their behaviors are governed by the polymer conformation, segmental dynamic and thermal history, highlighting the importance to consider bioactive plastics differently from solution enzymology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelRe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.052050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embedded Enzyme Nanoclusters Depolymerize Polyesters via Chain-End Mediated Processive Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-specific loss of TERT activation sensitizes glioblastoma to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most glioblastomas (GBMs) achieve cellular immortality by acquiring a mutation in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter. TERT promoter mutations create a binding site for a GA binding protein (GABP) transcription factor complex, whose assembly at the promoter is associated with TERT reactivation and telomere maintenance. Here, we demonstrate increased binding of a specific GABPB1L isoform-containing complex to the mutant TERT promoter. Furthermore, we find that TERT promoter mutant GBM cells, unlike wild-type cells, exhibit a critical near-term dependence on GABPB1L for proliferation, both in cell culture and post-tumor establishment in vivo. Upregulation of the protein paralogue GABPB2, which is normally expressed at very low levels, can rescue this dependence. More importantly, when combined with frontline temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, inducible GABPB1L knockdown and the associated TERT reduction led to an impaired DNA damage response that resulted in profoundly reduced growth of intracranial GBM tumors. Together, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism of cancer-specific TERT regulation, uncover rapid effects of GABPB1L-mediated TERT suppression in GBM maintenance, and establish GABPB1L inhibition in combination with chemotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for TERT promoter mutant GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-specific loss of TERT activation sensitizes glioblastoma to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolution of song and egg coloration: multimodal mating signals? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The divergence of reproductive traits frequently underpins the evolution of reproductive isolation. One of the most enduring puzzles on this subject concerns the variability in egg coloration among species of tinamou (Tinamidae), endemic to neotropics. Here we investigated the hypothesis that tinamou egg coloration is a mating signal and its diversification was driven by reinforcement. For most tinamou species, the male guards the nest that is sequentially visited and laid eggs in by multiple females. The colorations of the existing eggs in the nest could signal mate quality and species identities to the upcoming females, preventing costly hybridization, thus were selected to diverge among species (Mating Signal Character Displacement Hypothesis). If so, two predictions should follow: (1) egg colors should coevolve with known mating signals as the tinamou lineages diverged; (2) species that partition similar ecoregions should display different egg colors. The tinamou songs are important mating signals and are highly divergent among species. We found that the egg luminance was significantly associated with the first principal component of the song variables, which supports prediction (1). In addition, we found support for (2): tinamou species that co-partition ecoregions tend to display different egg colors, controlling for song variation. Egg color and songs could be multimodal mating signals that are divergently selected as different tinamou species diverged. Mating signal evolution could be opportunistic and even exploit post-mating trait as premating signals that undergo character displacement at sympatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolution of song and egg coloration: multimodal mating signals?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.058388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Discovery of Salmonella Phage-Host Interactions via High-Throughput Genome-Wide Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.058388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though bacteriophages (phages) are known to play a crucial role in bacterial fitness and virulence, our knowledge about the genetic basis of their interaction, cross-resistance and host-range is sparse. Here, we employed genome-wide screens in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to discover host determinants involved in resistance to eleven diverse lytic phages including 4 new phages isolated from a therapeutic phage cocktail. We uncovered 301 diverse host factors essential in phage infection, many of which are shared between multiple phages demonstrating potential cross-resistance mechanisms. We validate many of these novel findings and uncover the intricate interplay between RpoS, the virulence-associated general stress response sigma factor and RpoN, the nitrogen starvation sigma factor in phage cross-resistance. Finally, the infectivity pattern of eleven phages across a panel of 23 genome sequenced Salmonella strains indicates that additional constraints and interactions beyond the host factors uncovered here define the phage host range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.058388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Discovery of Salmonella Phage-Host Interactions via High-Throughput Genome-Wide Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial residents of the human oral cavity have long been a major focus of microbiology due to their influence on host health and their intriguing patterns of site specificity amidst the lack of dispersal limitation. Yet, the determinants of niche partitioning in this habitat are yet to be fully understood, especially among the taxa that belong to recently discovered branches of microbial life. Here we assembled metagenomes from daily tongue and dental plaque samples from multiple individuals and reconstructed 790 non-redundant genomes, 43 of which resolved to TM7 that formed six monophyletic clades distinctly associated either with plaque or with tongue. Both pangenomic and phylogenomic analyses grouped tongue-specific TM7 clades with other host-associated TM7 genomes. In contrast, plaque-specific TM7 grouped together with environmental TM7 genomes. Besides offering deeper insights into the ecology, evolution, and the mobilome of the cryptic members of the oral microbiome, our study reveals an intriguing resemblance between dental plaque and non-host environments indicated by the TM7 evolution, suggesting that plaque may have served as a stepping stone for environmental microbes to adapt to host environments for some clades of human associated microbes. Additionally, we report that prophages are widespread amongst oral-associated TM7, while absent from environmental TM7, suggesting that prophages may have played a role in adaptation of TM7 to the host environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhirst, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People tend to interpret political information in a manner that confirms their prior beliefs, a cognitive bias that contributes to rising political polarization. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with semantic content analyses to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the biased processing of real-world political content. We scanned American participants with conservative-leaning or liberal-leaning immigration attitudes while they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. We searched for evidence of "neural polarization": activity in the brain that diverges between people who hold liberal versus conservative political attitudes. Neural polarization was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a brain region associated with the interpretation of narrative content. Neural polarization in the DMPFC intensified during moments in the videos that included risk-related and moral-emotional language, highlighting content features most likely to drive divergent interpretations between conservatives and liberals. Finally, participants whose DMPFC activity closely matched that of the average conservative or the average liberal participant were more likely to change their attitudes in the direction of that groups position. Our work introduces a novel multi-method approach to study the neural basis of political cognition in naturalistic settings. Using this approach, we characterize how political attitudes biased information processing in the brain, the language most likely to drive polarized neural responses, and the consequences of biased processing for attitude change. Together, these results shed light on the psychological and neural underpinnings of how identical information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.

Significance StatementPartisan biases in processing political information contribute to rising divisions in society. How do such biases arise in the brain? We measured the neural activity of participants watching videos related to immigration policy. Despite watching the same videos, conservative and liberal participants exhibited divergent neural responses. This "neural polarization" between groups occurred in a brain area associated with the interpretation of narrative content, and intensified in response to language associated with risk, emotion, and morality. Furthermore, polarized neural responses predicted attitude change in response to the videos. These findings suggest that biased processing in the brain drives divergent interpretations of political information and subsequent attitude polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.070680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitotic protein NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in nuclear formation and mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.070680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells typically form a single, round nucleus after mitosis, and failures to do so can compromise genomic integrity. How mammalian cells form such a nucleus remains incompletely understood. NuMA is a spindle protein whose disruption results in nuclear fragmentation. What role NuMA plays in nuclear integrity, or whether its perceived role stems from its spindle function, is unclear. Here, we use live imaging to demonstrate that NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in forming a single, round nucleus. NuMA keeps the decondensing chromosome mass compact at mitotic exit, and promotes a mechanically robust nucleus. NuMAs C-terminus binds DNA in vitro and chromosomes in interphase, while its coiled-coil acts as a regulatory and structural hub: it prevents NuMA from binding chromosomes at mitosis, regulates its nuclear mobility and is essential for nuclear formation. Thus, NuMA plays a long-range structural role in building and maintaining an intact nucleus, as it does for the spindle, playing a protective role over the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serra-Marques, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtekamer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintzen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.070680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitotic protein NuMA plays a spindle-independent role in nuclear formation and mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.072892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of 18 nm Doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix Micelles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Patient-derived GBM6 Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.072892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of nanocarrier materials at the cellular level constitutes a critical checkpoint in the development of effective nanomedicines, determining whether tissue level accumulation results in therapeutic benefit. The cytotoxicity and cell internalization of ~18 nm 3-helix micelle (3HM) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) was analyzed in patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3HM-DOX increased to 6.2 {micro}g/mL from < 0.5 {micro}g/mL for free DOX in patient derived GBM6 cells, 15.0 {micro}g/mL from 6.5 {micro}g/mL in U87MG cells, and 21.5 {micro}g/mL from ~0.5 {micro}g/mL in LN229 cells. Modeling analysis of previous 3HM biodistribution results predict these cytotoxic concentrations are achievable with intravenous injection in rodent GBM models. 3HM-DOX formulations were internalized intact and underwent intracellular trafficking distinct from free DOX. 3HM was quantified to have an internalization half-life of 12.6 h in GBM6 cells, significantly longer than comparable reported liposome and polymer systems. 3HM was found to traffic through active endocytic processes, with clathrin-mediated endocytosis being the most involved of the pathways studied. Inhibition studies suggest substantial involvement of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in initiating 3HM uptake. Since 3HM surface is polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated with no targeting functionalities, protein corona involvement in 3HM recognition is expected. The present work develops insights of the cytotoxicity, pharmacodynamics and cellular interactions of 3HM and 3HM-DOX relevant for ongoing pre-clinical studies. This work also contributes to efforts to develop predictive mathematical models tracking accumulation and biodistribution kinetics at a systemic level.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/072892v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.072892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of 18 nm Doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix Micelles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Patient-derived GBM6 Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous activity changes in large-scale cortical networks in older adults couple to distinct hemodynamic morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurovascular coupling is a dynamic core mechanism supporting brain energy demand. Therefore, even spontaneous changes in neural activity are expected to evoke a vascular hemodynamic response (HDR). Here, we developed a novel procedure for estimating transient states in intrinsic activity of neural networks based on source-localized electroencephalogram in combination with HDR estimation based on simultaneous rapid-acquisition functional magnetic resonance imaging. We demonstrate a readily apparent spatiotemporal correspondence between electrophysiological and HDR signals, describing for the first time how features of neurovascular coupling may differ among large-scale brain networks. In the default mode network, the HDR pattern in our older adult participants was associated with a surrogate marker of cerebrovascular deterioration and predicted alterations in temporal structure of fast intrinsic electrophysiological activity linked to memory decline. These results show the potential of our technique for making inferences about neural and vascular processes in higher-level cognitive networks in healthy and at-risk populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sitnikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolrich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous activity changes in large-scale cortical networks in older adults couple to distinct hemodynamic morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakage of Hydrophobic Contacts Limits the Rate of Passive Lipid Exchange Between Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of heterogeneous lipid compositions among cellular membranes is key to biological function. Yet, even the simplest process that could be responsible for maintaining proper lipid distributions, passive lipid exchange of individual molecules between membranes, has eluded a detailed understanding, due in part to inconsistencies between experimental findings and molecular simulations. We resolve these discrepancies by discovering the reaction coordinate for passive lipid exchange, which enables a complete biophysical characterization of the rate limiting step for lipid exchange. Our approach to identify the reaction coordinate capitalizes on our ability to harvest over 1,000 unbiased trajectories of lipid insertion, an elementary step of passive lipid transport, using all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the reaction coordinate measures the formation and breakage of hydrophobic contacts between the membrane and exchanging lipid. Consistent with experiments, free energy profiles as a function of our reaction coordinate exhibit a substantial barrier for insertion. In contrast, lipid insertion was predicted to be a barrier-less process by previous computational studies, which incorrectly presumed the reaction coordinate to be the displacement of the exchanging lipid from the membrane. Utilizing our newfound knowledge of the reaction coordinate, we formulate an expression for the lipid exchange rate to enable a quantitative comparison with experiments. Overall, our results indicate that the breakage of hydrophobic contacts is rate limiting for passive lipid exchange and provide a foundation to understand the catalytic function of lipid transfer proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakage of Hydrophobic Contacts Limits the Rate of Passive Lipid Exchange Between Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Estimation of Large-Scale Spatial Capture-Recapture Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Capture-recapture methods are a common tool in ecological statistics, which have been extended to spatial capture-recapture models for data accompanied by location information. However, standard formulations of these models can be unwieldy and computationally intractable for large spatial scales, many individuals, and/or activity center movement. We provide a cumulative series of methods that yield dramatic improvements in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation for two examples. These include removing unnecessary computations, integrating out latent states, vectorizing declarations, and restricting calculations to the locality of individuals. Our approaches leverage the flexibility provided by the nimble R package. In our first example, we demonstrate an improvement in MCMC efficiency (the rate of generating effectively independent posterior samples) by a factor of 100. In our second example, we reduce the computing time required to generate 10,000 posterior samples from 4.5 hours down to five minutes, and realize an increase in MCMC efficiency by a factor of 25. We also explain how these approaches can be applied generally to other spatially-indexed hierarchical models. R code is provided for all examples, as well as an executable web-appendix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milleret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broseth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.081182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Estimation of Large-Scale Spatial Capture-Recapture Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects are extraordinarily diverse, yet are found in only one-third of insect orders. This skew may result from barriers to plant colonization, coupled with phylogenetic constraint on plant-colonizing adaptations. Physical barriers have been surmounted through the evolution of key morphological innovations, such as the plant-penetrating ovipositor. Despite their significance, the evolution and genetic basis of such innovations have not been well studied. Ovipositors densely lined with hard bristles have evolved repeatedly in herbivorous lineages within the Drosophilidae. Here, we focus on the evolution of this trait in Scaptomyza, an herbivorous radiation nested in a microbe-feeding clade, sister to Hawaiian Drosophila. Our phylogenetic approach revealed that ovipositor bristle number increased as herbivory evolved. We then dissected the genomic architecture of variation in ovipositor bristle number within S. flava through a genome wide association study. Top associated variants were enriched for transcriptional repressors, and the strongest associations included genes contributing to peripheral nervous system development. Genotyping individual flies replicated the association at a variant upstream of Gi, a neural development gene, contributing to a gain of 0.58 bristles/major allele. These results suggest that regulatory variation involving conserved developmental genes contributes to a key morphological adaptation required for plant colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling selection on genetically correlated polygenic traits using whole-genome genealogies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a full-likelihood method to estimate and quantify polygenic adaptation from contemporary DNA sequence data. The method combines population genetic DNA sequence data and GWAS summary statistics from up to thousands of nucleotide sites in a joint likelihood function to estimate the strength of transient directional selection acting on a polygenic trait. Through population genetic simulations of polygenic trait architectures and GWAS, we show that the method substantially improves power over current methods. We examine the robustness of the method under uncorrected GWAS stratification, uncertainty and ascertainment bias in the GWAS estimates of SNP effects, uncertainty in the identification of causal SNPs, allelic heterogeneity, negative selection, and low GWAS sample size. The method can quantify selection acting on correlated traits, fully controlling for pleiotropy even among traits with strong genetic correlation (|rg| = 80%; c.f. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) while retaining high power to attribute selection to the causal trait. We apply the method to study 56 human polygenic traits for signs of recent adaptation. We find signals of directional selection on pigmentation (tanning, sunburn, hair, P=5.5e-15, 1.1e-11, 2.2e-6, respectively), life history traits (age at first birth, EduYears, P=2.5e-4, 2.6e-4, respectively), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, P=1.2e-3), bone mineral density (P=1.1e-3), and neuroticism (P=5.5e-3). We also conduct joint testing of 137 pairs of genetically correlated traits. We find evidence of widespread correlated response acting on these traits (2.6-fold enrichment over the null expectation, P=1.5e-7). We find that for several traits previously reported as adaptive, such as educational attainment and hair color, a significant proportion of the signal of selection on these traits can be attributed to correlated response, vs direct selection (P=2.9e-6, 1.7e-4, respectively). Lastly, our joint test uncovers antagonistic selection that has acted to increase type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and decrease HbA1c (P=1.5e-5).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speidel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling selection on genetically correlated polygenic traits using whole-genome genealogies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe paired measurement of RNA and surface protein abundance in single cells with CITE-seq is a promising approach to connect transcriptional variation with cell phenotypes and functions. However, each data modality exhibits unique technical biases, making it challenging to conduct a joint analysis and combine these two views into a unified representation of cell state. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a framework for the joint probabilistic analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells. totalVI probabilistically represents the data as a composite of biological and technical factors such as limited sensitivity of the RNA data, background in the protein data, and batch effects. To evaluate totalVI, we performed CITE-seq on immune cells from murine spleen and lymph nodes with biological replicates and with different antibody panels measuring over 100 surface proteins. With this dataset, we demonstrate that totalVI provides a cohesive solution for common analysis tasks like the integration of datasets with matched or unmatched protein panels, dimensionality reduction, clustering, evaluation of correlations between molecules, and differential expression testing. totalVI enables scalable, end-to-end analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells and is available as open-source software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazor, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photorespiration pathways in a chemolithoautotroph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle is constrained by the side activity of Rubisco with dioxygen, generating 2-phosphoglycolate. The metabolic recycling of 2-phosphoglycolate, an essential process termed photorespiration, was extensively studied in photoautotrophic organisms, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, but remains uncharacterized in chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. Here, we study photorespiration in the model chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator (Ralstonia eutropha) by characterizing the proxy-process of glycolate metabolism, performing comparative transcriptomics of autotrophic growth under low and high CO2 concentrations, and testing autotrophic growth phenotypes of gene deletion strains at ambient CO2. We find that the canonical plant-like C2 cycle does not operate in this bacterium and instead the bacterial-like glycerate pathway is the main photorespiratory pathway. Upon disruption of the glycerate pathway, we find that an oxidative pathway, which we term the malate cycle, supports photorespiration. In this cycle, glyoxylate is condensed with acetyl-CoA to give malate, which undergoes two oxidative decarboxylation steps to regenerate acetyl-CoA. When both pathways are disrupted, autotrophic growth is abolished at ambient CO2. We present bioinformatic data suggesting that the malate cycle may support photorespiration in diverse chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. This study thus demonstrates a so-far unknown photorespiration pathway, highlighting important diversity in microbial carbon fixation metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claassens, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarinci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frielingsdorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photorespiration pathways in a chemolithoautotroph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TripletProt: Deep Representation Learning of Proteins based on Siamese Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce TripletProt, a new approach for protein representation learning based on the Siamese neural networks. We evaluate TripletProt comprehensively in protein functional annotation tasks including sub-cellular localization (14 categories) and gene ontology prediction (more than 2000 classes), which are both challenging multi-class multi-label classification machine learning problems. We compare the performance of TripletProt with the state-of-the-art approaches including recurrent language model-based approach (i.e., UniRep), as well as protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and sequence-based method (i.e., DeepGO). Our TripletProt showed an overall improvement of F1 score in the above mentioned comprehensive functional annotation tasks, solely relying on the PPI network. TripletProt and in general Siamese Network offer great potentials for the protein informatics tasks and can be widely applied to similar tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nourani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.088237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TripletProt: Deep Representation Learning of Proteins based on Siamese Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of Upstream and Downstream Promoter Regions with RNA Polymerase are Energetically Coupled and a Target of Regulation in Transcription Initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During transcription initiation, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP) and the promoter form an open complex. For many promoters, this interaction involves upstream DNA wrapping, downstream promoter bending, and associated large-scale protein rearrangements. Although these processes have been reported across the life kingdom, their structure, energetics, and role in transcription remain an area of active research. Using optical tweezers, we find that these processes become energetically and reversibly coupled after the formation of the open promoter complex, providing the main contribution to their stability. Using electron microscopy and single particle analysis, we find that the interaction encompasses from positions -76 to +18 along the template, that it involves an overall DNA bent angle of ~245{degrees}, and that the upstream wrapping is enabled by interactions between the C-terminal domains of RNAPs alpha subunits and proximal and middle upstream promoter regions. The energy associated with upstream wrapping, downstream bending and its coupling to downstream rearrangements does not require specific upstream promoter sequence, and correlate positively with the rate of transcription DNA bubble formation as reported by a real-time fluorescence assay. Our results suggest that the coupling between upstream and downstream events are part of a cis-regulatory network established after the opening of the DNA bubble, that could furnish a control mechanism of gene expression by protein factors and regulatory metabolites.

SummaryThe first step of gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase (RNAP). RNAP recognizes a promoter sequence forming the transcriptionally active open complex. For several promoters, DNA wraps around the RNAP. We find that upstream wrapping contacts are energetically coupled and occur cooperatively with downstream rearrangements in the open complexes, providing the largest contribution to their stability. We also determined that upstream wrapping is enabled by interactions between non-specific upstream promoter regions and RNAP  subunit C-terminal domains. Significantly, the strength of these contacts correlates with the rate of DNA bubble opening, and is regulated by factors such as the transcriptional regulator ppGpp. We suggest that any modulator altering upstream wrapping and downstream rearrangements could finely tune gene expression in response to the needs of the cell
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez-Ariza, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Celis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassago, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, P. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugal, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.070375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of Upstream and Downstream Promoter Regions with RNA Polymerase are Energetically Coupled and a Target of Regulation in Transcription Initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel global profiling of plant TOR dynamics reveals a conserved role for LARP1 in protein translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a deeply conserved protein kinase that coordinates eukaryotic metabolism with nutrient availability. In mammals, TOR specifically promotes translation of ribosomal protein mRNAs when amino acids are available to support protein synthesis. The mechanisms controlling translation downstream from TOR remain contested, however, and are largely unexplored in plants. Here, we took parallel global profiling approaches to define the in planta TOR-regulated transcriptome, translatome, proteome, and phosphoproteome. We found that TOR regulates ribosome biogenesis in plants at multiple levels, but through mechanisms that do not directly depend on the canonical 5' oligopyrimidine tract motif (5'TOP) found in mammalian ribosomal protein mRNAs. To investigate this further, we focused on a putative TOR substrate identified in our phosphoproteome: LARP1, a eukaryotic RNA-binding protein that is proposed to mediate TOR translational control of 5'TOP mRNAs in humans and that has gained increased interest because it associates with SARS-CoV-2. By conducting parallel global profiling experiments with larp1 mutants, we discovered that the TOR-LARP1 signaling axis controls 5'TOP mRNA translation in plants and defined a set of conserved eukaryotic 5'TOP mRNAs that encode cyclins, importins/karyopherins, translation elongation factors, and TCTP1, among others. We then identified novel, plant-specific 5'TOP mRNAs involved in critical biological processes, including ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling, and auxin signaling. Our study illuminates the ancestral roles of the TOR-LARP1-5'TOP metabolic regulatory network and provides evolutionary context for ongoing debates about the molecular function of LARP1 in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scarpin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiboff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunkard, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel global profiling of plant TOR dynamics reveals a conserved role for LARP1 in protein translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human CDK-activating kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human CDK-activating kinase (CAK), a complex composed of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 7, cyclin H, and MAT1, is a critical regulator of transcription initiation and the cell cycle. It acts by phosphorylating the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain of the RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb1, which is an important regulatory event in transcription initiation by Pol II, and it phosphorylates the regulatory T-loop of CDKs that control cell-cycle progression. Here, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic module of human CAK, revealing the structural basis of its assembly and providing insight into CDK7 activation in this context. The unique third component of the complex, MAT1, substantially extends the interaction interface between CDK7 and cyclin H, explaining its role as a CAK assembly factor, and it forms interactions with the CDK7 T-loop, which may contribute to enhancing CAK activity. We have also determined the structure of the CAK in complex with the covalently bound inhibitor THZ1 in order to provide insight into the binding of inhibitors at the CDK7 active site and aid in the rational design of therapeutic compounds.

SignificanceControl of gene expression and the cell cycle is critical for appropriate cell growth and timely cell division. Failure of the mechanisms regulating these processes can result in proliferative diseases. A molecular complex termed the CDK activating kinase (CAK) impinges on both of these regulatory networks in human cells and is thus a possible drug target for treatment of cancer. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to describe the detailed molecular structure of the human CAK, revealing its architecture and the interactions between its regulatory elements. Additionally, we have obtained the structure of the CAK in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Bertoldi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human CDK-activating kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S-phase independent silencing establishment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of silent chromatin, a heterochromatin-like structure at HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on progression through S phase of the cell cycle, but the molecular nature of this requirement has remained elusive despite intensive study. Using high-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation and single-molecule RNA analysis, we found that silencing establishment proceeded via gradual repression of transcription in individual cells over several cell cycles, and that the cell-cycle-regulated step was downstream of Sir protein recruitment. In contrast to prior results, HML and HMR had identical cell-cycle requirements for silencing establishment, with no apparent contribution from a tRNA gene adjacent to HMR. We identified the cause of the S-phase requirement for silencing establishment: removal of transcription-favoring histone modifications deposited by Dot1, Sas2, and Rtt109. These results revealed that silencing establishment was absolutely dependent on the cell-cycle-regulated interplay between euchromatic and heterochromatic histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodnight, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S-phase independent silencing establishment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogeochemical exports of C, N, S and H2 from watersheds are modulated by the activity of microorganisms that function over micron scales. This disparity of scales presents a substantial challenge for development of predictive models describing watershed function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that meander-bound regions exhibit patterns of microbial metabolic potential that are broadly predictive of biogeochemical processes in floodplain soils along a river corridor. We intensively sampled floodplain soils located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the East River in Colorado and reconstructed 248 draft quality genomes representative at a sub-species level. Approximately one third of the representative genomes were detected across all three locations with similar levels of abundance, and despite the very high microbial diversity and complexity of the soils, ~15% of species were detected in two consecutive years. A core floodplain microbiome was enriched in bacterial capacities for aerobic respiration, aerobic CO oxidation, and thiosulfate oxidation with the formation of elemental sulfur. We did not detect systematic patterns of gene abundance based on sampling position relative to the river. However, at the watershed scale meander-bound floodplains appear to serve as scaling motifs that predict aggregate capacities for biogeochemical transformations in floodplain soils. Given this, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the middle site. Overall, the most highly transcribed genes were amoCAB and nxrAB (for nitrification) followed by genes involved in methanol and formate oxidation, and nitrogen and CO2 fixation. Low soil organic carbon correlated with high activity of genes involved in methanol, formate, sulfide, hydrogen, and ammonia oxidation, nitrite oxidoreduction, and nitrate and nitrite reduction. Thus, widely represented genetic capacities did not predict in situ activity at one time point, but rather they define a reservoir of biogeochemical potential available as conditions change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.086363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and DPANN archaea are uncultivated, small-celled symbionts often detected in groundwater. However, variations in CPR/DPANN organism abundance, distribution, taxonomic diversity, and degree/nature of host association with groundwater chemistry remain understudied. Here, we performed genome-resolved metagenomic characterization of one agriculturally-impacted and seven pristine groundwater microbial communities in California, recovering 746 dereplicated CPR and DPANN genomes. Our finding of up to 31% CPR bacteria and 4% DPANN archaea in the pristine sites, which serve as local sources of drinking water, may hold health relevance, given growing awareness of the presence of CPR/DPANN organisms in human microbiomes and their association with disease. There is little species-level genome overlap across groundwater sites, indicating that CPR and DPANN communities are highly differentiated according to host populations and physicochemical conditions. Cryo-TEM imaging and genomic analyses indicate that CPR growth may be stimulated by attachment to the surface of host cells, and identified CPR and DPANN lineages with particularly prevalent and/or resilient host cell attachment. These results establish the huge but site-specific diversity of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea coexisting with diverse hosts in groundwater aquifers, and raise important questions about potential impacts on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.094862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrVCTVRE: A supervised learning method to predict the pathogenicity of human structural variants. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhole genome sequencing resolves many clinical cases where standard diagnostic methods have failed. However, at least half of these cases remain unresolved after whole genome sequencing. Structural variants (SVs; genomic variants larger than 50 base pairs) of uncertain significance are the genetic cause of a portion of these unresolved cases. As sequencing methods using long or linked reads become more accessible and structural variant detection algorithms improve, clinicians and researchers are gaining access to thousands of reliable SVs of unknown disease relevance. Methods to predict the pathogenicity of these SVs are required to realize the full diagnostic potential of long-read sequencing.

ResultsTo address this emerging need, we developed StrVCTVRE to distinguish pathogenic SVs from benign SVs that overlap exons. In a random forest classifier, we integrated features that capture gene importance, coding region, conservation, expression, and exon structure. We found that features such as expression and conservation are important but are absent from SV classification guidelines. We leveraged multiple resources to construct a size-matched training set of rare, putatively benign and pathogenic SVs. StrVCTVRE performs accurately across a wide SV size range on independent test sets, which will allow clinicians and researchers to eliminate about half of SVs from consideration while retaining a 90% sensitivity.

ConclusionsWe anticipate clinicians and researchers will use StrVCTVRE to prioritize SVs in patients where no SV is immediately compelling, empowering deeper investigation into novel SVs to resolve cases and understand new mechanisms of disease. StrVCTVRE runs rapidly and is available at https://compbio.berkeley.edu/proj/strvctvre/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.097048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrVCTVRE: A supervised learning method to predict the pathogenicity of human structural variants.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-free optical detection of bioelectric potentials using electrochromic thin films 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how a network of interconnected neurons receives, stores, and processes information in the human brain is one of the outstanding scientific challenges of our time. The ability to reliably detect neuroelectric activities is essential to addressing this challenge. Optical recording using voltage-sensitive fluorescent probes has provided unprecedented flexibility for choosing regions of interest in recording neuronal activities. However, when recording at a high frame rate such as 500-1000 Hz, fluorescence-based voltage sensors often suffer from photobleaching and phototoxicity, which limit the recording duration. Here, we report a new approach, Electro-Chromic Optical REcording (ECORE), that achieves label-free optical recording of spontaneous neuroelectrical activities. ECORE utilizes the electrochromism of PEDOT:PSS thin films, whose optical absorption can be modulated by an applied voltage. Being based on optical reflection instead of fluorescence, ECORE offers the flexibility of an optical probe without suffering from photobleaching or phototoxicity. Using ECORE, we optically recorded spontaneous action potentials in cardiomyocytes, cultured hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion neurons, and brain slices. With minimal perturbation to cells, ECORE allows long-term optical recording over multiple days.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfonso, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantarci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copenhaver, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.099002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-free optical detection of bioelectric potentials using electrochromic thin films]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are susceptible to shigellosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.099929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease that is a major cause of diarrhea-associated mortality in humans. Shigellosis develops upon oral ingestion of as few as 100 bacteria, but million-fold higher doses fail to cause disease in mice. The lack of a physiologically relevant mouse model of shigellosis has impeded our understanding of this important human disease, but why mice are resistant is unknown. Here we show that in human cells, but not in mice, Shigella evades detection by the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, an immune sensor present in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We find that NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are highly susceptible to oral Shigella infection and recapitulate the clinical features of human shigellosis, including bacterial replication in IECs and neutrophilic inflammation of the colon. Confirming a role for bacterial replication in IECs in our new model, a Shigella mutant lacking IcsA, a factor required for cell-to-cell spread among IECs, is attenuated in otherwise susceptible NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice. Although inflammasome-mediated cell death is widely held to promote Shigella infection and pathogenesis, we instead demonstrate that IEC-specific NAIP-NLRC4-induced cell death is sufficient to protect the host from shigellosis. Thus, NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are a physiologically relevant and experimentally tractable model for shigellosis. More broadly, our results suggest that the lack of an inflammasome response in IECs may help explain the extreme susceptibility of humans to shigellosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncaioli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.099929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are susceptible to shigellosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rod signals are routed through specific Off cone bipolar cells in primate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adapting between scotopic and photopic illumination involves switching the routing of retinal signals between rod and cone-dominated circuits. In the daytime, cone signals pass through parallel On and Off cone bipolar cells, that are sensitive to increments and decrements in luminance, respectively. At night, rod signals are routed into these cone-pathways via a key glycinergic interneuron, the AII amacrine cell (AII-AC). In primates, it is not known whether AII-ACs contact all Off-bipolar cell types indiscriminately, or whether their outputs are biased towards specific Off-bipolar cell types. Here, we show that the rod-driven glycinergic output of AII-ACs is strongly biased towards a subset of macaque Off-cone bipolar cells. The Off-bipolar types that receive this glycinergic input have sustained physiological properties and include the Off-midget bipolar cells, which provide excitatory input to the Off-midget ganglion cells (parvocellular pathway). The kinetics of the glycinergic events are consistent with the involvement of the 1 glycine receptor subunit. Taken together with results in mouse retina, our findings point towards a conserved motif whereby rod signals are preferentially routed into sustained Off signaling pathways.

Significance StatementVisual signals pass through different retinal neurons depending on the prevailing level of illumination. Under night-time light levels, signals from rods pass through the AII amacrine cell, an inhibitory interneuron that routes rod signals into On and Off bipolar cells to detect increments and decrements in light intensity, respectively. Here, we show in primate retina that the output of AII amacrine cells is strongly biased towards specific Off bipolar cell types, which suggests that rod signals reach the brain via specific neural channels. Our results further our understanding of how visual signals are routed through visual circuits during night-time vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percival, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayet-Primo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthussery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rod signals are routed through specific Off cone bipolar cells in primate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise interventions alter the DNA methylation profile in skeletal muscle, yet little is known about the role of the DNA methylation machinery in exercise capacity. In this study, we found that in oxidative red muscle, DNMT3A expression increases greatly following a bout of endurance exercise. Mice lacking Dnmt3a in skeletal muscle fibers had reduced tolerance to endurance exercise, accompanied by reduced oxidative capacity and reduced mitochondrial counts. Moreover, during exercise, the knockout muscles overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are major contributors to muscle dysfunction. In mechanistic terms, we demonstrated that Aldh1l1 is a key target of repression by DNMT3A in red muscles. DNMT3A directly regulated the Aldh1l1 transcription by binding to the Aldh1l1 promoter region and altering DNA methylation and histone modification. Enforcing ALDH1L1 expression, leading to elevated NADPH, led to overproduction of ROS by the NADPH oxidase complex (NOX) in myotubes, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial defects. Moreover, both genetic inhibition of ALDH1L1 and pharmacological inhibition of NOX rescued oxidative stress and mitochondrial decline in Dnmt3a-deficient myotubes, confirming the essential role of ALDH1L1-dependent ROS generation as a downstream effector of DNMT3A loss of function. Together, our results reveal that DNMT3A in skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in endurance exercise by controlling intracellular oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villivalam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skeletal muscle DNMT3A plays a necessary role in endurance exercise by regulating oxidative capacity of red muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcription factor Pou3f1 provides a new map to the glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pou3f1 is a transcription factor involved in early neural differentiation. Cap Analysis Gene Expression (5-CAGE) analysis reveals that Pou3f1 transcript is highly enriched in the developing cerebellum. Between embryonic (E) days E10.5 and E12.5, Pou3f1 expression is present prominently along the subpial stream (SS), suggesting that Pou3f1+ cells are glutamatergic cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons. This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescent (IF) co-labeling of Pou3f1 and Atoh1, the master regulator of cells from the rhombic lip (RL) that are destined for neurons of the glutamatergic lineage, as well as in Atoh1-null tissues, in which Pou3f1 expression is absent. Interestingly, the expression of Pax6, another key molecule for CN neuron survival, does not co-localize with that of Pou3f1. In the Pax6-null Small Eye (Sey) mutant, which is characterized by a loss of many glutamatergic CN neurons, Pou3f1+ CN neurons are still present. Furthermore, Pou3f1-labeled cells do not co-express Tbr1, a well-established marker of glutamatergic CN neurons. These results highlight that Pou3f1+ cells are a distinct and previously unrecognized subtype of glutamatergic CN neurons that do not have the "canonical" sequence of Atoh1[-&gt;]Pax6[-&gt;]Tbr1 expressions. Instead, they express Atoh1, Pou3f1, and other markers of CN neurons, Brn2 and Irx3. These findings illustrate that glutamatergic CN neurons that arise from the RL are composed of molecularly heterogeneous subpopulations that are determined by at least two distinct transcriptional programs.

Significance StatementThe present work has identified Pou3f1 as a marker for a previously unidentified subtype of glutamatergic cerebellar nuclear neurons, the principal output neurons of the cerebellum. The classical model of glutamatergic CN neurons development follows the sequential expression of transcription factors Atoh1[-&gt;]Pax6[-&gt;]Tbr1. However, we found that the development of Pou3f1+ neurons requires Atoh1 but not Pax6. Moreover, Pou3f1+ neurons do not express Tbr1, but instead express two other transcription factors, Brn2 and Irx3. Anatomically, Pou3f1+ CN neurons populate the interposed and dentate nuclei, while the Tbr1+ CN neurons populate the fastigial nucleus. These findings reveal the heterogeneity of CN neuron populations and the diversity of molecular programming that lead to different CN neuron subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcription factor Pou3f1 provides a new map to the glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Droplet Is an Ancient and Inheritable Organelle in Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplet (LD) is a monolayer phospholipid membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotes and several prokaryotes which plays key roles in cellular lipid homeostasis and human health. The origin and evolution of the organelle remains unknown. Here, we report that through screening over 660 bacteria using biophysical and biochemical methods, plus LD isolation and proteomic tool, LDs were identified in most of these microbes, affiliated with five main bacterial phyla. Moreover, LDs were also identified in E. coli overexpressing lipid synthesis enzymes, indicating that bacteria without detectable LDs possessed the ability of LD biogenesis. The similarity of isolated LDs from representative strains and evolutionary analysis of LD major protein PspA demonstrate that LDs were conserved in bacteria. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging revealed that LDs were inheritable accompanying with bacterial growth and division. Finally, a common ancestor of LD-containing bacteria was predicted to originate 3.19 billion years ago by a phylogenetic analysis. Our findings suggest that LD is a widespread and inheritable organelle from an ancient common ancestor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunsade, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.103093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Droplet Is an Ancient and Inheritable Organelle in Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The autophagy adaptor NDP52 and the FIP200 coiled-coil allosterically activate ULK1 complex membrane recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selective autophagy pathways of xenophagy and mitophagy are initiated when the adaptor NDP52 recruits the ULK1 complex to autophagic cargo. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to map the membrane and NDP52 binding sites of the ULK1 complex to unique regions of the coiled coil of the FIP200 subunit. Electron microscopy of the full-length ULK1 complex shows that the FIP200 coiled coil projects away from the crescent-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer. NDP52 allosterically stimulates membrane-binding by FIP200 and the ULK1 complex by promoting a more dynamic conformation of the membrane-binding portion of the FIP200 coiled coil. Giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) reconstitution confirmed that membrane recruitment by the ULK1 complex is triggered by NDP52 engagement. These data reveal how the allosteric linkage between NDP52 and the ULK1 complex could drive the first membrane recruitment event of phagophore biogenesis in xenophagy and mitophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The autophagy adaptor NDP52 and the FIP200 coiled-coil allosterically activate ULK1 complex membrane recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA from dried blood spots yields high quality sequences for exome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDNA sequencing of archived dried blood spots (DBS) collected by newborn screening programs constitutes a potential health resource to study newborn disorders and understand genotype-phenotype relationships. However, its essential to verify that sequencing reads from DBS derived DNA are suitable for variant discovery.

ResultsWe explored 16 metrics to comprehensively assess the quality of sequencing reads from 180 DBS and 35 whole blood (WB) samples. These metrics were used to assess a) mapping of reads to the reference genome, b) degree of DNA damage, and c) variant calling. Reads from both sets mapped with similar efficiencies, had similar overall DNA damage rates, measured by the mismatch rate with the reference genome, and produced variant calls sets with similar Transition-Transversion ratios. While evaluating single nucleotide changes that may have arisen from DNA damage, we observed that the A>T and T>A changes were more frequent in DNA from DBS than from WB. However, this did not affect the accuracy of variant calling, with DBS samples yielding a comparable count of high quality SNVs and indels in samples with at least 50x coverage.

ConclusionsOverall, DBS DNA provided exome sequencing data of sufficient quality for clinical interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunderam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA from dried blood spots yields high quality sequences for exome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Networks of Splice Factor Regulation by Unproductive Splicing Coupled With Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an RNA surveillance pathway that degrades aberrant transcripts harboring premature termination codons. This pathway, in conjunction with alternative splicing, regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally. Nearly all serine and arginine-rich (SR) proteins and many heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) produce isoforms that can be degraded by the NMD pathway. Many splicing factors have been reported to be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD. However, it is still uncharacterized that to what extent NMD contributes to the regulation of splicing factors.

ResultsHere, we characterized a regulatory network of splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. Based upon an extensive literature search, we first assembled a network that encompasses the current knowledge of splice factors repressing or activating the expression of other splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. This regulatory network is limited, including just a handful of well-studied splicing factors. To gain a more global and less biased overview, we examined the splicing factor-mRNA interactions from public crosslinking-immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-seq data, which provides information about protein-RNA interactions. A network view of these interactions reveals extensive binding among splicing regulators. We also found that splicing factors bind more frequently to transcripts of other splicing factors than to other genes. In addition, many splicing factors are targets of NMD, and might be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD, which is demonstrated by the significant overlap between the experimental network and eCLIP-network. We found that hierarchy of the splicing-factor interaction network differs from the hierarchy observed for transcription factors.

ConclusionThe extensive interaction between splicing factors and transcripts of other splicing factors suggests that the potential regulation via alternative splicing coupled with NMD is widespread. The splicing factor regulation is fundamentally different from that of transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Networks of Splice Factor Regulation by Unproductive Splicing Coupled With Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A previously uncharacterized gene in SARS-CoV-2 illuminates the functional dynamics and evolutionary origins of the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the emergence of novel viruses requires an accurate and comprehensive annotation of their genomes. Overlapping genes (OLGs) are common in viruses and have been associated with pandemics, but are still widely overlooked. We identify and characterize ORF3d, a novel OLG in SARS-CoV-2 that is also present in Guangxi pangolin-CoVs but not other closely related pangolin-CoVs or bat-CoVs. We then document evidence of ORF3d translation, characterize its protein sequence, and conduct an evolutionary analysis at three levels: between taxa (21 members of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus), between human hosts (3978 SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences), and within human hosts (401 deeply sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples). ORF3d has been independently identified and shown to elicit a strong antibody response in COVID-19 patients. However, it has been misclassified as the unrelated gene ORF3b, leading to confusion. Our results liken ORF3d to other accessory genes in emerging viruses and highlight the importance of OLGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A previously uncharacterized gene in SARS-CoV-2 illuminates the functional dynamics and evolutionary origins of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of Generalized Concentration Addition to Predict Mixture Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures often occur in complex mixtures and at low concentrations. Generalized concentration addition (GCA) is a method used to estimate the joint effect of receptor ligands that vary in efficacy. GCA models have been successfully applied to mixtures of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands, each of which can be modeled as a receptor with a single binding site. Here, we evaluated whether GCA could be applied to homodimer nuclear receptors, which have two binding sites, to predict the combined effect of full glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists with partial agonists. We measured transcriptional activation of GR using a cell-based bioassay. Individual dose response curves for dexamethasone (full agonist), prednisolone (full agonist), and medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (partial agonist) were generated and applied in three additivity models, GCA, effect summation (ES), and relative potency factor (RPF), to generate response surfaces. GCA and RPF yielded adequate predictions of the experimental data for two full agonists. However, GCA fit experimental data significantly better than ES and RPF for all other binary mixtures. This work extends the application of GCA to homodimer nuclear receptors and improves prediction accuracy of mixture effects of GR agonists.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Rosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlezinger, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of Generalized Concentration Addition to Predict Mixture Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting the Dynamics of Behavior in Decision-Making Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how animals update their decision-making behavior over time is an important problem in neuroscience. Decision-making strategies evolve over the course of learning, and continue to vary even in well-trained animals. However, the standard suite of behavioral analysis tools is ill-equipped to capture the dynamics of these strategies. Here, we present a flexible method for characterizing time-varying behavior during decision-making experiments. We show that it successfully captures trial-to-trial changes in an animals sensitivity to not only task-relevant stimuli, but also task-irrelevant covariates such as choice, reward, and stimulus history. We use this method to derive insights from training data collected in mice, rats, and human subjects performing auditory discrimination and visual detection tasks. With this approach, we uncover the detailed evolution of an animals strategy during learning, including adaptation to time-varying task statistics, suppression of sub-optimal strategies, and shared behavioral dynamics between subjects within an experimental population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akrami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting the Dynamics of Behavior in Decision-Making Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.101154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA translocase operates by cycling between planarand lock-washer structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.101154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring ATPases that translocate disordered polymers possess lock-washer architectures that they impose on their substrates during transport via a hand-over-hand mechanism. Here, we investigate the operation of ring motors that transport substrates possessing a preexisting helical structure, such as the bacteriophage {phi}29 dsDNA packaging motor. During each cycle, this pentameric motor tracks one helix strand (the  tracking strand), and alternates between two segregated phases: a dwell in which it exchanges ADP for ATP and a burst in which it packages a full turn of DNA in four steps. We challenge this motor with DNA-RNA hybrids and dsRNA substrates and find that it adapts the size of its burst to the corresponding shorter helical pitches by keeping three of its power strokes invariant while shortening the fourth. Intermittently, the motor loses grip when the tracking strand is RNA, indicating that it makes load-bearing contacts with the substrate that are optimal with dsDNA. The motor possesses weaker grip when ADP-bound at the end of the burst. To rationalize all these observations, we propose a helical inchworm translocation mechanism in which the motor increasingly adopts a lock-washer structure during the ATP loading dwell and successively regains its planar form with each power stroke during the burst.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafoya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.101154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA translocase operates by cycling between planarand lock-washer structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting wildlife hosts of betacoronaviruses for SARS-CoV-2 sampling prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite global investment in One Health disease surveillance, it remains difficult--and often very costly--to identify and monitor the wildlife reservoirs of novel zoonotic viruses. Statistical models can be used to guide sampling prioritization, but predictions from any given model may be highly uncertain; moreover, systematic model validation is rare, and the drivers of model performance are consequently under-documented. Here, we use bat hosts of betacoronaviruses as a case study for the data-driven process of comparing and validating predictive models of likely reservoir hosts. In the first quarter of 2020, we generated an ensemble of eight statistical models that predict host-virus associations and developed priority sampling recommendations for potential bat reservoirs and potential bridge hosts for SARS-CoV-2. Over more than a year, we tracked the discovery of 40 new bat hosts of betacoronaviruses, validated initial predictions, and dynamically updated our analytic pipeline. We find that ecological trait-based models perform extremely well at predicting these novel hosts, whereas network methods consistently perform roughly as well or worse than expected at random. These findings illustrate the importance of ensembling as a buffer against variation in model quality and highlight the value of including host ecology in predictive models. Our revised models show improved performance and predict over 400 bat species globally that could be undetected hosts of betacoronaviruses. Although 20 species of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) are known to be the primary reservoir of SARS-like viruses, we find at least three-fourths of plausible betacoronavirus reservoirs in this bat genus might still be undetected. Our study is the first to demonstrate through systematic validation that machine learning models can help optimize wildlife sampling for undiscovered viruses and illustrates how such approaches are best implemented through a dynamic process of prediction, data collection, validation, and updating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albery, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poisot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskew, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting wildlife hosts of betacoronaviruses for SARS-CoV-2 sampling prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SciSight: Combining faceted navigation and research group detection for COVID-19 exploratory scientific search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked unprecedented mobilization of scientists, generating a deluge of papers that makes it hard for researchers to keep track and explore new directions. Search engines are designed for targeted queries, not for discovery of connections across a corpus. In this paper, we present SciSight, a system for exploratory search of COVID-19 research integrating two key capabilities: first, exploring associations between biomedical facets automatically extracted from papers (e.g., genes, drugs, diseases, patient outcomes); second, combining textual and network information to search and visualize groups of researchers and their ties. SciSight1 has so far served over 15K users with over 42K page views and 13% returns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hope, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portenoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weld, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearst, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SciSight: Combining faceted navigation and research group detection for COVID-19 exploratory scientific search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated hiPSC-based liver and heart microphysiological systems predict unsafe drug-drug interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.112771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) mimicking human organ function in vitro are an emerging alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models for drug development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to capture the diversity of human genetics and provide an unlimited supply of cells. Combining hiPSCs with microfluidics technology in MPSs offers new perspectives for drug development. Here, the integration of a newly developed liver MPS with a cardiac MPS--both built with the same hiPSC line--to study drug-drug interaction (DDI) is reported. As a prominent example of clinically relevant DDI, the interaction of the arrhythmogenic gastroprokinetic cisapride with the fungicide ketoconazole was investigated. As seen in patients, metabolic conversion of cisapride to non-arrhythmogenic norcisapride in the liver MPS by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 was inhibited by ketoconazole, leading to arrhythmia in the cardiac MPS. These results establish functional integration of isogenic hiPSC-based liver and cardiac MPSs, which allows screening for DDI, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity, in the same genetic background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee-Montiel, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laemmle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okochi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenbring, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.112771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated hiPSC-based liver and heart microphysiological systems predict unsafe drug-drug interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are a recently discovered proteinaceous organelle in prokaryotes that compartmentalize cargo enzymes. While initial studies have begun to elucidate the structure and physiological roles of encapsulins, bioinformatic evidence suggests that a great diversity of encapsulin nanocompartments remains unexplored. Here, we describe a novel encapsulin in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. This nanocompartment is upregulated upon sulfate starvation and encapsulates a cysteine desulfurase enzyme via an N-terminal targeting sequence. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we have determined the structure of the nanocompartment complex to 2.2 [A] resolution. Lastly, biochemical characterization of the complex demonstrated that the activity of the cysteine desulfurase is enhanced upon encapsulation. Taken together, our discovery, structural analysis, and enzymatic characterization of this prokaryotic nanocompartment provide a foundation for future studies seeking to understand the physiological role of this encapsulin in various bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFrance, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.113977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Discovery of Pseudomonad Genetic Factors Involved in Sensitivity to Tailocins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.113977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tailocins are bactericidal protein complexes produced by a wide variety of bacteria to compete against closely related strains. Like tailed bacteriophages, with whom they share an evolutionary and morphological relationship, tailocins bind and kill a narrow spectrum of target cells. Thanks to their high specificity, tailocins have garnered recent attention for their potential as precision antibacterial agents. Nevertheless, the field currently lacks a systematic investigation of genetic determinants of tailocin sensitivity. Here, we employed barcoded transposon-insertion mutant libraries and comparative genomics to assess genetic contributions to tailocin sensitivity in pseudomonads. Our mutant screens identified O-specific antigen (OSA) composition and display as most important in defining sensitivity to our tailocins. Additionally, the screens suggest lipopolysaccharide (LPS) thinning as a mechanism by which resistant strains can become more sensitive to tailocins. Our comparative genomics analyses show a loose relationship between OSA biosynthetic genes and tailocin sensitivity, as well as sensitivity nuances that require further investigation. Overall, our data reinforces the model that LPS molecules can act as either a receptor for, or shield against, tailocin binding and killing. This work offers insight into the specificity of tailocins and tailocin-mediated competition, informing the potential use of tailocins in microbiome manipulation and antibacterial therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadeh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walian, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.113977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Discovery of Pseudomonad Genetic Factors Involved in Sensitivity to Tailocins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many photosynthetic organisms employ a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to increase the rate of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. CCMs catalyze ≈50% of global photosynthesis, yet it remains unclear which genes and proteins are required to produce this complex adaptation. We describe the construction of a functional CCM in a non-native host, achieved by expressing genes from an autotrophic bacterium in an engineered E. coli strain. Expression of 20 CCM genes enabled E. coli to grow by fixing CO2 from ambient air into biomass, with growth depending on CCM components. Bacterial CCMs are therefore genetically compact and readily transplanted, rationalizing their presence in diverse bacteria. Reconstitution enabled genetic experiments refining our understanding of the CCM, thereby laying the groundwork for deeper study and engineering of the cell biology supporting CO2 assimilation in diverse organisms.One Sentence Summary A bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism enables E. coli to fix CO2 from ambient air.Competing Interest StatementD.F.S. is a co-founder of Scribe Therapeutics and a scientific advisory board member of Scribe Therapeutics and Mammoth Biosciences. A.B.-E. is co-founder of b.fab. These companies were not involved in this research in any way. All other authors declare no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the epidemics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this disease are far from being understood. Here, we characterize and classify the cellular composition within the alveolar space and peripheral blood of COPD patients and control donors using a clinically applicable single-cell RNA-seq technology corroborated by advanced computational approaches for: machine learning-based cell-type classification, identification of differentially expressed genes, prediction of metabolic changes, and modeling of cellular trajectories within a patient cohort. These high-resolution approaches revealed: massive transcriptional plasticity of macrophages in the alveolar space with increased levels of invading and proliferating cells, loss of MHC expression, reduced cellular motility, altered lipid metabolism, and a metabolic shift reminiscent of mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD patients. Collectively, single-cell omics of multi-tissue samples was used to build the first cellular and molecular framework for COPD pathophysiology as a prerequisite to develop molecular biomarkers and causal therapies against this deadly disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujii, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapellos, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reusch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Sarpong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnat-Herresthal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaguro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohnhaas, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, H. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte-Schrepping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltheuner, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feisst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowasch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schult</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.080473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An image resource of subdivided Drosophila GAL4-driver expression patterns for neuron-level searches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.080473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise, repeatable genetic access to specific neurons via GAL4/UAS and related methods is a key advantage of Drosophila neuroscience. Neuronal targeting is typically documented using light microscopy of full GAL4 expression patterns, which generally lack the single-cell resolution required for reliable cell type identification. Here we use stochastic GAL4 labeling with the MultiColor FlpOut approach to generate cellular resolution confocal images at large scale. We are releasing aligned images of 74,000 such adult central nervous systems. An anticipated use of this resource is to bridge the gap between neurons identified by electron or light microscopy. Identifying individual neurons that make up each GAL4 expression pattern improves the prediction of split-GAL4 combinations targeting particular neurons. To this end we have made the images searchable on the NeuronBridge website. We demonstrate the potential of NeuronBridge to rapidly and effectively identify neuron matches based on morphology across imaging modalities and datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svirskas, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkesman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.080473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An image resource of subdivided Drosophila GAL4-driver expression patterns for neuron-level searches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying drug response by combining measurements of the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the extracellular potential in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) offer a new means to study and understand the human cardiac action potential, and can give key insight into how compounds may interact with important molecular pathways to destabilize the electrical function of the heart. Important features of the action potential can be readily measured using standard experimental techniques, such as the use of voltage sensitive dyes and fluorescent genetic reporters to estimate transmembrane potentials and cytosolic calcium concentrations. Using previously introduced computational procedures, such measurements can be used to estimate the current density of major ion channels present in hiPSC-CMs, and how compounds may alter their behavior. However, due to the limitations of optical recordings, resolving the sodium current remains difficult from these data. Here we show that if these optical measurements are complemented with observations of the extracellular potential using multi electrode arrays (MEAs), we can accurately estimate the current density of the sodium channels. This inversion of the sodium current relies on observation of the conduction velocity which turns out to be straightforwardly computed using measurements of extracellular waves across the electrodes. The combined data including the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration and the extracellular potential further opens up for the possibility of accurately estimating the effect of novel drugs applied to hiPSC-CMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying drug response by combining measurements of the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the extracellular potential in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic methods that are fast, inexpensive, and operationally simple. Here, we report on a bright solvatochromic dye trehalose conjugate that specifically detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in minutes. 3-hydroxychromone (3HC) dyes, known to yield high fluorescence quantum yields, exhibit shifts in fluorescence intensity in response to changes in environmental polarity. We synthesized two analogs of 3HC-trehalose conjugates (3HC-2-Tre and 3HC-3-Tre) and determined that 3HC-3-Tre has exceptionally favorable properties for Mtb detection. 3HC-3-Tre-labeled mycobacterial cells displayed a 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to our previously reports on the dye 4,4-N,N-dimethylaminonapthalimide (DMN-Tre). Excitingly, we detected fluorescent Mtb cells within 10 minutes of probe treatment. Thus, 3HC-3-Tre permits rapid visualization of mycobacteria that ultimately could empower improved Mtb detection at the point-of-care in low-resource settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamariza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, S. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambier, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupil-linked arousal biases evidence accumulation towards desirable percepts during perceptual decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People are biased towards seeing outcomes they are motivated to see. The arousal system coordinates the bodys response to motivationally significant events, and is well positioned to regulate motivational effects on sensory perception. However, it remains unclear whether arousal would enhance or reduce motivational biases. Here we measured pupil dilation as a measure of arousal while participants performed a visual categorization task. We used monetary bonuses to motivate participants to see one category over another. Even though the reward-maximizing strategy was to perform the task accurately, participants were more likely to report seeing the motivationally desirable category. Furthermore, higher arousal levels were associated with making motivationally biased responses. Analyses using computational models suggest that arousal enhanced motivational effects by biasing evidence accumulation in favor of motivationally desirable percepts. These results suggest heightened arousal biases people towards what they want to see and away from an objective representation of the environment.

Statement of RelevanceWhen confronted with an event of motivational significance (e.g., an opportunity to earn a huge reward), people often experience a strong arousal response that includes increased sweating, faster heart-rate and larger pupils. Does this arousal response help individuals make more accurate decisions, or does it instead bias and impair decision-making? This work examines the effects of arousal on how people decide what they see when they are motivated to see a particular outcome. We found that heightened arousal, as measured by larger pupils, was associated with a bias in how participants accumulated sensory evidence to make their decisions. As a result, participants became more likely to report seeing an ambiguous visual image as the interpretation they were motivated to see. Our results suggest that arousal biases perceptual judgments towards desirable percepts, and that modulating arousal levels could be a promising approach in reducing motivational biases in decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziembaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupil-linked arousal biases evidence accumulation towards desirable percepts during perceptual decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is an adaptive pattern of brain activity for a child? It depends on their environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior research indicates that lower resting-state functional coupling between two brain networks, lateral frontoparietal network (LFPN) and default mode network (DMN), relates to better cognitive test performance. However, most study samples skew towards wealthier individuals--and what is adaptive for one population may not be for another. In a pre-registered study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI from 6839 children ages 9-10 years. For children above poverty, we replicated the prior finding: better cognitive performance correlated with weaker LFPN-DMN coupling. For children in poverty, the slope of the relation was instead positive. This significant interaction related to several features of a childs environment. Future research should investigate the possibility that leveraging internally guided cognition is a mechanism of resilience for children in poverty. In sum, "optimal" brain function depends in part on the external pressures children face, highlighting the need for more diverse samples in research on the human brain and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellwood-Lowe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is an adaptive pattern of brain activity for a child? It depends on their environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hydraulic instability drives the cell death decision in the nematode germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oocytes are large and resourceful. During oogenesis some germ cells grow, typically at the expense of others that undergo apoptosis. How germ cells are selected to live or die out of a homogeneous population remains unclear. Here we show that this cell fate decision in C. elegans is mechanical and related to tissue hydraulics. Germ cells become inflated when the pressure inside them is lower than in the common cytoplasmic pool. This condition triggers a hydraulic instability which amplifies volume differences and causes some germ cells to grow and others to shrink. Shrinking germ cells are extruded and die, as we demonstrate by reducing germ cell volumes via thermoviscous pumping. Together, this reveals a robust mechanism of mechanochemical cell fate decision making in the germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chartier, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfanzelter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Früthauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreysing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.125864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hydraulic instability drives the cell death decision in the nematode germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signaling and compartment boundary maintenance in the Drosophila wing disc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.128892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is composed of two lineage-restricted populations of cells separated by a smooth boundary. Hedgehog (Hh) from posterior cells activates a signaling pathway in anterior cells near the boundary which is necessary for boundary maintenance. Here, we show that membrane potential is patterned in the wing disc. Anterior cells near the boundary, where Hh signaling is most active, are more depolarized than posterior cells across the boundary. Elevated expression of the ENaC channel Ripped Pocket (Rpk), observed in these anterior cells, requires Hh. Antagonizing Rpk reduces depolarization and disrupts the compartment boundary. Using genetic and optogenetic manipulations, we show that membrane depolarization promotes membrane localization of Smoothened and augments Hh signaling. Thus, membrane depolarization and Hh-dependent signaling mutually reinforce each other in this region. Finally, clones of depolarized cells survive preferentially in the anterior compartment and clones of hyperpolarized cells survive preferentially in the posterior compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons-Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.128892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signaling and compartment boundary maintenance in the Drosophila wing disc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Hourglass Circuit Motif Transforms a Motor Program via Subcellularly Localized Calcium Signaling in Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural control of muscle function is fundamental to animal behavior. Many muscles can generate multiple distinct behaviors. Nonetheless, individual muscle cells are generally regarded as the smallest units of motor control. We report that muscle cells can alter behavior by contracting subcellularly. We previously discovered that noxious tastes reverse the net flow of particles through the C. elegans pharynx, a neuromuscular pump, resulting in spitting. We now show that spitting results from the subcellular contraction of the anterior region of the pm3 muscle cell. Subcellularly localized calcium increases accompany this contraction. Spitting is controlled by an "hourglass" circuit motif: parallel neural pathways converge onto a single motor neuron that differentially controls multiple muscles and the critical subcellular muscle compartment. We conclude that subcellular muscle units enable modulatory motor control and propose that subcellular muscle contraction is a fundamental mechanism by which neurons can reshape behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sando, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Hourglass Circuit Motif Transforms a Motor Program via Subcellularly Localized Calcium Signaling in Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are a diverse family of non-structural viral proteins that, once expressed on the plasma membrane of infected cells, drive fusion with neighboring cells, increasing viral spread and pathogenicity. Unlike viral fusogens with tall ectodomains that pull two membranes together through conformational changes, FAST proteins have short fusogenic ectodomains that cannot bridge the inter-membrane gap between neighboring cells. One orthoreovirus FAST protein, p14, has been shown to hijack the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion, but the actin adaptor-binding motif identified in p14 is not found in any other FAST protein. Here, we report that an evolutionarily divergent FAST protein, p22 from aquareovirus, also hijacks the actin cytoskeleton but does so through different adaptor proteins, Intersectin-1 and Cdc42, that trigger N-WASP-mediated branched actin assembly. We show that despite using different pathways, the cytoplasmic tails of p22 and p14 can be exchanging to create a potent chimeric fusogen, suggesting they are modular and play similar functional roles. When we replace p22s branched actin nucleator, N-WASP, with the parallel filament nucleator, formin, its ability to drive fusion is maintained, indicating that localized mechanical pressure on the plasma membrane coupled to a membrane-disruptive ectodomain is sufficient to drive cell-cell fusion. This work points to a common biophysical strategy used by FAST proteins to push rather than pull membranes together to drive fusion, one that may be harnessed by other short fusogens responsible for physiological cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.130740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.132704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron Supplementation Eliminates Antagonistic Interactions Between Root Associated Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.132704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhizosphere microbiome (rhizobiome) plays a critical role in plant health and development. However the processes by which the constituent microbes interact to form and maintain a community are not well understood. To investigate these molecular processes, we examined pairwise interactions between 11 different microbial isolates under selected nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited conditions. We observed that when grown with media supplemented with 56 mM glucose, 2 microbial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of 6 out of 11 other microbes tested. The interaction between microbes persisted even after the antagonistic microbe was removed, upon exposure to spent media. To probe the genetic basis for these antagonistic interactions, we used a barcoded transposon library in a proxy bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, to identify genes which showed enhanced sensitivity to the antagonistic factor(s) secreted by Acinetobacter sp. 02. Iron metabolism-related gene clusters in P. putida were implicated by this systems-level analysis. The supplementation of iron prevented the antagonistic interaction in the original microbial pair supporting the hypothesis that iron limitation drives antagonistic microbial interactions between rhizobionts. We conclude that rhizobiome community composition is influenced by competition for limiting nutrients with implications for growth and development of the plant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.132704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron Supplementation Eliminates Antagonistic Interactions Between Root Associated Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.121624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography of speech-related acoustic and phonological feature encoding throughout the human core and parabelt auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.121624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech perception involves the extraction of acoustic and phonological features from the speech signal. How those features map out across the human auditory cortex is unknown. Complementary to noninvasive imaging, the high spatial and temporal resolution of intracranial recordings has greatly contributed to recent advances in our understanding. However, these approaches are typically limited by piecemeal sampling of the expansive human temporal lobe auditory cortex. Here, we present a functional characterization of local cortical encoding throughout all major regions of the primary and non-primary human auditory cortex. We overcame previous limitations by using rare direct recordings from the surface of the temporal plane after surgical microdissection of the deep Sylvian fissure between the frontal and temporal lobes. We recorded neural responses using simultaneous high-density direct recordings over the left temporal plane and the lateral superior temporal gyrus, while participants listened to natural speech sentences and pure tone stimuli. We found an anatomical separation of simple spectral feature tuning, including tuning for pure tones and absolute pitch, on the superior surface of the temporal plane, and complex tuning for phonological features, relative pitch and speech amplitude modulations on lateral STG. Broadband onset responses are unique to posterior STG and not found elsewhere in auditory cortices. This onset region is functionally distinct from the rest of STG, with latencies similar to primary auditory areas. These findings reveal a new, detailed functional organization of response selectivity to acoustic and phonological features in speech throughout the human auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.121624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography of speech-related acoustic and phonological feature encoding throughout the human core and parabelt auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Idiosyncratic Perception: A Link Between Acuity, Perceived Position, and Apparent Size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceiving the positions of objects is a prerequisite for most other visual and visuomotor functions, but human perception of object position varies from one individual to the next. The source of these individual differences in perceived position and their perceptual consequences are unknown. Here, we tested whether idiosyncratic biases in the underlying representation of visual space propagate across different levels of visual processing. In Experiment 1, using a position matching task, we found stable, observer-specific compressions and expansions within local regions throughout the visual field. We then measured Vernier acuity (Experiment 2) and perceived size of objects (Experiment 3) across the visual field and found that individualized spatial distortions were closely associated with variations in both visual acuity and apparent object size. Our results reveal idiosyncratic biases in perceived position and size, originating from a heterogeneous spatial resolution that carries across the visual hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Idiosyncratic Perception: A Link Between Acuity, Perceived Position, and Apparent Size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.141671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fire effects on ecosystems range from destruction of aboveground vegetation to direct and indirect effects on belowground microorganisms. Although variation in such effects is expected to be related to fire severity, another potentially important and poorly understood factor is the effects of fire seasonality on soil microorganisms. We carried out a large-scale field experiment examining the effects of spring versus autumn burns on the community composition of soil fungi in a typical Mediterranean woodland. Although the intensity and severity of our prescribed burns were largely consistent between the two burning seasons, we detected differential fire season effects on the composition of the soil fungal community, driven by changes in the saprotrophic fungal guild. The community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, assayed both in pine seedling bioassays and from soil sequencing, appeared to be resilient to the variation inflicted by seasonal fires. Since changes in the soil saprotrophic fungal community can directly influence carbon emission and decomposition rates, we suggest that regardless of their intensity and severity, seasonal fires may cause changes in ecosystem functioning.

DeclarationsO_ST_ABSFundingC_ST_ABSThis research was co-supported by the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF Grant 2012081) and Tel-Hai College.

Conflicts of interest/Competing interestsWe declare no conflicts of interest and that this material has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.

Ethics approvalNot applicable

Consent to participateNot applicable

Consent for publicationNot applicable

Availability of data and materialSequences were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive under accession numbers SRRXXX{square}SRRXXX.

Code availabilityNot applicable

Authors contributionsOO HS TB YO YC conceived and designed the experiment. SSL YA HM AT performed the experiment. SIG provided the pipeline scripts, and guidance in bioinformatics work and analyses. SLL OO HS wrote the paper and analyzed the data, and all authors contributed substantially to revisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne- Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsafrir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.141671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in a Mediterranean woodland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin residency determines chromatin loop patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of chromatin into higher-order structures is essential for chromosome segregation, the repair of DNA-damage, and the regulation of gene expression. Using Micro-C XL to detect chromosomal interactions, we observed the pervasive presence of cohesin-dependent loops with defined positions throughout the genome of budding yeast, as seen in mammalian cells. In early S phase, cohesin stably binds to cohesin associated regions (CARs) genome-wide. Subsequently, positioned loops accumulate with CARs at the bases of the loops. Cohesin regulators Wpl1 and Pds5 alter the levels and distribution of cohesin at CARs, changing the pattern of positioned loops. From these observations, we propose that cohesin with loop extrusion activity is stopped by preexisting CAR-bound cohesins, generating positioned loops. The patterns of loops observed in a population of wild-type and mutant cells can be explained by this mechanism, coupled with a heterogeneous residency of cohesin at CARs in individual cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>costantino, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamothe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin residency determines chromatin loop patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Investigation Of Blood Flow And Flow-mediated Transport In Arterial Thrombus Neighborhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pathologically formed blood clot or thrombus is central to major cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke. Detailed quantitative evaluation of flow and flow-mediated transport processes in the thrombus neighborhood within large artery hemodynamics is crucial for understanding disease progression and assessing treatment efficacy. This, however, remains a challenging task owing to the complexity of pulsatile viscous flow interactions with arbitrary shape and heterogeneous microstructure of realistic thrombi. Here, we address this challenge by conducting a systematic parametric simulation based study on characterizing unsteady hemodynamics and flow-mediated transport in the neighborhood of an arterial thrombus. We use a hybrid particle-continuum based finite element approach to handle arbitrary thrombus shape and microstructural variations. Results from a cohort of 50 different unsteady flow scenarios are presented, including unsteady vortical structures, pressure-gradient across the thrombus boundary, finite time Lyapunov exponents, and dynamic coherent structures that organize advective transport. We clearly illustrate the combined influence of three key parameters - thrombus shape, microstructure, and extent of wall disease - in terms of: (a) determining hemodynamic features in the thrombus neighborhood; and (b) governing the balance between advection, permeation, and diffusion to regulate transport processes in the thrombus neighborhood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teeraratkul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadden, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Investigation Of Blood Flow And Flow-mediated Transport In Arterial Thrombus Neighborhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.051482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electromechanics of lipid-modulated gating of Kv channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.051482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental studies reveal that anionic lipid POPA and non-phospholipid cholesterol inhibit the gating of voltage-sensitive potassium (Kv) channels at 5-10% molar concentrations. Intriguingly, other anionic lipids similar to POPA, like POPG, have minimal impact on the gating of the same channels for reasons that remain obscure. Our long-timescale atomistic simulations show that POPA preferentially solvates the voltage sensor domains of Kv channels by direct electrostatic interactions between the positively charged arginine and negatively charged phosphate groups. Cholesterol solvates the voltage sensor domains through CH-{pi} interactions between the cholesterol rings and the aromatic side chains of phenylalanine and tyrosine residues. A continuum electromechanical model predicts that POPA lipids may restrict the vertical motion of voltage-sensor domain through direct electrostatic interactions, while cholesterol may oppose the radial motion of the pore domain of the channel by increasing the mechanical rigidity of the membrane. The electromechanical model predictions are consistent with measurements of the activation curves of Kv channels for various lipids. The atomistic simulations also suggest that the solvation due to POPG is much weaker likely due to its bigger head-group size. Thus the channel activity appears to be tied to the local lipid environment, allowing lipids to regulate channel gating in low concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.051482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electromechanics of lipid-modulated gating of Kv channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive hierarchies, antibiosis, and the distribution of bacterial life history traits in a microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiome manipulation requires an understanding of how species interact within communities. Can outcomes of ecological interactions be predicted from microbial life history traits, the identity of the species, or both? We addressed these questions by studying the competitive interaction network in a community of 40 endophytic Pseudomonas spp. bacterial isolates from a native plant. Pairwise competition experiments revealed competitive dominance of P. fluorescens over P. syringae strains within this microbiome-derived community. P. syringae strains with higher growth rates won more contests, while P. fluorescens strains with shorter lag times and lower growth rates won more contests. Adding to their competitive dominance, P. fluorescens strains often produced antibiotics to which few P. syringae strains were resistant. Many competitive outcomes among P. syringae strains were predicted to be reversed by P. fluorescens inhibitors because indirect benefits accrued to less competitive strains. P. fluorescens strains frequently changed competitive outcomes, suggesting a critical role of strains within this bacterial clade in structuring plant microbiome communities. Microbial traits also may provide a handle for directing the outcome of colonization processes within microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive hierarchies, antibiosis, and the distribution of bacterial life history traits in a microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current RT-qPCR assay recommended for SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States requires analysis of three genomic targets per sample: two viral and one host. To simplify testing and reduce the volume of required reagents, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a single reaction. We used existing N1, N2, and RP primer and probe sets by the CDC, but substituted fluorophores to allow multiplexing of the assay. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of our multiplex RT-qPCR were comparable to those obtained by the singleplex assay adapted for research purposes. Low copies (>500 copies / reaction) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were consistently detected by the multiplex RT-qPCR. Our novel multiplex RT-qPCR improves upon current singleplex diagnostics by saving reagents, costs, time and labor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyllie, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnest, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yale IMPACT Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life under quartz: Hypolithic mosses in the Mojave Desert 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several species of dryland cyanobacteria are known to occur as hypoliths under semi-translucent rocks. In the Mojave Desert, these organisms find refuge from intense solar radiation under milky quartz where moisture persists for a longer period of time than in adjacent soil surface habitat. Desert mosses, which are extremely desiccation-tolerant, can also occur in these hypolithic spaces, though little is known about this unique moss microhabitat and how species composition compares to that of adjacent soil surface communities. To address this question, we deployed microclimate dataloggers and collected moss samples from under and adjacent to 18 milky quartz rocks (quartz mean center thickness 26 {+/-} 15 mm) in a western high elevation Mojave Desert site. Light transmission through Mojave quartz rocks may be as low as 1.2%, and data from microclimate loggers deployed for five months support the hypothesis that quartz provides thermal buffering and higher relative humidity compared to the soil surface. Of the 53 samples collected from hypolith and surface microhabitats, 68% were Syntrichia caninervis, the dominant bryophyte of the Mojave Desert biological soil crust. Tortula inermis accounted for 28% of the samples and 4% were Bryum argenteum. In a comparison of moss community composition, we found that S. caninervis was more likely to be on the soil surface, though it was abundant in both microhabitats, while T. inermis was more restricted to hypoliths, perhaps due to protection from temperature extremes. In our study site, the differences between hypolithic and surface microhabitats enable niche partitioning between T. inermis and S. caninervis, enhancing alpha diversity. This work points to the need to thoroughly consider microhabitats when assessing bryophyte species diversity and modelling species distributions. This focus is particularly important in extreme environments, where mosses may find refuge from the prevailing macroclimatic conditions in microhabitats such as hypoliths.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekwealor, J. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life under quartz: Hypolithic mosses in the Mojave Desert]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the accuracy of gridded human population density surfaces: a case study in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geospatial datasets of population are becoming more common in models used for health policy. Publicly-available maps of human population in sub-Saharan Africa make a consistent picture from inconsistent census data, and the techniques they use to impute data makes each population map unique. Each mapping model explains its methods, but it can be difficult to know which map is appropriate for which policy work. Gold-standard census datasets, where available, are a unique opportunity to characterize maps by comparing them with truth. We use census data from Bioko Island, in Equatorial Guinea, to evaluate LandScan (LS), WorldPop (WP), and the High-Resolution Settlement Layer (HRSL). Each layer is compared to the gold-standard using statistical measures to evaluate distribution, error, and bias. We investigated how map choice affects burden estimates from a malaria prevalence model. Specific population layers were able to match the gold-standard distribution at different population densities. LandScan was able to most accurately capture highly urban distribution, HRSL matched best at all other lower population densities and WorldPop performed poorly everywhere. Correctly capturing empty pixels is key, and smaller pixel sizes (100 m vs 1 km) improve this. Normalizing areas based on known district populations increased performance. The use of differing population layers in a malaria model showed a disparity in results around transition points between endemicity levels. The metrics in this paper, some of them novel in this context, characterize how these population maps differ from the gold standard census and from each other. We show that the metrics help understand the performance of a population map within a malaria model. The closest match to the census data would combine LandScan within urban areas and the HRSL for rural areas. Researchers should prefer particular maps if health calculations have a strong dependency on knowing where people are not, or if it is important to categorize variation in density within a city.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyono, J. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donfack, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nfumu, J. O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the accuracy of gridded human population density surfaces: a case study in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.160630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing uncertainty in the rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.160630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny is important for understanding the origin and early spread of the virus. Previously published phylogenies have used different rootings that do not always provide consistent results. We investigate several different strategies for rooting the SARS-CoV-2 tree and provide measures of statistical uncertainty for all methods. We show that methods based on the molecular clock tend to place the root in the B clade, while methods based on outgroup rooting tend to place the root in the A clade. The results from the two approaches are statistically incompatible, possibly as a consequence of deviations from a molecular clock or excess back-mutations. We also show that none of the methods provide strong statistical support for the placement of the root in any particular edge of the tree. Our results suggest that inferences on the origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 based on rooted trees should be interpreted with caution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.160630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing uncertainty in the rooting of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.154963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dot1L interacts with Zc3h10 to activate UCP1 transcription and promote thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.154963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue is a metabolically beneficial organ capable of dissipating chemical energy into heat, thereby increasing energy expenditure. Here, we identify Dot1L, the only known H3K79 methyltransferase, as an interacting partner of Zc3h10 that transcriptionally activates the UCP1 promoter and other BAT genes. Through a direct interaction, Dot1L is recruited by Zc3h10 to the promoter regions of thermogenic genes to function as a coactivator by methylating H3K79. We also show that Dot1L is induced during brown fat cell differentiation and by cold exposure and that Dot1L and its H3K79 methyltransferase activity is required for thermogenic gene program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dot1L ablation in mice using UCP1-Cre prevents activation of UCP1 and other target genes to reduce thermogenic capacity and energy expenditure, promoting adiposity. Hence, Dot1L plays a critical role in the thermogenic program and may present as a future target for obesity therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempersmier, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.154963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dot1L interacts with Zc3h10 to activate UCP1 transcription and promote thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering a virus-like particle to display peptide insertions using an apparent fitness landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide insertions in the primary sequence of proteins expand functionality by introducing new binding sequences, chemical handles, or membrane disrupting motifs. With these properties, proteins can be engineered as scaffolds for vaccines or targeted drug delivery vehicles. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising platforms for these applications since they are genetically simple, mimic viral structure for cell uptake, and can deliver multiple copies of a therapeutic agent to a given cell. Peptide insertions in the coat protein of VLPs can increase VLP uptake in cells by increasing cell binding, but it is difficult to predict how an insertion affects monomer folding and higher order assembly. To this end, we have engineered the MS2 VLP using a high-throughput technique, called Systematic Mutagenesis and Assembled Particle Selection (SyMAPS). In this work, we applied SyMAPS to investigate a highly mutable loop in the MS2 coat protein to display 9,261 non-native tripeptide insertions. This library generates a discrete map of three amino acid insertions permitted at this location, validates the FG loop as a valuable position for peptide insertion, and illuminates how properties such as charge, flexibility, and hydrogen bonding can interact to preserve or disrupt capsid assembly. Taken together, the results highlight the potential to engineer VLPs in systematic manner, paving the way to exploring the applications of peptide insertions in biomedically relevant settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikwuagwu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering a virus-like particle to display peptide insertions using an apparent fitness landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.167908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of a DAT-Flp mouse line for intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.167908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons project to diverse regions throughout the brain to modulate various brain processes and behaviors. It is increasingly appreciated that dopamine neurons are heterogeneous in their gene expression, circuitry, physiology, and function. Current approaches to target dopamine neurons are largely based on single gene drivers, which either label all dopamine neurons, or mark a sub-set but concurrently label non-dopaminergic neurons. Here we establish a novel mouse line in which Flp recombinase is knocked-in to the endogenous Slc6a3 (dopamine active transporter, DAT) locus. DAT-Flp mice can be used with various Cre-expressing mouse lines to efficiently and selectively label dopaminergic subpopulations using Cre/Flp-dependent intersectional strategies. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by crossing DAT-Flp mice with NEX-Cre mice, to specifically label Neurod6-expressing dopamine neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens medial shell. DAT-Flp mice represent a novel tool, which will help parse the diverse functions mediated by dopaminergic circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.167908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of a DAT-Flp mouse line for intersectional genetic targeting of dopamine neuron subpopulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis of higher order feature codes through stimulus-specific supra-linear summation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cortical circuits build representations of complex objects is poorly understood. The massive dimensional expansion from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex may enable sparse, comprehensive representations of higher order features to facilitate object identification. To generate such a code, cortical neurons must integrate broadly over space, yet simultaneously obtain sharp tuning to specific stimulus features. The logic of cortical integration that may synthesize such a sparse, high dimensional code for complex features is not known. To address this question, we probed the integration and population coding of higher order stimuli in the somatosensory and visual cortices of awake mice using two-photon calcium imaging across cortical layers. We found that somatosensory and visual cortical neurons sum highly specific combinations of sensory inputs supra-linearly, but integrate other inputs sub-linearly, leading to selective responses to higher order features. This integrative process generates a sparse, but comprehensive code for complex stimuli from the earliest stages of cortical processing. These results from multiple sensory modalities imply that input-specific supra-linear summation may represent a widespread cortical mechanism for the synthesis of higher order feature codes. This new mechanism may explain how the brain exploits the thalamocortical expansion of dimensionality to encode arbitrary complex features of sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyall, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis of higher order feature codes through stimulus-specific supra-linear summation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transporter genes in biosynthetic gene clusters predict metabolite characteristics and siderophore activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are operonic sets of microbial genes that synthesize specialized metabolites with diverse functions, including siderophores and antibiotics, which often require export to the extracellular environment. For this reason, genes for transport across cellular membranes are essential for the production of specialized metabolites, and are often genomically co-localized with BGCs. Here we conducted a comprehensive computational analysis of transporters associated with characterized BGCs. In addition to known exporters, in BGCs we found many importer-specific transmembrane domains that co-occur with substrate binding proteins possibly for uptake of siderophores or metabolic precursors. Machine learning models using transporter gene frequencies were predictive of known siderophore activity, molecular weights, and a measure of lipophilicity (log P) for corresponding BGC-synthesized metabolites. Transporter genes associated with BGCs were often equally or more predictive of metabolite features than biosynthetic genes. Given the importance of siderophores as pathogenicity factors, we used transporters specific for siderophore BGCs to identify both known and uncharacterized siderophore-like BGCs in genomes from metagenomes from the infant and adult gut microbiome. We find that 23% of microbial genomes from the infant gut have siderophore-like BGCs, but only 3% of those assembled from adult gut microbiomes do. While siderophore-like BGCs from the infant gut are predominantly associated with Enterobactericaee and Staphylococcus, siderophore-like BGCs can be identified from taxa in the adult gut microbiome that have rarely been recognized for siderophore production. Taken together, these results show that consideration of BGC-associated transporter genes can inform predictions of specialized metabolite structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.170084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transporter genes in biosynthetic gene clusters predict metabolite characteristics and siderophore activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subsurface carbon monoxide oxidation capacity revealed through genome-resolved metagenomics of a carboxydotroph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in the Earths deep subsurface. Previously, we demonstrated changes to the microbial community structure of a deep aquifer (1.4 km) receiving 150 tons of injected supercritical CO2 (scCO2) in a geosequestration experiment. The observed changes support a key role in the aquifer microbiome for the thermophilic CO-utilising anaerobe Carboxydocella, which decreased in relative abundance post-scCO2 injection. Here, we present results from more detailed metagenomic profiling of this experiment, with genome resolution of the native carboxydotrophic Carboxydocella. We demonstrate a switch in CO-oxidation potential by Carboxydocella through analysis of its carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) gene before and after the geosequestration experiment. We discuss the potential impacts of scCO2 on subsurface flow of carbon and electrons from oxidation of the metabolic intermediate carbon monoxide (CO).

Originality-Significance StatementThe research conducted in this study is associated with one of the worlds largest demonstrations of carbon geosequestration - The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Otway Project (Victoria, Australia). Our results expand the ecology of CO-utilising microbes to include the terrestrial deep subsurface through genome-resolved metagenomics of an aquifer-native carboxydotroph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.170886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subsurface carbon monoxide oxidation capacity revealed through genome-resolved metagenomics of a carboxydotroph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramic Packaging in Neural Implants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lifetime of neural implants is strongly dependent on packaging due to the aqueous and biochemically aggressive nature of the body. Over the last decade, there has been a drive towards neuromodulatory implants which are wireless and approaching millimeter-scales with increasing electrode count. A so-far unrealized goal for these new types of devices is an in-vivo lifetime comparable to a sizable fraction of a healthy patient’s lifetime (&gt;10-20 years). Existing, approved medical implants commonly encapsulate components in metal enclosures (e.g. titanium) with brazed ceramic inserts for electrode feedthrough. It is unclear how amenable the traditional approach is to the simultaneous goals of miniaturization, increased channel count, and wireless communication. Ceramic materials have also played a significant role in traditional medical implants due to their dielectric properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high strength, but are not as commonly used for housing materials due to their brittleness and the difficulty they present in creating complex housing geometries. However, thin film technology has opened new opportunities for ceramics processing. Thin films derived largely from the semiconductor industry can be deposited and patterned in new ways, have conductivities which can be altered during manufacturing to provide conductors as well as insulators, and can be used to fabricate flexible substrates. In this review, we give an overview of packaging for neural implants, with an emphasis on how ceramic materials have been utilized in medical device packaging, as well as how ceramic thin film micromachining and processing may be further developed to create truly reliable, miniaturized, neural implantsCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramic Packaging in Neural Implants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Bacterial Ribosome at 2 A Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuing advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) demonstrate the promise it holds for revealing biological structures at chemical resolution, in which noncovalent interactions, RNA and protein modifications, and solvation can be modeled accurately. At present, the best cryo-EM-derived models of the bacterial ribosome are of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit with effective global resolutions of 2.4-2.5 [A], based on map-to-model Fourier shell correlation (FSC). Here we present a model of the E. coli 70S ribosome with an effective global resolution of 2.0 [A], based on maps showcasing unambiguous positioning of residues, their detailed chemical interactions, and chemical modifications. These modifications include the first examples of isopeptide and thioamide backbone substitutions in ribosomal proteins, the former of which is likely conserved in all domains of life. The model also defines extensive solvation of the small (30S) ribosomal subunit for the first time, as well as interactions with A-site and P-site tRNAs, mRNA, and the antibiotic paromomycin. The high quality of the maps now allows a deeper phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal components, and identification of structural conservation to the level of solvation. The maps and models of the bacterial ribosome presented here should enable future structural analysis of the chemical basis for translation, and the development of robust tools for cryo-EM structure modeling and refinement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Bacterial Ribosome at 2 A Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics provide a systematic map of gene expression in different human cell types. The next challenge is to systematically understand cell-type specific gene function. The integration of CRISPR-based functional genomics and stem cell technology enables the scalable interrogation of gene function in differentiated human cells. Here, we present the first genomewide CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation screens in human neurons.

We uncover pathways controlling neuronal response to chronic oxidative stress, which is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Unexpectedly, knockdown of the lysosomal protein prosaposin strongly sensitizes neurons, but not other cell types, to oxidative stress by triggering the formation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of aging, which traps iron, generating reactive oxygen species and triggering ferroptosis. We also determine transcriptomic changes in neurons following perturbation of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To enable the systematic comparison of gene function across different human cell types, we establish a data commons named CRISPRbrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abarientos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.173815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation robustness analyses reveal important parameters in variant interpretation pipelines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.173815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenome sequencing is being used routinely in clinical and research applications, but subsequent variant interpretation pipelines can vary widely. A systematic approach for exploring parameter choices and selection plays an important role in designing robust pipelines for specific clinical applications.

ResultsWe present a framework to be applied in scenarios with limited data whereby expert knowledge informs pipeline refinement. Starting from initial reference variant interpretation pipelines with commonly used parameters, we derived pipelines by perturbing the parameters one by one to determine which parameters can yield meaningful changes in a pipelines performance. We updated the reference pipeline by fixing the value of parameters which have small impact on the pipelines performance. Then we conducted new rounds of perturbation as the process converged, yielding a stable pipeline which is robust. We applied the framework for genetic disease prediction in de-identified exomes from a cohort of 138 individuals with rare Mendelian inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) and systematically explored how perturbing different parameters affected the pipelines sensitivity and specificity. For this application, we perturbed commonly used parameters in variant interpretation pipelines, including choices of genes, variant callers, transcript models, databases of allele frequencies, databases of curated disease variants, and tools for variant impact prediction. Our analyses showed that choice of variant callers, variant impact prediction tools, MAF threshold, and MAF databases can meaningfully alter results from a pipeline. This work informs the development of exome analysis pipelines designed for newborn metabolic disorder screening and suggests the general application of perturbation analysis in genome interpretation pipeline design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunderam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvale, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.173815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation robustness analyses reveal important parameters in variant interpretation pipelines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The UPRmt Preserves Mitochondrial Import to Extend Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is dedicated to promote mitochondrial proteostasis and is linked to extreme longevity in worms, flies, and mice. The key regulator of this process is the transcription factor, ATFS-1. In the absence of mitochondrial stress, ATFS-1 is transported to the mitochondria and degraded. During conditions of mitochondrial stress, ATFS-1 is excluded from the mitochondria and enters the nucleus to regulate the expression of UPRmt genes. However, there exists a dichotomy in regards to induction of the UPRmt and mitochondrial import. The repair proteins synthesized as a direct result of UPRmt activation must be transported into damaged mitochondria that had previously excluded ATFS-1 due to reduced import efficiency. To address this conundrum, we analyzed the role of the import machinery under conditions where the UPRmt was induced. Using in vitro biochemical assays of mitochondrial import and in vivo analysis of mitochondrial proteins, we surprisingly find that the efficiency of mitochondrial import increases when the UPRmt is activated in an ATFS-1 dependent manner, even though membrane potential is reduced. The import machinery is upregulated at the transcription and translation level, and intact import machinery is essential for UPRmt-mediated increase and lifespan extension. With age, import capacity decreases, and activation of the UPRmt delays this decline and increases longevity. Finally, we find that ATFS-1 has a significantly weaker mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), allowing for dynamic subcellular localization during the initial stages of UPRmt activation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The UPRmt Preserves Mitochondrial Import to Extend Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells reveals broad regulatory potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To explore the regulatory potential of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) coupled with alternative splicing, we globally surveyed the transcripts targeted by this pathway via RNA-Seq analysis of HeLa cells in which NMD had been inhibited. We identified putative NMD-targeted transcripts as those with a termination codon more than 50 nucleotides upstream of an exon-exon junction (premature termination as defined by the ‘50nt rule’) and that significantly increased in abundance upon NMD inhibition. We additionally controlled for potential transcriptional up-regulation by requiring the putative NMD targets to increase in abundance substantially more than the isoforms from the same gene that do not contain a premature termination codon. This resulted in a conservative set of 2,793 transcripts derived from 2,116 genes as physiological NMD targets (9.2% of expressed transcripts and &gt;20% of alternatively spliced genes). Our analysis identified previously inferred unproductive isoforms and numerous heretofore-uncharacterized ones. NMD-targeted transcripts were derived from genes involved in many functional categories, and are particularly enriched for RNA splicing genes as well as for those harboring ultraconserved elements. By investigating the features of all transcripts impacted by NMD, we find that the 50nt rule is a strong predictor of NMD degradation while 3’ UTR length on its own generally has only a small effect in this human cell line. Additionally, thousands more transcripts without a premature termination codon in the main coding sequence contain a uORF and display significantly increased abundance upon NMD inhibition indicating potentially widespread regulation through decay coupled with uORF translation. Our results support that alternative splicing coupled with NMD is a prevalent post-transcriptional mechanism in human cells with broad potential for biological regulation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, J. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.183327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells reveals broad regulatory potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the Unique Advantage of Adolescents in Stochastic, Volatile Environments: Combining Reinforcement Learning and Bayesian Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During adolescence, youth venture out, explore the wider world, and are challenged to learn how to navigate novel and uncertain environments. We investigated whether adolescents are uniquely adapted to this transition, compared to younger children and adults. In a stochastic, volatile reversal-learning task with a sample of 291 participants aged 8-30, we found that adolescents outperformed both younger and older participants. We developed two independent cognitive models, based on Reinforcement learning (RL) and Bayesian inference (BI). The RL parameter for learning from negative outcomes and the BI parameters specifying participants mental models peaked closest to optimal in adolescents, suggesting a central role in adolescent cognitive processing. By contrast, persistence and noise parameters improved monotonously with age. We distilled the insights of RL and BI using principal component analysis and found that three shared components interacted to form the adolescent performance peak: adult-like behavioral quality, child-like time scales, and developmentally-unique processing of positive feedback. This research highlights adolescence as a neurodevelopmental window that may be specifically adapted for volatile and uncertain environments. It also shows how detailed insights can be gleaned by using cognitive models in new ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the Unique Advantage of Adolescents in Stochastic, Volatile Environments: Combining Reinforcement Learning and Bayesian Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of Pseudomonas putida using RB-TnSeq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTWith its ability to catabolize a wide variety of carbon sources and a growing engineering toolkit, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is emerging as an important chassis organism for metabolic engineering. Despite advances in our understanding of this organism, many gaps remain in our knowledge of the genetic basis of its metabolic capabilities. These gaps are particularly noticeable in our understanding of both fatty acid and alcohol catabolism, where many paralogs putatively coding for similar enzymes co-exist making biochemical assignment via sequence homology difficult. To rapidly assign function to the enzymes responsible for these metabolisms, we leveraged Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq). Global fitness analyses of transposon libraries grown on 13 fatty acids and 10 alcohols produced strong phenotypes for hundreds of genes. Fitness data from mutant pools grown on varying chain length fatty acids indicated specific enzyme substrate preferences, and enabled us to hypothesize that DUF1302/DUF1329 family proteins potentially function as esterases. From the data we also postulate catabolic routes for the two biogasoline molecules isoprenol and isopentanol, which are catabolized via leucine metabolism after initial oxidation and activation with CoA. Because fatty acids and alcohols may serve as both feedstocks or final products of metabolic engineering efforts, the fitness data presented here will help guide future genomic modifications towards higher titers, rates, and yields.IMPORTANCE To engineer novel metabolic pathways into P. putida, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of its versatile metabolism is essential. Here we provide functional evidence for the putative roles of hundreds of genes involved in the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of this bacterium. These data provide a framework facilitating precise genetic changes to prevent product degradation and channel the flux of specific pathway intermediates as desired.Competing Interest StatementJ.D.K. has financial interests in Amyris, Lygos, Demetrix, Napigen, Maple Bio, and Apertor Labs. C.B.E has a financial interest in Perlumi Chemicals.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haushalter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.188060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of the fatty acid and alcohol metabolism of Pseudomonas putida using RB-TnSeq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.188128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In photosynthetic eukaryotes, thousands of proteins are translated in the cytosol and imported into the chloroplast through the concerted action of two translocons — termed TOC and TIC — located in the outer and inner membranes of the chloroplast envelope, respectively. The degree to which the molecular composition of the TOC and TIC complexes is conserved over phylogenetic distances has remained controversial. Here, we combine transcriptomic, biochemical, and genetic tools in the green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) to demonstrate that, despite a lack of evident sequence conservation for some of its components, the algal TIC complex mirrors the molecular composition of a TIC complex from Arabidopsis thaliana. The Chlamydomonas TIC complex contains three nuclear-encoded subunits, Tic20, Tic56 and Tic100, and one chloroplast-encoded subunit, Tic214, and interacts with the TOC complex, as well as with several uncharacterized proteins to form a stable supercomplex (TicToc), indicating that protein import across both envelope membranes is mechanistically coupled. Expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genes encoding both known and the here newly identified TicToc components is highly coordinated, suggesting that a mechanism for regulating its biogenesis across compartmental boundaries must exist. Conditional repression of Tic214, the only chloroplast-encoded subunit in the TicToc complex, impairs the import of chloroplast proteins with essential roles in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and protein folding and induces a pleiotropic stress response, including several proteins involved in the chloroplast unfolded protein response. These findings underscore the functional importance of the TicToc supercomplex in maintaining chloroplast proteostasis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramundo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomé, P. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinder, L. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takafuji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crèvecoeur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magneschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochaix, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.188128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unlocking the Predictive Power of Heterogeneous Data to Build an Operational Dengue Forecasting System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting an infectious disease can help reduce its impact by advising public health interventions and personal preventive measures. While availability of heterogeneous data streams and sensors such as satellite imagery and the Internet have increased the opportunity to indirectly measure, understand, and predict global dynamics, the data may be prohibitively large and/or require intensive data management while also requiring subject matter experts to properly exploit the data sources (e.g., deriving features from fundamentally different data sets). Few efforts have quantitatively assessed the predictive benefit of novel data streams in comparison to more traditional data sources, especially at fine spatio-temporal resolutions. We have combined multiple traditional and non-traditional data streams (satellite imagery, Internet, weather, census, and clinical surveillance data) and assessed their combined ability to predict dengue in Brazils 27 states on a weekly and yearly basis over seven years. For each state, we nowcast dengue based on several time series models, which vary in complexity and inclusion of exogenous data. We also predict yearly cumulative risk by municipality and state. The top-performing model and utility of predictive data varies by state, implying that forecasting and nowcasting efforts in the future may be made more robust by and benefit from the use of multiple data streams and models. One size does not fit all, particularly when considering state-level predictions as opposed to the whole country. Our first-of-its-kind high resolution flexible system for predicting dengue incidence with heterogeneous (and still sometimes sparse) data can be extended to multiple applications and regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrie  A Manore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffrey Fairchild</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Ziemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidhi Parikh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Kempfert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaitlyn Martinez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Castro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Osthus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir Siraj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E Nicholas Generous</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Del Valle</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unlocking the Predictive Power of Heterogeneous Data to Build an Operational Dengue Forecasting System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.190785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraspecies diversity reveals a subset of highly variable plant immune receptors and predicts their binding sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.190785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution of recognition specificities by the immune system depends on the generation of receptor diversity, and connecting binding of new antigens with initiation of downstream signalling. In plant immunity, these functions are enabled by the family of innate Nucleotide-Binding Leucine Rich Repeat (NLR) receptors. In this paper we surveyed the NLR complements of 62 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana and 54 lines of Brachypodium distachyon and identified a limited number of NLR subfamilies responsible for generation of new receptor specificities. We show that the predicted specificity-determining residues cluster on the surfaces of Leucine Rich Repeat domains, but the location of the clusters varies between NLR subfamilies. By comparing NLR phylogeny, allelic diversity, and known functions of the Arabidopsis NLRs, we formulate a hypothesis for emergence of direct and indirect pathogen sensing receptors, and of the autoimmune NLRs. These findings reveal the recurring patterns of evolution of innate immunity and inform NLR engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniil M Prigozhin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksenia V Krasileva</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.190785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraspecies diversity reveals a subset of highly variable plant immune receptors and predicts their binding sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Proteome Tree of Arthropods: An "alignment-free" phylogeny of proteome "books" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An "organism tree" of insects, the largest and most species-diverse group of all living animals, can be considered as a conceptual tree to capture a simplified narrative of the complex evolutionary courses of the extant insects. Currently, the most common approach has been to construct a "protein tree", as a surrogate for the organism tree, by Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of highly homologous regions of a set of select proteins to represent each organism. However, such selected regions account for a very small fraction of the whole-proteome of each organism.

Information Theory provides a method of comparing two sets of all proteins, two whole-proteomes, without MSA: By treating each whole-proteome sequence as a "book" of amino acid alphabets, the information contents of two whole-proteomes can be quantitatively compared using the text comparison method of the theory, without sequence alignment, providing an opportunity to construct a "whole-proteome tree" of insects as a surrogate for an organism tree of insects.

A whole-proteome tree of the insects in this study shows that: (a) all the founders of the major groups of the insects have emerged in an explosive "burst" near the root of the tree, (b) the most basal group of all the insects is a subgroup of Hemiptera consisting of aphids and psyllids, and (c) there are other notable differences in the phylogeny of the groups compared to those of the recent protein trees of insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JaeJin Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byung-Ju Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung-Hou Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Proteome Tree of Arthropods: An "alignment-free" phylogeny of proteome "books"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We establish a genome-wide map of DNA methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) effects in CD4+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Utilizing this map in a colocalization analysis, we identify 19 loci where the same haplotype drives both MS susceptibility and local (cis-) DNA methylation. We also identify two distant (trans-) mQTL effects of MS susceptibility loci: (1) a chromosome 16 MS locus affects PRDM8 methylation (a chromosome 4 region not previously associated with MS susceptibility), and (2) the aggregate effect of MS variants in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, chromosome 6) influences DNA methylation near PRKCA on chromosome 17. Both effects are replicated in independent samples. Overall, we present a new methylome-wide mQTL resource for a key cell type in inflammatory disease research, uncover functional consequences of MS susceptibility variants, including the convergence of MHC risk alleles onto a new gene target involved in predisposition to MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tina Roostaei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans-Ulrich Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Felsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pia Kivisakk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah M. Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Kroshilina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina Yung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiyi Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinda J. Kaskow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaorong Shao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke Rhead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa F. Barcellos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard L. Weiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip L. De Jager</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis on the T cell epigenome: proximal and distal effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.198150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomics-Enabled Ligand Screening Yields Covalent RNF114-Based Degraders that Mimic Natural Product Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.198150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The translation of natural product function to fully synthetic small molecules has remained an important process in medicinal chemistry for decades resulting in numerous FDA-approved medicines. We recently discovered that the terpene natural product nimbolide can be utilized as a covalent recruiter of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114 for use in targeted protein degradation (TPD) - a powerful therapeutic modality within modern day drug discovery. Using activity-based protein profiling-enabled covalent ligand screening approaches, we herein report the discovery of fully synthetic RNF114-based recruiter molecules that can also be exploited for PROTAC applications, and demonstrate their utility in degrading therapeutically relevant targets such as BRD4 and BCR-ABL in cells. The identification of simple and easily manipulated drug-like scaffolds that can mimic the function of a complex natural product is beneficial in further expanding the toolbox of E3 ligase recruiters, an area of great importance in drug discovery and chemical biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mai Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica N Spradlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott M Brittain</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery M McKenna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A Tallarico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus Schirle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Maimone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel K Nomura</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.198150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomics-Enabled Ligand Screening Yields Covalent RNF114-Based Degraders that Mimic Natural Product Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.194282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected diversity of CPR bacteria and nanoarchaea in the rare biosphere of rhizosphere-associated grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.194282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and nanoarchaea populate most ecosystems, but are rarely detected in soil. We concentrated particles less than 0.2 m from grassland soil, enabling targeted metagenomic analysis of these organisms, which are almost totally unexplored in soil. We recovered a diversity of CPR bacteria and some nanoarchaea sequences, but no sequences from other cellular organisms. The sampled sequences include Doudnabacteria (SM2F11) and Pacearchaeota, organisms not previously reported in soil, as well as Saccharibacteria, Parcubacteria and Microgenomates. CPR and DPANN (an acronym of the names of the first included archaea phyla) enrichments of 100-1000-fold were achieved compared to bulk soil, in which we estimate these organisms comprise about 1 to 100 cells per gram of soil. Like most CPR and DPANN sequenced to date, we predict these microorganisms live symbiotic, anaerobic lifestyles. However, Saccharibacteria, Parcubacteria, and Doudnabacteria genomes sampled here also encode ubiquinol oxidase operons that may have been acquired from other bacteria, likely during adaptation to aerobic soil environments. We posit that although present at low abundance, CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea could impact overall soil microbial community function by modulating host organism abundances and activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.194282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected diversity of CPR bacteria and nanoarchaea in the rare biosphere of rhizosphere-associated grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.194407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-additive polygenic models improve predictions of fitness traits in three eukaryote model species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.194407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To describe a living organism it is often said that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". In genetics, we may also think that the effect of multiple mutations on an organism is greater than their additive individual effect, a phenomenon called epistasis or multiplicity. Despite the last decades discovery that many disease- and fitness-related traits are polygenic, or controlled by many genetic variants, it is still debated whether the effects of individual genes combine additively or not. Here we develop a flexible likelihood framework for genome-wide associations to fit complex traits such as fitness under both additive and non-additive polygenic architectures. Analyses of simulated datasets under different true additive, multiplicative, or other epistatic models, confirm that our method can identify global non-additive selection. Applying the model to experimental datasets of wild type lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that fitness is often best explained with non-additive polygenic models. Instead, a multiplicative polygenic model appears to better explain fitness in some experimental environments. The statistical models presented here have the potential to improve prediction of phenotypes, such as disease susceptibility, over the standard methods for calculating polygenic scores which assume additivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.194407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-additive polygenic models improve predictions of fitness traits in three eukaryote model species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Grand Budapest Hotel: an fMRI dataset in response to a socially-rich, naturalistic movie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.203257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic stimuli evoke strong, consistent, and information-rich patterns of brain activity, and engage large extents of the human brain. They allow researchers to compare highly similar brain responses across subjects, and to study how complex representations are encoded in brain activity. Here, we describe and share a dataset where 25 subjects watched part of the feature film "The Grand Budapest Hotel" by Wes Anderson. The movie has a large cast with many famous actors. Throughout the story, the camera shots highlight faces and expressions, which are fundamental to understand the complex narrative of the movie. This movie was chosen to sample brain activity specifically related to social interactions and face processing. This dataset provides researchers with fMRI data that can be used to explore social cognitive processes and face processing, adding to the existing neuroimaging datasets that sample brain activity with naturalistic movies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.203257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Grand Budapest Hotel: an fMRI dataset in response to a socially-rich, naturalistic movie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raf promotes dimerization of the Ras G-domain with increased allosteric connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ras dimerization is critical for Raf activation, yet Ras alone does not dimerize. Here we show that the Ras binding domain of Raf (Raf-RBD) induces robust Ras dimerization at low surface densities on supported lipid bilayers and, to a lesser extent, in solution as observed by size exclusion chromatography and confirmed by SAXS. Community network analysis based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show robust allosteric connections linking the two Raf-RBD D113 residues, located in the Galectin scaffold protein binding site of each Raf-RBD molecule and 85 [A] apart on opposite ends of the dimer complex. Our results suggest that Raf-RBD binding and Ras dimerization are concerted events that lead to a high-affinity signaling complex at the membrane that we propose is an essential unit in the macromolecular assembly of higher order Ras/Raf/Galectin complexes important for signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Packer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guterres, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raf promotes dimerization of the Ras G-domain with increased allosteric connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultradian Rhythms in Heart Rate Variability and Distal Body TemperatureAnticipate the Luteinizing Hormone Surge Onset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human menstrual cycle is characterized by predictable patterns of physiological change across timescales, yet non-invasive anticipation of key events is not yet possible at individual resolution. Although patterns of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle have been well characterized, monitoring these measures repeatedly to anticipate the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is not practical for fertility awareness. In the present study, we explored whether non-invasive and high frequency measures of distal body temperature (DBT), sleeping heart rate (HR), sleeping heart rate variability (HRV), and sleep timing could be used to anticipate the preovulatory LH surge in women. To test this possibility, we used signal processing to examine these measures across the menstrual cycle. Cycles were examined from both pre- (n=45 cycles) and perimenopausal (n=10 cycles) women using days of supra-surge threshold LH and dates of menstruation for all cycles. For a subset of cycles, urinary estradiol and progesterone metabolites were measured daily around the time of the LH surge. Wavelet analysis revealed a consistent inflection point of ultradian rhythm (2-5 h) power of DBT and HRV that enabled anticipation of the LH surge at least 2 days prior to its onset in 100% of individuals. In contrast, the power of ultradian rhythms in heart rate, circadian rhythms in body temperature, and metrics of sleep duration and sleep timing were not predictive of the LH surge. Together, the present findings reveal fluctuations in distal body temperature and heart rate variability that consistently anticipate the LH surge and may aid in fertility awareness.

Key PointsO_LIUltradian (2-5 h) rhythm power of distal body temperature and heart rate variability (RMSSD) exhibits a stereotyped inflection point and peak in the days leading up to the LH surge in premenopausal women.
C_LIO_LICircadian rhythms of distal body temperature and single time-point/day metrics do not permit anticipation of the LH surge.
C_LIO_LIMeasurement of continuous metabolic and autonomic outputs, enabling assessment of ultradian rhythms, may be of value to the fertility awareness method.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultradian Rhythms in Heart Rate Variability and Distal Body TemperatureAnticipate the Luteinizing Hormone Surge Onset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.205609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation produces opposite effects on explicit and implicit learning processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.205609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motor system demonstrates an exquisite ability to adapt to changes in the environment, and to quickly reset when these changes prove transient. If similar environmental changes are encountered in the future, learning may be faster, a phenomenon known as savings. In studies of sensorimotor learning, a central component of savings is attributed to the explicit recall of the task structure and appropriate compensatory strategies. Whether implicit adaptation also contributes to savings remains subject to debate (Leow et al., 2020; Yin and Wei, 2020). We tackled this question by measuring, in parallel, explicit and implicit adaptive responses in a visuomotor rotation task, employing a protocol that typically elicits savings. While the initial rate of learning was faster in the second exposure to the perturbation, an analysis decomposing the two processes showed the benefit to be solely associated with explicit re-aiming. Surprisingly, we found a significant decrease after relearning in aftereffect magnitudes during no-feedback trials, a direct measure of implicit adaptation. In a second experiment, we isolated implicit adaptation using clamped visual feedback, a method known to eliminate the contribution of explicit learning processes. Consistent with the results of the first experiment, participants exhibited a marked reduction in the adaptation function, as well as an attenuated aftereffect when re-learning from the clamped feedback. Motivated by these results, we re-analyzed data from prior studies and observed a consistent, yet unappreciated pattern of attenuation of implicit adaptation during relearning. These results indicate that explicit and implicit sensorimotor processes exhibit opposite effects upon relearning: Explicit learning shows savings, while implicit adaptation becomes attenuated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.205609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation produces opposite effects on explicit and implicit learning processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The risk of Xylella fastidiosa outbreaks will decrease in the Mediterranean olive-producing regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a worldwide distributed invasive insect-borne plant pathogen, which causes lethal diseases to many economically-important crops including olives, citrus, almonds and grapes as well as numerous forest, ornamental, and uncultivated plants. The Mediterranean basin is the top supplier of olive oil with 93% of the world production and is consequently highly concerned about the recent invasion of Xf in Europe. Recently, bioeconomic models estimated putative losses induced by the spread of Xf across the European olive-producing area ranging from 1.9 to 5.2 billion euros over 50 years; however, such models did not take into account the insect vectors, which constitute a key driver of Xf spread. In the present study, we used bioclimatic species distribution models to predict the current and future climate suitability of the Mediterranean area for the main efficient or putative transmitters of Xf to olive (i.e. Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris and Aphrophora alni). An important part of the total extent of the Mediterranean olive-producing area, mainly situated in southern Spain, Turkey and Greece, is predicted as currently poorly suitable for these vector species. Moreover, models forecast that nearly the totality of the Mediterranean olive-producing regions will likely become climatically little suitable for these vectors by 2050 due to climate change. In Europe, Xf outbreaks have occurred so far only in localities predicted as climatically suitable for these main vector species (e.g. the Apulia region of Italy) while the areas predicted as poorly suitable are still apparently Xf-free, which suggests that climate tolerances of vectors might play a main role in shaping Xf outbreaks patterns. This pattern highlights the crucial necessity of accounting for vectors when assessing risk of Xf outbreaks, and when considering vector-borne diseases in general. The risk maps presented here will have important practical application for the optimization of current and future strategies to control Xf in the Mediterranean region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godefroid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>moreno lozano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fereres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The risk of Xylella fastidiosa outbreaks will decrease in the Mediterranean olive-producing regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pentameric protein ring with novel architecture is required for herpesviral packaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome packaging in large double-stranded DNA viruses requires a powerful molecular motor to force the viral genome into nascent capsids. This process appears mechanistically similar in two evolutionarily distant viruses, the herpesviruses and the tailed bacteriophages, which infect different kingdoms of life. While the motor and mechanism as a whole are thought to be conserved, accessory factors that influence packaging are divergent and poorly understood, despite their essential roles. An accessory factor required for herpesviral packaging is encoded by ORF68 in the oncogenic virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), whose homolog in Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is BFLF1. Here, we present structures of both KSHV ORF68 and EBV BFLF1, revealing that these proteins form a highly similar homopentameric ring. The central channel of this ring is positively charged, and we demonstrate that this region of KSHV ORF68 binds double-stranded DNA. Mutation of individual positively charged residues within but not outside the channel ablates DNA binding, and in the context of KSHV infection these mutants fail to package the viral genome or produce progeny virions. Thus, we propose a model in which ORF68 facilitates the transfer of newly replicated viral genomes to the packaging motor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pentameric protein ring with novel architecture is required for herpesviral packaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early acquisition of conserved, lineage-specific proteins currently lacking functional predictions were central to the rise and diversification of archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genomic analyses of Archaea have profoundly reshaped our understanding of their distribution, functionalities and roles in eukaryotic evolution. Within the domain, major supergroups are Euryarchaeota, which includes many methanogens, the TACK, which includes Thaumarchaeaota that impact ammonia oxidation in soils and the ocean, the Asgard, which includes lineages inferred to be ancestral to eukaryotes, and the DPANN, a group of mostly symbiotic small-celled archaea. Here, we investigated the extent to which clustering based on protein family content recapitulates archaeal phylogeny and identified the proteins that distinguish the major subdivisions. We also defined 10,866 archaeal protein families that will serve as a community resource. Clustering based on these families broadly recovers the archaeal phylogenetic tree. Interestingly, all major groups are distinguished primarily by the presence of families of conserved hypothetical proteins that are either novel or so highly diverged that their functions are obscured. Given that these hypothetical proteins are near ubiquitous within phyla, we conclude that they were important in the origin of most of the major archaeal lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.207365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early acquisition of conserved, lineage-specific proteins currently lacking functional predictions were central to the rise and diversification of archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Genome Editing of Bacteria Within Microbial Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of microbial gene functions comes from manipulating the DNA of individual species in isolation from their natural communities. While this approach to microbial genetics has been foundational, its requirement for culturable microorganisms has left the majority of microbes and their interactions genetically unexplored. Here we describe a generalizable methodology for editing the genomes of specific organisms within a complex microbial community. First, we identified genetically tractable bacteria within a community using a new approach, Environmental Transformation Sequencing (ET-Seq), in which non-targeted transposon integrations were mapped and quantified following community delivery. ET-Seq was repeated with multiple delivery strategies for both a nine-member synthetic bacterial community and a ~200-member microbial bioremediation community. We achieved insertions in 10 species not previously isolated and identified natural competence for foreign DNA integration that depends on the presence of the community. Second, we developed and used DNA-editing All-in-one RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas Transposase (DART) systems for targeted DNA insertion into organisms identified as tractable by ET-Seq, enabling organism- and locus-specific genetic manipulation within the community context. These results demonstrate a strategy for targeted genome editing of specific organisms within microbial communities, establishing a new paradigm for microbial manipulation relevant to research and applications in human, environmental, and industrial microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smock, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnappa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Genome Editing of Bacteria Within Microbial Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic conflict on a degenerating Y chromosome increases mutational burden in Drosophila males 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large portions of eukaryotic genomes consist of transposable elements (TEs), and the establishment of transcription-repressing heterochromatin during early development safeguards genome integrity in Drosophila. Repeat-rich Y chromosomes can act as reservoirs for TEs ( toxic Y effect), and incomplete epigenomic defenses during early development can lead to deleterious TE mobilization. Here, we contrast the dynamics of early TE activation in two Drosophila species with vastly different Y chromosomes of different age. Zygotic TE expression is elevated in male embryos relative to females in both species, mostly due to expression of Y-linked TEs. Interestingly, male-biased TE misexpression diminishes across development in D. pseudoobscura, but remains elevated in D. miranda, the species with the younger and larger Y chromosome. The repeat-rich Y of D. miranda still contains many actively transcribed genes, which compromise the formation of silencing heterochromatin. Elevated TE expression results in more de novo insertions of repeats in males compared to females. This lends support to the idea that the  toxic Y chromosome can create a mutational burden in males when genome-wide defense mechanisms are compromised, and suggests a previously unappreciated epigenetic conflict on evolving Y chromosomes between transcription of essential genes and silencing of selfish DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.- C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic conflict on a degenerating Y chromosome increases mutational burden in Drosophila males]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxic Y chromosome: increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific differences in lifespan are prevalent across the tree of life and influenced by heteromorphic sex chromosomes. In species with XY sex chromosomes, females often outlive males. Males and females can differ in their overall repeat content due to the repetitive Y chromosome, and repeats on the Y might lower survival of the heterogametic sex (toxic Y effect). Here, we take advantage of the well-assembled young Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda to study the sex-specific dynamics of chromatin structure and repeat expression during aging in male and female flies. Male D. miranda have about twice as much repetitive DNA compared to females, and live shorter than females. Heterochromatin is crucial for silencing of repetitive elements, yet old D. miranda flies lose H3K9me3 modifications in their pericentromere, with heterochromatin loss being more severe during aging in males than females. Satellite DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old vs. young male flies relative to females. In contrast to what is observed in D. melanogaster, we find that transposable elements (TEs) are expressed at higher levels in male D. miranda throughout their life. We show that epigenetic silencing via heterochromatin formation is ineffective on the large TE- rich neo-Y chromosome, resulting in up-regulation of Y-linked TEs already in young males. This is consistent with an interaction between the age of the Y chromosome and the genomic effects of aging. Our data support growing evidence that "toxic Y chromosomes" can diminish male fitness and a reduction in heterochromatin can contribute to sex-specific aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxic Y chromosome: increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial patterns in phage-Rhizobium coevolutionary interactions across regions of common bean domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages play significant roles in the composition, diversity, and evolution of bacterial communities. Despite their importance, it remains unclear how phage diversity and phage-host interactions are spatially structured. Local adaptation may play a key role. Nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, known as rhizobia, have been shown to locally adapt to domesticated common bean at its Mesoamerican and Andean sites of origin. This may affect phage-rhizobium interactions. However, knowledge about the diversity and coevolution of phages with their respective Rhizobium populations is lacking. Here, through the study of four phage-Rhizobium communities in Mexico and Argentina, we show that both phage and host diversity is spatially structured. Cross-infection experiments demonstrated that phage infection rates were higher overall in sympatric rhizobia than in allopatric rhizobia except for one Argentinean community, indicating phage local adaptation and host maladaptation. Phage-host interactions were shaped by the genetic identity and geographic origin of both the phage and the host. The phages ranged from specialists to generalists, revealing a nested network of interactions. Our results suggest a key role of local adaptation to resident host bacterial communities in shaping the phage genetic and phenotypic composition, following a similar spatial pattern of diversity and coevolution to that in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Cawenberghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etcheverry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial patterns in phage-Rhizobium coevolutionary interactions across regions of common bean domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.215970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling between lipid miscibility and phosphotyrosine driven protein condensation at the membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.215970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid miscibility phase separation has long been considered to be a central element of cell membrane organization. More recently, protein condensation phase transitions, into three-dimensional droplets or in two-dimensional lattices on membrane surfaces, have emerged as another important organizational principle within cells. Here, we reconstitute the LAT:Grb2:SOS protein condensation on the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles capable of undergoing lipid phase separations. Our results indicate that assembly of the protein condensate on the membrane surface can drive lipid phase separation. This phase transition occurs isothermally and is governed by tyrosine phosphorylation on LAT. Furthermore, we observe that the induced lipid phase separation drives localization of the SOS substrate, K-Ras, into the LAT:Grb2:SOS protein condensate.

Statement of SignificanceProtein condensation phase transitions are emerging as an important organizing principles in cells. One such condensate plays a key role in T cell receptor signaling. Immediately after receptor activation, multivalent phosphorylation of the adaptor protein LAT at the plasma membrane leads to networked assembly of a number of signaling proteins into a two-dimensional condensate on the membrane surface. In this study, we demonstrate that LAT condensates in reconstituted vesicles are sufficient to drive lipid phase separation. This lipid reorganization drives another key downstream signaling molecule, Ras, into the LAT condensates. These results show that the LAT condensation phase transition, which is actively controlled by phosphorylation reactions, extends its influence to control lipid phase separation in the underlying membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.215970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling between lipid miscibility and phosphotyrosine driven protein condensation at the membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics of the Drosophila wing disc reveals instructive epithelium-to-myoblast interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both vertebrates and invertebrates, generating a functional appendage requires interactions between ectoderm-derived epithelia and mesoderm-derived cells. To investigate such interactions, we used single-cell transcriptomics to generate a cell atlas of the Drosophila wing disc at two time points during development. Using these data, we investigate gene expression using a multi-layered model of the wing disc and catalogued ligand-receptor pairs that could mediate signaling between epithelial cells and adult muscle precursors (AMPs). We found that localized expression of the FGF ligands, Thisbe and Pyramus, in the disc epithelium regulates the number and location of the AMPs. In addition, Hedgehog ligand from the epithelium activates a specific transcriptional program within adjacent AMP cells, which is critical for proper formation of a subset of the direct flight muscles. More generally, our annotated atlas provides a global view of potential cell-cell interactions between subpopulations of epithelial and myogenic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everetts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.222976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics of the Drosophila wing disc reveals instructive epithelium-to-myoblast interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CelLEVITAS: Label-free, rapid sorting and enrichment of live cells via magnetic levitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sorting methods that remove non-viable cells and debris, while retaining a high yield of viable cells, are crucial for many applications in biotechnology, genomics, tissue engineering and medicine. However, a significant challenge is gentle sorting of these different cell states based on very minute differences in density and magnetic signatures, without relying on any labels, tags or markers. Here, a new magnetic levitation-based technology, CelLEVITAS, is developed for the label-free sorting and enrichment of live cells. This work reports the first use of magnetic levitation for sorting of viable and non-viable cells within a microfluidic device and demonstrates extremely effective removal of dead cells and debris from heterogeneous samples. First, the levitation conditions for separating viable and non-viable cells under a magnetic field were fine-tuned. Levitation trajectories of live and dead cell states were then monitored in real-time, as cells magnetically focused to their corresponding levitation bands. CelLEVITAS successfully sorted and enriched live cells from a variety of input cell concentrations (100-200,000 cells/mL) and a variety of input purities (10-50%) into consistently high output purities (>80%). This method is sensitive, does not impair cell viability during sorting, and significantly increases the input sample viability up to 7-fold. Overall, this new magnetic levitation-based sorting strategy drastically reduces the processing time to a single-step, 30-minute sorting protocol and eliminates the manual pre-processing and labeling steps that are required for traditional flow cytometry techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogut, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durmus, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CelLEVITAS: Label-free, rapid sorting and enrichment of live cells via magnetic levitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Dose Lead Exposure Induces Alterations on Heterochromatin Hallmarks Persisting Through SH-SY5Y Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lead (Pb) is a commonly found heavy metal due to its historical applications. Recent studies have associated the early-life Pb exposure with the onset of various neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms of Pb conferring long-term neurotoxicity, however, is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the persistency of alteration in epigenetic marks that arise from exposure to low dose of Pb using a combination of image-based and gene expression analysis. Using SH-SY5Y as a model cell line, we observed significant alterations in global 5-methycytosine (5mC) and histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and histone 3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) levels in a dose-dependent manner immediately after Pb exposure. The changes are partially associated with alterations in epigenetic enzyme expression levels. Long term culturing (14 days) after cease of exposure revealed persistent changes in 5mC, partial recovery in H3K9me3 and overcompensation in H3K27me3 levels. The observed alterations in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are reversed after neuronal differentiation, while reduction in 5mC levels are amplified with significant changes in patterns as identified via texture clustering analysis. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrates a strong positive correlation between trends of 5mC alteration after differentiation and neuronal morphology. Collectively, our results suggest that exposure to low dose of Pb prior to differentiation can result in persistent epigenome alterations that can potentially be responsible for observed phenotypic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.224246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Dose Lead Exposure Induces Alterations on Heterochromatin Hallmarks Persisting Through SH-SY5Y Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctiveness of genes contributing to growth of Pseudomonas syringae in diverse host plant species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of traits are necessary for bacterial colonization of the interior of plant hosts, including well-studied virulence effectors as well as other phenotypes contributing to bacterial growth and survival within the apoplast. High-throughput methods such as transposon sequencing (TnSeq) are powerful tools to identify such genes in bacterial pathogens. However, there is little information as to the distinctiveness of traits required for bacterial colonization of different hosts. Here, we utilize randomly barcoded TnSeq (RB-TnSeq) to identify the genes that contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a to grow within common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), and pepper (Capsicum annuum); species representing two different plant families. The magnitude of contribution of most genes to apoplastic fitness in each of the plant hosts was similar. However, 50 genes significantly differed in their fitness contributions to growth within these species. These genes encoded proteins in various functional categories including polysaccharide synthesis and transport, amino acid metabolism and transport, cofactor metabolism, and phytotoxin synthesis and transport. Six genes that encoded unannotated, hypothetical proteins also contributed differentially to growth in these hosts. The genetic repertoire of a relatively promiscuous pathogen such as P. syringae may thus be shaped, at least in part, by the conditional contribution of some fitness determinants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.216440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctiveness of genes contributing to growth of Pseudomonas syringae in diverse host plant species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular classification of zebrafish retinal ganglion cells links genes to cell types to behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) form an array of feature detectors, which convey visual information to central brain regions. Characterizing RGC diversity is required to understand the logic of the underlying functional segregation. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we systematically classified RGCs in adult and larval zebrafish, thereby identifying marker genes for at least 33 stable and transient cell types. We used this dataset to engineer transgenic driver lines, enabling experimental access to specific RGC types. Strikingly, expression of one or few transcription factors often predicts dendrite morphologies and axonal projections to specific tectal layers and extratectal targets. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that molecularly defined RGCs exhibit highly specific functional tuning. Finally, chemogenetic ablation of eomesa+ RGCs, which comprise melanopsin-expressing types with projections to a small subset of central targets, selectively impaired phototaxis. Together, our study establishes a framework for systematically studying the functional architecture of the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kölsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmbrecht, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold-Ammer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.226050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular classification of zebrafish retinal ganglion cells links genes to cell types to behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel therapeutic targets to mitigate early neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tauopathies are a group of more than twenty known disorders that involve progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and pathological tau accumulation. Current therapeutic strategies provide only limited, late-stage symptomatic treatment. This is partly due to lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking tau and cellular dysfunction, especially during the early stages of disease progression. In this study, we treated early stage tau transgenic mice with a multi-target kinase inhibitor to identify novel substrates that contribute to cognitive impairment and exhibit therapeutic potential. Drug treatment significantly ameliorated brain atrophy and cognitive function as determined by behavioral testing and a sensitive imaging technique called manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) with quantitative R1 mapping. Surprisingly, these benefits occurred despite unchanged hyperphosphorylated tau levels. To elucidate the mechanism behind these improved cognitive outcomes, we performed quantitative proteomics to determine the altered protein network during this early stage in tauopathy and compare this model with the human AD proteome. We identified a cluster of preserved pathways shared with human tauopathy with striking potential for broad multi-target kinase intervention. We further report high confidence candidate proteins as novel therapeutically relevant targets for the treatment of tauopathy.

One Sentence SummaryMulti-target kinase inhibition rescues cognitive function in early stage tauopathy mice and reverses proteomic shifts common to Alzheimers disease in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koren, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chishti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzillotta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Domenico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandsburger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, A. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axten, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laping, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abisambra, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.229583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel therapeutic targets to mitigate early neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin in space and time: architecture and oligomerization in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.229682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin helps mediate sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA repair and transcription regulation. Cohesin can tether two regions of DNA and can also extrude DNA loops. We interrogated cohesin architecture, oligomerization state and function of cohesin oligomers in vivo through proximity-dependent labeling of cohesin domains. Our results suggest that the hinge and head domains of cohesin both bind DNA, and that cohesin coiled coils bend, bringing the head and hinge together to form a butterfly conformation. Our data also suggest that cohesin efficiently oligomerizes on and off DNA. The levels of oligomers and their distribution on chromosomes are cell cycle regulated. Cohesin oligomerization is blocked by mutations in distinct domains of Smc3p and Mcd1p, or depletion of Pds5p. This unusual subset of mutations specifically blocks the maintenance of cohesion and condensation, suggesting that cohesin oligomerization plays a critical role in these biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.229682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin in space and time: architecture and oligomerization in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Adaptive Introgression Using Hidden Markov Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression - the flow of adaptive genetic variation between species or populations - has attracted significant interest in recent years and it has been implicated in a number of cases of adaptation, from pesticide resistance and immunity, to local adaptation. Despite this, methods for identification of adaptive introgression from population genomic data are lacking. Here, we present Ancestry_HMM-S, a Hidden Markov Model based method for identifying genes undergoing adaptive introgression and quantifying the strength of selection acting on them. Through extensive validation, we show that this method performs well on moderately sized datasets for realistic population and selection parameters. We apply Ancestry_HMM-S to a dataset of an admixed Drosophila melanogaster population from South Africa and we identify 17 loci which show signatures of adaptive introgression, four of which have previously been shown to confer resistance to insecticides. Ancestry_HMM-S provides a powerful method for inferring adaptive introgression in datasets that are typically collected when studying admixed populations. This method will enable powerful insights into the genetic consequences of admixture across diverse populations. Ancestry_HMM-S can be downloaded from https://github.com/jesvedberg/Ancestry_HMM-S/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Svedberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Adaptive Introgression Using Hidden Markov Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of Cas9/gRNA-mediated gene-drive systems has bolstered the advancement of genetic technologies for controlling vector-borne pathogen transmission. These include population suppression approaches, genetic analogs of insecticidal techniques that reduce the number of vector insects, and population modification (replacement/alteration) approaches, which interfere with competence to transmit pathogens. We developed a recoded gene-drive rescue system for population modification in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, that relieves the load in females caused by integration of the drive into the kynurenine hydroxylase gene by rescuing its function. Non-functional resistant alleles are eliminated via a dominantly-acting maternal effect combined with slower-acting standard negative selection, and a functional resistant allele does not prevent drive invasion. Small cage trials show that single releases of gene-drive males robustly result in efficient population modification with [&ge;]95% of mosquitoes carrying the drive within 5-11 generations over a range of initial release ratios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasinskiene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terradas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the false discovery rate in GWAS with population structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a comprehensive statistical framework to analyze data from genome-wide association studies of polygenic traits, producing distinct and interpretable discoveries while controlling the false discovery rate. This approach leverages sophisticated multivariate models, correcting for linkage disequilibrium, and accounts for population structure and relatedness, adapting to the characteristics of the samples at hand. A key element is the recognition that the observed genotypes can be considered as a random sample from an appropriate model, encapsulating our knowledge of genetic inheritance and human populations. This allows us to generate imperfect copies (knockoffs) of these variables which serve as ideal negative controls; knockoffs are indistinguishable from the original genotypes in distribution, and independent from the phenotype. In sharp contrast with state-of-the-art methods, the validity of our inference in no way depends on assumptions about the unknown relation between genotypes and phenotype. We develop and leverage a model for the genotypes that accounts for arbitrary and unknown population structure, which may be due to diverse ancestries or familial relatedness. We build a pipeline that is robust to the most prominent possible confounders, facilitating the discovery of causal variants. Validity and effectiveness are demonstrated by extensive simulations with real data, as well as by the analysis of several phenotypes in the UK Biobank. Finally, fast software is made available for researchers to apply the proposed methodology to Biobank-scale data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sesia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the false discovery rate in GWAS with population structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important feature in spatial population genetic data is often "isolation-by-distance," where genetic differentiation tends to increase as individuals become more geographically distant. Recently, Petkova et al. (2016) developed a statistical method called Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces (EEMS) for visualizing spatially heterogeneous isolation-by-distance on a geographic map. While EEMS is a powerful tool for depicting spatial population structure, it can suffer from slow runtimes. Here we develop a related method called Fast Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces (FEEMS). FEEMS uses a Gaussian Markov Random Field in a penalized likelihood framework that allows for efficient optimization and output of effective migration surfaces. Further, the efficient optimization facilitates the inference of migration parameters per edge in the graph, rather than per node (as in EEMS). When tested with coalescent simulations, FEEMS accurately recovers effective migration surfaces with complex gene-flow histories, including those with anisotropy. Applications of FEEMS to population genetic data from North American gray wolves shows it to perform comparably to EEMS, but with solutions obtained orders of magnitude faster. Overall, FEEMS expands the ability of users to quickly visualize and interpret spatial structure in their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.242214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Contributions of the Allopolyploid Parents of the Mesopolyploid Brassiceae are Evolutionarily Distinct but Functionally Compatible 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The members of the tribe Brassiceae share a whole genome triplication (WGT), and one proposed model for its formation is a "two-step" pair of hybridizations producing hexaploid descendants. However, evidence for this model is incomplete, and the evolutionary and functional constraints that drove evolution after the hexaploidy are even less understood. Here we report a new genome sequence of Crambe hispanica, a species sister to most sequenced Brassiceae. Using this new genome and three others that share the hexaploidy, we traced the history of gene loss after the WGT using POInT (the Polyploidy Orthology Inference Tool). We confirm the two-step formation model and infer that there was a significant temporal gap between those two allopolyploidizations, with about a third of the gene losses from the first two subgenomes occurring prior to the arrival of the third. We also, for the 90,000 individual genes in our study, make parental "subgenome" assignments, inferring, with measured uncertainty, which of the progenitor genomes of the allohexaploidy each gene derives from. We further show that each subgenome has a statistically distinguishable rate of homoeolog losses. There is little indication of functional distinction between the three subgenomes: the individual subgenomes show no patterns of functional enrichment, no excess of shared protein-protein or metabolic interactions between their members, and no biases in their likelihood of having experienced a recent selective sweep. We propose a "mix and match" model of allopolyploidy, where subgenome origin drives homoeolog loss propensities but where genes from different subgenomes function together without difficulty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBuren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Contributions of the Allopolyploid Parents of the Mesopolyploid Brassiceae are Evolutionarily Distinct but Functionally Compatible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and biosynthesis of clostyrylpyrones from the obligate an-aerobe Clostridium roseum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic bacteria are a promising new source for natural product discovery. Examination of extracts from the obligate anaerobe Clostridium roseum led to discovery of a new family of natural products, the clostyrylpyrones. The polyketide synthase-based biosynthetic mechanism of clostyrylpyrones is further proposed based on bioinformatic, gene knockout, biochemical analysis and heterologous expression studies.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/245514v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and biosynthesis of clostyrylpyrones from the obligate an-aerobe Clostridium roseum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Machine Learning Strategy for Prediction of Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Food with High Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strategies to screen antihypertensive peptides with high throughput and rapid speed will be doubtlessly contributed to the treatment of hypertension. The food-derived antihypertensive peptides can reduce blood pressure without side effects. In present study, a novel model based on Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was developed using the primary structural features of the food-derived peptides, and its performance in the prediction of antihypertensive peptides was compared with the dominating machine learning models. To further reflect the reliability of the method in real situation, the optimized XGBoost model was utilized to predict the antihypertensive degree of k-mer peptides cutting from 6 key proteins in bovine milk and the peptide-protein docking technology was introduced to verify the findings. The results showed that the XGBoost model achieved outstanding performance with the accuracy of 0.9841 and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9428, which were better than the other models. Using the XGBoost model, the prediction of antihypertensive peptides derived from milk protein was consistent with the peptide-protein docking results, and was more efficient. Our results indicate that using XGBoost algorithm as a novel auxiliary tool is feasible for screening antihypertensive peptide derived from food with high throughput and high efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Machine Learning Strategy for Prediction of Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Food with High Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.246413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.246413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants and animals detect pathogen infection via intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors and activate an immune response. How effector sensing triggers NLR activation remains poorly understood. Here we describe the 3.8 [A] resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the activated Roq1, an NLR native to Nicotiana benthamiana with a Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, bound to the Xanthomonas effector XopQ. Roq1 directly binds to both the predicted active site and surface residues of XopQ while forming a tetrameric resistosome that brings together the TIR domains for downstream immune signaling. Our results suggest a mechanism for the direct recognition of effectors by NLRs leading to the oligomerization-dependent activation of a plant resistosome and signaling by the TIR domain.

One Sentence SummaryVisualization of an activated plant immune receptor that triggers the immune response upon pathogen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.246413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.232587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities in cellular membranes through multidimensional single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.232587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion properties notably determine the behavior of biomembranes. Here we report the concurrent nanoscale fine-mapping of membrane topography, diffusivity, and packing order in live mammalian cells through a synergy of single-molecule and super-resolution methods. By identifying a bright, lipophilic fluorescence turn-on probe that enables sustained single-molecule imaging of cellular membranes under stroboscopic excitation, we accumulate the positions and transient displacements of >106 probe molecules to achieve super-resolution topography and diffusivity mapping. We thus determine a trend that the membrane diffusivity drops with increased lipid packing order when comparing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, plasma membrane, and nanodomains induced by cholera toxin B. Utilizing our nanoscale mapping capability, we further unveil reduced diffusivity in the ER membrane at ER-plasma membrane contact sites. By next integrating spectrally resolved single-molecule imaging, we show this localized diffusion slowdown is not due to altered lipid packing order, but may instead be attributed to local protein crowding. Our integrated multidimensional single-molecule approach thus unveils and differentiates between nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities of different origins in live-cell membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.232587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing nanoscale diffusional heterogeneities in cellular membranes through multidimensional single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.245340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing Sub-20 nm Nanocarriers for Small Molecule Delivery: Interplay among Structural Geometry, Assembly Energetics, and Cargo Release Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.245340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological constraints in diseased tissues have motivated the need for small nanocarriers (10-30 nm) to achieve sufficient vascular extravasation and pervasive tumor penetration. This particle size limit is only an order of magnitude larger than small molecules, such that cargo loading is better described by co-assembly processes rather than simple encapsulation. Understanding the structural, kinetic, and energetic contributions of carrier-cargo co-assembly is thus critical to achieve molecular-level control and predictable in vivo behavior. These interconnected set of properties were systematically examined using sub-20 nm self-assembled nanocarriers known as three-helix micelles (3HM). Both hydrophobicity and the "geometric packing parameter" dictate small molecule compatibility with 3HMs alkyl tail core. Planar obelisk-like apomorphine and doxorubicin (DOX) molecules intercalated well within the 3HM core and near the core-shell interface, forming an integral component to the co-assembly, as corroborated by small angle X-ray and neutron-scattering structural studies. DOX promoted crystalline alkyl tail ordering, which significantly increased (+63%) the activation energy of 3HM subunit exchange. Subsequently, 3HM-DOX displayed slow-release kinetics (t1/2=40 h) at physiological temperatures, with ~50x greater cargo preference for the micelle core as described by two drug partitioning coefficients (micellar core/shell Kp1 ~24, and shell/bulk solvent Kp2 ~2). The geometric and energetic insights between nanocarrier and their small molecule cargos developed here will aid in broader efforts to deconvolute the interconnected properties of carrier-drug co-assemblies, and to understand nanomedicine behavior throughout all the physical and in vivo processes they are intended to encounter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.245340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing Sub-20 nm Nanocarriers for Small Molecule Delivery: Interplay among Structural Geometry, Assembly Energetics, and Cargo Release Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique for deep in vivo imaging in scattering samples. However, it requires precise, sample-dependent increases in excitation power with depth in order to maintain signal while minimizing photodamage. We show that cells with identical fluorescent labels imaged in situ can be used to train a physics-based machine learning model that solves this problem. After this training has been performed, the correct illumination power can be predicted and adaptively adjusted at each point in a 3D volume on subsequent samples as a function of the samples shape, without the need for specialized fluorescent labelling. We use this technique for in vivo imaging of immune responses in mouse lymph nodes following vaccination, with imaging volumes 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported. We achieve visualization of physiologically realistic numbers of antigen-specific T cells for the first time, and demonstrate changes in the global organization and motility of dendritic cell networks during the early stages of the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenica, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shagam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting future regional tau accumulation in asymptomatic and early Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The earliest stages of Alzheimers disease (AD) involve interactions between multiple pathophysiological processes. Although these processes are well studied, we still lack robust tools to predict individualised trajectories of disease progression. Here, we employ a robust and interpretable machine learning approach to combine multimodal biological data and predict future tau accumulation, translating predictive information from deep phenotyping cohorts at early stages of AD to cognitively normal individuals. In particular, we use machine learning to quantify interactions between key pathological markers ({beta}-amyloid, medial temporal atrophy, tau and APOE 4) at early and asymptomatic stages of AD. We next derive a predictive index that stratifies individuals based on future pathological tau accumulation, highlighting two critical features for optimal clinical trial design. First, future tau accumulation provides a better outcome measure compared to changes in cognition. Second, stratification based on multimodal data compared to {beta}-amyloid alone reduces the sample size required to detect a clinically meaningful change in tau accumulation. Further, we extend our machine learning approach to derive individualised trajectories of future pathological tau accumulation in early AD patients and accurately predict regional future rate of tau accumulation in an independent sample of cognitively unimpaired individuals. Our results propose a robust approach for fine scale stratification and prognostication with translation impact for clinical trial design at asymptomatic and early stages of AD.

One Sentence SummaryOur machine learning approach combines baseline multimodal data to make individualised predictions of future pathological tau accumulation at prodromal and asymptomatic stages of Alzheimers disease with high accuracy and regional specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourtzi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ADNI,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting future regional tau accumulation in asymptomatic and early Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage impedes replication fork progression and threatens genome stability. Upon encounter with most DNA adducts, the replicative CMG helicase (CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS) stalls or uncouples from the point of synthesis, yet CMG eventually resumes replication. However, little is known about the effect on replication of single-strand breaks or "nicks", which are abundant in mammalian cells. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we reveal that CMG collision with a nick in the leading strand template generates a blunt-ended double-strand break (DSB). Moreover, CMG, which encircles the leading strand template, "runs off" the end of the DSB. In contrast, CMG collision with a lagging strand nick generates a broken end with a single-stranded overhang. In this setting, CMG translocates beyond the nick on double-stranded DNA and is then actively removed from chromatin by the p97 ATPase. Our results show that nicks are uniquely dangerous DNA lesions that invariably cause replisome disassembly, and they argue that CMG cannot be deposited on dsDNA while cells resolve replication stress.

HighlightsO_LIThe structures of leading and lagging strand collapsed forks are different
C_LIO_LICMG passively "runs off" the broken DNA end during leading strand fork collapse
C_LIO_LICMG is unloaded from duplex DNA after lag collapse in a p97-dependent manner
C_LIO_LINicks are uniquely toxic lesions that cause fork collapse and replisome disassembly
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vrtis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Profiling of Identified Neurons in Leech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While leeches in the genus Hirudo have long been models for neurobiology, the molecular underpinnings of nervous system structure and function in this group remain largely unknown. To begin to bridge this gap, we performed RNASeq on pools of identified neurons of the central nervous system (CNS): sensory T (touch), P (pressure) and N (nociception) neurons; neurosecretory Retzius cells; and ganglia from which these four cell types had been removed. Bioinformatic analyses identified 2,812 putative genes whose expression differed significantly among the samples. These genes clustered into 7 groups which could be associated with one or more of the identified cell types. We verified predicted expression patterns through in situ hybridization on whole CNS ganglia, and found that orthologous genes were for the most part similarly expressed in a divergent leech genus, suggesting evolutionarily conserved roles for these genes. Transcriptional profiling allowed us to identify candidate phenotype-defining genes from expanded gene families. Thus, we identified one of eight hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as a candidate for mediating the prominent sag current in P neurons, and found that one of five inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), representing a sub-family of IP3Rs absent from vertebrate genomes, is expressed with high specificity in T cells. We also identified one of two piezo genes, two of ~65 deg/enac genes, and one of at least 16 transient receptor potential (trp) genes as prime candidates for involvement in sensory transduction in the three distinct classes of leech mechanosensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heath-Heckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammardo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miguel, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblat, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Profiling of Identified Neurons in Leech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-Performance Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor for Imaging Physiological Peroxynitrite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that plays critical roles in signal transduction, stress response, and numerous human diseases. Advanced molecular tools that permit the selective, sensitive, and non-invasive detection of peroxynitrite is essential for understanding its pathophysiological functions. Here, we present pnGFP-Ultra, a high performance, reaction-based, genetically encodable biosensor for imaging peroxynitrite in live cells. pnGFP-Ultra features a p-boronophenylalanine-modified chromophore as the sensing moiety and exhibits a remarkable 123-fold fluorescence turn-on response towards peroxynitrite while displaying virtually no cross-reaction with other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide. To facilitate the expression of pnGFP-Ultra in mammalian cells, we engineered a highly efficient noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) expression system that is broadly applicable to the mammalian expression of proteins containing various ncAAs. pnGFP-Ultra robustly detected peroxynitrite production during interferon {gamma} and lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses in macrophages, and in amyloid {beta}-activated primary glial cells. Thus, pnGFP-Ultra fills an important technical gap and represents an important new addition to the molecular toolbox in probing RNS biology.

In BriefChen et al. report pnGFP-Ultra, a high-performance fluorescent biosensor for minimally invasive and selective imaging of peroxynitrite production in live cells.

HighlightsO_LIpnGFP-Ultra is a genetically encoded peroxynitrite biosensor with a 123-fold fluorescence turn-on response
C_LIO_LIpnGFP-Ultra exhibits high selectivity toward peroxynitrite, with virtually no crossreaction with hydrogen peroxide
C_LIO_LIAn optimized plasmid-based system increases noncanonical amino acid incorporation in mammalian cells by >10 fold
C_LIO_LIpnGFP-Ultra robustly detects peroxynitrite production in macrophages and primary glial cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-Performance Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor for Imaging Physiological Peroxynitrite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4 β-hydroxycholesterol is a pro-lipogenic factor that promotes SREBP1c expression and activity through Liver X-receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that play signaling roles in lipid biosynthesis and homeostasis. Here we show that 4{beta}-hydroxycholesterol (4{beta}-HC), a liver and serum abundant oxysterol of poorly defined function, is a potent and selective inducer of the master lipogenic transcription factor, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1c (SREBP1c), but not the related steroidogenic transcription factor SREBP2. Mechanistically, 4{beta}-HC acts as a putative agonist for Liver X receptor (LXR), a sterol sensor and transcriptional regulator previously linked to SREBP1c activation. Unique among the oxysterol agonists of LXR, 4{beta}-HC induced expression of the lipogenic program downstream of SREBP1c, and triggered de novo lipogenesis both in primary hepatocytes and in mouse liver. 4{beta}-HC-acted in parallel to insulin-PI3K-dependent signaling to stimulate triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation. Thus, 4{beta}-HC is an endogenous regulator of de novo lipogenesis through the LXR-SREBP1c axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moldavski, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushin, P.-J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijkeren, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ory, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.256487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4 β-hydroxycholesterol is a pro-lipogenic factor that promotes SREBP1c expression and activity through Liver X-receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers potential trophic interactions in rhizosphere soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functioning, health, and productivity of soil is intimately tied to a complex network of interactions, particularly in plant root-associated rhizosphere soil. We conducted a stable isotope-informed, genome-resolved metagenomic study to trace carbon from Avena fatua grown in a 13CO2 atmosphere into soil. We collected paired rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil at six and nine weeks of plant growth and extracted DNA that was then separated by density using gradient centrifugation. Thirty-two fractions from each sample were grouped by density, sequenced, assembled, and binned to generate 55 unique microbial genomes that were >70% complete. The complete 18S rRNA sequences of several micro-eukaryotic bacterivores and fungi were enriched in 13C. We generated several circularized bacteriophage (phage) genomes, some of which were the most labelled entities in the rhizosphere. CRISPR locus targeting connected one of these phage to a Burkholderiales host predicted to be a plant pathogen. Another highly labeled phage is predicted to replicate in a Catenulispora sp., a possible plant growth-promoting bacterium. We searched the genomes for traits known to be used in interactions involving bacteria, micro-eukaryotes and plant roots and found that heavily isotopically-labeled bacteria have the ability to modulate plant signaling hormones, possess numerous plant pathogenicity factors, and produce toxins targeting micro-eukaryotes. Overall, 13C stable isotope-informed genome-resolved metagenomics revealed that very active bacteria often have the potential for strong interactions with plants and directly established that phage can be important agents of turnover of plant-derived carbon in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers potential trophic interactions in rhizosphere soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of redox conditions on the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil redox conditions exert substantial influence on biogeochemical processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Humid tropical forest soils are often characterized by fluctuating redox dynamics, yet how these dynamics affect patterns in soil versus litter decomposition and associated CO2 fluxes is not well understood. We used a 13C-labeled litter addition to explicitly follow the decomposition of litter-derived vs. native soil-derived organic matter in response to four different soil redox regimes--static oxic or anoxic, and two oscillating treatments--in soil from the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We coupled this incubation experiment with high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the preferential decomposition of specific classes of organic molecules. CO2 production from litter and soil organic matter (SOM) showed distinctly different responses to redox manipulation. The cumulative production of SOM-derived CO2 was positively correlated with the length of soil exposure to an oxic headspace (r = 0.89, n = 20), whereas cumulative 13C-litter-derived CO2 production was not linked to oxygen availability. The CO2 production rate from litter was highest under static anoxic conditions in the first half of the incubation period, and later dropped to the lowest among all redox treatments. In the consistently anoxic soils, we observed the depletion of more oxidized water-extractable organic matter (especially amino sugars, carbohydrates, and proteins) over time, suggesting that under anaerobic conditions, microbes preferentially used more oxidized litter-derived compounds during the early stages of decomposition. Results from kinetic modeling showed that more frequent anoxic exposure limited the decomposition of a slow-cycling C pool, but not a fast-cycling pool. Overall, our results demonstrate that substrate source--freshly added litter vs. native organic matter--plays an important role in the redox sensitivity of organic matter decomposition. In soil environments that regularly experience redox fluctuations, anaerobic heterotrophs can be surprisingly effective in degrading fresh plant litter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didonato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of redox conditions on the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutanofactin promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is known as a predominant etiological agent of dental caries due to its exceptional capacity in forming biofilms. From strains of S. mutans isolated from dental plaque, we here discover a polyketide/non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster, muf, which directly correlates with a strong biofilm-forming capability. We then identify the muf-associated bioactive product, mutanofactin-697 that contains a novel molecular scaffold, along with its biosynthetic logic. Further mode-of-action studies reveal mutanofactin-697 binds to S. mutans cells nonspecifically, increases bacterial hydrophobicity, and promotes bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. Our findings provide the first example of a microbial secondary metabolite promoting biofilm formation via a physicochemical approach, highlighting the significance of secondary metabolism in mediating critical processes related to the development of dental caries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maboudian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burne, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutanofactin promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving coronavirus protein implicated in immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular basis for the severity and rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely unknown. ORF8 is a rapidly evolving accessory protein that has been proposed to interfere with immune responses. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 was determined at 2.04 [A] resolution by x-ray crystallography. The structure reveals a ~60 residue core similar to SARS-CoV ORF7a with the addition of two dimerization interfaces unique to SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. A covalent disulfide-linked dimer is formed through an N-terminal sequence specific to SARS-CoV-2, while a separate non-covalent interface is formed by another SARS-CoV-2-specific sequence, 73YIDI76. Together the presence of these interfaces shows how SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 can form unique large-scale assemblies not possible for SARS-CoV, potentially mediating unique immune suppression and evasion activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving coronavirus protein implicated in immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative characterization of the eukaryotic transcription cycle using live imaging and statistical inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic transcription cycle consists of three main steps: initiation, elongation, and cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript. Although each of these steps can be regulated as well as coupled with each other, their in vivo dissection has remained challenging because available experimental readouts lack sufficient spatiotemporal resolution to separate the contributions from each of these steps. Here, we describe a novel application of Bayesian inference techniques to simultaneously infer the effective parameters of the transcription cycle in real time and at the single-cell level using a two-color MS2/PP7 reporter gene and the developing fruit fly embryo as a case study. Our method enables detailed investigations into cell-to-cell variability in transcription-cycle parameters as well as single-cell correlations between these parameters. These measurements, combined with theoretical modeling, suggest a substantial variability in the elongation rate of individual RNA polymerase molecules. We further illustrate the power of this technique by uncovering a novel mechanistic connection between RNA polymerase density and nascent RNA cleavage efficiency. Thus, our approach makes it possible to shed light on the regulatory mechanisms in play during each step of the transcription cycle in individual, living cells at high spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative characterization of the eukaryotic transcription cycle using live imaging and statistical inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to encoding the final tertiary fold and stability, the primary sequence of a protein encodes the folding trajectory and kinetic barriers that determines the speed of folding. How these kinetic barriers are encoded by the sequence is not well understood. Here, we use evolutionary sequence variation in the alpha-lytic protease (LP) protein family to probe the relationship between sequence and energy landscape. LP has an unusual energy landscape: the native state of LP is not the most thermodynamically favored conformation and, instead, it remains folded due to a large kinetic barrier preventing unfolding. In order to fold, LP utilizes an N-terminal pro region of similar size to the protease itself that functions as a folding catalyst. Once folded, the pro region is removed, and the native state does not unfold on a biologically relevant timescale. Without the pro region, LP folds on the order of millennia. A phylogenetic search uncovers LP homologs with a wide range of pro-region sizes, including some with no pro region at all. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, these homologs cluster by pro-region size. Homologs naturally lacking pro regions are thermodynamically stable, fold much faster than LP, yet retain the same fold as LP. Key amino acids thought to contribute to LPs extreme kinetic stability are lost in these homologs, further supporting their role in kinetic stability. This study highlights how the entire energy landscape plays an important role in determining the evolutionary pressures on and changes to the protein sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sailer, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheludev, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioelectrochemical engineering analysis of formate-mediated microbial electrosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediated microbial electrosynthesis (MES) represents a promising strategy for the capture and conversion of CO2 into carbon-based products. We describe the development and application of a comprehensive multiphysics model to analyze a formate-mediated MES reactor. The model shows that this system can achieve a biomass productivity of [~]1.7 g L-1 hr-1 but is limited by a competitive trade-off between O2 gas/liquid mass transfer and CO2 transport to the cathode. Synthetic metabolic strategies are evaluated for formatotrophic growth, which can enable an energy efficiency of [~]21%, a 30% improvement over the Calvin cycle. However, carbon utilization efficiency is only [~]10% in the best cases due to a futile CO2 cycle, so gas recycle will be necessary for greater efficiency. Finally, separating electrochemical and microbial processes into separate reactors enables a higher biomass productivity of [~]2.4 g L-1 hr-1. The mediated MES model and analysis presented here can guide process design for conversion of CO2 into renewable chemical feedstocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioelectrochemical engineering analysis of formate-mediated microbial electrosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic screen identifies processes that couple oocyte maturation to proteostasis in the immortal C. elegans germ lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cells age and die, but the germ-cell lineage is immortal. In C. elegans, germline immortality involves proteostasis renewal at the beginning of each new generation, when oocyte-maturation signals from sperm trigger the clearance of carbonylated proteins and protein aggregates. Here, we explore the cell biology of this proteostasis renewal in the context of a whole-genome RNAi screen. Oocyte maturation signals are known to trigger protein-aggregate removal via lysosome acidification. Our findings suggest that lysosomes are acidified as a consequence of changes in ER activity that permit assembly of the lysosomal V-ATPase, which in turn allows lysosomes to clear the aggregates via microautophagy. We define two functions for mitochondria, both of which appear to be independent of ATP generation. Many genes from the screen also regulate lysosome acidification and age-dependent protein aggregation in the soma, suggesting a fundamental mechanistic link between proteostasis renewal in the germline and somatic longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudeau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnert, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingaramo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenyon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic screen identifies processes that couple oocyte maturation to proteostasis in the immortal C. elegans germ lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nanocompartment containing the peroxidase DypB contributes to defense against oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encapsulin nanocompartments are an emerging class of prokaryotic protein-based organelles consisting of an encapsulin protein shell that encloses a protein cargo1. Genes encoding nanocompartments are widespread in bacteria and archaea, and recent works have characterized the biochemical function of several cargo enzymes2. However, the importance of these organelles to host physiology is poorly understood. Here, we report that the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) produces a nanocompartment that contains the dye-decolorizing peroxidase DypB. We show that this nanocompartment is important for the ability of Mtb to resist oxidative stress in low pH environments, including during infection of host cells and upon treatment with a clinically relevant antibiotic. Our findings are the first to implicate a nanocompartment in bacterial pathogenesis and reveal a new mechanism that Mtb uses to combat oxidative stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lien, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy-Amstutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinshaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nanocompartment containing the peroxidase DypB contributes to defense against oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient isolation of protoplasts from rice calli with pause points and its application in transient gene expression and genome editing assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An efficient in vivo transient transfection system using protoplasts is an important tool to study gene expression, metabolic pathways, and multiple mutagenesis parameters in plants. Although rice protoplasts can be isolated from germinated seedlings or cell suspension culture, preparation of those donor tissues can be inefficient, time consuming, and laborious. Additionally, the lengthy process of protoplast isolation and transfection needs to be completed in a single day. Here we report a protocol for isolation of protoplasts directly from rice calli, without using seedlings or suspension culture. The method is developed to employ discretionary pause points during protoplast isolation and prior to transfection. Protoplasts maintained within a sucrose cushion partway through isolation, for completion on a subsequent day, per the first pause point, are referred to as S protoplasts. Fully isolated protoplasts maintained in MMG solution for transfection on a subsequent day, per the second pause point, are referred to as M protoplasts. Both S and M protoplasts, 1 day after initiation of protoplast isolation, had minimal loss of viability and transfection efficiency compared to protoplasts 0 days after isolation. S protoplast viability decreases at a lower rate over time than that of M protoplasts and can be used with added flexibility for transient transfection assays and time-course experiments. The protoplasts produced by this method are competent for transfection of both plasmids and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Cas9 RNPs were used to demonstrate the utility of these protoplasts to assay genome editing in vivo. The current study describes a highly effective and accessible method to isolate protoplasts from callus tissue induced from rice seeds. This method utilizes donor materials that are resource-efficient and easy to propagate, permits convenience via pause points, and allows for flexible transfection days after protoplast isolation. It provides an advantageous and useful platform for a variety of in vivo transient transfection studies in rice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient isolation of protoplasts from rice calli with pause points and its application in transient gene expression and genome editing assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.273649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of hippocampal adult-born immature neurons disrupts a brain-wide network for spatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.273649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that cognitive deficits associated with various neurological disorders may arise in part from a small population of dysregulated adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG). How these dysregulated adult-born neurons contribute to brain-wide network maladaptation and subsequent cognitive deficits remains unknown. Using an established mouse model with a small number of time-stamped dysregulated adult-born immature neurons and spatial memory deficits, we performed resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and found that approximately 500 deficient immature neurons (<0.1% of total DG granule neurons) are sufficient to induce a significant decrease in the functional connectivity between DG and insular cortex (IC), two brain regions without direct anatomical connections. Furthermore, using a combination of rabies-based retrograde tracing and in vivo fiber photometry recording, we demonstrated that dysregulated adult-born neurons induce aberrant activity and synchrony in local hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions, as well as distal medial-dorsal thalamus and IC regions during a spatial memory process. These results suggest that a few hundred dysregulated adult-born immature neurons can impact brain-wide network dynamics across several anatomically discrete regions and collectively contribute to impaired cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolagani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, T.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamero-Alameda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lybrand, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickersham, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.273649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of hippocampal adult-born immature neurons disrupts a brain-wide network for spatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.280537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel cobamide remodeling enzyme in the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.280537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila provides metabolites to other members of the gut microbiota by breaking down host mucin, but most of its other metabolic functions have not been investigated. A. muciniphila is known to use cobamides, the vitamin B12 family of cofactors with structural diversity in the lower ligand, though the specific cobamides it can use have not been examined. We found that growth of A. muciniphila strain MucT was nearly identical with each of seven cobamides tested, in contrast to nearly all bacteria that have been studied. Unexpectedly, this promiscuity is due to cobamide remodeling - the removal and replacement of the lower ligand - despite the absence of the canonical remodeling enzyme CbiZ in A. muciniphila. We identified a novel enzyme, CbiR, that is capable of initiating the remodeling process by hydrolyzing the phosphoribosyl bond in the nucleotide loop of cobamides. CbiR does not share homology with other cobamide remodeling enzymes or B12-binding domains, and instead is a member of the AP endonuclease 2 enzyme superfamily. We speculate that CbiR enables bacteria to repurpose cobamides they otherwise cannot use in order to grow under a cobamide-requiring condition; this function was confirmed by heterologous expression of cbiR in E. coli. Homologs of CbiR are found in over 200 microbial taxa across 22 phyla, suggesting that many bacteria may use CbiR to gain access to the diverse cobamides present in their environment.

ImportanceCobamides, the vitamin B12 family of cobalt-containing cofactors, are required for metabolism in all domains of life, including most bacteria. Cobamides have structural variability in the lower ligand, and selectivity for particular cobamides has been observed in most organisms studied to date. Here, we discover that the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila can use a diverse range of cobamides due to its ability to change the cobamide structure via "cobamide remodeling". We identify and characterize the novel enzyme CbiR that is necessary for initiating the cobamide remodeling process. The discovery of this enzyme has implications not only for understanding the ecological role of A. muciniphila in the gut, but for other bacteria that carry this enzyme as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.280537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel cobamide remodeling enzyme in the beneficial human gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Founder events play a critical role in shaping genetic diversity, impacting the fitness of a species and disease risk in humans. Yet our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of founder events in humans and other species remains incomplete, as most existing methods for characterizing founder events require large sample sizes or phased genomes. To learn about the frequency and evolutionary history of founder events, we introduce ASCEND (Allele Sharing Correlation for the Estimation of Non-equilibrium Demography), a flexible two-locus method to infer the age and strength of founder events. This method uses the correlation in allele sharing across the genome between pairs of individuals to recover signatures of past bottlenecks. By performing coalescent simulations, we show that ASCEND can reliably estimate the parameters of founder events under a range of demographic scenarios, with genotype or sequence data. We apply ASCEND to ~5,000 worldwide human samples (~3,500 present-day and ~1,500 ancient individuals), and ~1,000 domesticated dog samples. In both species, we find pervasive evidence of founder events in the recent past. In humans, over half of the populations surveyed in our study had evidence for a founder events in the past 10,000 years, associated with geographic isolation, modes of sustenance, and historical invasions and epidemics. We document that island populations have historically maintained lower population sizes than continental groups, ancient hunter-gatherers had stronger founder events than Neolithic Farmers or Steppe Pastoralists, and periods of epidemics such as smallpox were accompanied by major population crashes. Many present-day groups--including Central & South Americans, Oceanians and South Asians--have experienced founder events stronger than estimated in Ashkenazi Jews who have high rates of recessive diseases due to their history of founder events. In dogs, we uncovered extreme founder events in most groups, more than ten times stronger than the median strength of founder events in humans. These founder events occurred during the last 25 generations and are likely related to the establishment of dog breeds during Victorian times. Our results highlight a widespread history of founder events in humans and dogs, and provide insights about the demographic and cultural processes underlying these events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage uptake by Eukaryotic cell layers represents a major sink for phages during therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over 100 years, bacteriophages have been known as viruses that infect bacteria. Yet it is becoming increasingly apparent that bacteriophages, or phages for short, have tropisms outside their bacterial hosts. During phage therapy, high doses of phages are directly administered and disseminated throughout the body, facilitating broad interactions with eukaryotic cells. Using live cell imaging across a range of cell lines we demonstrate that cell type plays a major role in phage internalisation and that smaller phages (< 100 nm) are internalised at higher rates. Uptake rates were validated under physiological shear stress conditions using a microfluidic device that mimics the shear stress to which endothelial cells are exposed to in the human body. Phages were found to rapidly adhere to eukaryotic cell layers, with adherent phages being subsequently internalised by macropinocytosis and functional phages accumulating and stably persisting intracellularly. Finally, we incorporate these results into an established pharmacokinetic model demonstrating the potential impact of phage accumulation by these cell layers, which represents a major sink for circulating phages in the body. Understanding these interactions will have important implications on innate immune responses, phage pharmacokinetics, and the efficacy of phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bichet, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avellaneda-Franco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oddo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernyavskiy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilsenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neild, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voelcker, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage uptake by Eukaryotic cell layers represents a major sink for phages during therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive duplication of tumor suppressors in Afrotherians during the evolution of large bodies and reduced cancer risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The risk of developing cancer is correlated with body size and lifespan within species. Between species, however, there is no correlation between cancer and either body size or lifespan, indicating that large, long-lived species have evolved enhanced cancer protection mechanisms. Elephants and their relatives (Proboscideans) are a particularly interesting lineage for the exploration of mechanisms underlying the evolution of augmented cancer resistance because they evolved large bodies recently within a clade of smaller bodied species (Afrotherians). Here, we explore the contribution of gene duplication to body size and cancer risk in Afrotherians. Unexpectedly, we found that tumor suppresxssor duplication was pervasive in Afrotherian genomes, rather than restricted to Proboscideans. Proboscideans, however, have duplicates in unique pathways that may underlie some aspects of their remarkable anti-cancer cell biology. These data suggest that duplication of tumor suppressor genes facilitated the evolution of increased body size by compensating for decreasing intrinsic cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.291906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive duplication of tumor suppressors in Afrotherians during the evolution of large bodies and reduced cancer risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of increased urine concentrating ability in desert mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most celebrated textbook examples of physiological adaptations to desert environments is the unique ability that desert mammals have to produce hyperosmotic urine. Commonly perceived as an adaptation mainly observed in small rodents, the extent to which urine concentrating ability has independently evolved in distinct lineages, including medium-sized and large desert mammals, has not previously been assessed using modern phylogenetic approaches. Here, we explicitly test the general hypothesis that desert-dwelling mammals have evolved increased ability to concentrate urine compared to non-desert species, controlling for body mass and other covariates. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares models show that the mean aridity index of a species distribution range largely predicts its urine concentrating ability, even when accounting for body mass differences and phylogenetic correlations. In contrast, we find much weaker correlations between mass-adjusted basal metabolic rate and environmental variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>L. Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of increased urine concentrating ability in desert mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying cytoskeletal heterogeneity via single-cell protein-complex fractionation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimeric cytoskeletal protein complexes orchestrate normal cellular function. However, protein-complex distributions in stressed, heterogeneous cell populations remain unknown. Cell staining and proximity-based methods have limited selectivity and/or sensitivity for endogenous multimeric protein-complex quantification from single cells. We introduce micro-arrayed, differential detergent fractionation to simultaneously detect protein complexes in 100s of individual cells. Fractionation occurs by 60 s size-exclusion electrophoresis with protein complex-stabilizing buffer that minimizes depolymerization. Co-detection of cytoskeletal protein complexes in U2OS cells treated with filamentous actin (F-actin) destabilizing LatA detects a subpopulation (~11%) exhibiting downregulated F-actin, but upregulated microtubule and intermediate filament protein complexes. Thus, some cells upregulate other cytoskeletal complexes to counteract the stress of LatA treatment. We also sought to understand the effect of non-chemical stress on cellular heterogeneity of F-actin. We find heat shock dysregulates F- and G-actin correlation. The assay overcomes selectivity limitations to biochemically quantify single-cell protein complexes perturbed with diverse stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vlassakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying cytoskeletal heterogeneity via single-cell protein-complex fractionation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein forms condensates with viral genomic RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.295824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes COVID-19, a pandemic that seriously threatens global health. SARS-CoV-2 propagates by packaging its RNA genome into membrane enclosures in host cells. The packaging of the viral genome into the nascent virion is mediated by the nucleocapsid (N) protein, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that the N protein forms biomolecular condensates with viral genomic RNA both in vitro and in mammalian cells. Phase separation is driven, in part, by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. While the N protein forms spherical assemblies with unstructured RNA, it forms asymmetric condensates with viral RNA strands that contain secondary structure elements. Cross-linking mass spectrometry identified a region that forms interactions between N proteins in condensates, and truncation of this region disrupts phase separation. We also identified small molecules that alter the formation of N protein condensates. These results suggest that the N protein may utilize biomolecular condensation to package the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome into a viral particle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trnka, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadgir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.295824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein forms condensates with viral genomic RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional associative learning tasks focus on the formation of associations between salient events and arbitrary stimuli that predict those events. This is exemplified in cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning, where arbitrary cues such as a light or tone act as conditioning stimuli that predict aversive sensations at the cornea. Here we ask if a similar framework could be applied to another type of cerebellar-dependent sensorimotor learning - sensorimotor adaptation. Models of sensorimotor adaptation posit that the introduction of an environmental perturbation results in an error signal that is used to update an internal model of a sensorimotor map for motor planning. Here we take a step towards an integrative account of these two forms of cerebellar-dependent learning, examining the relevance of core concepts from associative learning for sensorimotor adaptation. Using a visuomotor adaptation reaching task, we paired movement-related feedback with neutral auditory or visual contextual cues that served as conditioning stimuli (CSs). Trial-by trial changes in feedforward movement kinematics exhibited three key signatures of associative learning: Differential conditioning, sensitivity to the CS-US interval, and compound conditioning. Moreover, after compound conditioning, a robust negative correlation was observed between responses to the two elemental CSs of the compound (i.e., overshadowing), consistent with the additivity principle posited by theories of associative learning. The existence of associative learning effects in sensorimotor adaptation provides a proof-of-concept for linking cerebellar- dependent learning paradigms within a common theoretical framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral synergy between remdesivir and approved drugs in human lung cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.302398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing global pandemic with currently 29 million confirmed cases and close to a million deaths. At this time, there are no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for COVID-19, but Emergency Use Authorization has been granted for remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog. However, remdesivir is only moderately efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 in the clinic, and improved treatment strategies are urgently needed. To accomplish this goal, we devised a strategy to identify compounds that act synergistically with remdesivir in preventing SARS-CoV-2 replication. We conducted combinatorial high-throughput screening in the presence of submaximal remdesivir concentrations, using a human lung epithelial cell line infected with a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. We identified 20 approved drugs that act synergistically with remdesivir, many with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Strongest effects were observed with established antivirals, Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5 A (HCV NS5A) inhibitors velpatasvir and elbasvir. Combination with their partner drugs sofosbuvir and grazoprevir further increased efficacy, increasing remdesivirs apparent potency 25-fold. We therefore suggest that the FDA-approved Hepatitis C therapeutics Epclusa (velpatasvir/sofosbuvir) and Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir) should be fast-tracked for clinical evaluation in combination with remdesivir to improve treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroumza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.302398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral synergy between remdesivir and approved drugs in human lung cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Routes to Roots: Direct Evidence of Water Transport by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Host Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with 80% of surveyed land plant species and are well-recognized for accessing and transferring nutrients to plants1. Yet AMF also perform other essential functions, notably improving plant-water relations2. Some research attributes the role of AMF in plant-water relations solely to enhancing plant nutrition and osmoregulation for plants partnered with AMF3,4,5, while indirect evidence suggests AMF may transport water to plants1,6,7. Here, we used isotopically-labeled water and a fluorescent dye to directly track and quantify water transport by AMF to plants in a greenhouse experiment. We specifically assessed whether AMF can access water in soil unavailable to plants and transport it across an air gap to host plants. Plants grown with AMF that had access to a physically separated 18O-labeled water source transpired twice as much, and this transpired water contained three times as much label compared to plants with AMF with no access to the separated labeled water source. We estimated that water transported by AMF could explain 46.2% of the water transpired. In addition, a fluorescent dye indicated that water was transported via an extracytoplasmic hyphal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mambelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Routes to Roots: Direct Evidence of Water Transport by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Host Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct tooth regeneration systems deploy a conserved battery of genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVertebrate teeth exhibit a wide range of regenerative systems. Many species, including most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, form replacement teeth at a histologically distinct location called the successional dental lamina, while other species do not employ such a system. Notably, a  lamina-less tooth replacement condition is found in a paraphyletic array of ray-finned fishes, such as stickleback, trout, cod, medaka, and bichir. Furthermore, the position, renewal potential, and latency times appear to vary drastically across different vertebrate tooth regeneration systems. The progenitor cells underlying tooth regeneration thus present highly divergent arrangements and potentials. Given the spectrum of regeneration systems present in vertebrates, it is unclear if morphologically divergent tooth regeneration systems deploy an overlapping battery of genes in their naive dental tissues.

ResultsIn the present work, we aimed to determine whether or not tooth progenitor epithelia could be composed of a conserved cell type between vertebrate dentitions with divergent regeneration systems. To address this question, we compared the tooth regeneration processes in two ray-finned fishes: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These two teleost species diverged approximately 250 million years ago, and demonstrate some stark differences in dental morphology and regeneration. Here we find that the successional dental lamina in zebrafish sharply upregulates Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression during early morphogenesis stages of tooth development. Additionally, the naive zebrafish successional dental lamina expresses a battery of nine genes (Bmpr1a, Bmp6, CD34, Gli1, Igfbp5a, Lgr4, Lgr6, Nfatc1, and Pitx2). We also find that, despite the absence of a histologically distinct successional dental lamina in stickleback tooth fields, new tooth germs also sharply upregulate Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression, and additionally express the same battery of nine genes in the basalmost endodermal cell layer from which replacement tooth epithelia arise. Thus, two fish systems that either have an organized successional dental lamina (zebrafish) or lack a morphologically distinct successional dental lamina (sticklebacks) deploy similar genetic programs during tooth regeneration.

ConclusionsWe propose that the expression domains described here delineate a highly conserved "successional dental epithelium" (SDE). Furthermore, a set of orthologous genes is known to mark hair follicle epithelial stem cells in mice, suggesting that regenerative systems in other epithelial appendages may utilize a related epithelial progenitor cell type, despite the highly derived nature of the resulting functional organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct tooth regeneration systems deploy a conserved battery of genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rickettsia parkeri Sca2 promotes dissemination in an intradermal infection mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rickettsia are arthropod-borne pathogens that cause severe human disease worldwide. The spotted fever group (SFG) pathogen Rickettsia parkeri elicits skin lesion (eschar) formation in humans after tick bite. However, intradermal inoculation of inbred mice with millions of bacteria fails to elicit eschar formation or disseminated disease, hindering investigations into understanding eschar-associated rickettsiosis. Here, we report that intradermal infection of mice deficient for both interferon receptors (Ifnar-/-Ifngr-/-) with R. parkeri causes eschar formation, recapitulating the hallmark clinical feature of human disease. Intradermal infection with doses that recapitulate tick infestation caused eschar formation and lethality, including with as few as 10 bacteria. Using this model, we found that the actin-based motility protein Sca2 is required for R. parkeri dissemination from the skin to internal organs and for causing lethal disease, and that the abundant R. parkeri outer membrane protein OmpB contributes to eschar formation. We also found that immunizing mice with sca2 and ompB mutant R. parkeri protects against subsequent rechallenge with wild-type bacteria, revealing live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Thus, interferon receptor-deficient mice are a tractable model to investigate rickettsiosis, bacterial virulence factors, and immunity. Our results suggest that differences in interferon signaling in the skin between mice and humans may explain the discrepancy in susceptibility to SFG Rickettsia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rickettsia parkeri Sca2 promotes dissemination in an intradermal infection mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid local and distributed coding in PMd/M1 provides separation and interaction of bilateral arm signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pronounced activity is observed in both hemispheres of the motor cortex during preparation and execution of unimanual movements. The organizational principles of bi-hemispheric signals and the functions they serve throughout motor planning remain unclear. Using an instructed-delay reaching task in monkeys, we identified two components in population responses spanning PMd and M1. A "dedicated" component, which segregated activity at the level of individual units, emerged in PMd during preparation. It was most prominent following movement when M1 became strongly engaged, and principally involved the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast to recent reports, these dedicated signals solely accounted for divergence of arm-specific neural subspaces. The other "distributed" component mixed signals for each arm within units, and the subspace containing it did not discriminate between arms at any stage. The statistics of the population response suggest two functional layers of the cortical network: one that spans both hemispheres for supporting preparatory and ongoing processes, and another that is predominantly housed in the contralateral hemisphere and specifies unilateral output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid local and distributed coding in PMd/M1 provides separation and interaction of bilateral arm signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosomal protein S7 ubiquitination during ER stress in yeast is associated with selective mRNA translation and stress outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
eIF2 phosphorylation-mediated translational regulation is crucial for global translation repression by various stresses, including the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, translational control during UPR has not been demonstrated in yeast. This study investigated ribosome ubiquitination-mediated translational controls during UPR. Tunicamycin-induced ER stress enhanced the levels of ubiquitination of the ribosomal proteins uS10, uS3 and eS7. Not4-mediated monoubiquitination of eS7A was required for resistance to tunicamycin, whereas E3 ligase Hel2-mediated ubiquitination of uS10 was not. Ribosome profiling showed that the monoubiquitination of eS7A was crucial for translational regulation, including the upregulation of the spliced form of HAC1 (HAC1i) mRNA and the downregulation of Histidine triad NucleoTide-binding 1 (HNT1) mRNA. Downregulation of the deubiquitinating enzyme complex Upb3-Bre5 increased the levels of ubiquitinated eS7A during UPR in an Ire1-independent manner. These findings suggest that the monoubiquitination of ribosomal protein eS7A plays a crucial role in translational controls during the ER stress response in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshihisa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosomal protein S7 ubiquitination during ER stress in yeast is associated with selective mRNA translation and stress outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the Total-Evidence Timescale of Marattialean Fern Evolution in the Face of Model Sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic divergence-time estimation has been revolutionized by two recent developments: 1) total-evidence dating (or "tip-dating") approaches that allow for the incorporation of fossils as tips in the analysis, with their phylogenetic and temporal relationships to the extant taxa inferred from the data, and 2) the fossilized birth-death (FBD) class of tree models that capture the processes that produce the tree (speciation, extinction, and fossilization), and thus provide a coherent and biologically interpretable tree prior. To explore the behaviour of these methods, we apply them to marattialean ferns, a group that was dominant in Carboniferous landscapes prior to declining to its modest extant diversity of slightly over 100 species. We show that tree models have a dramatic influence on estimates of both divergence times and topological relationships. This influence is driven by the strong, counter-intuitive informativeness of the uniform tree prior and the inherent nonidentifiability of divergence-time models. In contrast to the strong influence of the tree models, we find minor effects of differing the morphological transition model or the morphological clock model. We compare the performance of a large pool of candidate models using a combination of posterior-predictive simulation and Bayes factors. Notably, an FBD model with epoch-specific speciation and extinction rates was strongly favored by Bayes factors. Our best-fitting model infers stem and crown divergences for the Marattiales in the mid-Devonian and Late Cretaceous, respectively, with elevated speciation rates in the Mississippian and elevated extinction rates in the Cisuralian leading to a peak diversity of [~]2800 species at the end of the Carboniferous, representing the heyday of the Psaroniaceae. This peak is followed by the rapid decline and ultimate extinction of the Psaroniaceae, with their descendants, the Marattiaceae, persisting at approximately stable levels of diversity until the present. This general diversification pattern appears to be insensitive to potential biases in the fossil record; despite the preponderance of available fossils being from Pennsylvanian coal balls, incorporating fossilization-rate variation does not improve model fit. In addition, by incorporating temporal data directly within the model and allowing for the inference of the phylogenetic position of the fossils, our study makes the surprising inference that the clade of extant Marattiales is relatively young, younger than any of the fossils historically thought to be congeneric with extant species. This result is a dramatic demonstration of the dangers of node-based approaches to divergence-time estimation, where the assignment of fossils to particular clades are made a priori (earlier node-based studies that constrained the minimum ages of extant genera based on these fossils resulted in much older age estimates than in our study) and of the utility of explicit models of morphological evolution and lineage diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagalingum, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looy, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the Total-Evidence Timescale of Marattialean Fern Evolution in the Face of Model Sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.317909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights on the substrate-binding proteins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) 1 and 4 complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.317909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (Tb), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is responsible for more than a million deaths annually. In the latent phase of infection, Mtb uses lipids as the source of carbon and energy for its survival. The lipid molecules are transported across the cell wall via multiple transport systems. One such set of widely present and less-studied transporters is the Mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) complexes. Here, we report the properties of the substrate-binding proteins (SBPs; MceA-F) of the Mce1 and Mce4 complexes from Mtb which are responsible for the import of mycolic acid/fatty acids, and cholesterol respectively. MceA-F are composed of four domains namely, transmembrane, MCE, helical and tail domains. Our studies show that MceA-F are predominantly monomeric when purified individually and do not form homohexamers unlike the reported homologs (MlaD, PqiB and LetB) from other prokaryotes. The crystal structure of MCE domain of Mtb Mce4A (MtMce4A39-140) determined at 2.9 [A] shows the formation of an unexpected domain-swapped dimer in the crystals. Further, the purification and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis on MtMce1A, MtMce4A and their domains suggest that the helical domain requires hydrophobic interactions with the detergent molecules for its stability. Combining all the experimental data, we propose a heterohexameric arrangement of MtMceA-F SBPs, where the soluble MCE domain of the SBPs would remain in the periplasm with the helical domain extending to the lipid layer forming a hollow channel for the transport of lipids across the membranes. The tail domain would reach the cell surface assisting in lipid recognition and binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asthana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynönen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laitaoja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jänis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.317909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights on the substrate-binding proteins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mammalian-cell-entry (Mce) 1 and 4 complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily Driven Domain Swap Alters Sigma Factor Dependence in Bacterial Signaling System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report presents multi-genomes and experimental evidence that REC protein family expansion occurs when the emergence of new pathways give rise to functional discordance. Specificity between REC-domain containing response regulators with paired histidine kinases are under negative purifying selection, constrained by the presence of other bacterial two-component systems signaling cascades that share sequence and structural identity. Presuming that the two-component systems can evolve by neutral drift when these constraints are relaxed, how might the REC protein family expand when constraints remain intact? Using an unsupervised machine learning approach to observe the sequence landscape of REC domains across long phylogenetic distances, we find that within-gene-recombination, a subcategory of gene conversion, switched the effector domain, and consequently the regulatory context of a duplicated response regulator from transcriptional regulation by {sigma}54 to {sigma}70. We determined that the recombined response regulator diverged from its parent by positive episodic diversifying selection, giving rise to two new residues. Functional experiments of the parent of recombined response regulators in our model system, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, revealed that the parent and recombined response regulators sense and respond to carboxylic acids and that the two new residues in the recombined regulator form a new interaction interface and prevent crosstalk. Overall, our study finds genetic perturbations can create conditions of functional discordance, whereby the REC protein family can evolve by positive diversifying selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazakov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily Driven Domain Swap Alters Sigma Factor Dependence in Bacterial Signaling System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-Sieve: A likelihood-based deconvolution of bulk gene expression data using single-cell references 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct comparison of bulk gene expression profiles is complicated by distinct cell type mixtures in each sample which obscure whether observed differences are actually due to changes in expression levels themselves or simply due to differing cell type compositions. Single-cell technology has made it possible to measure gene expression in individual cells, achieving higher resolution at the expense of increased noise. If carefully incorporated, such single-cell data can be used to deconvolve bulk samples to yield accurate estimates of the true cell type proportions, thus enabling one to disentangle the effects of differential expression and cell type mixtures. Here, we propose a generative model and a likelihood-based inference method that uses asymptotic statistical theory and a novel optimization procedure to perform deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq data to produce accurate cell type proportion estimates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, called RNA-Sieve, across a diverse array of scenarios involving real data and discuss extensions made uniquely possible by our probabilistic framework, including a demonstration of well-calibrated confidence intervals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-Sieve: A likelihood-based deconvolution of bulk gene expression data using single-cell references]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.323113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The history and evolution of the Denisovan-EPAS1 haplotype in Tibetans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.323113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggest that admixture with archaic hominins played an important role in facilitating biological adaptations to new environments. For example, interbreeding with Denisovans facilitated the adaptation to high altitude environments on the Tibetan Plateau. Specifically, the EPAS1 gene, a transcription factor that regulates the response to hypoxia, exhibits strong signatures of both positive selection and introgression from Denisovans in Tibetan individuals. Interestingly, despite being geographically closer to the Denisova cave, East Asian populations do not harbor as much Denisovan ancestry as populations from Melanesia. Recently, two studies have suggested two independent waves of Denisovan admixture into East Asians, one of which is shared with South Asians and Oceanians. Here we leverage data from EPAS1 in 78 Tibetan individuals to interrogate which of these two introgression events introduced the EPAS1 beneficial sequence into the ancestral population of Tibetans, and we use the distribution of introgressed segment lengths at this locus to infer the timing of the introgression and selection event. We find that the introgression event unique to East Asians most likely introduced the beneficial haplotype into the ancestral population of Tibetans around 43,000 (15,700-60,000) years ago, and selection started 12,000 (1,925-50,000) years ago. Our estimates suggest that one of the most convincing examples of adaptive introgression is in fact selection acting on standing archaic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.323113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The history and evolution of the Denisovan-EPAS1 haplotype in Tibetans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The price of a bit: energetic costs and the evolution of cellular signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments have uncovered a fundamental information scale for cellular signaling networks: the correlation between input and output concentrations of molecules in a signaling pathway corresponds to at most 1-3 bits of mutual information. Our understanding of the physical constraints and evolutionary pressures that determine this scale remains incomplete. By focusing on a basic element of signaling pathways, the kinase-phosphatase enzymatic push-pull loop, we highlight the pivotal role played by energy resources available for signaling and their expenditure: the chemical potential energy of ATP hydrolysis, and the rate of ATP consumption. Scanning a broad range of reaction parameters based on enzymatic databases, we find that ATP chemical potentials in modern organisms are just above the threshold necessary to achieve empirical mutual information values. We also derive an analytical relation for the minimum ATP consumption required to maintain a certain signal fidelity across a range of input frequencies, where we quantify fidelity either through instantaneous or time-delayed mutual information. Attempting to increase signal fidelity beyond a few bits lowers the bandwidth, the maximum characteristic signal frequency that the network can handle at a given energy cost. The observed information scale thus represents a balancing act between fidelity and the ability to process fast-changing environmental signals. Our analytical relation defines a performance limit for kinase-phosphatase networks, and we find evidence that a component of the yeast osmotic shock pathway may be close to the optimality line. By quantifying the evolutionary pressures that operate on these networks, we argue that this is not a coincidence: natural selection on energy expenditures is capable of pushing signaling systems toward optimality, particularly in unicellular organisms. Our theoretical framework is directly verifiable using existing experimental techniques, and predicts that more examples of such optimality should exist in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The price of a bit: energetic costs and the evolution of cellular signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridising fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrid zones that result from secondary contact between diverged populations offer unparalleled insight into the genetic architecture of emerging reproductive barriers and so shed light on the process of speciation. Natural selection and recombination jointly determine their dynamics, leading to a range of outcomes from finely fragmented mixtures of the parental genomes that facilitate introgression to a situation where strong selection against recombinants retains large unrecombined genomic blocks that act as strong barriers to gene flow. In the hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Bombinatoridae), two anciently diverged and ecologically distinct taxa meet and produce abundant, fertile hybrids. The dense linkage map presented here enables genomic analysis of the selection-recombination balance that keeps the two gene pools from merging into one. We mapped 4,775 newly developed marker loci from bait-enriched genomic libraries in F2 crosses. The enrichment targets were selected from a draft assembly of the B. variegata genome, after filtering highly repetitive sequences. We developed a novel approach to infer the most likely diplotype per sample and locus from the raw read mapping data, which is robust to over-merging and obviates arbitrary filtering thresholds. Large-scale synteny between Bombina and Xenopus tropicalis supports the resulting linkage map. By assessing the sex of late-stage F2 tadpoles from histological sections, we also identified the sex-determining region in the Bombina genome to 7 cM on LG5, which is homologous to X. tropicalis chromosome 5, and inferred male heterogamety, suggestive of an XY sex determination mechanism. Interestingly, chromosome 5 has been repeatedly recruited as a sex chromosome in anurans with XY sex determination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nürnberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, S. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryjova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaxter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymura, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridising fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State space discovery in spatial representation circuits with persistent cohomology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent cohomology is a powerful technique for discovering topological structure in data. Strategies for its use in neuroscience are still undergoing development. We comprehensively and rigorously assess its performance in simulated neural recordings of the brains spatial representation system. Grid, head direction, and conjunctive cell populations each span low-dimensional topological structures embedded in high-dimensional neural activity space. We evaluate the ability for persistent cohomology to discover these structures for different dataset dimensions, variations in spatial tuning, and forms of noise. We quantify its ability to decode simulated animal trajectories contained within these topological structures. We also identify regimes under which mixtures of populations form product topologies that can be detected. Our results reveal how dataset parameters affect the success of topological discovery and suggest principles for applying persistent cohomology, as well as persistent homology, to experimental neural recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State space discovery in spatial representation circuits with persistent cohomology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances KSHV-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through Both LPS and Flagellin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation triggered by innate immunity promotes carcinogenesis in cancer. Kaposis sarcoma (KS), a hyperproliferative and inflammatory tumor caused by Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, is the most common cancer in AIDS patients. KSHV infection sensitizes cells to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We examined the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), an opportunistic bacterium that can affect AIDS patients, in inflammation and cell proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. PA stimulation increased cell proliferation and efficiency of colony formation in softagar of KSHV-transformed rat primary mesenchymal precursor (KMM) cells but had no significant effect on the untransformed (MM) cells. PA stimulation also increased cell proliferation of KSHV-infected human B-cells, Bjab, but not the uninfected cells. Mechanistically, PA stimulation resulted in increased inflammatory cytokines and activation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in KMM cells while having no obvious effect on MM cells. PA induction of inflammation and MAPKs were observed with and without inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway while a flagellin-deleted mutant of PA required a functional TLR4 pathway to induce inflammation and MAPKs. Furthermore, treatment with both LPS or flagellin alone was sufficient to induce inflammatory cytokines, activate MAPKs, and increase cell proliferation and efficiency of colony formation in softagar of KMM cells. These results demonstrate that both LPS and flagellin are PAMPs that contribute to PA induction of inflammation in KSHV-transformed cells. Because AIDS-KS patients are susceptible to PA infection, our work highlights the preventive and therapeutic potential of targeting PA infection in these patients.

ImportanceKaposis sarcoma (KS), caused by infection of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is one of the most common cancers in AIDS patients. KS is a highly inflammatory tumor but how KSHV infection induces inflammation remains unclear. We have previously shown that KSHV infection upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), sensitizing cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Escherichia coli. In the current study, we examined the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), an opportunistic bacterium that can affect AIDS patients, in inflammation and cell proliferation of KSHV-transformed cells. PA stimulation increased cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, and activation of growth and survival pathways in KSHV-transformed cells through two pathogen-associated molecular patterns LPS and flagellin. Because AIDS-KS patients are susceptible to PA infection, our work highlights the preventive and therapeutic potential of targeting PA infection in these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulates Inflammation and Enhances KSHV-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cellular Transformation through Both LPS and Flagellin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal immune activation (MIA) increases likelihood of altered neurodevelopmental outcomes. Maternal cytokines are proposed to affect fetal brain development in mice; however, the contribution of fetal immunity to neurodevelopmental disorders is largely unexplored. Here, we show that MIA mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), but not other TLRs, induces a specific set of behavioral phenotypes including decreased sociability and increased restricted repetitive behavior in offspring. Accordingly, these behavioral phenotypes were absent when offspring were deficient for Trif, the downstream adapter molecule of TLR3. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified clusters of border-associated macrophages that were significantly enriched in the fetal brain following TLR3-MIA, and these clusters were diminished in Trif-/- fetal brains.Moreover, we found that triggering TLR3-TRIF in offspring can occur through transplacental viral infection, resulting in altered behavioral phenotypes. Collectively, our data indicate that fetal innate immunity contributes to MIA-induced atypical behaviors in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein Elavl1/HuR is required for maintenance of cranial neural crest specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While neural crest development is known to be transcriptionally controlled via sequential activation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs), recent evidence increasingly implicates a role for post-transcriptional regulation in modulating the output of these regulatory circuits. Using available single cell RNA-sequencing datasets from avian embryos to identify potential post-transcriptional regulators, we found that Elavl1, which encodes for an RNA-binding protein with roles in transcript stability, was enriched in the premigratory cranial neural crest. Perturbation of Elavl1 resulted in premature neural crest delamination from the neural tube as well as significant reduction in transcripts associated with the neural crest specification GRN, phenotypes that are also observed with downregulation of the canonical Wnt inhibitor Draxin. That Draxin is the primary target for stabilization by Elavl1 during cranial neural crest specification was shown by RNA-sequencing, RNA-immunoprecipitation, RNA decay measurement and proximity ligation assays, further supporting the idea that the downregulation of neural crest specifier expression upon Elavl1 knockdown was largely due to loss of Draxin. Importantly, exogenous Draxin rescued cranial neural crest specification defects observed with Elavl1 knockdown. Thus, Elavl1 plays a critical a role in the maintenance of cranial neural crest specification via Draxin mRNA stabilization. Together, these data highlight an important intersection of post-transcriptional regulation with modulation of the neural crest specification GRN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein Elavl1/HuR is required for maintenance of cranial neural crest specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's pathology is associated with dedifferentiation of functional memory networks in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In presymptomatic Alzheimers disease (AD), beta-amyloid plaques (A{beta}) and tau tangles accumulate in distinct spatiotemporal patterns within the brain, tracking closely with episodic memory decline. Here, we tested whether age-related changes in the segregation of the brains functional episodic memory networks - anterior-temporal (AT) and posterior-medial (PM) networks - are associated with the accumulation of A{beta}, tau and memory decline using fMRI and PET. We found that AT and PM networks were less segregated in older than younger adults and this reduced specialization was associated with more tau and A{beta} in the same regions. The effect of network dedifferentiation on memory depended on the amount of A{beta} and tau, with low segregation and pathology associated with better performance at baseline and low segregation and high pathology related to worse performance over time. This pattern suggests a compensation phase followed by a degenerative phase in the early, preclinical phase of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cassady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's pathology is associated with dedifferentiation of functional memory networks in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGDrivE 2: A simulation framework for gene drive systems incorporating seasonality and epidemiological dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIInterest in gene drive technology has continued to grow as promising new drive systems have been developed in the lab and discussions are moving towards implementing field trials. The prospect of field trials requires models that incorporate a significant degree of ecological detail, including parameters that change over time in response to environmental data such as temperature and rainfall, leading to seasonal patterns in mosquito population density. Epidemiological outcomes are also of growing importance, as: i) the suitability of a gene drive construct for release will depend on its expected impact on disease transmission, and ii) initial field trials are expected to have a measured entomological outcome and a modeled epidemiological outcome.
C_LIO_LIWe present MGDrivE 2 (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer 2): an extension of and development from the MGDrivE 1 simulation framework that investigates the population dynamics of a variety of gene drive architectures and their spread through spatially-explicit mosquito populations. Key strengths and improvements of the MGDrivE 2 framework are: i) the ability of parameters to vary with time and induce seasonal population dynamics, ii) an epidemiological module accommodating reciprocal pathogen transmission between humans and mosquitoes, and iii) an implementation framework based on stochastic Petri nets that enables efficient model formulation and flexible implementation.
C_LIO_LIExample MGDrivE 2 simulations are presented to demonstrate the application of the framework to a CRISPR-based homing gene drive system intended to drive a disease-refractory gene into a population, incorporating time-varying temperature and rainfall data, and predict impact on human disease incidence and prevalence. Further documentation and use examples are provided in vignettes at the projects CRAN repository.
C_LIO_LIMGDrivE 2 is an open-source R package freely available on CRAN. We intend the package to provide a flexible tool capable of modeling gene drive constructs as they move closer to field application and to infer their expected impact on disease transmission.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgert, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGDrivE 2: A simulation framework for gene drive systems incorporating seasonality and epidemiological dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation. Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin (LeTx) protease, resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain, which includes the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). However, a natural pathogen-derived effector that can activate human NLRP1 remains unknown. Here, we use an evolutionary model to identify several proteases from diverse picornaviruses that cleave human NLRP1 within a rapidly evolving region of the protein, leading to host-specific and virus-specific activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Our work demonstrates that NLRP1 acts as a "tripwire" to recognize the enzymatic function of a wide range of viral proteases, and suggests that host mimicry of viral polyprotein cleavage sites can be an evolutionary strategy to activate a robust inflammatory immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fundamental limits on the rate of bacterial growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.344382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent years have seen an experimental deluge interrogating the relationship between bacterial growth rate, cell size, and protein content, quantifying the abundance of proteins across growth conditions with unprecedented resolution. However, we still lack a rigorous understanding of what sets the scale of these quantities and when protein abundances should (or should not) depend on growth rate. Here, we seek to quantitatively understand this relationship across a collection of Escherichia coli proteomic data covering {approx} 4000 proteins and 36 growth rates. We estimate the basic requirements for steady-state growth by considering key processes in nutrient transport, cell envelope biogenesis, energy generation, and the central dogma. From these estimates, ribosome biogenesis emerges as a primary determinant of growth rate. We expand on this assessment by exploring a model of proteomic regulation as a function of the nutrient supply, revealing a mechanism that ties cell size and growth rate to ribosomal content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chure, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hueschen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.344382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fundamental limits on the rate of bacterial growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernaerts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cric</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistence of the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) microbiome to diet manipulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiomes can play important roles in the ecology and evolution of their insect hosts, but bacterial diversity in many insect groups remains poorly understood. Here we examine the relationship between host environment, host traits, and microbial diversity in three species in the ground beetle family (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a group of roughly 40,000 species that synthesize a wide diversity of defensive compounds. This study found that the ground beetle microbiome is consistent across different host food sources. We used 16S amplicon sequencing to profile three species that are phylogenetically distantly related, trophically distinct, and whose defensive chemical secretions differ: Anisodactylus similis LeConte, 1851, Pterostichus serripes (LeConte, 1875), and Brachinus elongatulus Chaudoir, 1876. Wild-caught beetles were compared to individuals maintained in the lab for two weeks on carnivorous, herbivorous, or starvation diets. Soil environment but not diet had a significant effect on bacterial diversity and composition. The three carabid species have patterns of microbial diversity similar to those previously found in other insect hosts. Metagenomic samples from two highly active tissue types -- guts, and pygidial gland secretory cells (which produce defensive compounds) -- were processed and sequenced separately from those of the remaining body. The observed similarity of the pygidial gland secretory cell microbiome across hosts suggests the possibility that it may be a conserved community, possibly due to functional interactions related to defensive chemistry. These results provide a baseline for future studies of the role of microbes in the diversification of defensive chemical biosynthesis in carabids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistence of the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) microbiome to diet manipulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceragenins and antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria through distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.346411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ceragenins are a family of synthetic amphipathic molecules designed to mimic the properties of naturally-occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). Although ceragenins have potent antimicrobial activity, whether their mode of action is similar to that of CAMPs has remained elusive. Here we report the results of a comparative study of the bacterial responses to two well-studied CAMPs, LL37 and colistin, and two ceragenins with related structures, CSA13 and CSA131. Using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we found that Escherichia coli responds similarly to both CAMPs and ceragenins by inducing a Cpx envelope stress response. However, whereas E. coli exposed to CAMPs increased expression of genes involved in colanic acid biosynthesis, bacteria exposed to ceragenins specifically modulated functions related to phosphate transport, indicating distinct mechanisms of action between these two classes of molecules. Although traditional genetic approaches failed to identify genes that confer high-level resistance to ceragenins, using a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats interference (CRISPRi) approach we identified E. coli essential genes that when knocked down modify sensitivity to these molecules. Comparison of the essential gene-antibiotic interactions for each of the CAMPs and ceragenins identified both overlapping and distinct dependencies for their antimicrobial activities. Overall, this study indicates that while some bacterial responses to ceragenins overlap with those induced by naturally-occurring CAMPs, these synthetic molecules target the bacterial envelope using a distinctive mode of action.

IMPORTANCEThe development of novel antibiotics is essential since the current arsenal of antimicrobials will soon be ineffective due to the widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Development of naturally-occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) for therapeutics to combat antibiotic resistance has been hampered by high production costs and protease sensitivity, among other factors. The ceragenins are a family of synthetic CAMP mimics that kill a broad spectrum of bacterial species but are less expensive to produce, resistant to proteolytic degradation and have been associated with low levels of resistance. Determining how ceragenins function may identify new essential biological pathways of bacteria that are less prone to development of resistance and will further our understanding of the design principles for maximizing the effects of synthetic CAMPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvis, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkington, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluba, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oki, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceragenins and antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria through distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitohormesis reprograms macrophage metabolism to enforce tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages generate mitochondrial reactive oxygen and electrophilic species (mtROS, mtRES) as antimicrobials during Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent inflammatory responses. Whether mitochondrial stress caused by these molecules impacts macrophage function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that both pharmacologically- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven mitochondrial stress in macrophages triggers a stress response called mitohormesis. LPS-driven mitohormetic stress adaptations occur as macrophages transition from an LPS-responsive to LPS-tolerant state where stimulus-induced proinflammatory gene transcription is impaired, suggesting tolerance is a product of mitohormesis. Indeed, like LPS, pharmacologically-triggered mitohormesis suppresses mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and acetyl-CoA production needed for histone acetylation and proinflammatory gene transcription, and is sufficient to enforce an LPS-tolerant state. Thus, mtROS and mtRES are TLR-dependent signaling molecules that trigger mitohormesis as a negative feedback mechanism to restrain inflammation via tolerance. Moreover, bypassing TLR signaling and pharmacologically triggering mitohormesis represents a novel anti-inflammatory strategy that co-opts this stress response to impair epigenetic support of proinflammatory gene transcription by mitochondria.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchester, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Hoeve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitohormesis reprograms macrophage metabolism to enforce tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple sequential prediction errors during reward processing in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in reinforcement learning, cognitive control, and systems neuroscience highlight the complimentary roles in learning of valenced reward prediction errors (RPEs) and non-valenced salience prediction errors (PEs) driven by the magnitude of surprise. A core debate in reward learning focuses on whether valenced and non-valenced PEs can be isolated in the human electroencephalogram (EEG). Here, we combine behavioral modeling and single-trial EEG regression revealing a sequence of valenced and non-valenced PEs in an interval timing task dissociating outcome valence, magnitude, and probability. Multiple regression across temporal, spatial, and frequency dimensions revealed a spatio-tempo-spectral cascade from valenced RPE value represented by the feedback related negativity event-related potential (ERP) followed by non-valenced RPE magnitude and outcome probability effects indexed by subsequent P300 and late frontal positivity ERPs. The results show that learning is supported by a sequence of multiple PEs evident in the human EEG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoy, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple sequential prediction errors during reward processing in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.348128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher Variability in Fungi Compared to Bacteria in the Foraging Honey Bee 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.348128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in the honey bee gut have emerged as a model system to understand the effects of host-associated microbes on animals and plants. The specific distribution patterns of bacterial associates among honey bee gut regions remains a key finding within the field. The mid- and hindgut of foraging bees house a deterministic set of core species that affect host health. In contrast, the crop, or honey stomach, contains a more diverse set of bacteria that is highly variable in composition among individual bees. Whether this contrast between the two gut regions also applies to fungi, another major group of gut-associated microbes, remains unclear despite their potential influence on host health. In honey bees caught foraging at four sites across the San Francisco Peninsula, we found that fungi were much less distinct in species composition between the crop and the mid- and hindgut than bacteria. Unlike bacteria, fungi were highly variable in composition throughout the gut, and much of this variation was attributable to bee collection site. These patterns suggest that the fungi may be passengers rather than functionally significant gut symbionts. However, many of the fungi we found in the bees have been recognized as plant pathogens. Assuming that some fungi remain viable after passage through the gut, the distribution patterns we report here point to the potential importance of honey bees as vectors of fungal pathogens and suggest a more prominent role of honey bees in plant pathogen transmission than generally thought.

Importance (Nontechnical explanation of why the work was undertaken)Along with bacteria, fungi make up a significant portion of animal- and plant-associated microbial communities. However, we have only begun to describe these fungi, much less examine their effects on most animals and plants. The honey bee, Apis mellifera, has emerged as a model system for studying host-associated microbes. Honey bees contain well-characterized bacteria specialized to inhabit different regions of the gut. Fungi also exist in the honey bee gut, but their composition and function remain largely undescribed. Here we show that, unlike bacteria, fungi vary substantially in species composition throughout the honey bee gut, contingent on where the bees are sampled. This observation suggests that fungi may be transient passengers and therefore unimportant as gut symbionts. However, our findings also indicate that honey bees could be major vectors of infectious plant diseases as many of the fungi we found in the honey bee gut are recognized as plant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Juan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckworth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.348128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher Variability in Fungi Compared to Bacteria in the Foraging Honey Bee]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People often learn from the outcomes of their actions, even when these outcomes do not involve material rewards or punishments. How does our brain provide this flexibility? We combined behavior, computational modeling, and functional neuroimaging to probe whether learning from transient goals harnesses the same circuitry that supports learning from secondary reinforcers. Behavior and neuroimaging revealed that "one-shot" transient goals (abstract fractal images seen once) can act as a substitute for rewards during instrumental learning, and produce reliable reward-like signals in dopaminergic reward circuits. Moreover, we found evidence that prefrontal correlates of executive control may play a role in shaping these responses in reward circuits. These results suggest that learning from abstract goal outcomes is supported by an interplay between high-level representations in prefrontal cortex and low-level responses in subcortical reward circuits. This interaction may allow humans to perform reinforcement learning over flexible, arbitrarily abstract reward functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.348938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of motor inhibition by microtubule-associated proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT)-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate intracellular transport by selectively recruiting or excluding kinesin and dynein motors from MTs. We used single-molecule and cryo-electron imaging to determine the mechanism of MAP-motor interactions in vitro. Unexpectedly, we found that the regulatory role of a MAP cannot be predicted based on whether it overlaps with the motor binding site or forms liquid condensates on the MT. Although the MT binding domain (MTBD) of MAP7 overlaps with the kinesin-1 binding site, tethering of kinesin-1 by the MAP7 projection domain supersedes this inhibition and results in biphasic regulation of kinesin-1 motility. Conversely, the MTBD of tau inhibits dynein motility without overlapping with the dynein binding site or by forming tau islands on the MT. Our results indicate that MAPs sort intracellular cargos moving in both directions, as neither dynein nor kinesin can walk on a MAP-coated MT without favorably interacting with that MAP.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIMAP7 binds to a novel site and can coexist with tau on the MT.
C_LIO_LIKinesin-1 motility is biphasically regulated by MAP7 accumulation on the microtubule.
C_LIO_LIMT decoration of MAPs inhibits motors even when they do not block the motor binding site.
C_LIO_LIMotors need to interact with a MAP to walk on MAP-decorated MTs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshun-Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijben, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of motor inhibition by microtubule-associated proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
homologizer: Phylogenetic phasing of gene copies into polyploid subgenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryO_LIOrganisms such as allopolyploids and F1 hybrids contain multiple distinct subgenomes, each potentially with its own evolutionary history. These organisms present a challenge for multilocus phylogenetic inference and other analyses since it is not apparent which gene copies from different loci are from the same subgenome and thus share an evolutionary history.
C_LIO_LIHere we introduce homologizer, a flexible Bayesian approach that uses a phylogenetic framework to infer the phasing of gene copies across loci into their respective subgenomes.
C_LIO_LIThrough the use of simulation tests we demonstrate that homologizer is robust to a wide range of factors, such as incomplete lineage sorting and the phylogenetic informativeness of loci. Furthermore, we establish the utility of homologizer on real data, by analyzing a multilocus dataset consisting of nine diploids and 19 tetraploids from the fern family Cystopteridaceae.
C_LIO_LIFinally, we describe how homologizer may potentially be used beyond its core phasing functionality to identify non-homologous sequences, such as hidden paralogs or contaminants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[homologizer: Phylogenetic phasing of gene copies into polyploid subgenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.349738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels directly through the lipid membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.349738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound modulates the electrical activity of excitable cells and offers advantages over other neuromodulatory techniques; for example, it can be non-invasively transmitted through skull and focused to deep brain regions. However, the fundamental cellular, molecular, and mechanistic bases of ultrasonic neuromodulation are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate ultrasound activation of the mechanosensitive K+ channel TRAAK with sub-millisecond kinetics to an extent comparable to canonical mechanical activation. Single channel recordings reveal a common basis for ultrasonic and mechanical activation with stimulus-graded destabilization of long-duration closures and promotion of full conductance openings. Ultrasonic energy is transduced to TRAAK directly through the membrane in the absence of other cellular components, likely increasing membrane tension to promote channel opening. We further demonstrate ultrasonic modulation of neuronally expressed TRAAK. These results suggest mechanosensitive channels underlie physiological responses to ultrasound and provides a framework for developing channel-based sonogentic actuators for acoustic neuromodulation of genetically targeted cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietmeijer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.349738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K+ channels directly through the lipid membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
crispr2vec: Machine Learning Model Predicts Off-Target Cuts of CRISPR systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized gene editing, with applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, and developing disease models. However, CRISPR-Cas suffers from off-target effects -- unintended genetic modifications in the genome that arise from its use. In this work, we present crispr2vec: a deep metric learning approach for embedding CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences and predicting off-target cuts. Given a fixed target sequence, we show that our learned embedding yields a faithful representation of potential off-targets. We present a new triplet sampling strategy specifically for CRISPR sequences that improves the quality of our embedding. We show the resulting embedding generalizes across different off-target cut detection assays. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of our deep metric learning method in its ability to predict off-target cuts compared to previous literature in cross fold validation across different datasets for both seen and unseen sgRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tara Basu Trivedi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govinda Kamath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[crispr2vec: Machine Learning Model Predicts Off-Target Cuts of CRISPR systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic flux signatures of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo reveal decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue to liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we characterize the UPRER induced metabolic changes in mouse liver through in vivo metabolic labeling and mass spectrometric analysis of proteome and lipid fluxes. We induced ER stress in vivo via tunicamycin treatment and measured rates of proteome-wide protein synthesis, de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis serially over a three-day period, thereby generating a metabolic "signature" of the UPRER over time. Synthesis of most proteins was suppressed under ER stress conditions, including proteins involved in lipogenesis, consistent with reduced de novo lipogenesis at 48 and 72 hours. Electron microscopy revealed striking morphological changes to ER and H&E staining showed lipid droplet enriched livers under ER stress. Pre-labeling of adipose tissue prior to ER stress induction revealed mobilization of lipids from adipose to the liver. Interestingly, the source of these lipids was uptake of free fatty acids, not whole triglycerides or phospholipids from lipoproteins, as demonstrated by replacement of the triglyceride-glycerol moiety in liver concurrently with increased incorporation of labeled palmitate from adipose. We also induced ER stress by a high-fat diet and observed similar metabolic flux signatures, suggesting that this mechanism may play a role in the progression of fatty liver disease. This flux-based approach provides a powerful tool to identify novel regulators of ER stress and potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapetyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyangau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic flux signatures of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo reveal decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue to liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baculovirus actin-rearrangement-inducing factor ARIF-1 induces the formation of dynamic clusters of invadosome-like structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a pathogen of lepidopteran insects, has a striking dependence on the host cell actin cytoskeleton. During the delayed-early stage of infection, AcMNPV was shown to induce the accumulation of actin at the cortex of infected cells. However, the dynamics and molecular mechanism of cortical actin assembly remained unknown. Here, we show that AcMNPV induces dynamic cortical clusters of dot-like actin structures that resemble clusters of invadosomes in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we find that the AcMNPV protein actin-rearrangement-inducing factor-1 (ARIF-1), which was previously shown to be necessary and sufficient for cortical actin assembly and efficient viral infection in insect hosts, is both necessary and sufficient for invadosome-like structure formation. We mapped the sequences within the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ARIF-1 that are required for invadosome-like structure formation and identified individual tyrosine and proline residues that are required for organizing these structures. Additionally, we found that ARIF-1 and the invadosome-associated proteins cortactin and the Arp2/3 complex localize to invadosome-like structures, and Arp2/3 complex is required for their formation. These ARIF-1-induced invadosome-like structures may be important for the function of ARIF-1 in systemic virus spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauko, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mares, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.365502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baculovirus actin-rearrangement-inducing factor ARIF-1 induces the formation of dynamic clusters of invadosome-like structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive insights from evolutionarily new brain structures in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the disproportionate expansion of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in humans compared to non-human primates is accepted, the relationship between evolutionarily new LPFC brain structures and uniquely human cognitive skills is largely unknown. Here, we tested the relationship between variability in evolutionarily new LPFC tertiary sulci and reasoning skills in a pediatric cohort. A novel data-driven approach in independent discovery and replication samples revealed that the depth of specific LPFC tertiary sulci predicts individual differences in reasoning skills beyond age. These findings support a classic, yet untested, theory linking the protracted development of tertiary sulci to late-developing cognitive processes. We suggest that deeper LPFC tertiary sulci reflect reduced short-range connections in white matter, which in turn, improve the efficiency of local neural signals underlying cognitive skills such as reasoning that are central to human cognitive development. To expedite discoveries in future neuroanatomical-behavioural studies, we share sulcal definitions with the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive insights from evolutionarily new brain structures in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual cortex receives non-sensory inputs containing behavioral and brain state information. Here we propose a parallel between optogenetic and behavioral modulations of activity and characterize their impact on cell-type-specific V1 processing under a common theoretical framework. We infer cell-type-specific circuitry from large-scale V1 recordings and demonstrate that, given strong recurrent excitation, the cell-type-specific responses imply key aspects of the known connectivity. In the inferred models, parvalbumin-expressing (PV), but not other, interneurons have responses to perturbations that we show theoretically imply that their activity stabilizes the circuit. We infer inputs that explain locomotion-induced changes in firing rates and find that, contrary to hypotheses of simple disinhibition, locomotory drive to VIP cells and to SOM cells largely cancel, with enhancement of excitatory-cell visual responses likely due to direct locomotory drive to them. We show that this SOM/VIP cancellation is a property emerging from V1 connectivity structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumarola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraynyukova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and variability of optogenetic responses identify the operating regime of cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting future from past: The genomic basis of recurrent and rapid stickleback evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similar forms often evolve repeatedly in nature, raising longstanding questions about the underlying mechanisms. Here we use repeated evolution in sticklebacks to identify a large set of genomic loci that change recurrently during colonization of new freshwater habitats by marine fish. The same loci used repeatedly in extant populations also show rapid allele frequency changes when new freshwater populations are experimentally established from marine ancestors. Dramatic genotypic and phenotypic changes arise within 5-7 years, facilitated by standing genetic variation and linkage between adaptive regions. Both the speed and location of changes can be predicted using empirical observations of recurrence in natural populations or fundamental genomic features like allelic age, recombination rates, density of divergent loci, and overlap with mapped traits. A composite model trained on these stickleback features can also predict the location of key evolutionary loci in Darwins finches, suggesting similar features are important for evolution across diverse taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts Kingman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millhaven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertino, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Hippel, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Palma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeramah, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.382424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting future from past: The genomic basis of recurrent and rapid stickleback evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COAL_PHYRE: A Composite Likelihood Method for Estimating Species Tree Parameters from Genomic Data Using Coalescent Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2Genome-scale data are increasingly being used to infer phylogenetic trees. A major challenge in such inferences is that different regions of the genome may have local topologies that differ from the species tree due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Another source of gene tree discrepancies is estimation errors arising from the randomness of the mutational process during sequence evolution. There are two major groups of methods for estimating species tree from whole-genome data: a set of full likelihood methods, which model both sources of variance, but do not scale to large numbers of independent loci, and a class of faster approximation methods which do not model the mutational variance.

To bridge the gap between these two classes of methods, we present COAL_PHYRE (COmposite Approximate Likelihood for PHYlogenetic REconstruction), a composite likelihood based method for inferring population size and divergence time estimates of rooted species trees from aligned gene sequences. COAL_PHYRE jointly models coalescent variation across loci using the MSC and variation in local gene tree reconstruction using a normal approximation. To evaluate the accuracy and speed of the method, we compare against BPP, a powerful MCMC full-likelihood method, as well as ASTRAL-III, a fast approximate method. We show that COAL_PHYREs divergence time and population size estimates are more accurate than ASTRAL, and comparable to those obtained using BPP, with an order of magnitude decrease in computational time. We also present results on previously published data from a set of Gibbon species to evaluate the accuracy in topology and parameter inference on real data, and to illustrate the methods ability to analyze data sets which are prohibitively large for MCMC methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerra, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COAL_PHYRE: A Composite Likelihood Method for Estimating Species Tree Parameters from Genomic Data Using Coalescent Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) are prevalent in human cancers and mediate high oncogene expression through elevated copy number and altered gene regulation1. Gene expression typically involves distal enhancer DNA elements that contact and activate genes on the same chromosome2,3. Here we show that ecDNA hubs, comprised of ~10-100 ecDNAs clustered in the nucleus of interphase cells, drive intermolecular enhancer input for amplified oncogene expression. Single-molecule sequencing, single-cell multiome, and 3D enhancer connectome reveal subspecies of MYC-PVT1 ecDNAs lacking enhancers that access intermolecular and ectopic enhancer-promoter interactions in ecDNA hubs. ecDNA hubs persist without transcription and are tethered by BET protein BRD4. BET inhibitor JQ1 disperses ecDNA hubs, preferentially inhibits ecDNA oncogene transcription, and kills ecDNA+ cancer cells. Two amplified oncogenes MYC and FGFR2 intermix in ecDNA hubs, engage in intermolecular enhancer-promoter interactions, and transcription is uniformly sensitive to JQ1. Thus, ecDNA hubs are nuclear bodies of many ecDNAs tethered by proteins and platforms for cooperative transcription, leveraging the power of oncogene diversification and combinatorial DNA interactions. We suggest ecDNA hubs, rather than individual ecDNAs, as units of oncogene function, cooperative evolution, and new targets for cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysine methylation shields an intracellular pathogen from ubiquitylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many intracellular pathogens avoid detection by their host cells. However, it remains unknown how they avoid being tagged by ubiquitin, an initial step leading to anti-microbial autophagy. Here, we show that the intracellular bacterial pathogen Rickettsia parkeri uses two protein-lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) to modify outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and prevent their ubiquitylation. Mutants deficient in the PKMTs were avirulent in mice and failed to grow in macrophages due to ubiquitylation and autophagy. Analysis of the lysine-methylome revealed that PKMTs modify a subset of OMPs by methylation at the same sites that are recognized by host ubiquitin. These findings show that lysine methylation is an essential determinant of rickettsial pathogenesis that shields bacterial proteins from ubiquitylation to evade autophagic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysine methylation shields an intracellular pathogen from ubiquitylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.391938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Household-Level Risk Factors for Aedes aegypti Pupal Density in Guayaquil, Ecuador 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.391938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVector-borne diseases are a major cause of disease burden in Guayaquil, Ecuador, especially arboviruses spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Understanding which household characteristics and risk factors lead to higher Ae. aegypti densities and consequent disease risk can help inform and optimize vector control programs.

MethodsCross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted in Guayaquil between 2013 and 2016, covering household demographics, municipal services, potential breeding containers, presence of Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae, and history of using mosquito control methods. A zero-truncated negative binomial regression model was fitted to data for estimating the household pupal index. An additional model assessed the factors of the most productive breeding sites across all of the households.

ResultsOf surveyed households, 610 satisfied inclusion criteria. The final household-level model found that collection of large solid items (e.g., furniture and tires) and rainfall the week of and 2 weeks before collection were negatively correlated with average pupae per container, while bed canopy use, unemployment, container water volume, and the interaction between large solid collection and rainfall 2 weeks before the sampling event were positively correlated. Selection of these variables across other top candidate models with {Delta}AICc < 1 was robust, with the strongest effects from large solid collection and bed canopy use. The final container-level model explaining the characteristics of breeding sites found that contaminated water is positively correlated with Ae. aegypti pupae counts while breeding sites composed of car parts, furniture, sewerage parts, vases, ceramic material, glass material, metal material, and plastic material were all negatively correlated.

ConclusionHaving access to municipal services like bulky item pickup was effective at reducing mosquito proliferation in households. Association of bed canopy use with higher mosquito densities is unexpected, and may be a consequence of large local mosquito populations or due to limited use or effectiveness of other vector control methods. The impact of rainfall on mosquito density is multifaceted, as it may both create new habitat and "wash out" existing habitat. Providing services and social/technical interventions focused on monitoring and eliminating productive breeding sites is important for reducing aquatic-stage mosquito densities in households at risk for Ae. aegypti-transmitted diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalangui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.391938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Household-Level Risk Factors for Aedes aegypti Pupal Density in Guayaquil, Ecuador]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Examination of an Enhanced Remote Sensing Method for Agent Attribution of Forest Disturbance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of disturbance in Sierra Nevada forests are shifting as a result of changing climate and land uses. These changes have underscored the need for a monitoring system that both detects disturbances and attributes them to different agents. Addressing this need will aid forest management and conservation decision-making, potentially enhancing forests resilience to changing climatic conditions. In addition, it will advance understanding of the patterns, drivers, and consequences of forest disturbance in space and time. This study proposed and evaluated an enhanced method for disturbance agent attribution. Specifically, it tested the extent to which textural information could improve the performance of an ensemble learning method in predicting the agents of disturbance from remote sensing observations. Random Forest (RF) models were developed to attribute disturbance to three primary agents (fire, harvest, and drought) in Stanislaus National Forest, California, U.S.A., between 1999 and 2015. To account for spectral behavior and topographical characteristics that regulate vegetation and disturbance dynamics, the models were trained on predictors derived from both the Landsat record and from a digital elevation model. The predictors included measurements of spectral change acquired through temporal segmentation of Landsat data; measurements of patch geometry; and a series of landscape texture metrics. The texture metrics were generated using the Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Two models were produced: one with GLCM texture metrics and one without. The per-class and overall accuracies of each model were evaluated with out-of-bag (OOB) observations and compared statistically to quantify the contribution of texture metrics to classification skill. Overall OOB accuracy was 72.0% for the texture-free model and 72.2% for the texture-dependent model, with no significant accuracy difference between them. Spatial patterns in prediction maps cohered with expectations, with most harvest concentrated in mid-elevation forests and fire and stress co-occurring at lower elevations. Altogether, the method yielded adequate identification of disturbance and moderate attribution accuracy for multiple disturbance agents. While textures did not contribute meaningfully to model skill, the study offers a strong foundation for future development, which should focus on improving the efficacy of the model and generalizing it for systems beyond the Central Sierra Nevada.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worsham, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Examination of an Enhanced Remote Sensing Method for Agent Attribution of Forest Disturbance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning epistatic polygenic phenotypes with Boolean interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting epistatic drivers of human phenotypes is a considerable challenge. Traditional approaches use regression to sequentially test multiplicative interaction terms involving pairs of genetic variants. For higher-order interactions and genome-wide large-scale data, this strategy is computationally intractable. Moreover, multiplicative terms used in regression modeling may not capture the form of biological interactions. Building on the Predictability, Computability, Stability (PCS) framework, we introduce the epiTree pipeline to extract higher-order interactions from genomic data using tree-based models. The epiTree pipeline first selects a set of variants derived from tissue-specific estimates of gene expression. Next, it uses iterative random forests (iRF) to search training data for candidate Boolean interactions (pairwise and higher-order). We derive significance tests for interactions, based on a stabilized likelihood ratio test, by simulating Boolean tree-structured null (no epistasis) and alternative (epistasis) distributions on hold-out test data. Finally, our pipeline computes PCS epistasis p-values that probabilisticly quantify improvement in prediction accuracy via bootstrap sampling on the test set. We validate the epiTree pipeline in two case studies using data from the UK Biobank: predicting red hair and multiple sclerosis (MS). In the case of predicting red hair, epiTree recovers known epistatic interactions surrounding MC1R and novel interactions, representing non-linearities not captured by logistic regression models. In the case of predicting MS, a more complex phenotype than red hair, epiTree rankings prioritize novel interactions surrounding HLA-DRB1, a variant previously associated with MS in several populations. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for epiTree rankings to help reduce the design space for follow up experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova-Palomera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning epistatic polygenic phenotypes with Boolean interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse Epistatic Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for Inferring Fitness Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in high-throughput combinatorial mutagenesis assays, the number of labeled sequences available to predict molecular functions has remained small for the vastness of the sequence space combined with the ruggedness of many fitness functions. Expressive models in machine learning (ML), such as deep neural networks (DNNs), can model the nonlinearities in rugged fitness functions, which manifest as high-order epistatic interactions among the mutational sites. However, in the absence of an inductive bias, DNNs overfit to the small number of labeled sequences available for training. Herein, we exploit the recent biological evidence that epistatic interactions in many fitness functions are sparse; this knowledge can be used as an inductive bias to regularize DNNs. We have developed a method for sparse epistatic regularization of DNNs, called the epistatic net (EN), which constrains the number of non-zero coefficients in the spectral representation of DNNs. For larger sequences, where finding the spectral transform becomes computationally intractable, we have developed a scalable extension of EN, which subsamples the combinatorial sequence space uniformly inducing a sparse-graph-code structure, and regularizes DNNs using the resulting greedy optimization method. Results on several biological landscapes, from bacterial to protein fitness functions, show that EN consistently improves the prediction accuracy of DNNs and enables them to outperform competing models which assume other forms of inductive biases. EN estimates all the higher-order epistatic interactions of DNNs trained on massive sequence spaces--a computational problem that takes years to solve without leveraging the epistatic sparsity in the fitness functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyluoglu, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramchandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse Epistatic Regularization of Deep Neural Networks for Inferring Fitness Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding complex biological systems requires visualizing structures and processes deep within living organisms. We developed a compact adaptive optics module and incorporated it into two- and three-photon fluorescence microscopes, to measure and correct tissue-induced aberrations. We resolved synaptic structures in deep cortical and subcortical areas of the mouse brain, and demonstrated high-resolution imaging of neuronal structures and somatosensory-evoked calcium responses in the mouse spinal cord at unprecedented depths in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bifano, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.397968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucosal vaccination with cyclic-di-nucleotide adjuvants induces effective T cell homing and IL-17 dependent protection against M. tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is not reliably effective against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. A major hurdle to tuberculosis vaccine development is incomplete understanding of successful immunity against the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recently, we demonstrated that a protein subunit vaccine adjuvanted with STING-activating cyclic-di-nucleotides (CDNs) robustly protects against tuberculosis infection in mice. Here we show mucosal vaccination with this vaccine induces production of T cells that home to lung parenchyma and penetrate lesions in the lung. Protection is partially dependent on IL-17, type I interferon (IFN), and IFN-{gamma}, while the transcription factor STAT-6 is dispensable. Single cell transcriptomics reveals mucosal vaccination with a CDN vaccine increases transcriptional heterogeneity in CD4 cells, including a significant population of non-classical IFN-{gamma} and IL-17 co-expressing Th1-Th17 cells, as well as markers of memory and activation. Th1-Th17 cells in vaccinated mice are enriched for expression of the T cell functional markers Tnfsf8 and Il1r1 relative to more conventional Th1 cells. These data provide critical insight into the immune mediators and diversity of T cell responses that can contribute to vaccine efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jong, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltodano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastenkos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucosal vaccination with cyclic-di-nucleotide adjuvants induces effective T cell homing and IL-17 dependent protection against M. tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shared information content is represented across brains in idiosyncratic functional topographies. Hyperalignment addresses these idiosyncrasies by using neural responses to project individuals brain data into a common model space while maintaining the geometric relationships between distinct activity patterns. The dimensions of this common model can encode any kind of functional profiles shared across individuals, such as cortical response profiles collected during a common time-locked stimulus presentation (e.g. movie viewing) or functional connectivity profiles. Performing hyperalignment with either response-based or connectivity-based input data derives transformations to project individuals neural data from anatomical space into the common model such that functional information is optimally aligned across brains. Previously, only response or connectivity profiles were used in the derivation of these transformations. In this study, we used three separate data sets collected while participants watched feature films to derive transformations representing both response-based and connectivity-based information with a single algorithm. Our new method, hybrid hyperalignment, aligns response-based information as well as or better than response hyperalignment while simultaneously aligning connectivity-based information better than connectivity hyperalignment, all in one information space. These results suggest that a single common information space could encode both shared cortical response and functional connectivity profiles across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slipski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guntupalli, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage satellite tunes inducing phage gene expression using a domesticated endonuclease to balance inhibition and virion hijacking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria persist under constant threat of predation by bacterial viruses (phages). Bacteria-phage conflicts result in evolutionary arms races often driven by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). One such MGE, a phage satellite in Vibrio cholerae called PLE, provides specific and robust defense against a pervasive lytic phage, ICP1. The interplay between PLE and ICP1 has revealed strategies for molecular parasitism allowing PLE to hijack ICP1 processes in order to mobilize. Here, we describe the mechanism of PLE-mediated transcriptional manipulation of ICP1 structural gene transcription. PLE encodes a novel DNA binding protein, CapR, that represses ICP1s capsid morphogenesis operon. Although CapR is sufficient for the degree of capsid repression achieved by PLE, its activity does not hinder the ICP1 lifecycle. We explore the consequences of repression of this operon, demonstrating that more stringent repression achieved through CRISPRi restricts both ICP1 and PLE. We also discover that PLE transduces in modified ICP1-like particles. Examination of CapR homologs led to the identification of a suite of ICP1-encoded homing endonucleases, providing a putative origin for the satellite-encoded repressor. This work unveils a facet of the delicate balance of satellite-mediated inhibition aimed at blocking phage production while successfully mobilizing in a phage-derived particle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.402263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage satellite tunes inducing phage gene expression using a domesticated endonuclease to balance inhibition and virion hijacking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-directional Modeling Between Cross-Scale Neural Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental principles underlying computation in multi-scale brain networks illustrate how multiple brain areas and their coordinated activity give rise to complex cognitive functions. Whereas the population brain activity has been studied in the micro-to meso-scale in building the connections between the dynamical patterns and the behaviors, such studies were often done at a single length scale and lacked an explanatory theory that identifies the neuronal origin across multiple scales. Here we introduce the NeuroBondGraph Network, a dynamical system incorporating both biological-inspired components and deep learning techniques to capture cross-scale dynamics that can infer and map the neural data from multiple scales. We demonstrated our model is not only 3.5 times more accurate than the popular sphere head model but also able to predict synchronous neural activity and extract correlated low-dimensional latent dynamics. We also showed that we can extend our methods to robustly predict held-out data across several weeks. The extracted effective connectivity agreed with the neuroanatomical hierarchy of motor control. Accordingly, the NeuroBondGraph Network opens the door to revealing comprehensive understanding of the brain computation, where network mechanisms of multi-scale communications are critical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-directional Modeling Between Cross-Scale Neural Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing Squamate Biogeography in Afro-Arabia Reveals the Influence of a Complex and Dynamic Geologic Past 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geographic distribution of biodiversity is central to understanding evolutionary biology. Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic histories often help to explain how biogeographic patterns unfold through time. However, such patterns are also influenced by a variety of other factors, such as lineage diversification, that may affect the probability of certain types of biogeographic events. The complex and well-known geologic and climatic history of Afro-Arabia, together with the extensive research on reptile systematics in the region, makes Afro-Arabian squamate communities an ideal system to investigate biogeographic patterns and their drivers. Here we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships and the ancestral geographic distributions of several Afro-Arabian reptile clades (totaling 430 species) to estimate the number of dispersal, vicariance and range contraction events. We then compare the observed biogeographic history to a distribution of simulated biogeographic events based on the empirical phylogeny and the best-fit model. This allows us to identify periods in the past where the observed biogeographic history was likely shaped by forces beyond the ones included in the model. We find an increase in vicariance following the Oligocene, most likely caused by the fragmentation of the Afro-Arabian plate. In contrast, we did not find differences between observed and expected dispersal and range contraction levels. This is consistent with diversification enhanced by environmental processes and with the establishment of a dispersal corridor connecting Africa, Arabia and Eurasia since the middle Miocene. Finally, here we show that our novel approach is useful to pinpoint events in the evolutionary history of lineages that might reflect external forces not predicted by the underlying biogeographic model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejero-Cicuendez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caetano, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carranza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing Squamate Biogeography in Afro-Arabia Reveals the Influence of a Complex and Dynamic Geologic Past]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.394189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancement of antimicrobial diversity in situ through relaxed symbiont specificity in an insect/actinomycete partnership 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.394189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some insects form symbioses in which actinomycetes provide defense against pathogens by making antimicrobials. The range of chemical strategies employed across these associations, and how these strategies relate to insect lifestyle, remains underexplored. We assessed subsocial passalid beetles of the species Odontotaenius disjunctus, and their frass (fecal material) which is an important food resource within their galleries, as a model insect/actinomycete system. Through chemical and phylogenetic analyses, we found that O. disjunctus frass collected across eastern North America harbored multiple lineages of Streptomyces and diverse antimicrobials. Metabolites detected in frass displayed synergistic and antagonistic inhibition of a fungal entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae, and multiple streptomycete isolates inhibited this pathogen when co-cultivated directly in frass. These findings support a model in which the lifestyle of O. disjunctus accommodates multiple Streptomyces lineages in their frass, resulting in a rich repertoire of antimicrobials that likely insulates their galleries against pathogenic invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reaso, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceja-Navarro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hifnawi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.394189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancement of antimicrobial diversity in situ through relaxed symbiont specificity in an insect/actinomycete partnership]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.414011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic basis for ubiquitin modulation of a protein energy landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.414011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin is a common posttranslational modification canonically associated with targeting proteins to the 26S proteasome for degradation and also plays a role in numerous other non-degradative cellular processes. Ubiquitination at certain sites destabilizes the substrate protein, with consequences for proteasomal processing, while ubiquitination at other sites has little energetic effect. How this site specificity--and, by extension, the myriad effects of ubiquitination on substrate proteins--arises remains unknown. Here, we systematically characterize the atomic-level effects of ubiquitination at various sites on a model protein, barstar, using a combination of NMR, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics simulation. We find that, regardless of the site of modification, ubiquitination does not induce large structural rearrangements in the substrate. Destabilizing modifications, however, increase fluctuations from the native state resulting in exposure of the substrates C terminus. Both of the sites occur in regions of barstar with relatively high conformational flexibility. Destabilization, however, appears to occur through different thermodynamic mechanisms, involving a reduction in entropy in one case and a loss in enthalpy in another. By contrast, ubiquitination at a non-destabilizing site protects the substrate C terminus through intermittent formation of a structural motif with the last three residues of ubiquitin. Thus, the biophysical effects of ubiquitination at a given site depend greatly on local context. Taken together, our results reveal how a single post-translational modification can generate a broad array of distinct effects, providing a framework to guide the design of proteins and therapeutics with desired degradation and quality-control properties. (248 words)

Significance StatementFluctuations on a protein energy landscapes encode the mechanistic basis for vital biological processes not always evident from static structures alone. Ubiquitination, a key posttranslational modification, can affect a proteins energy landscape with consequences for proteasomal degradation, but the molecular mechanisms driving ubiquitin-induced energetic changes remain elusive. Here, we systematically characterize the energetic effects of ubiquitination at three sites on a model protein. We find that distinct thermodynamic mechanisms can produce the same outcome of ubiquitin-induced destabilization at sensitive sites. At a non-sensitive site, we observe formation of a substrate-ubiquitin interaction that may serve to protect against destabilization. This work will enable development of predictive models of the effect of ubiquitin at any given site on a protein with implications for understanding and engineering regulated ubiquitin signaling and protein quality control in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.414011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic basis for ubiquitin modulation of a protein energy landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A holobiont view of island biogeography: unraveling patterns driving the nascent diversification of a Hawaiian spider and its microbial associates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversification of a host lineage can be influenced by both the external environment and its assemblage of microbes. Here, we use a young lineage of spiders, distributed along a chronologically arranged series of volcanic mountains, to determine the parallels between the evolutionary histories of the host spiders and their associated microbial communities, together forming the "holobiont". Using the stick spider Ariamnes waikula (Araneae, Theridiidae) on the island of Hawaii, and outgroup taxa on older islands, we tested whether each component of the holobiont (the spider hosts, the intracellular endosymbionts, and the gut microbial communities) showed correlated signatures of diversity due to sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. In order to investigate this, we generated ddRAD data for the host spiders and 16S rRNA gene amplicon data from their microbiota. We expected sequential colonizations to result in a (phylo)genetic structuring of the host spiders and in a diversity gradient in microbial communities. Results showed that the host A. waikula is indeed structured by geographic isolation, suggesting sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. Similarly, the endosymbiont communities were markedly different between Ariamnes species on different islands, but more homogeneous among A. waikula populations on the island of Hawaii. Conversely, the gut microbiota was largely conserved across all populations and species, which we suspect are generally environmentally derived. Our results highlight that the different components of the holobiont have responded in distinct ways to the dynamic environment of the volcanic archipelago, showing the necessity of understanding the interplay between components to better characterize holobiont evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lamarque, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becking, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A holobiont view of island biogeography: unraveling patterns driving the nascent diversification of a Hawaiian spider and its microbial associates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems-informed genome mining for electroautotrophic microbial production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems can store renewable energy and CO2 in many-carbon molecules inaccessible to abiotic electrochemistry. Here, we develop a multiphysics model to investigate the fundamental and practical limits of MES enabled by direct electron uptake and we identify organisms in which this biotechnological CO2-fixation strategy can be realized. Systematic model comparisons of microbial respiration and carbon fixation strategies revealed that, under aerobic conditions, the CO2 fixation rate is limited to <6 mol/cm2/hr by O2 mass transport despite efficient electron utilization. In contrast, anaerobic nitrate respiration enables CO2 fixation rates >50 mol/cm2/hr for microbes using the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. Phylogenetic analysis, validated by recapitulating experimental demonstrations of electroautotrophy, uncovered multiple probable electroautotrophic organisms and a significant number of genetically tractable strains that require heterologous expression of <5 proteins to gain electroautotrophic function. The model and analysis presented here will guide microbial engineering and reactor design for practical MES systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems-informed genome mining for electroautotrophic microbial production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structural mechanism for the generation of biased agonism in the epidermal growth factor receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that couples the binding of extracellular ligands, such as EGF and transforming growth factor- (TGF-), to the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways. EGFR binds to EGF and TGF- with similar affinity but generates different signals from these ligands. To address the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon, we have carried out cryo-EM analyses of human EGFR bound to EGF and TGF-. We show that the extracellular module adopts an ensemble of dimeric conformations when bound to either EGF or TGF-. The two extreme states of this ensemble represent distinct ligand-bound quaternary structures in which the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module are either juxtaposed or separated. EGF and TGF- differ in their ability to maintain the conformation with the membrane-proximal tips of the extracellular module separated, and this conformation is stabilized preferentially by an oncogenic EGFR mutation. Close proximity of the transmembrane helices at the junction with the extracellular module has been associated previously with increased EGFR activity. Our results show how EGFR can couple the binding of different ligands to differential modulation of this proximity, thereby suggesting a molecular mechanism for the generation of ligand-sensitive differential outputs in this receptor family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ognjenovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.417006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structural mechanism for the generation of biased agonism in the epidermal growth factor receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.420950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic characterization of gene function in a photosynthetic organism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.420950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms are essential for human life, yet most of their genes remain functionally uncharacterized. Single-celled photosynthetic model systems have the potential to accelerate our ability to connect genes to functions. Here, using a barcoded mutant library of the model eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we determined the phenotypes of more than 58,000 mutants under more than 121 different environmental growth conditions and chemical treatments. 78% of genes are represented by at least one mutant that showed a phenotype, providing clues to the functions of thousands of genes. Mutant phenotypic profiles allow us to place known and previously uncharacterized genes into functional pathways such as DNA repair, photosynthesis, the CO2-concentrating mechanism, and ciliogenesis. We illustrate the value of this resource by validating novel phenotypes and gene functions, including the discovery of three novel components of a defense pathway that counteracts actin cytoskeleton inhibitors released by other organisms. The data also inform phenotype discovery in land plants: mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana genes exhibit similar phenotypes to those we observed in their Chlamydomonas homologs. We anticipate that this resource will guide the functional characterization of genes across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilarrasa-Blasi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramundo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patena, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millican, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salome, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinkerson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.420950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic characterization of gene function in a photosynthetic organism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel allele of SIR2 reveals a heritable intermediate state of gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.422089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic information acquires additional meaning through epigenetic regulation, the process by which genetically identical cells can exhibit heritable differences in gene expression and phenotype. Inheritance of epigenetic information is a critical step in maintaining cellular identity and organismal health. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one form of epigenetic regulation is the transcriptional silencing of two mating-type loci, HML and HMR, by the SIR-protein complex. To focus on the epigenetic dimension of this gene regulation, we conducted a forward mutagenesis screen to identify mutants exhibiting an epigenetic or metastable silencing defect. We utilized fluorescent reporters at HML and HMR, and screened yeast colonies for epigenetic silencing defects. We uncovered numerous independent sir1 alleles, a gene known to be required for stable epigenetic inheritance. More interestingly, we recovered a missense mutation within SIR2, which encodes a highly conserved histone deacetylase. In contrast to sir1{Delta}, which exhibits states that are either fully silenced or fully expressed, this sir2 allele exhibited heritable states that were either fully silenced or expressed at an intermediate level. The heritable nature of this unique silencing defect was influenced by, but not completely dependent on, changes in rDNA copy number. Therefore, this study revealed a heritable state of intermediate silencing and linked this state to a central silencing factor, Sir2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.422089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel allele of SIR2 reveals a heritable intermediate state of gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.12.420737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities Formed During Periodic Tilling of TNT and DNT Co-Contaminated Soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.12.420737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Environmental contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), historically the most widely used secondary explosive, is a long-standing problem in former military conflict areas and at manufacturing and decommissioning plants. In field test plots at a former explosives manufacturing site, removal of TNT and dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) was observed following periods of tillage. Since tilling of soils has previously been shown to alter the microbial community, this study was aimed at understanding how the microbial community is altered in soils with historical contamination of nitro explosives from the former Barksdale TNT plant. Samples of untilled pristine soils, untilled TNT-contaminated soils and tilled TNT-contaminated soils were subjected to targeted amplicon sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes in order to compare the structure of their bacterial communities. In addition, metagenomic data generated from the TNT tilled soil was used to understand the potential functions of the bacterial community relevant to nitroaromatic degradation. While the biodiversity dropped and the Burkholderiales order became dominant in both tilled and untilled soil regardless of tillage, the bacterial community composition at finer taxonomic levels revealed a greater difference between the two treatments. Functional analysis of metagenome assembled genome (MAG) bins through systematic review of commonly proposed DNT and TNT biotransformation pathways suggested that both aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways were present. A proposed pathway that considers both aerobic and anaerobic steps in the degradation of TNT in the scenario of the tilled contaminated soils is presented.

2. ImportanceIn this study, TNT and DNT removal has been observed in field-scale experiments following periodic tilling of historically contaminated soils. The microbial community structures of uncontaminated pristine soils, untilled contaminated soils, and tilled contaminated soils were investigated using high-throughput sequencing platforms. In addition, shotgun metagenome libraries of samples from tilled contaminated soils were generated. The results indicated that a significant shift of the bacterial community at the family level between tilled and untilled contaminated soils, with tilled soils being dominated by Alcaligenaceae and untilled soils by Burkholderiacea. In-depth metagenomic analysis of samples from tilled contaminated soils, indicate the presence of genes that encode for enzymes that potentially could lead to mineralization of TNT and DNT under mixed aerobic and anaerobic periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshani Langroodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenuit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.12.420737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities Formed During Periodic Tilling of TNT and DNT Co-Contaminated Soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.420174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory enables recollection of past experiences to guide future behavior. Humans know which memories to trust (high confidence) and which to doubt (low confidence). How memory retrieval, memory confidence, and memory-guided decisions are related, however, is not understood. Additionally, whether animals can assess confidence in episodic memories to guide behavior is unknown. We developed a spatial episodic memory task in which rats were incentivized to gamble their time: betting more following a correct choice yielded greater reward. Rat behavior reflected memory confidence, with higher temporal bets following correct choices. We applied modern machine learning to identify a memory decision variable, and built a generative model of memories evolving over time that accurately predicted both choices and confidence reports. Our results reveal in rats an ability thought to exist exclusively in primates, and introduce a unified model of memory dynamics, retrieval, choice, and confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepecs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.420174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total recall: episodic memory retrieval,choice, and memory confidence in the rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise gating of the Sec61 protein-conducting channel by Sec63 and Sec62 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The universally conserved Sec61/SecY channel mediates transport of many newly synthesized polypeptides across membranes, an essential step in protein secretion and membrane protein integration1-5. The channel has two gating mechanisms--a lipid-facing lateral gate, through which hydrophobic signal sequences or transmembrane helices (TMs) are released into the membrane, and a vertical gate, called the plug, which regulates the water-filled pore required for translocation of hydrophilic polypeptide segments6. Currently, how these gates are controlled and how they regulate the translocation process remain poorly understood. Here, by analyzing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of several variants of the eukaryotic post-translational translocation complex Sec61-Sec62-Sec63, we reveal discrete gating steps of Sec61 and the mechanism by which Sec62 and Sec63 induce these gating events. We show that Sec62 forms a V-shaped structure in front of the lateral gate to fully open both gates of Sec61. Without Sec62, the lateral gate opening narrows, and the vertical pore becomes closed by the plug, rendering the channel inactive. We further show that the lateral gate is opened first by interactions between Sec61 and Sec63 in both cytosolic and luminal domains, a simultaneous disruption of which fully closes the channel. Our study defines the function of Sec62 and illuminates how Sec63 and Sec62 work together in a hierarchical manner to activate the Sec61 channel for post-translational translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itskanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise gating of the Sec61 protein-conducting channel by Sec63 and Sec62]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly contiguous assemblies of 101 drosophilid genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 100 years of studies in Drosophila melanogaster and related species in the genus Drosophila have facilitated key discoveries in genetics, genomics, and evolution. While high-quality genome assemblies exist for several species in this group, they only encompass a small fraction of the genus. Recent advances in long read sequencing allow high quality genome assemblies for tens or even hundreds of species to be generated. Here, we utilize Oxford Nanopore sequencing to build an open community resource of high-quality assemblies for 101 lines of 95 drosophilid species encompassing 14 species groups and 35 sub-groups with an average contig N50 of 10.5 Mb and greater than 97% BUSCO completeness in 97/101 assemblies. These assemblies, along with detailed wet lab protocol and assembly pipelines, are released as a public resource and will serve as a starting point for addressing broad questions of genetics, ecology, and evolution within this key group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeault, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agostino, E. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zych, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenkovic-Radak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselinovic, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaskovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly contiguous assemblies of 101 drosophilid genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in deep learning enable using chemical structures and phenotypic profiles to accurately predict assay results for compounds virtually, reducing the time and cost of screens in the drug-discovery process. We evaluate the relative strength of three high-throughput data sources--chemical structures, images (Cell Painting), and gene-expression profiles (L1000)--to predict compound activity using a sparse historical collection of 16,170 compounds tested in 270 assays for a total of 585,439 readouts. All three data modalities can predict compound activity with high accuracy in 6-10% of assays tested; replacing million-compound physical screens with computationally prioritized smaller screens throughout the pharmaceutical industry could yield major savings. Furthermore, the three profiling modalities are complementary, and in combination they can predict 21% of assays with high accuracy, and 64% if lower accuracy is acceptable. Our study shows that, for many assays, predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures might accelerate the early stages of the drug-discovery process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicedo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dancik, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemons, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting compound activity from phenotypic profiles and chemical structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Shifts in Antibiotic Resistance Elements Govern Virus-Pathogen Conflicts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage predation selects for diverse anti-phage systems that frequently cluster on mobilizable defense islands in bacterial genomes. However, there remains a lack of molecular insight into the reciprocal dynamics of phage-bacterial adaptations in nature, particularly in clinical contexts where there is need to inform phage therapy efforts and understand how phages drive pathogen evolution. Here, using time-shift experiments we show that fluctuations in SXT integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), which notoriously confer antibiotic resistance, govern Vibrio choleraes susceptibility to phages in clinical samples. We find that SXT ICEs, which are widespread in Gammaproteobacteria, invariably encode phage defense and function to protect other genera from phage attack following conjugation. We discover phage counter-adaptation to SXT-mediated restriction in clinical samples, and show that heterogeneity in SXT ICEs allows for re-emergence of phage resistance. Further, phage infection stimulates high frequency SXT ICE conjugation, leading to the concurrent dissemination of phage and antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Shifts in Antibiotic Resistance Elements Govern Virus-Pathogen Conflicts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro Safety Clinical Trial of the Cardiac Liability of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as COVID19 Polytherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite global efforts, there are no effective FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential therapeutics focus on repurposed drugs, some with cardiac liabilities. Here we report on a preclinical drug screening platform, a cardiac microphysiological system (MPS), to assess cardiotoxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZM) polytherapy in a mock clinical trial. The MPS contained human heart muscle derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. The effect of drug response was measured using outputs that correlate with clinical measurements such as QT interval (action potential duration) and drug-biomarker pairing.

Chronic exposure to HCQ alone elicited early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and increased QT interval from day 6 onwards. AZM alone elicited an increase in QT interval from day 7 onwards and arrhythmias were observed at days 8 and 10. Monotherapy results closely mimicked clinical trial outcomes. Upon chronic exposure to HCQ and AZM polytherapy, we observed an increase in QT interval on days 4-8.. Interestingly, a decrease in arrhythmias and instabilities was observed in polytherapy relative to monotherapy, in concordance with published clinical trials. Furthermore, biomarkers, most of them measurable in patients serum, were identified for negative effects of single drug or polytherapy on tissue contractile function, morphology, and antioxidant protection.

The cardiac MPS can predict clinical arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation and rhythm instabilities. This high content system can help clinicians design their trials, rapidly project cardiac outcomes, and define new monitoring biomarkers to accelerate access of patients to safe COVID-19 therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>charwat, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>siemons, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>edwards, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>finsberg, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro Safety Clinical Trial of the Cardiac Liability of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as COVID19 Polytherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Layers of Attention Suffice to Predict Protein Contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe established approach to unsupervised protein contact prediction estimates co-evolving positions using undirected graphical models. This approach trains a Potts model on a Multiple Sequence Alignment, then predicts that the edges with highest weight correspond to contacts in the 3D structure. On the other hand, increasingly large Transformers are being pretrained on protein sequence databases but have demonstrated mixed results for downstream tasks, including contact prediction. This has sparked discussion about the role of scale and attention-based models in unsupervised protein representation learning. We argue that attention is a principled model of protein interactions, grounded in real properties of protein family data. We introduce a simplified attention layer, factored attention, and show that it achieves comparable performance to Potts models, while sharing parameters both within and across families. Further, we extract contacts from the attention maps of a pretrained Transformer and show they perform competitively with the other two approaches. This provides evidence that large-scale pretraining can learn meaningful protein features when presented with unlabeled and unaligned data. We contrast factored attention with the Transformer to indicate that the Transformer leverages hierarchical signal in protein family databases not captured by our single-layer models. This raises the exciting possibility for the development of powerful structured models of protein family databases.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daupras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Layers of Attention Suffice to Predict Protein Contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The distribution of waiting distances in ancestral recombination graphs and its applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ancestral recombination graph (ARG) contains the full genealogical information of the sample, and many population genetic inference problems can be solved using inferred or sampled ARGs. In particular, the waiting distance between tree changes along the genome can be used to make inference about the distribution and evolution of recombination rates. To this end, we here derive an analytic expression for the distribution of waiting distances between tree changes under the sequentially Markovian coalescent model and obtain an accurate approximation to the distribution of waiting distances for topology changes. We use these results to show that some of the recently proposed methods for inferring sequences of trees along the genome provide strongly biased distributions of waiting distances. In addition, we provide a correction to an undercounting problem facing all available ARG inference methods, thereby facilitating the use of ARG inference methods to estimate temporal changes in the recombination rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The distribution of waiting distances in ancestral recombination graphs and its applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway essential for neuronal health and function. Autophagosome biogenesis occurs at synapses, is locally regulated and increases in response to neuronal activity. The mechanisms that couple autophagosome biogenesis to synaptic activity remain unknown. In this study we determine that trafficking of ATG-9, the only transmembrane protein in the core autophagy pathway, links the synaptic vesicle cycle with autophagy. ATG-9 positive vesicles in C. elegans are generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP3-dependent budding, and delivered to presynaptic sites. At presynaptic sites, ATG-9 undergoes exo-endocytosis in an activity-dependent manner. Mutations that disrupt endocytosis, including one associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich synaptic foci and defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy. Our findings uncover regulated key steps of ATG-9 trafficking at presynaptic sites, and provide evidence that ATG-9 exo-endocytosis couples autophagosome biogenesis at presynaptic sites with the activity-dependent synaptic vesicle cycle.

HighlightsO_LIIn C. elegans, ATG-9 is delivered to presynaptic sites in vesicles generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP-3-dependent budding
C_LIO_LIATG-9 vesicles undergo activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at presynaptic sites
C_LIO_LIMutations in endocytic proteins, including a mutation associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich foci
C_LIO_LIAbnormal accumulation of ATG-9 at clathrin-rich foci is associated with defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okeke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genealogical structure changes as range expansions transition from pushed to pulled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Range expansions accelerate evolution through multiple mechanisms including gene surfing and genetic drift. The inference and control of these evolutionary processes ultimately relies on the information contained in genealogical trees. Currently, there are two opposing views on how range expansions shape genealogies. In invasion biology, expansions are typically approximated by a series of population bottlenecks producing genealogies with only pairwise mergers between lineages--a process known as the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, traveling-wave models predict a coalescent with multiple mergers, known as the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent. Here, we unify these two approaches and show that expansions can generate an entire spectrum of coalescent topologies. Specifically, we show that tree topology is controlled by growth dynamics at the front and exhibits large differences between pulled and pushed expansions. These differences are explained by the fluctuations in the total number of descendants left by the early founders. High growth cooperativity leads to a narrow distribution of reproductive values and the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, low growth cooperativity results in a broad distribution, whose exponent controls the merger sizes in the genealogies. These broad distribution and non-Kingman tree topologies emerge due to the fluctuations in the front shape and position and do not occur in quasi-deterministic simulations. Overall, our results show that range expansions provide a robust mechanism for generating different types of multiple mergers, which could be similar those observed in populations with strong selection or high fecundity. Thus, caution should be exercised in making inferences about the origin of non-Kingman genealogies.

Significance statementSpatial dynamics are important for understanding genetic diversity in many contexts, such as cancer and infectious diseases. Coalescent theory offers a powerful framework for interpreting and predicting patters of genetic diversity in populations, but incorporating spatial structure into the theory has proven difficult. Here, we address this long-standing problem by studying the coalescent in a spatially expanding population. We find the topology of the coalescent changes depending on the growth dynamics at the front. Using analytical arguments, we show that the transition between coalescent topologies is universal and is controlled by a parameter related to the expansion velocity. Our theory makes precise predictions about the effects of population dynamics on genetic diversity at the expansion front, which we confirm in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genealogical structure changes as range expansions transition from pushed to pulled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening a library of FDA-approved and bioactive compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has emerged as a major global health threat. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 80 million cases and 1.7 million deaths to date while the number of cases continues to rise. With limited therapeutic options, the identification of safe and effective therapeutics is urgently needed. The repurposing of known clinical compounds holds the potential for rapid identification of drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2. Here we utilized a library of FDA-approved and well-studied preclinical and clinical compounds to screen for antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in human pulmonary epithelial cells. We identified 13 compounds that exhibit potent antiviral activity across multiple orthogonal assays. Hits include known antivirals, compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, and compounds targeting host pathways such as kinases and proteases critical for SARS-CoV-2 replication. We identified seven compounds not previously reported to have activity against SARS-CoV-2, including B02, a human RAD51 inhibitor. We further demonstrated that B02 exhibits synergy with remdesivir, the only antiviral approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19, highlighting the potential for combination therapy. Taken together, our comparative compound screening strategy highlights the potential of drug repurposing screens to identify novel starting points for development of effective antiviral mono- or combination therapies to treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroumza, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkine, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fines, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahmen, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaletzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening a library of FDA-approved and bioactive compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric communication in DNA polymerase clamp loaders relies on a critical hydrogen-bonded junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clamp loaders are AAA+ ATPases that load sliding clamps onto DNA. We mapped the mutational sensitivity of the T4 bacteriophage sliding clamp and clamp loader by deep mutagenesis, and found that residues not involved in catalysis or binding display remarkable tolerance to mutation. An exception is a glutamine residue in the AAA+ module (Gln 118) that is not located at a catalytic or interfacial site. Gln 118 forms a hydrogen-bonded junction in a helical unit that we term the central coupler, because it connects the catalytic centers to DNA and the sliding clamp. A suppressor mutation indicates that hydrogen bonding in the junction is important, and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that it maintains rigidity in the central coupler. The glutamine-mediated junction is preserved in diverse AAA+ ATPases, suggesting that a connected network of hydrogen bonds that links ATP molecules is an essential aspect of allosteric communication in these proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric communication in DNA polymerase clamp loaders relies on a critical hydrogen-bonded junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the potential of non-coding loci to influence gene regulation has been the subject of intense research, with important implications in understanding genetic underpinnings of human diseases. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) can measure regulatory activity of thousands of DNA-sequences and their variants in a single experiment. With increasing number of publically available MPRA datasets, one can now develop data-driven models which, given a DNA-sequence, predict its regulatory activity. Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of several MPRA datasets in a variety of cellular contexts. We first applied an ensemble of methods to predict MPRA output in each context and observed that the most predictive features are consistent across datasets. We then demonstrate that predictive models trained in one cellular context can be used to predict MPRA output in another, with loss of accuracy attributed to cell-type specific features. Finally, we show that our approach achieves top performance in the Fifth Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation "Regulation Saturation" Challenge for predicting effects of single nucleotide variants. Overall, our analysis provides insights into how MPRA data can be leveraged to highlight functional regulatory regions throughout the genome and can guide effective design of future experiments by better prioritizing regions of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A relative-motion method for parsing spatio-temporal behaviour of dyads using GPS relocation data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIIn this paper, we introduce a novel method for classifying and computing the frequencies of movement modes of intra and interspecific dyads, focusing in particular on distance-mediated approach, retreat, following and side by side movement modes.
C_LIO_LIBesides distance, the method includes factors such as sex, age, time of day, or season that cause frequencies of movement modes to deviate from random.
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate and validate our method using both simulated and empirical data. Our simulated data were obtained from a relative-motion, biased random-walk (RM-BRW) model with attraction and repulsion circumferences. Our empirical data were GPS relocation time series collected from African elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia. The simulated data were primarily used to validate our method while the empirical data analysis were used to illustrate the types of behavioral assessment that our methodology reveals.
C_LIO_LIOur methodology facilitates automated, observer-bias-free analysis of the locomotive interactions of dyads using GPS relocation data, which is becoming increasingly ubiquitous as telemetry and related technologies improve. Our method should open up a whole new vista of behavioral-interaction type analyses to movement and behavioral ecologists.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luisa Vissat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A relative-motion method for parsing spatio-temporal behaviour of dyads using GPS relocation data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batf-mediated Epigenetic Control of Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response of cytotoxic T cells to their cognate antigen involves rapid and broad changes in gene expression that are coupled with extensive chromatin remodeling. Here, we study the mechanisms by which the basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor Batf helps regulate this process. Through genome-scale profiling, we observe critical roles for Batf in inducing transcriptional changes in stimulated naive cells, while affecting the chromatin at several levels, namely binding of key transcription factors, accessibility, and long range contacts. We identify a critical network of transcription factors that cooperate with Batf, including its binding partner Irf4, as well as Runx3 and T-bet, and demonstrate its synergistic activity in initiating aspects of the effector T cells transcriptional and epigenetic program in ectopically-induced fibroblasts. Our results provide a comprehensive resource for studying the epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of effector differentiation of cytotoxic T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsao, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurachi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnitz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiIorio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFleur, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ise, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurosaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haining, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batf-mediated Epigenetic Control of Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.424689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.424689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceStructural brain maturation and sleep are complex processes that exhibit significant changes over adolescence and are linked to healthy physical and mental development. The precise timing and magnitude of these changes influence function throughout the lifespan. However, the relationships between gray matter structure and sleep patterns during adolescence are not fully understood. A detailed characterization of brain-sleep associations during this sensitive period is crucial for understanding factors contributing to optimal neurodevelopmental trajectories in adolescence.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether sleep-gray matter relationships are developmentally-invariant (i.e., stable across age) or developmentally-specific (i.e., only present during discrete time windows) from late childhood through young adulthood.

SettingThe Neuroimaging and Pediatric Sleep Databank was constructed from 8 research studies conducted at the University of Pittsburgh between 2009 and 2020.

ParticipantsThe final sample consisted of 240 participants without current psychiatric diagnoses (9-25 years), and with good quality sleep tracking and structural MRI (sMRI) data.

DesignParticipants completed a sMRI scan and 5-7 days of wrist actigraphy to assess naturalistic sleep. We examined cross-sectional associations between sMRI measures and sleep patterns, as well as the effects of age, sex, and their interaction with sMRI measures on sleep.

Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Using Freesurfer software, we extracted cortical thickness and subcortical volumes from T1-weighted MRI. Sleep patterns (duration, timing, continuity, regularity) were estimated from wrist actigraphy.

ResultsShorter sleep duration, later sleep timing, and poorer sleep continuity were associated with a stable pattern of thinner cortex and altered subcortical volumes in diverse brain regions across adolescence. In a discrete subset of regions (e.g., posterior cingulate), thinner cortex was associated with these sleep patterns from late childhood through early-to-mid adolescence, but not in late adolescence and young adulthood.

Conclusions and RelevanceIn childhood and adolescence, developmentally-invariant and developmentally-specific associations exist between sleep patterns and gray matter structure, in a wide array of brain regions linked to many sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. Sleep intervention during specific developmental periods could potentially promote healthier neurodevelopmental outcomes.

KEY POINTSO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDoes age modulate associations between gray matter structure and actigraphic sleep patterns across adolescent development?

FindingsThis cross-sectional study reports stable associations between regional gray matter structure and shorter duration, later timing, and poorer continuity of sleep from ages 9 to 25 years-old, as well as developmentally-specific associations that are present only from late childhood to early-to-mid adolescence.

MeaningStronger coupling of gray matter and sleep patterns from late childhood to early-to-mid adolescence potentially implicates this discrete developmental window as a period of vulnerability to adverse sleep-brain interactions. Sleep intervention during this developmental stage may support healthier neurodevelopmental trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbrzikowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzen, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buysse, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladouceur, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMakin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.424689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stereovision is the ability to perceive fine depth variations from small differences in the two eyes images. Using adaptive optics, we show that even minute optical aberrations that are not clinically correctable, and go unnoticed in everyday vision, can affect stereo acuity. Hence, the human binocular system is capable of using unnaturally fine details that are not encountered in everyday vision. More importantly, stereoacuity was still considerably variable even with perfect optics. This variability can be attributed to neural adaptation. Our visual system tries to compensate for these aberrations through neural adaptation that optimizes stereovision when viewing stimuli through ones habitual optics. However, the same adaptation becomes ineffective when the optics are changed, even if improved. Beyond optical imperfections, we show that stereovision is limited by neural adaptation to ones own optics.

Significance statementHumans, and animals with front-facing eyes, view the world from slightly different vantage points. This creates small differences in the left and right images that can be utilized for fine depth perception (stereovision). Retinal images are also subject to imperfections that are often different in the optics of the two eyes. Using advanced optical correction techniques, we show that even the smallest imperfections that escape clinical detection affect stereovision. We also find that neural processes become adapted to a persons own optics. Hence, stereovision is directly impacted by the optics of the eyes, and indirectly via neural adaptation. Since the optics change over the lifespan, our results imply that the adult binocular system is adaptable with possibilities for binocular rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive radiations offer an excellent opportunity to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of gut microbiota and host niche specialization. In a laboratory common garden, we compared the gut microbiota of two novel trophic specialists, a scale-eater and a molluscivore, to a set of four outgroup generalist populations from which this adaptive radiation originated. We predicted an adaptive and highly divergent microbiome composition in the specialists matching their rapid rates of craniofacial diversification in the past 10 kya. We measured gut lengths and sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons of gut microbiomes from lab-reared fish fed the same high protein diet for one month. In contrast to our predictions, gut microbiota largely reflected 5 Mya phylogenetic divergence times among generalist populations in support of phylosymbiosis. However, we did find significant enrichment of Burkholderiaceae bacteria in both lab-reared scale-eater populations. These bacteria sometimes digest collagen, the major component of fish scales, supporting an adaptive shift. We also found some enrichment of Rhodobacteraceae and Planctomycetacia in lab-reared molluscivore populations, but these bacteria target cellulose. Minor shifts in gut microbiota appear adaptive for scale-eating in this radiation, whereas overall microbiome composition was phylogenetically conserved. This contrasts with predictions of adaptive radiation theory and observations of rapid diversification in all other trophic traits in these hosts, including craniofacial morphology, foraging behavior, aggression, and gene expression, suggesting that microbiome divergence proceeds as a nonadaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide distribution of alternatively coded Lak megaphages in animal microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lak phages with alternatively coded ~540 kbp genomes were recently reported to replicate in Prevotella in the gut microbiomes of humans that consume a non-western diet, baboons and some pigs. Here, we investigate the diversity and broader distribution of Lak phages in human and animal microbiomes using diagnostic PCR and genome-resolved metagenomics. Lak phages were detected in 13 different animal types and are particularly prevalent in pigs, with significant enrichment in the hindgut compared to foregut. We reconstructed 34 new Lak genomes, including six curated complete genomes, all of which are alternatively coded. The most deeply branched Lak is from a horse faecal sample and is the largest phage genome from an animal microbiome (~660 kbp). From the Lak genomes, we identified families of hypothetical proteins associated with specific animal types. Overall, we substantially expanded Lak phage diversity and demonstrate their occurrence in a variety of human and animal microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crisci, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debenedetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowden, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsini, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide distribution of alternatively coded Lak megaphages in animal microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective modulation of population dynamics during neuroprosthetic skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to control a brain-machine interface (BMI) is associated with the emergence of coordinated neural dynamics in populations of neurons whose activity serves as direct input to the BMI decoder (direct subpopulation). While previous work shows differential modification of firing rate modulation in this population relative to a population whose activity was not directly input to the BMI decoder (indirect subpopulation), little is known about how learning-rated changes in cortical population dynamics within these groups compare. To investigate this, we monitored both direct and indirect subpopulations as two macaque monkeys learned to control a BMI. We found that while the combined population increased coordinated neural dynamics, this coordination was primarily driven by changes in the direct subpopulation while the indirect subpopulation remained relatively stable. These findings indicate that motor cortex refines cortical dynamics throughout the entire network during learning, with a more pronounced effect in ensembles causally linked to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zippi, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective modulation of population dynamics during neuroprosthetic skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AncestralClust: Clustering of Divergent Nucleotide Sequences by Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction using Phylogenetic Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationClustering is a fundamental task in the analysis of nucleotide sequences. Despite the exponential increase in the size of sequence databases of homologous genes, few methods exist to cluster divergent sequences. Traditional clustering methods have mostly focused on optimizing high speed clustering of highly similar sequences. We develop a phylogenetic clustering method which infers ancestral sequences for a set of initial clusters and then uses a greedy algorithm to cluster sequences.

ResultsWe describe a clustering program AncestralClust, which is developed for clustering divergent sequences. We compare this method with other state-of-the-art clustering methods using datasets of homologous sequences from different species. We show that, in divergent datasets, AncestralClust has higher accuracy and more even cluster sizes than current popular methods.

Availability and implementationAncestralClust is an Open Source program available at https://github.com/lpipes/ancestralclust.

Contactlpipes@berkeley.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary figures and table are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pipes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.426008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AncestralClust: Clustering of Divergent Nucleotide Sequences by Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction using Phylogenetic Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein family content uncovers lineage relationships and bacterial pathway maintenance mechanisms in DPANN archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN are small-celled archaea that are generally predicted to be symbionts, and in some cases are known episymbionts of other archaea. As the monophyly of the DPANN remains uncertain, we hypothesized that proteome content could reveal relationships among DPANN lineages, constrain genetic overlap with bacteria, and illustrate how organisms with hybrid bacterial and archaeal protein sets might function. We tested this hypothesis using protein family content that was defined in part using 569 newly reconstructed genomes. Protein family content clearly separates DPANN from other archaea, paralleling the separation of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria from all other bacteria. This separation is partly driven by hypothetical proteins, some of which may be symbiosis-related. Pacearchaeota with the most limited predicted metabolic capacities have Form II/III and III-like Rubisco, suggesting metabolisms based on scavenged nucleotides. Intriguingly, the Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota with the smallest genomes also tend to encode large extracellular murein-like lytic transglycosylase domain proteins that may bind and degrade components of bacterial cell walls, indicating that some might be episymbionts of bacteria. The pathway for biosynthesis of bacterial isoprenoids is widespread in Woesearchaeota genomes and is encoded in proximity to genes involved in bacterial fatty acids synthesis. Surprisingly, in some DPANN genomes we identified a pathway for synthesis of queuosine, an unusual nucleotide in tRNAs of bacteria. Other bacterial systems are predicted to be involved in protein refolding. For example, many DPANN have the complete bacterial DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE system and many Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota possess bacterial group I chaperones. Thus, many DPANN appear to have mechanisms to ensure efficient protein folding of both archaeal and laterally acquired bacterial proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein family content uncovers lineage relationships and bacterial pathway maintenance mechanisms in DPANN archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
satuRn: Scalable Analysis of differential Transcript Usage for bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing produces multiple functional transcripts from a single gene. Dysregulation of splicing is known to be associated with disease and as a hallmark of cancer. Existing tools for differential transcript usage (DTU) analysis either lack in performance, cannot account for complex experimental designs or do not scale to massive scRNA-seq data. We introduce satuRn, a fast and flexible quasi-binomial generalized linear modelling framework that is on par with the best performing DTU methods from the bulk RNA-seq realm, while providing good false discovery rate control, addressing complex experimental designs and scaling to scRNA-seq applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitting-Seerup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[satuRn: Scalable Analysis of differential Transcript Usage for bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report de novo genome assemblies, transcriptomes, annotations, and methylomes for the 26 inbreds that serve as the founders for the maize nested association mapping population. The data indicate that the number of pan-genes exceeds 103,000 and that the ancient tetraploid character of maize continues to degrade by fractionation to the present day. Excellent contiguity over repeat arrays and complete annotation of centromeres further reveal the locations and internal structures of major cytological landmarks. We show that combining structural variation with SNPs can improve the power of quantitative mapping studies. Finally, we document variation at the level of DNA methylation, and demonstrate that unmethylated regions are enriched for cis-regulatory elements that overlap QTL and contribute to changes in gene expression.

One sentence summaryA multi-genome analysis of maize reveals previously unknown variation in gene content, genome structure, and methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougule, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Coletta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marand, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tello-Ruiz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piri, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portwood, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorf, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANCHANDA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snodgrass, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufnagel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syring, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudrna, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llaca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Ibarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gent, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. While this deficit may reflect impairment in anticipatory motor preparation, it could also arise from cerebellar contribution to attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. To examine this, we tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell self-reactivity during thymic development dictates the timing of positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional tuning of T cells based on their degree of self-reactivity is established during positive selection in the thymus, although how positive selection differs for thymocytes with relatively low versus high self-reactivity is unclear. In addition, preselection thymocytes are highly sensitive to low-affinity ligands, but the mechanism underlying their enhanced TCR sensitivity is not fully understood. Here we show that murine thymocytes with low self-reactivity experience briefer TCR signals and complete positive selection more slowly than those with high self-reactivity. Additionally, we provide evidence that cells with low self-reactivity retain a preselection gene expression signature as they mature, including genes previously implicated in modulating TCR sensitivity and a novel group of ion channel genes. Our results imply that thymocytes with low self-reactivity down-regulate TCR sensitivity more slowly during positive selection, and suggest that modulation of membrane ion channel function may play a role in regulating TCR tuning throughout development.

Impact StatementDeveloping T cells whose TCRs have relatively low reactivity experience very brief TCR signaling events, delayed positive selection, and do not fully down regulate their TCR sensitivity as they mature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell self-reactivity during thymic development dictates the timing of positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging and "all-optical electrophysiology" in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons have opened unprecedented opportunities for high-throughput phenotyping of activity in neurons possessing unique genetic backgrounds of individual patients. While prior all-optical electrophysiology studies relied on genetically encoded voltage indicators, viral transduction of human neurons with large or multiple expression vectors can impact cell function and often lead to massive cell death. Here, we demonstrate an alternative protocol using a synthetic voltage sensor and genetically encoded optogenetic actuator that generate robust and reproducible results. We demonstrate the functionality of this method by measuring spontaneous and evoked activity in three independent hiPSC-derived neuronal cell lines with distinct genetic backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puppo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thunemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkouh, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voxelwise encoding models show that cerebellar language representations are highly conceptual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing body of research demonstrating that the cerebellum is involved in language understanding. Early theories assumed that the cerebellum is involved in low-level language processing. However, those theories are at odds with recent work demonstrating cerebellar activation during cognitive tasks. Using natural language stimuli and an encoding model framework, we performed an fMRI experiment where subjects passively listened to five hours of natural language stimuli which allowed us to analyze language processing in the cerebellum with higher precision than previous work. We used this data to fit voxelwise encoding models with five different feature spaces that span the hierarchy of language processing from acoustic input to high-level conceptual processing. Examining the prediction performance of these models on separate BOLD data shows that cerebellar responses to language are almost entirely explained by high-level conceptual language features rather than low-level acoustic or phonemic features. Additionally, we found that the cerebellum has a higher proportion of voxels that represent social semantic categories, which include "social" and "people" words, and lower representations of all other semantic categories, including "mental", "concrete", and "place" words, than cortex. This suggests that the cerebellum is representing language at a conceptual level with a preference for social information.

Significance StatementRecent work has demonstrated that, beyond its typical role in motor planning, the cerebellum is implicated in a wide variety of tasks including language. However, little is known about the language representations in the cerebellum, or how those representations compare to cortex. Using voxelwise encoding models and natural language fMRI data, we demonstrate here that language representations are significantly different in the cerebellum as compared to cortex. Cerebellum language representations are almost entirely semantic, and the cerebellum contains over-representation of social semantic information as compared to cortex. These results suggest that the cerebellum is not involved in language processing per se, but cognitive processing more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeBel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voxelwise encoding models show that cerebellar language representations are highly conceptual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of an Hsp90-immunophilin complex reveals cochaperone recognition of the client-maturation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hsp90 chaperone promotes the folding and activation of hundreds of client proteins in the cell through an ATP-dependent conformational cycle guided by distinct cochaperone regulators. The FKBP51 immunophilin binds Hsp90 with its tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain and catalyzes peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity during the folding of kinases, nuclear receptors and tau. Here we have determined the cryo-EM structure of the human Hsp90:FKBP51:p23 complex to 3.3 [A] that, together with mutagenesis and crosslinking analysis, reveals the basis for cochaperone binding to Hsp90 during client maturation. A helix extension in the TPR functions as a key recognition element, interacting across the Hsp90 C-terminal dimer interface presented in the closed, ATP conformation. The PPIase domain is positioned along the middle domain, adjacent Hsp90 client binding sites, while a single p23 makes stabilizing interactions with the N-terminal dimer. With this architecture, FKBP51 could thereby act on specific client residues presented during Hsp90-catalyzed remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of an Hsp90-immunophilin complex reveals cochaperone recognition of the client-maturation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.23.427919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and turnover of memory CD8 T cell responses following yellow fever vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.23.427919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how immunological memory lasts a lifetime requires quantifying changes in the number of memory cells as well as how their division and death rates change over time. We address these questions by using a statistically powerful mixed-effects differential equations framework to analyze data from two human studies that follow CD8 T cell responses to the yellow fever vaccine (YFV-17D). Models were first fit to the frequency and division rates of YFV-specific memory CD8 T cells 42 days to 1 year post-vaccination. A different dataset, on the loss of YFV-specific CD8 T cells over three decades, was used to assess out of sample predictions of our models. The commonly used exponential and bi-exponential decline models performed relatively poorly. Models with the cell loss following a power law (exactly or approximately) were most predictive. Notably, using only the first year of data, these models accurately predicted T cell frequencies up to 30 years post-vaccination. Our analyses suggest that division rates of these cells drop and plateau at a low level (0.001 per day, ~double estimates for naive T cells) within one year following vaccination, whereas death rates continue to decline for much longer. Our results show that power laws can be predictive for T cell memory, a finding that may be useful for vaccine evaluation and epidemiological modeling. Moreover, since power laws asymptotically decline more slowly than any exponential decline, our results help explain the longevity of immune memory phenomenologically.

Author summaryImmunological memory, generated in response to infection or vaccination, may provide complete or partial protection from antigenically similar infections for the lifetime. Memory CD8 T cells are important players in protection from secondary viral infections but quantitative understanding of their dynamics in humans is limited. We analyze data from two studies where immunization with the yellow fever virus vaccine (YFV-17D) generates a mild acute infection and long-term memory. We find that: (i) the division rate of YFV-17D-specific CD8 T cells drops and stabilizes at ~ 0.1% per day during the first year following vaccination whereas the death rate declines more gradually, and (ii) the number of these cells declines approximately in accordance with a power law ({propto}time-0.82) for at least several decades following vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarnitsyna, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akondy, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnitsyn, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.23.427919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and turnover of memory CD8 T cell responses following yellow fever vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsal color variation among subspecies of the "Oregon" Dark-eyed Junco complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Initial descriptions of avian subspecies were based on expert opinions of geographic variation in phenotypes and are inherently subjective. Although best practices for subspecies delimitation continue to be debated, reassessing subspecies limits with current, quantitative methods is important toward refining and improving taxonomic treatments. Plumage coloration is the basis of many subspecies diagnoses, but is potentially problematic because of the historical lack of quantitative methods to quantify color. Recently developed methods, such as colorimetry, provide repeatable measurements of color variation that can be used to reassess subspecies limits. In this study, we reassess color variation among subspecies of the Oregon Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis [oreganus Group]) complex, in which differences in back and hood color were established as diagnostic characters. We measured back and hood brightness and hue in 206 museum specimens among five Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies using a colorimeter. We then compared mean measurements among subspecies and conducted a discriminant function analysis to assess how well dorsal color predicted subspecies. Our data correctly classified only 67.9% of males and 82.5% of females to their presumed subspecies. Furthermore, no adjacent subspecies pairs passed the "75% rule" due to extensive overlap in plumage characters. Thus, back color alone is not as effective in diagnosing Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies as originally described, suggesting a possible taxonomic revision. Specifically, similarity in phenotypic and genetic data suggests that some combination of thurberi, montanus, and shufeldti may be lumped to recognize broad, clinal variation in dorsal color alongside clinal variation in other phenotypes and extensive gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsal color variation among subspecies of the "Oregon" Dark-eyed Junco complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational structural genomics unravels common folds and predicted functions in the secretome of fungal phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnaporthe oryzae relies on a diverse collection of secreted effector proteins to reprogram the host metabolic and immune responses for the pathogens benefit. Characterization of the effectors is thus critical for understanding the biology and host infection mechanisms of this phytopathogen. In rapid, divergent effector evolution, structural information has the potential to illuminate the unknown aspects of effectors that sequence analyses alone cannot reveal. It has recently become feasible to reliably predict the protein structures without depending on homologous templates. In this study, we tested structure modeling on 1854 secreted proteins from M. oryzae and evaluated success and obstacles involved in effector structure prediction. With sensitive homology search and structure-based clustering, we defined both distantly related homologous groups and structurally related analogous groups. With this dataset, we propose sequence-unrelated, structurally similar effectors are a common theme in M. oryzae and possibly in other phytopathogens. We incorporated the predicted models for structure-based annotations, molecular docking and evolutionary analyses to demonstrate how the predicted structures can deepen our understanding of effector biology. We also provide new experimentally testable structure-derived hypotheses of effector functions. Collectively, we propose that computational structural genomic approaches can now be an integral part of studying effector biology and provide valuable resources that were inaccessible before the advent of reliable, machine learning-based structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational structural genomics unravels common folds and predicted functions in the secretome of fungal phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normalization benchmark of ATAC-seq datasets shows the importance of accounting for GC-content effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern assays have enabled high-throughput studies of epigenetic regulation of gene expression using DNA sequencing. In particular, the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) allows the study of chromatin configuration for an entire genome. Despite the gain in popularity of the assay, there have been limited studies investigating the analytical challenges related to ATAC-seq data, and most studies leverage tools developed for bulk transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Here, we show that GC-content effects are omnipresent in ATAC-seq datasets. Since the GC-content effects are sample-specific, they can bias downstream analyses such as clustering and differential accessibility analysis. We introduce a normalization method based on smooth-quantile normalization within GC-content bins, and evaluate it together with eleven different normalization procedures on eight public ATAC-seq datasets. Our work clearly shows that accounting for GC-content effects in the normalization is crucial for common downstream ATAC-seq data analyses, leading to improved accuracy and interpretability of the results. Using two case studies, we show that exploratory data analysis is essential to guide the choice of an appropriate normalization method for a given dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normalization benchmark of ATAC-seq datasets shows the importance of accounting for GC-content effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imagined speech can be decoded from low- and cross-frequency features in perceptual space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing intended speech from neural activity using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) holds great promises for people with severe speech production deficits. While decoding overt speech has progressed, decoding imagined speech have met limited success, mainly because the associated neural signals are weak and variable hence difficult to decode by learning algorithms. Using three electrocorticography datasets totalizing 1444 electrodes from 13 patients who performed overt and imagined speech production tasks, and based on recent theories of speech neural processing, we extracted consistent and specific neural features usable for future BCIs, and assessed their performance to discriminate speech items in articulatory, phonetic, vocalic, and semantic representation spaces. While high-frequency activity provided the best signal for overt speech, both low- and higher-frequency power and local cross-frequency contributed to successful imagined speech decoding, in particular in phonetic and vocalic, i.e. perceptual, spaces. These findings demonstrate that low-frequency power and cross-frequency dynamics contain key information for imagined speech decoding, and that exploring perceptual spaces offers a promising avenue for future imagined speech BCIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proix, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Saa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megevand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imagined speech can be decoded from low- and cross-frequency features in perceptual space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infant gut strain persistence is associated with maternal origin, phylogeny, and functional potential including surface adhesion and iron acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiome succession impacts infant development. However, it remains unclear what factors promote persistence of initial bacterial colonists in the developing gut. Here, we performed strain-resolved metagenomic analyses to compare gut colonization of preterm and full-term infants throughout the first year of life and evaluated links between strain persistence and strain origin as well as genetic potential. Analysis of 206 fecal metagenomes collected from full-term and preterm infants and their mothers revealed that infants initially distinct microbial communities converged by age one. Approximately 11% of early colonists, primarily Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, persisted during the first year of life, and these were more prevalent in full-term compared to preterm infants. Gut-associated strains from mothers were significantly more likely to persist in the infant gut than other strains. Enrichment in genes for surface adhesion, iron acquisition and carbohydrate degradation may explain persistence of some strains through the first year of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infant gut strain persistence is associated with maternal origin, phylogeny, and functional potential including surface adhesion and iron acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.181370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving outside the lab: The viability of conducting sensorimotor learning studies online 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.181370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collecting data online via crowdsourcing platforms has proven to be a very efficient way to recruit a large and diverse sample. Studies of motor learning, however, have been largely confined to the lab due to the need for special equipment to record movement kinematics and, as such, are typically only accessible to specific participants (e.g., college students). As a first foray to make motor learning studies accessible to a larger and more diverse audience, we developed an online, web-based platform (OnPoint) to collect kinematic data, serving as a template for researchers to create their own online sensorimotor control and learning experiments. As a proof-of-concept, we asked if fundamental motor learning phenomena discovered in the lab could be replicated online. In a series of three experiments, we observed a close correspondence between the results obtained online with those previously reported from research conducted in the laboratory. This web-based platform paired with online crowdsourcing can serve as a powerful new method for the study of motor control and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.181370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving outside the lab: The viability of conducting sensorimotor learning studies online]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D-subgenome of bread wheat, constitutes a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. To better define and understand this diversity, we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D-subgenome. We characterized a rare, geographically-restricted lineage of Ae. tauschii and discovered that it contributed to the wheat D-subgenome, thereby elucidating the origin of bread wheat from at least two independent hybridizations. We then used k-mer-based association mapping to identify discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of  synthetic hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. This pipeline permits rapid trait discovery in the diploid ancestor through to functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaurav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widrig, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Chavez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forner-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascuccci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafeez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justesen, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirana, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buerstmayr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrabi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasyrova, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope present on spike proteins from highly pathogenic coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three pathogenic human coronaviruses have emerged within the last 20 years, with SARS-CoV-2 causing a global pandemic. Although therapeutic antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike currently focus on the poorly conserved receptor-binding domain, targeting essential neutralizing epitopes on the more conserved S2 domain may provide broader protection. We report an antibody binding an epitope conserved in the pre-fusion core of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 domains. Antibody 3A3 binds a conformational epitope with ~2.5 nM affinity and neutralizes spike from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern in in vitro pseudovirus assays. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry identified residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge region at the S2 apex as the 3A3 epitope, suggesting 3A3 prevents the S2 conformational rearrangements required for conversion to the spike post-fusion state and virus-host cell fusion. This work defines a conserved vulnerable site on the SARS-CoV-2 S2 domain and guides the design of pan-protective spike immunogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaluwoye, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaoud, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qerqez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohanon, a. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVenere, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amengor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope present on spike proteins from highly pathogenic coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved serine transporter SdaC moonlights to enable self recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can use self recognition to achieve cooperative behaviors. Self-recognition genes principally evolve in tandem with partner self-recognition alleles. However, other constraints on protein evolution could exist. Here, we have identified an interaction outside of self-recognition loci that could constrain the sequence variation of a self-recognition protein. We show that during collective swarm expansion in Proteus mirabilis, self-recognition signaling co-opts SdaC, a serine transporter. Serine uptake is crucial for bacterial survival and colonization. Single-residue variants of SdaC reveal that self recognition requires an open conformation of the protein; serine transport is dispensable. A distant ortholog from Escherichia coli is sufficient for self recognition; however, a homologous serine transporter, YhaO, is not. Thus, SdaC couples self recognition and serine transport, likely through a shared molecular interface. Understanding molecular and ecological constraints on self-recognition proteins can provide insights into the evolution of self recognition and emergent collective behaviors.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=119 SRC="FIGDIR/small/428846v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chittor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved serine transporter SdaC moonlights to enable self recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image denoising for fluorescence microscopy by self-supervised transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When using fluorescent microscopy to study cellular dynamics, trade-offs typically have to be made between light exposure and quality of recorded image to balance phototoxicity and image signal-to-noise ratio. Image denoising is an important tool for retrieving information from dim live cell images. Recently, deep learning based image denoising is becoming the leading method because of its promising denoising performance, achieved by leveraging available prior knowledge about the noise model and samples at hand. We demonstrate that incorporating temporal information in the model can further improve the results. However, the practical application of this method has seen challenges because of the requirement of large, task-specific training datasets. In this work, addressed this challenge by combining self-supervised learning with transfer learning, which eliminated the demand of task-matched training data while maintaining denoising performance. We demonstrate its application in fluorescent imaging of different subcellular structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image denoising for fluorescence microscopy by self-supervised transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited, and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in the pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen RNA uptake efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capriotti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ah-Fong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nino Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judelson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzetti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-labeling reveals novel host and parasite proteins at the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, intracellular parasite that envelopes its parasitophorous vacuole with a protein-laden membrane (PVM). The PVM is critical for interactions with the infected host cell such as nutrient transport and immune defense. Only a few parasite and host proteins have so far been identified on the host-cytosolic side of the PVM. We report here the use of human foreskin fibroblasts expressing the proximity-labeling enzyme miniTurbo, fused to a domain that targets it to this face of the PVM, in combination with quantitative proteomics to specifically identify proteins present at this crucial interface. Out of numerous human and parasite proteins with candidate PVM localization, we validate three novel parasite proteins (TGGT1_269950, TGGT1_215360, and TGGT1_217530) and four new host proteins (PDCD6IP/ALIX, PDCD6, CC2D1A, and MOSPD2) as localized to the PVM in infected human cells through immunofluorescence microscopy. These results significantly expand our knowledge of proteins present at the PVM and, given that three of the validated host proteins are components of the ESCRT machinery, they further suggest that novel biology is operating at this crucial host-pathogen interface.

ImportanceToxoplasma is an intracellular pathogen which resides and replicates inside a membrane-bound vacuole in infected cells. This vacuole is modified by both parasite and host proteins which participate in a variety of host-parasite interactions at this interface, including nutrient exchange, effector transport, and immune modulation. Only a small number of parasite and host proteins present at the vacuolar membrane and exposed to the host cytosol have thus far been identified. Here we report the identification of several novel parasite and host proteins present at the vacuolar membrane using enzyme-catalyzed proximity-labeling, significantly increasing our knowledge of the molecular players present and novel biology occurring at this crucial interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cygan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-labeling reveals novel host and parasite proteins at the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Touch-triggered bZIP translocation regulates elongation and secondary wall biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPlant growth requires the integration of internal and external cues, perceived and transduced into a developmental program of cell division, elongation, and wall thickening. Mechanical forces contribute to this regulation, and thigmomorphogenesis typically includes reducing stem height, increasing stem diameter, and a canonical transcriptomic response. We present data on a bZIP transcription factor involved in this process in grasses. Brachypodium distachyon SECONDARY WALL INTERACTING bZIP (SWIZ) protein translocated into the nucleus following mechanostimulation. Classical touch responsive genes were upregulated in B. distachyon roots following touch, including significant induction of the glycoside hydrolase 17 family, which may be unique to grass thigmomorphogenesis. SWIZ protein binding to an E-box variant in exons and introns was associated with immediate activation followed by repression of gene expression. SWIZ overexpression resulted in plants with reduced stem and root elongation. These data further define plant touch-responsive transcriptomics and physiology, offering insights to grass mechanotranduction dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coomey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, K. J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handakumbura, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCahill, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabucco, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Touch-triggered bZIP translocation regulates elongation and secondary wall biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of microbial toxin genes to gall midge genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of evidence points to a role for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of animal novelties. Previously, we discovered the horizontal transfer of the gene encoding the eukaryotic genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) from the Acyrthosiphon pisum Secondary Endosymbiont (APSE) bacteriophage to drosophilid and aphid genomes. Here, we report that cdtB is also found in the nuclear genome of the gall-forming  swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We subsequently searched genome sequences of all available cecidomyiid species for evidence of microbe-to-insect HGT events. We found evidence of pervasive transfer of APSE-like toxin genes to cecidomyiid nuclear genomes. Many of the toxins encoded by these horizontally transferred genes target eukaryotic cells, rather than prokaryotes. In insects, catalytic residues important for toxin function are conserved. Phylogenetic analyses of HGT candidates indicated APSE phages were often not the ancestral donor of the toxin gene to cecidomyiid genomes, suggesting a broader pool of microbial donor lineages. We used a phylogenetic signal statistic to test a transfer-by-proximity hypothesis for HGT, which showed, that prokaryotic-to-insect HGT was more likely to occur between taxa in common environments. Our study highlights the horizontal transfer of genes encoding a new functional class of proteins in insects, toxins that target eukaryotic cells, which is potentially important in mediating interactions with eukaryotic pathogens and parasites.

Significance StatementThe diversity of genes encoded by phages infecting bacterial symbionts of eukaryotes represents an enormous, relatively unexplored pool of new eukaryotic genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this study, we discovered pervasive HGT of toxin genes encoded by Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE) bacteriophages and other microbes to the nuclear genomes of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We found five toxin genes were transferred horizontally from phage, bacteria, or fungi into genomes of several cecidomyiid species. These genes were aip56, cdtB, lysozyme, rhs, and sltxB. Most of the toxins encoded by these genes antagonize eukaryotic cells, and we posit that they may play a protective role in the insect immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnopol, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalu, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer of microbial toxin genes to gall midge genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral somatosensory system relays essential information about mechanical stimuli to enable oral functions such as feeding and speech. The neurochemical and anatomical diversity of sensory neurons across oral cavity sites have not been systematically compared. To address this gap, we analyzed healthy human tongue and hard palate innervation. Biopsies were collected from 12 volunteers and underwent multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry ([&ge;]2 specimens per marker/structure). Afferents were analyzed for markers of neurons ({beta}III tubulin), myelinated afferents (neurofilament heavy, NFH), and Merkel cells and taste cells (keratin 20, K20). Hard-palate innervation included Meissners corpuscles, glomerular endings, Merkel cell-neurite complexes, and free nerve endings. The organization of these somatosensory endings is reminiscent of fingertips, suggesting that the hard palate is equipped with a rich repertoire of sensory neurons for pressure sensing and spatial localization of mechanical inputs, which are essential for speech production and feeding. Likewise, the tongue is innervated by afferents that impart it with exquisite acuity and detection of moving stimuli that support flavor construction and speech. Filiform papillae contain end bulbs of Krause, as well as endings that have not been previously reported, including subepithelial neuronal densities, and NFH+ neurons innervating basal epithelium. Fungiform papillae had Meissners corpuscles and densities of NFH+ intraepithelial neurons surrounding taste buds. The differing compositions of sensory endings within filiform and fungiform papillae suggest that these structures have distinct roles in mechanosensation. Collectively, this study has identified previously undescribed afferent endings in human oral tissues and provides an anatomical framework for understanding oral mechanosensory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michlig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elephant seal muscle cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure by shifting their metabolic phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elephant seals experience natural periods of prolonged food deprivation while breeding, molting, and undergoing postnatal development. Prolonged food deprivation in elephant seals increases circulating glucocorticoids without inducing muscle atrophy, but the cellular mechanisms that allow elephant seals to cope with such conditions remain elusive. We generated a cellular model and conducted transcriptomic, metabolic, and morphological analyses to study how seal cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure. Seal muscle progenitor cells differentiate into contractile myotubes with a distinctive morphology, gene expression profile, and metabolic phenotype. Exposure to dexamethasone at three ascending concentrations for 48h modulated the expression of 6 clusters of genes related to structural constituents of muscle and pathways associated with energy metabolism and cell survival. Knockdown of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and downstream expression analyses corroborated that GR mediates the observed effects. Dexamethasone also decreased cellular respiration, shifted the metabolic phenotype towards glycolysis, and induced mitochondrial fission and dissociation of mitochondria-ER interactions without decreasing cell viability. Knockdown of DDIT4, a GR target involved in the dissociation of mitochondria-ER membranes, recovered respiration and modulated antioxidant gene expression. These results show that adaptation to sustained glucocorticoid exposure in elephant seal myotubes involves a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which is supported by alterations in mitochondrial morphology and a reduction in mitochondria-ER interactions, resulting in decreased respiration without compromising cell survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres-Velarde, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolora, S. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khudyakov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elephant seal muscle cells adapt to sustained glucocorticoid exposure by shifting their metabolic phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human SAGA is an essential co-activator complex that regulates gene expression by interacting with enhancer-bound activators, recruiting transcriptional machinery, and modifying chromatin near promoters. Subunit variations and the metazoan-specific requirement of SAGA in development hinted at unique structural features of the human complex. Our 2.9 [A] structure of human SAGA reveals intertwined functional modules flexibly connected to a core that distinctively integrates mammalian paralogs, incorporates U2 splicing subunits, and features a unique interface between the core and the activator-binding TRRAP. Our structure sheds light on unique roles and regulation of human coactivators with implications for transcription and splicing that have relevance in genetic diseases and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed ER fragmentation drives selective ER inheritance and degradation in budding yeast meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound organelle with diverse, essential functions that rely on the maintenance of membrane shape and distribution within cells. ER structure and function are remodeled in response to changes in cellular demand, such as the presence of external stressors or the onset of cell differentiation, but mechanisms controlling ER remodeling during cell differentiation are not well understood. Here, we describe a series of developmentally regulated changes in ER morphology and composition during budding yeast meiosis, a conserved differentiation program that gives rise to gametes. During meiosis, the cortical ER undergoes fragmentation before collapsing away from the plasma membrane at anaphase II. This programmed collapse depends on the meiotic transcription factor Ndt80, conserved ER membrane structuring proteins Lnp1 and reticulons, and the actin cytoskeleton. A subset of ER is retained at the mother cell plasma membrane and excluded from gamete cells via the action of ER-plasma membrane tethering proteins. ER remodeling is coupled to ER degradation by selective autophagy, which is regulated by the developmentally timed expression of the autophagy receptor Atg40. Autophagy relies on ER collapse, as artificially targeting ER proteins to the cortically retained ER pool prevents their degradation. Thus, developmentally programmed changes in ER morphology determine the selective degradation or inheritance of ER subdomains by gametes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheunkarndee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed ER fragmentation drives selective ER inheritance and degradation in budding yeast meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Visualization and Quantification of Trace Metals in Chlamydomonas Lysosome-Related Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acidocalcisome is an acidic organelle in the cytosol of eukaryotes, defined by its low pH and high calcium and polyphosphate content. It is visualized as an electron-dense object by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or described with mass-spectrometry (MS)-based imaging techniques or multimodal X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) based on its unique elemental composition. Compared to MS-based imaging techniques, XFM offers the advantage of absolute quantification of trace metal content, since sectioning of the cell is not required and metabolic states can be preserved rapidly by either vitrification or chemical fixation. We employed XFM in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to determine single-cell and organelle trace metal quotas within algal cells in situations of trace metal over-accumulation (Fe, Cu). We found up to 70% of the cellular Cu and 80% of Fe sequestered in acidocalcisomes in these conditions, and identified two distinct populations of acidocalcisomes, defined by their unique trace elemental makeup. We utilized the vtc1 mutant, defective in polyphosphate synthesis and failing to accumulate Ca to show that Fe sequestration is not dependent on either. Finally, quantitation of the Fe and Cu contents of individual cells and compartments via XFM, over a range of cellular metal quotas created by nutritional and genetic perturbations, indicated excellent correlation with bulk data from corresponding cell cultures, establishing a framework to distinguish the nutritional status of single cells.

Significance statementTransition metals are of crucial importance for primary productivity; their scarcity limits crop yield in agriculture and carbon sequestration at global scale. Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are among the most important trace elements that enable the redox chemistry in oxygenic photosynthesis. The single-celled, eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a choice experimental system for studying trace metal homeostasis in the context of phototrophy, offering all the advantages of a classical microbial system with a well-characterized photosystem and trace metal metabolism machinery of relevance to plants. This project identifies and differentiates different trace metal storage sites in Chlamydomonas and uncovers the dynamics of trace metal storage and mobilization in situations of fluctuating resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.431000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Visualization and Quantification of Trace Metals in Chlamydomonas Lysosome-Related Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrainGE: A toolkit to track and characterize low-abundance strains in complex microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-associated microbial communities comprise not only complex mixtures of bacterial species, but also mixtures of conspecific strains, the implications of which are mostly unknown since strain level dynamics are underexplored due to the difficulties of studying them. We introduce the Strain Genome Explorer (StrainGE) toolkit, which deconvolves strain mixtures and characterizes component strains at the nucleotide level from short-read metagenomic sequencing with higher sensitivity and resolution than other tools. StrainGE is able to identify nearest known references and find variants for multiple conspecific strains within a sample at relative abundances below 0.1% in typical metagenomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worby, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyansi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrainGE: A toolkit to track and characterize low-abundance strains in complex microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We benchmarked two approaches for the detection of cell-type-specific differential DNA methylation: Tensor Composition Analysis (TCA) and a regression model with interaction terms (CellDMC). Our experiments alongside rigorous mathematical explanations show that TCA is superior over CellDMC, thus resolving recent criticisms suggested by Jing et al. Following misconceptions by Jing and colleagues with modelling cell-type-specificity and the application of TCA, we further discuss best practices for performing association studies at cell-type resolution. The scripts for reproducing all of our results and figures are publicly available at github.com/cozygene/CellTypeSpecificMethylationAnalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jew, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criswell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual reactions to traumatic stress vary dramatically, yet the biological basis of this variation remains poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate the surprising plasticity of oligodendrocytes and myelin with stress and experience, providing a potential mechanism by which trauma induces aberrant structural and functional changes in the adult brain. In this study, we utilized a translational approach to test the hypothesis that gray matter myelin contributes to traumatic-stress-induced behavioral variation in both rats and humans. We exposed adult, male rats to a single, severe stressor and used a multimodal approach to characterize avoidance, startle, and fear-learning behavior, as well as oligodendrocyte and myelin content in multiple brain areas. We found that oligodendrocyte cell density and myelin content were correlated with behavioral outcomes in a region-specific manner. Specifically, stress-induced avoidance positively correlated with hippocampal dentate gyrus oligodendrocytes and myelin. Viral overexpression of the oligodendrogenic factor Olig1 in the dentate gyrus was sufficient to induce an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype. In contrast, contextual fear learning positively correlated with myelin in the amygdala and spatial processing regions of the hippocampus. In a group of trauma-exposed US veterans, T1-/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging estimates of hippocampal and amygdala myelin associated with symptom profiles in a region-specific manner that mirrored the findings in rats. These results demonstrate a species- independent relationship between region-specific, gray matter oligodendrocytes and myelin and differential behavioral phenotypes following traumatic stress exposure. This study suggests a novel mechanism for brain plasticity that underlies individual variance in sensitivity to traumatic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, D. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casazza, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neylan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific maladaptive gray matter myelination is associated with differential susceptibility to stress-induced behavior in male rodents and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While certain metrics of diversity have seen great improvement in recent years in academic psychology and neuroscience, unequal representation remains for many positions of power. Here, we reviewed publicly available information in order to infer the proportion of editors by gender and their country of affiliation in the top 50 journals worldwide in each of the two fields. The sample included a total of 2,864 editors for psychology journals and 3,093 editors for neuroscience journals. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of male and female editors in both fields, both across editorial roles, and within various role categories, including editor-in-chief and their deputies at neuroscience journals, associate and section editors in both fields, and editorial and advisory board members in both fields. The only category in which there was not a significant imbalance of male and female scholars was the editors-in-chief of psychology journals and their deputies. Geographically, USA-based academics significantly outnumbered those from other countries as editors in both psychology and neuroscience. Results also indicated that over three quarters of psychology journals (76%) were comprised of more than 50% male editors, while only 20% had a similar proportion of female editors. In neuroscience, 88% of journals were comprised of more than 50% male editors, while only 10% of journals included a similar, proportional majority of female editors. Findings suggest that editorial positions in academic journals, possibly one of the most powerful decision-making roles in academic psychology and neuroscience, are not balanced in gender or geographical representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palser, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazerwitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotopoulou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restricted nucleation and piRNA-mediated establishment of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during embryogenesis in Drosophila miranda 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is a key architectural feature of eukaryotic genomes, crucial for silencing of repetitive elements and maintaining genome stability. Heterochromatin shows stereotypical enrichment patterns around centromeres and repetitive sequences, but the molecular details of how heterochromatin is established during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we map the genome-wide distribution of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin in individual embryos of D. miranda at precisely staged developmental time points. We find that canonical H3K9me3 enrichment patterns are established early on before cellularization, and mature into stable and broad heterochromatin domains through development. Intriguingly, initial nucleation sites of H3K9me3 enrichment appear as early as embryonic stage3 (nuclear cycle 9) over transposable elements (TE) and progressively broaden, consistent with spreading to neighboring nucleosomes. The earliest nucleation sites are limited to specific regions of a small number of TE families and often appear over promoter regions, while late nucleation develops broadly across most TEs. Early nucleating TEs are highly targeted by maternal piRNAs and show early zygotic transcription, consistent with a model of co-transcriptional silencing of TEs by small RNAs. Interestingly, truncated TE insertions lacking nucleation sites show significantly reduced enrichment across development, suggesting that the underlying sequences play an important role in recruiting histone methyltransferases for heterochromatin establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restricted nucleation and piRNA-mediated establishment of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during embryogenesis in Drosophila miranda]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of ligand:receptor complexes on the cell membrane is widely presumed to have functional consequences for subsequent signal transduction. However, it is experimentally challenging to selectively manipulate receptor clustering without altering other biochemical aspects of the cellular system. Here, we develop a microfabrication strategy to produce substrates displaying mobile and immobile ligands that are separated by roughly one micron and thus experience an identical cytoplasmic signaling state, enabling precision comparison of downstream signaling reactions. Applying this approach to characterize the ephrinA1:EphA2 signaling system reveals that EphA2 clustering enhances receptor phosphorylation. Single molecule imaging clearly resolves increased molecular binding dwell time at EphA2 clusters for both Grb2:SOS and NCK:NWASP signaling modules. This type of intracellular comparison enables a substantially higher degree of quantitative analysis than is possible when comparisons must be made between different cells and essentially eliminates the effects of cellular response to ligand manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Estimation of Absolute Membrane Potential Using One- and Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMembrane potential (Vmem) exerts physiological influence across a wide range of time and space scales. To study Vmem in these diverse contexts, it is essential to accurately record absolute values of Vmem, rather than solely relative measurements.

Materials & MethodsWe use fluorescence lifetime imaging of a small molecule voltage sensitive dye (VF2.1.Cl) to estimate mV values of absolute membrane potential.

ResultsWe test the consistency of VF2.1.Cl lifetime measurements performed on different single photon counting instruments and find that they are in striking agreement (differences of <0.5 ps/mV in the slope and <50 ps in the y-intercept). We also demonstrate that VF2.1.Cl lifetime reports absolute Vmem under two-photon (2P) illumination with better than 20 mV of Vmem resolution, a nearly 10-fold improvement over other lifetime-based methods.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate that VF-FLIM is a robust and portable metric for Vmem across imaging platforms and under both one-photon and two-photon illumination. This work is a critical foundation for application of VF-FLIM to record absolute membrane potential signals in thick tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Estimation of Absolute Membrane Potential Using One- and Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual pathways that guide actions do not necessarily mediate conscious perception. Patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage lose conscious perception but often retain unconscious abilities (e.g. blindsight). Here, we asked if saccade accuracy and post-saccadic following responses (PFRs) that automatically track target motion upon saccade landing are retained when conscious perception is lost. We contrasted these behaviors in the blind and intact-fields of 11 chronic V1-stroke patients, and in 8 visually-intact controls. Saccade accuracy was relatively normal in all cases. Stroke patients also had normal PFR in their intact-fields, but no PFR in their blind-fields. Thus, V1 damage did not spare the unconscious visual processing necessary for automatic, post-saccadic smooth eye movements. Importantly, visual training that recovered motion perception in the blind-field did not restore the PFR, suggesting a clear dissociation between pathways mediating perceptual restoration and automatic actions in the V1-damaged visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huxlin, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual restoration fails to recover unconscious processing for smooth eye movements after occipital stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia (Fabaceae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PREMISE OF THE STUDYAnnual and perennial life history transitions are abundant among angiosperms, and understanding the phenotypic variation underlying life span shifts is a key endeavor of plant evolutionary biology. Comparative analyses of trait variation and correlation networks among annual and perennial plants is increasingly important as new perennial crops are being developed in a predominately annual-based agricultural setting. However, it remains unclear how seed to vegetative growth trait relationships may correlate with life span.

METHODSWe measured 29 annual and perennial congeneric species of three herbaceous legume genera (Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia) for seed size and shape, germination proportion, and early vegetative height and leaf growth over three months in order to assess relative roles of genus and life span in predicting phenotypic variation and correlation.

KEY RESULTSGenus was the greatest predictor of seed size and shape variation, while life span consistently predicted static vegetative growth traits. Correlation networks revealed that annual species had significant associations between seed traits and vegetative traits, while perennials had no significant seed-vegetative associations. Each genus also differed in the extent of integration between seed and vegetative traits, as well as within-vegetative trait correlation patterns.

CONCLUSIONSGenus and life span were important for predicting aspects of early life stage phenotypic variation and trait relationships. Differences in phenotypic correlation may indicate selection on seed size traits will impact vegetative growth differently depending on life span, which has important implications for nascent perennial breeding programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herron, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus, and Vicia (Fabaceae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans hastened the range collapse and extinction of woolly mammoth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathways to extinction start long before the death of the last individual. However, causes of early-stage population declines and the susceptibility of small residual populations to extirpation are typically studied in isolation. Using validated process-explicit models, we disentangle the ecological mechanisms and threats that were integral in the initial decline and later extinction of the woolly mammoth. We show that reconciling ancient DNA data on woolly mammoth population decline with fossil evidence of location and timing of extinction requires process-explicit models with specific demographic and niche constraints, and a constrained synergy of climatic change and human impacts. Validated models needed humans to hasten climate-driven population declines by many millennia, and to allow woolly mammoths to persist in mainland Arctic refugia until the mid-Holocene. Our results show that the role of humans in the extinction dynamics of woolly mammoth began well before the Holocene, exerting lasting effects on the spatial pattern and timing of its range-wide extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fordham, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcakaya, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haythorne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilowsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogues-Bravo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans hastened the range collapse and extinction of woolly mammoth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing dominance within a color gene block is associated with maladaptive hybrid signal discordance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The divergence of plumage color genes is increasingly recognized as important for speciation in songbirds through its influence on social signaling. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the eco-evolutionary feedback that acts across species boundaries is poorly understood. The hybrid zone between Setophaga occidentalis (SOCC) and S. townsendi (STOW) in the Cascade Mountain range provides a natural observatory to test the interplay between genetics, plumage signals, and territoriality in maintaining nascent species boundaries. Recently, we found that selection within a gene block underpinning color variation (ASIP-RALY) has maintained a stable and narrow hybrid zone. Here we investigated the roles of cheek darkness and flank streaking as plumage signals during simulated territorial intrusion, two melanin-based traits underpinned by ASIP-RALY that reflect opposing dominance of SOCC and STOW alleles. We found that both plumage traits act as honest signals of body size in the territorial sex (i.e., males). The opposing dominance effects of ASIP-RALY resulted in plumage signal discordance for heterozygotes, which in turn was associated with reduced territorial performance, a fitness proxy quantified by vocal and physical responses to a decoy intruder. Taken together, this study highlights a behavioral mechanism underlying selection acting on a simple genetic architecture that shapes species boundary despite gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikklesen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing dominance within a color gene block is associated with maladaptive hybrid signal discordance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.431694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Light and High Temperature Reduce Photosynthesis via Different Mechanisms in the C4 Model Setaria viridis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.20.431694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C4 plants frequently experience damaging high light (HL) and high temperature (HT) conditions in native environments, which reduce growth and yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these stress responses in C4 plants have been under-explored, especially the coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We investigated how the C4 model plant Setaria viridis responded to a four-hour HL or HT treatment at the photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural levels. Although we observed a comparable reduction of photosynthetic efficiency in HL- or HT-treated leaves, detailed analysis of multi-level responses revealed important differences in key pathways and M/BS specificity responding to HL and HT. We provide a systematic analysis of HL and HT responses in S. viridis, reveal different acclimation strategies to these two stresses in C4 plants, discover unique light/temperature responses in C4 plants in comparison to C3 plants, and identify potential targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in C4 crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattoon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHargue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautermann, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avenson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czymmek, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveland, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.431694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Light and High Temperature Reduce Photosynthesis via Different Mechanisms in the C4 Model Setaria viridis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chimeric nuclease substitutes CRISPR-Cas: A phage weaponizes laterally acquired specificity to destroy subviral parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile genetic elements, elements that can move horizontally between genomes, have profound effects on their hosts fitness. The PLE is a mobile element that integrates into the chromosome of Vibrio cholerae and parasitizes the bacteriophage ICP1 to move between cells. This parasitism by PLE is such that it abolishes the production of ICP1 progeny and provides a defensive boon to the host cell population. In response to the severe parasitism imposed by PLE, ICP1 has acquired an adaptive CRISPR-Cas system that targets the PLE genome during infection. However, ICP1 isolates that naturally lack CRISPR-Cas are still able to overcome certain PLE variants, and the mechanism of this immunity against PLE has thus far remained unknown. Here we show that ICP1 isolates that lack CRISPR-Cas encode an endonuclease in the same locus, and that the endonuclease provides ICP1 with immunity to a subset of PLEs. Further analysis shows that this endonuclease is of chimeric origin, incorporating a DNA binding domain that is highly similar to some PLE replication origin binding proteins. This similarity allows the endonuclease to bind and cleave PLE origins of replication. The endonuclease appears to exert considerable selective pressure on PLEs and may drive PLE replication module swapping and origin restructuring as mechanisms of escape. This work demonstrates that new genome defense systems can arise through domain shuffling and provides a greater understanding of the evolutionary forces driving genome modularity and temporal succession in mobile elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chimeric nuclease substitutes CRISPR-Cas: A phage weaponizes laterally acquired specificity to destroy subviral parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional Significance of Bacterial Predators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predation structures food webs, influences energy flow, and alters rates and pathways of nutrient cycling through ecosystems, effects that are well documented for macroscopic predators. In the microbial world, predatory bacteria are common, yet little is known about their rates of growth and roles in energy flows through microbial food webs, in part because these are difficult to quantify. Here, we show that growth and carbon uptake were higher in predatory bacteria compared to non-predatory bacteria, a finding across 15 sites, synthesizing 82 experiments and over 100,000 taxon-specific measurements of element flow into newly synthesized bacterial DNA. Obligate predatory bacteria grew 36% faster and assimilated carbon at rates 211% higher than non-predatory bacteria. These differences were less pronounced for facultative predators (6% higher growth rates, 17% higher carbon assimilation rates), though high growth and carbon assimilation rates were observed for some facultative predators, such as members of the genera Lysobacter and Cytophaga, both capable of gliding motility and wolfpack hunting behavior. Added carbon substrates disproportionately stimulated growth of obligate predators, with responses 63% higher than non-predators for the Bdellovibrionales and 81% higher for the Vampirovibrionales, whereas responses of facultative predators to substrate addition were no different from non-predators. This finding supports ecological theory that higher productivity increases predator control of lower trophic levels. These findings also indicate that the functional significance of bacterial predators increases with energy flow, and that predatory bacteria influence element flow through microbial food webs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Groenigen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuckran, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmockel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mau, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propster, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieradzki, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, B. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional Significance of Bacterial Predators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neuroimaging and animal studies have linked neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to valuation of positive and negative outcomes. Additional evidence shows that neural oscillations, representing the coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles, support information processing in both animal and human prefrontal regions. However, the role of OFC neural oscillations in reward-processing in humans remains unknown, partly due to the difficulty of recording oscillatory neural activity from deep brain regions. Here, we examined the role of OFC neural oscillations (<30Hz) in reward processing by combining intracranial OFC recordings with a gambling task in which patients made economic decisions under uncertainty. Our results show that power in different oscillatory bands are associated with distinct components of reward evaluation. Specifically, we observed a double dissociation, with a selective theta band oscillation increase in response to monetary gains and a beta band increase in response to losses. These effects were interleaved across OFC in overlapping networks and were accompanied by increases in oscillatory coherence between OFC electrode sites in theta and beta band during gain and loss processing, respectively. These results provide evidence that gain and loss processing in human OFC are supported by distinct low-frequency oscillations in networks, and provide evidence that participating neuronal ensembles are organized functionally through oscillatory coherence, rather than local anatomical segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable oscillatory networks support gain and loss processing in human orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Exosomes Using Data Independent Acquisitions, New Tools for Aging Cohort Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a complex biological process associated with progressive loss of physiological function and susceptibility to several diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Exosomes are involved in many cellular signaling pathways, and their cargo may serve as promising disease or aging biomarkers. These membrane-bound extracellular vesicles facilitate the transport of intracellular contents to proximal and distal cells in the body. Here, we investigated two omics approaches for exosome analysis. To overcome the challenges of plasma exosome contamination with abundant soluble plasma proteins, we developed a high-throughput method to isolate highly purified exosomes from human plasma by sequential size-exclusion chromatography and ultrafiltration. First, we used data-dependent acquisitions from offline high-pH reversed-phase fractions of exosome lysate to generate a deep spectral library comprising [~]2,300 exosome proteins. Second, in a pilot aging study, we used comprehensive data-independent acquisitions to compare plasma exosomes from young (20-26 yrs) and old (60-66 yrs) individuals. We quantified 1,318 exosome proteins, and levels of 144 proteins were significantly different in young and old plasma groups (Q<0.05 and >1.5-fold change). We also analyzed exosome miRNA cargo and detected 331 miRNAs. Levels of several were significantly different in young and old individuals. In addition, 88 and 17 miRNAs were unique to old and young individuals, respectively. Plasma exosome biomarkers have great potential for translational studies investigating biomarkers of aging and age-related diseases and to monitor therapeutic aging interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruderer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprez, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Exosomes Using Data Independent Acquisitions, New Tools for Aging Cohort Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothalamic Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL Leads to Obesity in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, necessitating the creation of novel animal models for investigation of metabolic disorders from the cellular-molecular to behavioral levels of analysis. We have previously found that neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), a newly-identified hypothalamic neuropeptide, is involved in feeding behavior and fat accumulation in rats. Given the broad availability of genetic tools in mice, the present investigation sought to establish a mouse model of NPGL-induced obesity.

MethodsWe overexpressed the NPGL-precursor gene (Npgl) in the hypothalamus using adeno-associated virus in C57BL/6J mice fed normal chow (NC) or a high-calorie diet (HCD). After 9 weeks of Npgl overexpression, we measured adipose tissues, muscle, and several organ masses in addition to food intake and body mass. To assess the effects of Npgl overexpression on peripheral tissues, we analyzed mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes by quantitative RT-PCR.

ResultsNpgl overexpression increased food intake, body mass, adipose tissues and liver masses, food efficiency, and circulating insulin levels under both NC and HCD, resulting in obesity observable within 8 weeks. Furthermore, we observed fat accumulation in adipose tissues and liver. Additionally, mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related factors was increased in white adipose tissue and the liver after Npgl overexpression.

ConclusionTaken together, the present study suggests that NPGL is an endogenous obesogenic factor that acts within a short period of time in mice. As a result, this animal model can be widely applied to study the etiology of obesity from genes to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narimatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukumura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwakoshi-Ukena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furumitsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukena, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothalamic Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL Leads to Obesity in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple, cost-effective and automation-friendly direct PCR approach for bacterial community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities in water, soil, and humans play an essential role in environmental ecology and human health. PCR-based amplicon analysis, such as 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, is a fundamental tool for quantifying and studying microbial composition, dynamics, and interactions. However, given the complexity of microbial communities, a substantial number of samples becomes necessary to analyses that parse the factors that determine microbial composition. A common bottleneck in performing these kinds of experiments is genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction, which is time-consuming, expensive, and often biased on the types of species. Direct PCR methods are a potentially simpler and more accurate alternative to gDNA extraction methods that do not require the intervening purification step. In this study, we evaluated three variations of direct PCR methods using diverse heterogeneous bacterial cultures, ZymoBIOMICS Microbial Community Standards, and groundwater. By comparing direct PCR methods with DNeasy blood and tissue kits and DNeasy Powersoil kits, we found a specific variant of the direct PCR method exhibits a comparable overall efficiency to the conventional DNeasy Powersoil protocol. We also found the method showed higher efficiency for extracting gDNA from the gram negative strains compared to DNeasy blood and tissue protocol. This direct PCR method is 1600 times cheaper ($0.34 for 96 samples), 10 times simpler (15 min hands-on time for 96 samples) than DNeasy Powersoil protocol. The direct PCR method can also be fully automated, and is compatible with small volume samples, thereby permitting scaling of samples and replicates needed to support high-throughput large-scale bacterial community analysis.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding bacterial interaction and assembling in complex microbial communities using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing normally requires a large experimental load. However, the current DNA extraction methods including cell disruption and genomic DNA purification are normally biased, costly, time and labor consuming, and not amenable to miniaturization by droplets or 1536 well plates due to the significant DNA loss during purification step for tiny volume and low cell density samples. Direct PCR method could potentially solve these problems. In this study, we demonstrate a direct PCR method which exhibits similar efficiency as the widely used method - DNeasy Powersoil protocol, while 1600 times cheaper and 10 times faster to execute. This simple, cost-effective, and automation friendly direct PCR based 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing method allows us to study the dynamics, microbial interaction and assembly of varying microbial communities in a high throughput fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple, cost-effective and automation-friendly direct PCR approach for bacterial community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are small, likely episymbiotic organisms found across Earths ecosystems. Despite their prevalence, the distribution of CPR lineages across habitats and the genomic signatures of transitions amongst these habitats remain unclear. Here, we expand the genome inventory for Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7), CPR bacteria known to occur in both animal-associated and environmental microbiomes, and investigate variation in gene content with habitat of origin. By overlaying phylogeny with habitat information, we show that bacteria from these three lineages have undergone multiple transitions from environmental habitats into animal microbiomes. Based on co-occurrence analyses of hundreds of metagenomes, we extend the prior suggestion that certain Saccharibacteria have broad bacterial host ranges and constrain possible host relationships for Absconditabacteria and Gracilibacteria. Full-proteome analyses show that animal-associated Saccharibacteria have smaller gene repertoires than their environmental counterparts and are enriched in numerous protein families, including those likely functioning in amino acid metabolism, phage defense, and detoxification of peroxide. In contrast, some freshwater Saccharibacteria encode a putative rhodopsin. For protein families exhibiting the clearest patterns of differential habitat distribution, we compared protein and species phylogenies to estimate the incidence of lateral gene transfer and genomic loss occurring over the species tree. These analyses suggest that habitat transitions were likely not accompanied by large transfer or loss events, but rather were associated with continuous proteome remodeling. Thus, we speculate that CPR habitat transitions were driven largely by availability of suitable host taxa, and were reinforced by acquisition and loss of some capacities.

IMPORTANCEStudying the genetic differences between related microorganisms from different environment types can indicate factors associated with their movement among habitats. This is particularly interesting for bacteria from the Candidate Phyla Radiation because their minimal metabolic capabilities require symbiotic associations with microbial hosts. We found that shifts of Absconditabacteria, Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria between environmental ecosystems and mammalian mouths/guts probably did not involve major episodes of gene gain and loss; rather, gradual genomic change likely followed habitat migration. The results inform our understanding of how little-known microorganisms establish in the human microbiota where they may ultimately impact health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep tissue oxygenation monitoring has many potential applications. Vascular complications after solid organ transplantation, for example, frequently lead to graft ischemia, dysfunction or loss, and can occur months after transplantation. While imaging approaches can provide intermittent assessments of graft perfusion, they require highly skilled practitioners, and fail to directly assess graft oxygenation. Existing tissue oxygen monitoring systems have many drawbacks, including the need for wired connections, the inability to provide real-time data, and, crucially, an operation that is limited to surface tissues. Here, we present the first wireless, minimally-invasive deep tissue oxygen monitoring system that provides continuous real-time data from centimeter-scale depths in a clinically-relevant large animal (sheep) model and demonstrates operation at great depths (up to 10 cm) through ex vivo porcine tissue. The system relies on a millimeter-sized, wireless, battery-free, implantable luminescence oxygen sensor that is powered by ultrasound and capable of bi-directional data transfer with an external transceiver. We present various aspects of system and sensor performance and demonstrate the operation of the system in vitro in distilled water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and undiluted human serum, ex vivo through porcine tissue, and in vivo in a sheep model. We believe this technology represents a new class of diagnostic system particularly suitable for organ monitoring, as well as other surgical or critical care indications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonmezoglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltepe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging Readout of Single-Cell Immunoblotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in single-cell protein analysis are required to study the cell-to-cell variation inherent to diseases, including cancer. Single-cell immunoblotting (scIB) offers proteoform detection specificity, but often relies on fluorescence-based readout and is therefore limited in multiplexing capability. Among rising multiplexed imaging methods is multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF), a mass spectrometry imaging technology. MIBI-TOF employs metal-tagged antibodies that do not suffer from spectra overlap to the same degree as fluorophore-tagged antibodies. We report for the first-time MIBI-TOF of single-cell immunoblotting (scIB-MIBI-TOF). The scIB assay subjects single-cell lysate to protein immunoblotting on a microscale device consisting of a 50- to 75-m thick hydrated polyacrylamide (PA) gel matrix for protein immobilization prior to in-gel immunoprobing. We confirm antibody-protein binding in the PA gel with indirect fluorescence readout of metal-tagged antibodies. Since MIBI-TOF is a layer-by-layer imaging technique, and our protein target is immobilized within a 3D PA gel layer, we characterize the protein distribution throughout the PA gel depth by fluorescence confocal microscopy and find that the highest signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by imaging the entirety of the PA gel depth. Accordingly, we report the required MIBI-TOF ion dose strength needed to image varying PA gel depths. Lastly, by imaging ~42% of PA gel depth with MIBI-TOF, we detect two isoelectrically separated TurboGFP (tGFP) proteoforms from individual glioblastoma cells, demonstrating that highly multiplexed mass spectrometry-based readout is compatible with scIB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lomeli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendall, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging Readout of Single-Cell Immunoblotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Tail Fiber Protein and a Receptor-Binding Protein Mediate ICP2 Bacteriophage Interactions with Vibrio cholerae OmpU 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ICP2 is a virulent bacteriophage (phage) that preys on Vibrio cholerae. ICP2 was first isolated from cholera patient stool samples. Some of these stools also contained ICP2-resistant isogenic V. cholerae strains harboring missense mutations in the trimeric outer membrane porin protein OmpU, identifying it as the ICP2 receptor. In this study, we identify the ICP2 proteins that mediate interactions with OmpU by selecting for ICP2 host-range mutants within infant rabbits infected with a mixture of wild type and OmpU mutant strains. ICP2 host-range mutants had missense mutations in putative tail fiber gene gp25 and putative adhesin gp23. Using site-specific mutagenesis we show that single or double mutations in gp25 are sufficient to generate the host-range mutant phenotype. However, at least one additional mutation in gp23 is required for robust plaque formation on specific OmpU mutants. Mutations in gp23 alone were insufficient to give a host-range mutant phenotype. All ICP2 host-range mutants retained the ability to plaque on wild type V. cholerae cells. The strength of binding of host-range mutants to V. cholerae correlated with plaque morphology, indicating that the selected mutations in gp25 and gp23 restore molecular interactions with the receptor. We propose that ICP2 host-range mutants evolve by a two-step process where, first, gp25 mutations are selected for their broad host-range, albeit accompanied by low level phage adsorption. Subsequent selection occurs for gp23 mutations that further increase productive binding to specific OmpU alleles, allowing for near wild type efficiencies of adsorption and subsequent phage multiplication.

ImportanceConcern over multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae, has led to a renewed interest in phage biology and their potential for phage therapy. ICP2 is a genetically unique virulent phage isolated from cholera patient stool samples. It is also one of three phages in a prophylactic cocktail shown to be effective in animal models of infection and the only one of the three that requires a protein receptor (OmpU). This study identifies a ICP2 tail fiber and a receptor binding protein and examines how ICP2 responds to the selective pressures of phage-resistant OmpU mutants. We found that this particular co-evolutionary arms race presents fitness costs to both ICP2 and V. cholerae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, A. N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazinski, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Tail Fiber Protein and a Receptor-Binding Protein Mediate ICP2 Bacteriophage Interactions with Vibrio cholerae OmpU]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.433671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory inference across multiple conditions with condiments: differential topology, progression, differentiation, and expression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.433671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), gene expression is assessed individually for each cell, allowing the investigation of developmental processes, such as embryogenesis and cellular differentiation and regeneration, at unprecedented resolutions. In such dynamic biological systems, grouping cells into discrete groups is not reflective of the biology. Cellular states rather form a continuum, e.g., for the differentiation of stem cells into mature cell types. This process is often represented via a trajectory in a reduced-dimensional representation of the scRNA-seq dataset.

While many methods have been suggested for trajectory inference, it is often unclear how to handle multiple biological groups or conditions, e.g., inferring and comparing the differentiation trajectories of wild-type and knock-out stem cell populations.

In this manuscript, we present a method for the estimation and downstream interpretation of cell trajectories across multiple conditions. Our framework allows the interpretation of differences between conditions at the trajectory, cell population, and gene expression levels. We start by integrating datasets from multiple conditions into a single trajectory. By comparing the conditions along the trajectorys path, we can detect large-scale changes, indicative of differential progression. We also demonstrate how to detect subtler changes by finding genes that exhibit different behaviors between these conditions along a differentiation path.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.433671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory inference across multiple conditions with condiments: differential topology, progression, differentiation, and expression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal single-cell epitope and RNA-sequencing reveals the immunological impact of type 1 interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferon (IFN-I) neutralizing autoantibodies have been found in some critical COVID-19 patients; however, their prevalence and longitudinal dynamics across the disease severity scale, and functional effects on circulating leukocytes remain unknown. Here, in 284 COVID-19 patients, we found IFN-I autoantibodies in 19% of critical, 6% of severe and none of the moderate cases. Longitudinal profiling of over 600,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells using multiplexed single-cell epitope and transcriptome sequencing from 54 COVID-19 patients, 15 non-COVID-19 patients and 11 non-hospitalized healthy controls, revealed a lack of IFN-I stimulated gene (ISG-I) response in myeloid cells from critical cases, including those producing anti-IFN-I autoantibodies. Moreover, surface protein analysis showed an inverse correlation of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 with ISG-I expression response early in the disease course. This aberrant ISG-I response in critical patients with and without IFN-I autoantibodies, supports a unifying model for disease pathogenesis involving ISG-I suppression via convergent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenland, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havlir, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionakis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Voyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whatley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UCSF COMET consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangelaris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal single-cell epitope and RNA-sequencing reveals the immunological impact of type 1 interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic sampling bias and overdispersion induced by skewed offspring distributions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural populations often show enhanced genetic drift consistent with a strong skew in their offspring number distribution. The skew arises because the variability of family sizes is either inherently strong or amplified by population expansions, leading to so-called  jackpot events. The resulting allele frequency fluctuations are large and, therefore, challenge standard models of population genetics, which assume sufficiently narrow offspring distributions. While the neutral dynamics backward in time can be readily analyzed using coalescent approaches, we still know little about the effect of broad offspring distributions on the dynamics forward in time, especially with selection. Here, we employ an exact asymptotic analysis combined with a scaling hypothesis to demonstrate that over-dispersed frequency trajectories emerge from the competition of conventional forces, such as selection or mutations, with an emerging time-dependent sampling bias against the minor allele. The sampling bias arises from the characteristic time-dependence of the largest sampled family size within each allelic type. Using this insight, we establish simple scaling relations for allele frequency fluctuations, fixation probabilities, extinction times, and the site frequency spectra that arise when offspring numbers are distributed according to a power law n-(1+). To demonstrate that this coarse-grained model captures a wide variety of non-equilibrium dynamics, we validate our results in traveling waves, where the phenomenon of  gene surfing can produce any exponent 1 <  < 2. We argue that the concept of a dynamic sampling bias is useful generally to develop both intuition and statistical tests for the unusual dynamics of populations with skewed offspring distributions, which can confound commonly used tests for selection or demographic history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic sampling bias and overdispersion induced by skewed offspring distributions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.432778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement of Volatile Compounds for Real-time Analysis of Soil Microbial Metabolic Response to Simulated Snowmelt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.432778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snowmelt dynamics are a significant determinant of microbial metabolism in soil and regulate global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients by creating seasonal variations in soil redox and nutrient pools. With an increasing concern that climate change accelerates both snowmelt timing and rate, obtaining an accurate characterization of microbial response to snowmelt is important for understanding biogeochemical cycles intertwined with soil. However, observing microbial metabolism and its dynamics non-destructively remains a major challenge for systems such as soil. Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) emitted from soil represent information-dense signatures and when assayed non-destructively using state-of-the-art instrumentation such as Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) provide time resolved insights into the metabolism of active microbiomes. In this study, we used PTR-TOF-MS to investigate the metabolic trajectory of microbiomes from a subalpine forest soil, and their response to a simulated wet-up event akin to snowmelt. Using an information theory approach based on the partitioning of mutual information, we identified mVC metabolite pairs with robust interactions, including those that were non-linear and with time lags. The biological context for these mVC interactions was evaluated by projecting the connections onto the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) network of known metabolic pathways. Simulated snowmelt resulted in a rapid increase in the production of trimethylamine (TMA) suggesting that anaerobic degradation of quaternary amine osmo/cryoprotectants, such as glycine betaine, may be important contributors to this resource pulse. Unique and synergistic connections between intermediates of methylotrophic pathways such as dimethylamine, formaldehyde and methanol were observed upon wet-up and indicate that the initial pulse of TMA was likely transformed into these intermediates by methylotrophs. Increases in ammonia oxidation signatures (transformation of hydroxylamine to nitrite) were observed in parallel, and while the relative role of nitrifiers or methylotrophs cannot be confirmed, the inferred connection to TMA oxidation suggests either a direct or indirect coupling between these processes. Overall, it appears that such mVC time-series from PTR-TOF-MS combined with causal inference represents an attractive approach to non-destructively observe soil microbial metabolism and its response to environmental perturbation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faybishenko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misztal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.432778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement of Volatile Compounds for Real-time Analysis of Soil Microbial Metabolic Response to Simulated Snowmelt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial filamentation drives colony chirality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature, with consequences at the cellular and tissue scales. As Escherichia coli colonies expand radially, an orthogonal component of growth creates a pinwheel-like pattern that can be revealed by fluorescent markers. To elucidate the mechanistic basis of this colony chirality, we investigated its link to left-handed, single-cell twisting during E. coli elongation. While chemical and genetic manipulation of cell width altered single-cell twisting handedness, colonies ceased to be chiral rather than switching handedness, and anaerobic growth altered colony chirality without affecting single-cell twisting. Chiral angle increased with increasing temperature even when growth rate decreased. Unifying these findings, we discovered that colony chirality was associated with the propensity for cell filamentation. Inhibition of cell division accentuated chirality under aerobic growth and generated chirality under anaerobic growth. Thus, regulation of cell division is intrinsically coupled to colony chirality, providing a mechanism for tuning macroscale spatial patterning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Díaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souslov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Möbius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial filamentation drives colony chirality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leakiness at the human-animal interface in Southeast Asia and implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
International efforts to curb antimicrobial resistance have focused on drug development and limiting unnecessary use. However, in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure is lacking, and where biosecurity in food-animal production is poor, pathogen-flow between humans and animals could exacerbate the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Here, we compared mobile resistance elements among Escherichia coli recovered from humans and meat in Cambodia, a country with substantial connectivity between humans and animals, unregulated antibiotic use, and poor environmental controls. We identified multiple resistance-encoding plasmids and a novel, blaCTX-M and qnrS1-encoding transposon that were widely dispersed in both humans and animals, a phenomenon rarely observed in high-income settings. Our findings indicate that plugging leaks at human-animal interfaces should be a critical part of addressing antimicrobial resistance in low and middle-income countries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadimpalli, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lauzanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, B.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overballe-Petersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshyk, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Hello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leakiness at the human-animal interface in Southeast Asia and implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyrolyzed substrates induce aromatic compound metabolism in the post-fire fungus, Pyronema domesticum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wildfires represent a fundamental and profound disturbance in many ecosystems, and their frequency and severity are increasing in many regions of the world. Fire affects soil by removing carbon in the form of CO2 and transforming remaining surface carbon into pyrolyzed organic material (PyOM). Fires also generate substantial necromass at depths where the heat kills soil organisms but does not catalyze the formation of PyOM. Pyronema species strongly dominate soil fungal communities within weeks to months after fire. However, the carbon pool (i.e. necromass or PyOM) that fuels their rise in abundance is unknown. We used a Pyronema domesticum isolate from the catastrophic 2013 Rim Fire (CA, USA) to ask if P. domesticum is capable of metabolizing PyOM. P. domesticum grew readily on agar media where the sole carbon source was PyOM (specifically, pine wood PyOM produced at 750 {degrees}C). Using RNAseq, we investigated the response of P. domesticum to PyOM and observed a comprehensive induction of genes involved in the metabolism and mineralization of aromatic compounds, typical of those found in PyOM. Lastly, we used 13C-labeled 750 {degrees}C PyOM to demonstrate that P. domesticum is capable of mineralizing PyOM to CO2. Collectively, our results indicate a robust potential for P. domesticum to liberate carbon from PyOM in post-fire ecosystems and return it to the bioavailable carbon pool.

IMPORTANCEFires are increasing in frequency and severity in many regions across the world. Thus, its critically important to understand how our ecosystems respond to inform restoration and recovery efforts. Fire transforms the soil, removing many nutrients while leaving behind both nutritious necromass and complex pyrolyzed organic matter, which is often recalcitrant. Filamentous fungi of the genus Pyronema strongly dominate soil fungal communities soon after fire. While Pyronema are key pioneer species in post-fire environments, the nutrient source that fuels their rise in abundance is unknown. In this manuscript, we used a P. domesticum isolate from the catastrophic 2013 Rim Fire (CA, USA) to demonstrate that P. domesticum metabolizes pyrolyzed organic material, effectively liberating this complex pyrolyzed carbon and returning it to the bioavailable carbon pool. The success of Pyronema in post-fire ecosystems has the potential to kick-start growth of other organisms and influence the entire trajectory of post-fire recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyrolyzed substrates induce aromatic compound metabolism in the post-fire fungus, Pyronema domesticum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Hydrophobicity Determines the Activation Free Energy of Passive Lipid Transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The collective behavior of lipids with diverse chemical and physical features determines a membranes thermodynamic properties. Yet, the influence of lipid physicochemical properties on lipid dynamics, in particular interbilayer transport, remains underexplored. Here, we systematically investigate how the activation free energy of passive lipid transport depends on lipid chemistry and membrane phase. Through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of 11 chemically distinct glycerophos-pholipids, we determine how lipid acyl chain length, unsaturation, and headgroup influence the free energy barriers for two elementary steps of lipid transport, lipid desorption, which is rate-limiting, and lipid insertion into a membrane. Consistent with previous experimental measurements, we find that lipids with longer, saturated acyl chains have increased activation free energies compared to lipids with shorter, unsaturated chains. Lipids with different headgroups exhibit a range of activation free energies; however, no clear trend based solely on chemical structure can be identified, mirroring difficulties in the interpretation of previous experimental results. Compared to liquid-crystalline phase membranes, gel phase membranes exhibit substantially increased free energy barriers. Overall, we find that the activation free energy depends on a lipids local hydrophobic environment in a membrane and that the free energy barrier for lipid insertion depends on a membranes interfacial hydrophobicity. Both of these properties can be altered through changes in lipid acyl chain length, lipid headgroup, and membrane phase. Thus, the rate of lipid transport can be tuned through subtle changes in local membrane composition and order, suggesting an unappreciated role for nanoscale membrane domains in regulating cellular lipid dynamics.

SIGNIFICANCECell homeostasis requires spatiotemporal regulation of heterogeneous membrane compositions, in part, through non-vesicular transport of individual lipids between membranes. By systematically investigating how the chemical diversity present in glycerophospholipidomes and variations in membrane order influence the free energy barriers for passive lipid transport, we discover a correlation between the activation free energy and membrane hydrophobicity. By demonstrating how membrane hydrophobicity is modulated by local changes in membrane composition and order, we solidify the link between membrane physicochemical properties and lipid transport rates. Our results suggest that variations in cell membrane hydrophobicity may be exploited to direct non-vesicular lipid traffic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Hydrophobicity Determines the Activation Free Energy of Passive Lipid Transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isochoric supercooled preservation and revival of human cardiac microtissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-temperature ex vivo preservation and tissue engineering based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) represent two of the most promising routes towards on-demand access to organs for transplantation. While these fields are often considered divergent from one another, advances in both fields present critical new opportunities for crossover. Herein we demonstrate the first-ever sub-zero centigrade preservation and revival of autonomously beating three-dimensional hiPSC-derived cardiac microtissues1 via isochoric supercooling2, without the use of chemical cryoprotectants. We show that these tissues can cease autonomous beating during preservation and resume it after warming, that the supercooling process does not affect sarcomere structural integrity, and that the tissues maintain responsiveness to drug exposure following revival. Our work suggests both that functional three dimensional (3D) engineered tissues may provide an excellent high-content, low-risk testbed to study organ preservation in a genetically human context, and that isochoric supercooling may provide a robust method for preserving and reviving engineered tissues themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell-Palm, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemons, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isochoric supercooled preservation and revival of human cardiac microtissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-invasive brain-machine interface via independent control of individual motor units 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to augment human functions and restore independence in people with disabilities, yet a compromise between non-invasiveness and performance limits their relevance. Here, we demonstrate a BMI controlled by individual motor units non-invasively recorded from the biceps brachii. Through real-time auditory and visual neurofeedback of motor unit activity, 8 participants learned to skillfully and independently control three motor units in order to complete a two-dimensional center-out task, with marked improvements in control over 6 days of training. Concomitantly, dimensionality of the motor unit population increased significantly relative to naturalistic behaviors, largely violating recruitment orders displayed during stereotyped, isometric muscle contractions. Finally, participants demonstrated the potential of a motor unit BMI to power general applications by navigating a virtual keyboard in a spelling task, achieving performances comparable to spelling-tailored non-invasive BMIs that leverage less flexible control strategies to improve performance. These results highlight a largely unexplored level of flexibility of the sensorimotor system and show that this can be exploited to create a versatile, skillfully-controllable non-invasive BMI that has great potential to both provide translational benefit and augment motor functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Formento, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-invasive brain-machine interface via independent control of individual motor units]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Root carbon interaction with soil minerals is dynamic, leaving a legacy of microbially-derived residues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Minerals preserve the oldest most persistent soil carbon, and mineral characteristics appear to play a critical role in the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) associations. To test the hypothesis that carbon source and soil microorganisms also influence mineral-SOM associations, we incubated permeable minerals bags in soil microcosms with and without plants, in a 13CO2 labeling chamber. Mineral bags contained quartz, ferrihydrite, kaolinite, or native soil minerals isolated via density separation. Using 13C-NMR, FTICR-MS, and lipidomics, we traced plant-derived carbon onto minerals harvested from microcosms at three plant growth stages, characterizing total carbon, 13C enrichment, and SOM chemistry. While C accumulation was rapid and mineral-dependent, the accumulated amount was not significantly affected by the presence of plant roots. However, the rhizosphere did shape the chemistry of mineral-associated SOM. Minerals incubated in the rhizosphere were associated with a more diverse array of compounds with different C functional groups (carbonyl, aromatics, carbohydrates, lipids) than minerals incubated in a bulk soil control. These diverse rhizosphere-derived compounds may represent a "transient fraction" of mineral SOM, rapidly exchanging with mineral surfaces. Our results also suggest that many of the lipids which persist on minerals are microbially-derived with a large fraction of fungal lipids.

SynopsisThis study explores the interaction of rhizosphere carbon, minerals, and microbial influence on the fate of soil carbon.

TOC

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neurath, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu-Jacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Root carbon interaction with soil minerals is dynamic, leaving a legacy of microbially-derived residues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.435852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of transcript enrichment and detection bias in single-nuclei RNA-seq for mapping of distinct human adipocyte lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.435852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables molecular characterization of complex biological tissues at high resolution. The requirement of single-cell extraction, however, makes it challenging for profiling tissues such as adipose tissue where collection of intact single adipocytes is complicated by their fragile nature. For such tissues, single-nuclei extraction is often much more efficient and therefore single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) presents an alternative to scRNA-seq. However, nuclear transcripts represent only a fraction of the transcriptome in a single cell, with snRNA-seq marked with inherent transcript enrichment and detection biases. Therefore, snRNA-seq may be inadequate for mapping important transcriptional signatures in adipose tissue. In this study, we compare the transcriptomic landscape of single nuclei isolated from preadipocytes and mature adipocytes across human white and brown adipocyte lineages, with whole-cell transcriptome. We demonstrate that snRNA-seq is capable of identifying the broad cell types present in scRNA-seq at all states of adipogenesis. However, we also explore how and why the nuclear transcriptome is biased and limited, and how it can be advantageous. We robustly characterize the enrichment of nuclear-localized transcripts and adipogenic regulatory lncRNAs in snRNA-seq, while also providing a detailed understanding for the preferential detection of long genes upon using this technique. To remove such technical detection biases, we propose a normalization strategy for a more accurate comparison of nuclear and cellular data. Finally, we demonstrate successful integration of scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq datasets with existing bioinformatic tools. Overall, our results illustrate the applicability of snRNA-seq for characterization of cellular diversity in the adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypess, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.435852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of transcript enrichment and detection bias in single-nuclei RNA-seq for mapping of distinct human adipocyte lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa following the introduction into Taiwan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The economically important plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been reported in multiple regions of the globe during the last two decades, threatening a growing list of crops and industries. Xylella fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa causes disease in grapevines (Pierces disease of grapevines, PD), a current problem in the United States (US), Spain, and Taiwan. We studied PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa populations and compared the genome sequences of 33 isolates found in Central Taiwan with 171 isolates from the US and two from Spain.

Phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network, and genetic diversity analyses confirm that subsp. fastidiosa was recently introduced into Taiwan from the Southeast US (i.e., the PD-I lineage in Georgia based on available data). Recent core genome recombination events were detected among introduced subsp. fastidiosa isolates in Taiwan and contributed to the development of genetic diversity, particularly in the Houli District of Taichung City in Central Taiwan. Unexpectedly, despite comprehensive sampling of all regions with high PD incidences in Taiwan, the genetic diversity observed include contributions through recombination from unknown donors, suggesting that higher diversity exists in the region. Nevertheless, no recombination event was detected between X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and the endemic sister species Xylella taiwanensis. In summary, this study improved our understanding of the genetic diversity of PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa after invasion to a new region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, R. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa following the introduction into Taiwan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinal waves but not visual experience are required for development of retinal direction selectivity maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal waves and visual experience have been implicated in the formation of retinotopic and eye-specific maps throughout the visual system, but whether either play a role in the development of the maps within the retina itself is unknown. We explore this question using direction-selective retinal ganglion cells, which are organized into a map that aligns to the body and gravitational axes of optic flow. Using two-photon population calcium imaging, we find that the direction selectivity map is present at eye opening and is unaltered by dark-rearing. Remarkably, the horizontal component of the direction selectivity map is absent in mice lacking normal retinal waves, whereas the vertical component remains normal. These results indicate that intrinsic patterns of activity, rather than extrinsic motion signals are critical for the establishment of direction selectivity maps in the retina.

One Sentence SummaryHorizontal direction selectivity in the retina is absent in mice lacking normal retinal waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistrong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinal waves but not visual experience are required for development of retinal direction selectivity maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.436534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state based prediction of task-related activation in patients with disorders of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.436534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAssessment of the level of awareness of people with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is clinically challenging, motivating several studies to combine brain imaging with machine learning to improve this process. While this work has shown promise, it has limited clinical utility, as misdiagnosis of DOC patients is relatively high. As machine learning algorithms rely on accurately labelled data, any error in diagnosis will be learned by the algorithm, resulting in an equally limited diagnostic tool. The goal of the present study is to overcome this problem by stratifying patients, not by diagnosis, but by their capacity to perform volitional tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning.

MethodsA total of 71 patients were assessed for inclusion. They were excluded for the final analysis if they had large focal brain damage, excessive head motion during scanning, or suboptimal MRI preprocessing. Patients underwent both resting-state and task-based fMRI scanning. Univariate fMRI analysis was performed to determine if an individual patient had brain activity consistent with having retained volitional capacity (VC). Differences in resting brain network connectivity between patients with VC and patients without volitional capacity (non-VC) were measured. Connectivity data was then entered as input to a deep learning framework. We used a deep graph convolutional neural network (DGCNN) on connectivity data to identify a specific brain network that most significantly differentiates patients.

FindingsWe included 30 patients in our final analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that 13 patients displayed signs of VC, while 17 did not. We found that resting-state connectivity between frontoparietal control and salience network was significantly different between VC and non-VC patients (T(28) = 3.347, p = 0.0023, Bonferroni corrected p = 0.042). Furthermore, we found that using frontoparietal control network connectivity as input to the DGCNN resulted in the best classification performance (test accuracy = 0.85; ROC AUC = 0.92).

InterpretationWe found that the DGCNN performed best at discriminating between patients with VC when using only the frontoparietal control network as input to the model. The use of this deep learning method is a significant advance since its inherent flexibility permits the inclusion of both whole-brain and network-specific properties as input, allowing us to classify patients as either having or not having VC. This inclusion of multi-scale inputs (e.g. whole-brain and network-level) facilitates model interpretability and increases our understanding of the neurobiology of DOC. The results propose that the integrity of frontoparietal control network, a brain network well known to play a key role in executive functions and cognitive control, is essential for volitional capacity preservation in patients with DOC. The study also lays groundwork for development of a biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of DOC patients.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSDisorders of consciousness (DOC) are a group of severe brain disorders characterised by damage to the neural systems underlying wakefulness and awareness. DOC are often caused by traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, or neurodegenerative diseases. The motor and cognitive impairments in DOC patients make providing an accurate diagnosis very challenging. Diagnosis is primarily made at the bedside by assessing a patients response to motor commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craig, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allanson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finoia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickard, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.436534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state based prediction of task-related activation in patients with disorders of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining evolutionary and assay-labelled data for protein fitness prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive modelling of protein properties has become increasingly important to the field of machine-learning guided protein engineering. In one of the two existing approaches, evolutionarily-related sequences to a query protein drive the modelling process, without any property measurements from the laboratory. In the other, a set of protein variants of interest are assayed, and then a supervised regression model is estimated with the assay-labelled data. Although a handful of recent methods have shown promise in combining the evolutionary and supervised approaches, this hybrid problem has not been examined in depth, leaving it unclear how practitioners should proceed, and how method developers should build on existing work. Herein, we present a systematic assessment of methods for protein fitness prediction when evolutionary and assay-labelled data are available. We find that a simple baseline approach we introduce is competitive with and often outperforms more sophisticated methods. Moreover, our simple baseline is plug-and-play with a wide variety of established methods, and does not add any substantial computational burden. Our analysis highlights the importance of systematic evaluations and sufficient baselines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.437402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining evolutionary and assay-labelled data for protein fitness prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic DNA demethylation generates tissue-specific methylation states and impacts flowering time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine methylation is a reversible epigenetic modification to DNA. In plants, removal of cytosine methylation is accomplished by the four members of the DME family of 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases. Demethylation by DME is critical for seed development. Consequently, determining the function of the entire gene family in somatic tissues by mutant analysis has not been possible. Here, we bypassed the reproductive defects of dme mutants to create somatic quadruple homozygous mutants of the entire DME family. dme; ros1; dml2; dml3 (drdd) leaves exhibit hypermethylated genomes compared to both wild-type plants and rdd triple mutants, indicating functional redundancy among all four demethylases. Targets of demethylation include regions co-targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation and, surprisingly, CG gene body methylation, indicating dynamic methylation at these little-understood sites. Additionally, many tissue-specific methylation differences are absent in drdd, suggesting a role for active demethylation in generating divergent epigenetic states across wild-type tissues. Furthermore, drdd plants display a striking early flowering phenotype, which is associated with 5 hypermethylation and transcriptional down-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C. Active DNA demethylation is therefore required for proper methylation patterning across somatic tissues and defines the epigenetic landscape of both intergenic and coding regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohlmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic DNA demethylation generates tissue-specific methylation states and impacts flowering time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonial choanoflagellate isolated from Mono Lake harbors a microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choanoflagellates offer key insights into bacterial influences on the origin and early evolution of animals. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new colonial choanoflagellate species, Barroeca monosierra, that, unlike previously characterized species, harbors a microbiome. B. monosierra was isolated from Mono Lake, California and forms large spherical colonies that are more than an order of magnitude larger than those formed by the closely related Salpingoeca rosetta. By designing fluorescence in situ hybridization probes from metagenomic sequences, we found that B. monosierra colonies are colonized by members of the halotolerant and closely related Saccharospirillaceae and Oceanospirillaceae, as well as purple sulfur bacteria (Ectothiorhodospiraceae) and non-sulfur Rhodobacteraceae. This relatively simple microbiome in a close relative of animals presents a new experimental model for investigating the evolution of stable interactions among eukaryotes and bacteria.

IMPORTANCEThe animals and bacteria of Mono Lake (California) have evolved diverse strategies for surviving the hypersaline, alkaline, arsenic-rich environment. We sought to investigate whether the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellates, exist among the relatively limited diversity of organisms in Mono Lake. We repeatedly isolated members of a single species of choanoflagellate, which we have named Barroeca monosierra, suggesting that it is a stable and abundant part of the ecosystem. Characterization of B. monosierra revealed that it forms large spherical colonies that each contain a microbiome, providing an opportunity to investigate the evolution of stable physical associations between eukaryotes and bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laundon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonial choanoflagellate isolated from Mono Lake harbors a microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortical microcircuit can dynamically adjust to dramatic changes in the strength, scale, and complexity of its input. In the primary visual cortex (V1), pyramidal cells (PCs) integrate widely across space when signals are weak, but narrowly when signals are strong, a phenomenon known as contrast-dependent surround suppression. Theoretical work has proposed that local interneurons could mediate a shift from cooperation to competition of PCs across cortical space, underlying this computation. We combined calcium imaging and electrophysiology to constrain a stabilized supralinear network model that explains how the four principal cell types in layer 2/3 (L2/3) of mouse V1- somatostatin (SST), parvalbumin (PV), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons, and PCs- transform inputs from layer 4 (L4) PCs to encode drifting gratings of varying size and contrast. Using bidirectional optogenetic perturbations, we confirmed key predictions of the model. Our data and modeling showed that recurrent amplification drives a transition from a positive PC[-&gt;]VIP{dashv}SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at small size and low contrast to a negative PC[-&gt;]SST{dashv}PC feedback loop at large size and high contrast to contribute to this flexible computation. This may represent a widespread mechanism for gating competition across cortical space to optimally meet task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmigiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic inhibitory subnetworks control cooperation and competition across cortical space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated stimulation of the HPA axis alters white blood cell counts without increasing oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines in fasting elephant seal pups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controls the release of glucocorticoids, which regulate immune and inflammatory function by modulating cytokines, white blood cells (WBCs), and oxidative stress via glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. Although the response to HPA activation is well characterized in many species, little is known about the impacts of HPA activation during extreme physiological conditions in marine mammals. Hence, we challenged 18 simultaneously fasting and developing elephant seal pups with daily intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), a GR antagonist (RU486), or a combination (ACTH+RU486) for four days (4d). We collected blood at baseline, two hours (2h), and 4d after the beginning of treatment. ACTH and ACTH+RU486 elevated serum aldosterone and cortisol at 2h, with effects diminishing at 4d. RU486 alone induced a compensatory increase in aldosterone, but not cortisol, at 4d. ACTH decreased neutrophils at 2h while decreasing lymphocytes and increasing neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at 4d. These effects were abolished by RU486. Despite alterations in WBCs, there was no effect of ACTH or RU486 on transforming growth factor-{beta} or interleukin-6 levels; however, both cytokines decreased with the 4-d fasting progression. Similarly, ACTH did not impact protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or antioxidant enzymes, but plasma isoprostanes and catalase activity decreased while glutathione peroxidase increased with fasting progression. These data demonstrate differential acute (2h) and chronic (4d) modulatory effects of HPA activation on WBCs and that the chronic effect is mediated, at least in part, by GR. These results also underscore elephant seals resistance to potential oxidative stress derived from repeated HPA activation.

Summary statementMany species experience oxidative stress and inflammation after repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We show that simultaneously fasting and developing elephant seals are resistant to repeated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated stimulation of the HPA axis alters white blood cell counts without increasing oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines in fasting elephant seal pups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cobolt: Joint analysis of multimodal single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of single-cell sequencing platforms enable joint profiling of multiple omics from the same cells. We present Cobolt, a novel method that not only allows for analyzing the data from joint-modality platforms, but provides a coherent framework for the integration of multiple datasets measured on different modalities. We demonstrate its performance on multi-modality data of gene expression and chromatin accessibility and illustrate the integration abilities of Cobolt by jointly analyzing this multi-modality data with single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cobolt: Joint analysis of multimodal single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of cerebellar degeneration on feedforward versus feedback control across speech and reaching movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Errors that result from a mismatch between predicted movement outcomes and sensory afference are used to correct ongoing movements through feedback control and to adapt feedforward control of future movements. The cerebellum has been identified as a critical part of the neural circuit underlying implicit adaptation across a wide variety of movements (reaching, gait, eye movements, and speech). The contribution of this structure to feedback control is less well understood: although it has recently been shown in the speech domain that individuals with cerebellar degeneration produce even larger online corrections for sensory perturbations than control participants, similar behavior has not been observed in other motor domains. Currently, comparisons across domains are limited by different population samples and potential ceiling effects in existing tasks. To assess the relationship between changes in feedforward and feedback control associated with cerebellar degeneration across motor domains, we evaluated adaptive (feedforward) and compensatory (feedback) responses to sensory perturbations in reaching and speech production in human participants of both sexes with cerebellar degeneration and neurobiologically healthy controls. As expected, the cerebellar group demonstrated impaired adaptation in both reaching and speech. In contrast, the groups did not differ in their compensatory response in either domain. Moreover, compensatory and adaptive responses in the cerebellar group were not correlated within or across motor domains. These results point to a general impairment in feedforward control with spared feedback control in cerebellar degeneration. However, the magnitude of feedforward impairments and potential changes in feedback-based control manifest in a domain-specific manner across individuals.

Significance StatementThe cerebellum contributes to feedforward updating of movement in response to sensory errors, but its role in feedback control is less understood. Here, we tested individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD), using sensory perturbations to assess adaptation of feedforward control and feedback gains during reaching and speech production tasks. The results confirmed that CD leads to reduced adaption in both domains. However, feedback gains were unaffected by CD in either domain. Interestingly, measures of feedforward and feedback control were not correlated across individuals within or across motor domains. Together, these results indicate a general impairment in feedforward control with spared feedback control in CD. However, the magnitude of feedforward impairments manifests in a domain-specific manner across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of cerebellar degeneration on feedforward versus feedback control across speech and reaching movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubular ERGIC (t-ERGIC): a SURF4-mediated expressway for ER-to-Golgi transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport is critical to protein secretion and intracellular sorting. Cargo carriers mediating the ER-to-Golgi transport are morphologically diverse, but it remains unclear whether this diversity arises from different cargo receptors, or whether it could lead to differential transport kinetics. Here we report a tubular ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (t-ERGIC) that is induced by the cargo receptor SURF4 and selectively expedites the ER-to-Golgi transport of SURF4 cargoes. Lacking the canonical ERGIC marker ERGIC-53 yet positive for the small GTPase Rab1, the t-ERGIC is further distinct from the stereotypical vesiculo-tubular cluster (VTC) ERGIC by its extremely elongated shape (~10 m long with <30 nm diameter). With its exceptional surface-to-volume ratio and en bloc cargo packaging, high (~2 m/s) intracellular traveling speeds, and ER-Golgi recycling capability, the t-ERGIC provides an efficient means for trafficking SURF4-bound cargoes. The biogenesis and cargo selectivity of t-ERGIC both depend on SURF4, which recognizes the N-terminus of soluble cargoes and co-clusters with the selected cargoes to expand the ER exit site. At the steady state, the t-ERGIC-mediated fast ER-to-Golgi transport is antagonized by retrograde transport based on the cargo C-terminal ER retrieval signal: we thus demonstrate the fine-tuning of protein trafficking and localization via its primary structure. Together, our results argue that specific cargo-receptor interactions give rise to distinct transport carriers, which in turn regulate the ER-to-Golgi trafficking kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubular ERGIC (t-ERGIC): a SURF4-mediated expressway for ER-to-Golgi transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the Interplay Between Affective, Phonatory and Motoric Subsystems in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multimodal Dialogue Agent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore the utility of an on-demand multimodal conversational platform in extracting speech and facial metrics in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We investigate the extent to which these metrics correlate with objective clinical measures, particularly as they pertain to the interplay be-tween the affective, phonatory and motoric subsystems. 22 participants diagnosed with ASD engaged with a virtual agent in conversational affect production tasks designed to elicit facial and vocal affect. We found significant correlations between vocal pitch and loudness extracted by our platform during these tasks and accuracy in recognition of facial and vocal affect, as-sessed via the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 (DANVA-2) neuropsychological task. We also found significant correlations between jaw kinematic metrics extracted using our platform and motor speed of the dominant hand assessed via a standardised neuropsychological finger tapping task. These findings offer preliminary evidence for the usefulness of these audiovisual analytic metrics and could help us better model the interplay between different physiological subsystems in individuals with ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liscombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habberstad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markuson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kansara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensidi-Slimane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suendermann-Oeft, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pautler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.439293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the Interplay Between Affective, Phonatory and Motoric Subsystems in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multimodal Dialogue Agent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitation spectral microscopy for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging and quantitative biosensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multiplexing capability of fluorescence microscopy is severely limited by the broad fluorescence spectral width. Spectral imaging offers potential solutions, yet typical approaches to disperse the local emission spectra notably impede the attainable throughput. Here we show that using a single, fixed fluorescence emission detection band, through frame-synchronized fast scanning of the excitation wavelength from a white lamp via an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF), up to 6 subcellular targets, labeled by common fluorophores of substantial spectral overlap, can be simultaneously imaged in live cells with low ([~]1%) crosstalks and high temporal resolutions (down to [~]10 ms). The demonstrated capability to quantify the abundances of different fluorophores in the same sample through unmixing the excitation spectra next enables us to devise novel, quantitative imaging schemes for both bi-state and FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer) fluorescent biosensors in live cells. We thus achieve high sensitivities and spatiotemporal resolutions in quantifying the mitochondrial matrix pH and intracellular macromolecular crowding, and further demonstrate, for the first time, the multiplexing of absolute pH imaging with three additional target organelles/proteins to elucidate the complex, Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway. Together, excitation spectral microscopy provides exceptional opportunities for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging. The prospect of acquiring fast spectral images without the need for fluorescence dispersion or care for the spectral response of the detector offers tremendous potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitation spectral microscopy for highly multiplexed fluorescence imaging and quantitative biosensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the ARF GAP activity and specificity of the C9orf72 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation of C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD), which is attributed to both a gain and loss of function. C9orf72 forms a complex with SMCR8 and WDR41, which was reported to have GTPase activating protein activity toward ARF proteins, RAB8A, and RAB11A. We determined the cryo-EM structure of ARF1-GDP-BeF3- bound to C9orf72:SMCR8:WDR41. The SMCR8longin and C9orf72longin domains form the binding pocket for ARF1. One face of the C9orf72longin domain holds ARF1 in place, while the SMCR8longin positions the catalytic finger Arg147 in the ARF1 active site. Mutations in interfacial residues of ARF1 and C9orf72 reduced or eliminated GAP activity. RAB8A GAP required [~]10-fold higher concentrations of the C9orf72 complex than for ARF1. These data support a specific function for the C9orf72 complex as an ARF GAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the ARF GAP activity and specificity of the C9orf72 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome evolution and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits in greater yam 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nutrient-rich tubers of the greater yam Dioscorea alata L. provide food and income security for millions of people around the world. Despite its global importance, however, greater yam remains an "orphan crop." Here we address this resource gap by presenting a highly-contiguous chromosome-scale genome assembly of greater yam combined with a dense genetic map derived from African breeding populations. The genome sequence reveals an ancient lineage-specific genome duplication, followed by extensive genome-wide reorganization. Using our new genomic tools we find quantitative trait loci for susceptibility to anthracnose, a damaging fungal pathogen of yam, and several tuber quality traits. Genomic analysis of breeding lines reveals both extensive inbreeding as well as regions of extensive heterozygosity that may represent interspecific introgression during domestication. These tools and insights will enable yam breeders to unlock the potential of this staple crop and take full advantage of its adaptability to varied environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oniyinde, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okereke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nnabue, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwadili, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hribova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwogha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthemba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Montes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiedu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamnadass, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchugi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egesi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Featherston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asfaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendre, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lava Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obidiegwu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome evolution and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits in greater yam]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (Rattus rattus) reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of the black rat (Rattus rattus) has been heavily influenced by its association with humans. The dispersal history of this non-native commensal rodent across Europe, however, remains poorly understood, and different introductions may have occurred during the Roman and medieval periods. Here, in order to reconstruct the population history of European black rats, we generated a de novo genome assembly of the black rat, 67 ancient black rat mitogenomes and 36 ancient nuclear genomes from sites spanning the 1st-17th centuries CE in Europe and North Africa. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA confirm that black rats were introduced into the Mediterranean and Europe from Southwest Asia. Genomic analyses of the ancient rats reveal a population turnover in temperate Europe between the 6th and 10th centuries CE, coincident with an archaeologically attested decline in the black rat population. The near disappearance and re-emergence of black rats in Europe may have been the result of the breakdown of the Roman Empire, the First Plague Pandemic, and/or post-Roman climatic cooling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme-Beaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Jarah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böhlendorf-Arslan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohingamuwa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladilina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gol'din, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Dyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivikero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kysely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maraoui-Telmini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Muniz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabais, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oueslati, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana Morales, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radbauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannamäe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanma</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palaeogenomic analysis of black rat (Rattus rattus) reveals multiple European introductions associated with human economic history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging alters the metabolic flux signature of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is a risk factor for numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and diabetes. Loss of protein homeostasis is a central hallmark of aging. Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) includes changes in protein translation and membrane lipid synthesis. Using stable isotope labeling, a "signature" of the UPRER in vivo in mouse liver was developed by inducing ER stress and measuring rates of both proteome-wide translation and de novo lipogenesis. Several changes in protein synthesis across ontologies were noted with age, including a more dramatic suppression of translation under ER stress in aged mice as compared to young mice. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) synthesis rates and mRNA levels were increased more in aged than young mice. De novo lipogenesis rates decreased under ER stress conditions in aged mice, including both triglyceride and phospholipid fractions. In young mice, only a significant reduction was seen in the triglyceride fraction. These data indicate that aged mice have an exaggerated response to ER stress, which may indicate that the aging renders the UPRER less effective in resolving proteotoxic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halstead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyangau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging alters the metabolic flux signature of the ER unfolded protein response in vivo in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Covalent FEM1B Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs), heterobifunctional compounds that consist of protein-targeting ligands linked to an E3 ligase recruiter, have arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for targeted protein degradation (TPD). Despite the popularity of TPD approaches in drug discovery, only a small number of E3 ligase recruiters are available for the >600 E3 ligases that exist in human cells. Here, we have discovered a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand, EN106, that targets FEM1B, an E3 ligase recently discovered as the critical component of the cellular response to reductive stress. By targeting Cys186 in FEM1B, EN106 disrupts recognition of the key reductive stress substrate of FEM1B, FNIP1. We further establish that EN106 can be used as a covalent recruiter for FEM1B in TPD applications, in which we demonstrate that a PROTAC linking EN106 to the BET Bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 leads to specific FEM1B- and proteasome-dependent degradation of BRD4 in cells. Our study showcases a covalent ligand that targets a natural E3 ligase-substrate binding site and highlights the utility of covalent ligand screening in expanding the arsenal of E3 ligase recruiters that can be deployed for TPD applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manford, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Covalent FEM1B Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 can cause a range of symptoms in infected individuals, from mild respiratory illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic understanding of the host factors mediating viral infection or restriction is critical to elucidate SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interactions and the progression of COVID-19. To this end, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens in human lung epithelial cells with endogenous expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2. These screens uncovered proviral and antiviral host factors across highly interconnected host pathways, including components implicated in clathrin transport, inflammatory signaling, cell cycle regulation, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. We further identified mucins, a family of high-molecular weight glycoproteins, as a prominent viral restriction network. We demonstrate that multiple membrane-anchored mucins are critical inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry and are upregulated in response to viral infection. This functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 host factors provides a physiologically relevant starting point for new host-directed therapeutics and suggests interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and airway mucins of COVID-19 patients as a host defense mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnik, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catamura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning approach to neurite prediction in high throughput fluorescence imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes to neuronal morphology and loss of neurites and synaptic connections can be an important early indicator of neurological diseases, and a pathognomonic sign of neurodevelopmental disorders. These changes are typically detectable by microscopy in cell culture or histological samples, but quantification can be challenging. The neurites extending from cell soma can be quite thin, dim, overlapping and complex, making them laborious to trace manually and difficult to annotate and quantify computationally or automatically. Moreover, the tools available to aid this aim are limited in their capacity to generalize to high throughput image acquisition such as time-lapse or longitudinal imaging, where imaging conditions can change dramatically over the course of the experiment. In order to facilitate neurite quantification, we developed a deep learning (DL) neurite annotation prediction algorithm (NAPA) to predict the structure and length of neurites. NAPA overcomes experimental variation inherent to fluorescence imaging by learning more broader features that are important for neurite recognition. Based on a dataset with partial annotation, NAPA generated predictions on several unannotated datasets, and was able to capture differences between disease and control conditions. We also defined a sequence of steps to generate custom models with a small number of annotation inputs, and extended the predictions to a 3D tissue sample and longitudinal imaging. With this algorithm we developed an approach to quantify neurites with an accuracy that nears and sometimes exceeds human curation, in 1/100th of the time. This approach makes accurate analysis of large or longitudinal datasets feasible across a broad range of datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuno, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prenton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manubens-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierssen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning approach to neurite prediction in high throughput fluorescence imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding mechanism of neutralizing Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters human cells upon binding of its spike (S) glycoproteins to ACE2 receptors. Several nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection by binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S protein, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, we identified an extended network of pairwise interactions between RBD and nanobodies H11-H4, H11-D4, and Ty1 by performing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations of the nanobody-RBD-ACE2 complex revealed that H11-H4 more strongly binds to RBD without overlapping with ACE2 and triggers dissociation of ACE2 due to electrostatic repulsion. In comparison, Ty1 binding results in dissociation of ACE2 from RBD due to an overlap with the ACE2 binding site, whereas H11-D4 binding does not trigger ACE2 dissociation. Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V1 and 501.V2 variants resulted in a negligible effect on RBD-ACE2 binding. However, the 501.V2 variant weakened H11-H4 and H11-D4 binding while strengthening Ty1 binding to RBD. Our simulations indicate that all three nanobodies can neutralize 501Y.V1 while Ty1 is more effective against the 501.V2 variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacisuleyman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding mechanism of neutralizing Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical phenotyping of acute promyelocytic leukemia reveals unique biomechanical responses in retinoic acid-resistant populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an essential therapy in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), an aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, nearly 20% of APL patients are resistant to ATRA. As no biomarkers for ATRA resistance yet exist, we investigated whether cell mechanics could be associated with this pathological phenotype. Using mechano-node-pore sensing, a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform, and patient-derived APL cell lines, NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and AP-1060 (ATRA-resistant), we discovered that ATRA-resistant APL cells are less mechanically pliable. By investigating how different subcellular components of APL cells contribute to whole-cell mechanical phenotype, we determined that nuclear mechanics strongly influence an APL cells mechanical response. By arresting APL cells in S-phase or M-phase in the cell cycle, we found cell pliability to be inversely related to DNA content. In addition to DNA content affecting cell pliability, we observed that chromatin condensation also affects nuclear mechanics: decondensing chromatin with trichostatin A is especially effective in softening ATRA-resistant APL cells. RNA-Seq allowed us to compare the transcriptomic differences between ATRA-resistant and ATRA-responsive APL cells and highlighted gene expression changes that could be associated with mechanical changes. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of "physical" biomarkers in identifying APL resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical phenotyping of acute promyelocytic leukemia reveals unique biomechanical responses in retinoic acid-resistant populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The encapsulin from Thermatoga maritima is a flavoprotein with a symmetry matched ferritin-like cargo protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are an emerging class of protein-based  organelles found in bacteria and archaea. Encapsulins are virus-like icosahedral particles comprising a [~]25-50 nm shell surrounding a specific cargo enzyme. Compartmentalization is thought to create a unique chemical environment to facilitate catalysis and isolate toxic intermediates. Many questions regarding nanocompartment structure-function remain unanswered, including how shell symmetry dictates cargo loading and to what extent the shell facilitates enzymatic activity. Here, we explore these questions using the model T. maritima nanocompartment known to encapsulate a redox-active ferritin-like protein. Biochemical analysis revealed the encapsulin shell to possess a flavin binding site located at the interface between capsomere subunits, suggesting the shell may play a direct and active role in the function of the encapsulated cargo. Furthermore, we used cryoEM to show that cargo proteins use a form of symmetry-matching to facilitate encapsulation and define stoichiometry. In the case of the T. maritima encapsulin, the decameric cargo protein with 5-fold symmetry preferentially binds to the pentameric-axis of the icosahedral shell. Taken together, these observations suggest the shell is not simply a passive barrier--it also plays a significant role in the structure and function of the cargo enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaFrance, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy-Amstutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The encapsulin from Thermatoga maritima is a flavoprotein with a symmetry matched ferritin-like cargo protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep Loss Impacts the Interconnected Brain-Body-Mood Regulation of Cardiovascular Function in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poor sleep is associated with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease1,2. However, the mechanism(s) through which sleep loss impacts blood pressure remain largely unknown, including the inter-related brain and peripheral body systems that regulate vascular function3. In a repeated-measures experimental study of 66 healthy adult participants, we demonstrate four core findings addressing this question. First, a night of sleep loss significantly increased blood pressure--both systolic and diastolic, yet this change in vascular tone was independent of any increase in heart rate. Second, sleep loss compromised functional brain connectivity within regions that regulate vascular tone. Third, sleep-loss related changes in brain connectivity and vascular tone were significantly inter-dependent, with changes in brain nodes explaining the shift towards hypertension. Fourth, sleep-loss related changes in mood, specifically reductions in positive and amplification in negative states, each demonstrated an interaction with the impairments in brain connectivity and blood pressure. Together, these findings support an embodied framework in which sleep loss confers increased risk of cardiovascular disease through interactions between brain homeostatic control, mood-state and blood pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Simon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep Loss Impacts the Interconnected Brain-Body-Mood Regulation of Cardiovascular Function in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust and annotation-free analysis of isoform variation using short-read scRNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although alternative splicing is a fundamental and pervasive aspect of gene expression in higher eukaryotes, it is often omitted from single-cell studies due to quantification challenges inherent to commonly used short-read sequencing technologies. Here, we undertake the analysis of alternative splicing across numerous diverse murine cell types from two large-scale single-cell datasets--the Tabula Muris and BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network--while accounting for understudied technical artifacts and unannotated isoforms. We find strong and general cell-type-specific alternative splicing, complementary to total gene expression but of similar discriminatory value, and identify a large volume of novel isoforms. We specifically highlight splicing variation across different cell types in primary motor cortex neurons, bone marrow B cells, and various epithelial cells; and show that the implicated transcripts include many genes which do not display total expression differences. To elucidate the regulation of alternative splicing, we build a custom predictive model based on splicing factor activity, recovering several known interactions while generating new hypotheses, including potential regulatory roles for novel alternative splicing events in critical genes including Khdrbs3 and Rbfox1. We make our results available using public interactive browsers to spur further exploration by the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust and annotation-free analysis of isoform variation using short-read scRNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An organelle inheritance pathway during polarized cell growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some organelles cannot be synthesized anew, so they are segregated into daughter cells during cell division. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, daughter cells bud from mother cells and are populated by organelles inherited from the mothers. To determine whether this organelle inheritance occurs in a stereotyped manner, we tracked organelles using fluorescence microscopy. We describe a program for organelle inheritance in budding yeast. The cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes are inherited concomitant with bud emergence. Next, vacuoles are inherited in small buds, followed closely by mitochondria. Finally, the nucleus and perinuclear ER are inherited when buds have nearly reached their maximal size. Because organelle inheritance timing correlates with bud morphology, which is coupled to the cell cycle, we tested whether organelle inheritance order is controlled by the cell cycle. By arresting cell cycle progression but allowing continued bud growth, we determined that organelle inheritance still occurs without cell cycle progression past S-phase, and that the general inheritance order is maintained. Thus, organelle inheritance follows a preferred order during polarized cell division, but it is not controlled exclusively by cell cycle signaling.

Summary statementOrganelles are interconnected by contact sites, but they must be inherited from mother cells into buds during budding yeast mitosis. We report that this process occurs in a preferred sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An organelle inheritance pathway during polarized cell growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWProbabilistic models have provided the underpinnings for state-of-the-art performance in many single-cell omics data analysis tasks, including dimensionality reduction, clustering, differential expression, annotation, removal of unwanted variation, and integration across modalities. Many of the models being deployed are amenable to scalable stochastic inference techniques, and accordingly they are able to process single-cell datasets of realistic and growing sizes. However, the community-wide adoption of probabilistic approaches is hindered by a fractured software ecosystem resulting in an array of packages with distinct, and often complex interfaces. To address this issue, we developed scvi-tools (https://scvi-tools.org), a Python package that implements a variety of leading probabilistic methods. These methods, which cover many fundamental analysis tasks, are accessible through a standardized, easy-to-use interface with direct links to Scanpy, Seurat, and Bioconductor workflows. By standardizing the implementations, we were able to develop and reuse novel functionalities across different models, such as support for complex study designs through nonlinear removal of unwanted variation due to multiple covariates and reference-query integration via scArches. The extensible software building blocks that underlie scvi-tools also enable a developer environment in which new probabilistic models for single cell omics can be efficiently developed, benchmarked, and deployed. We demonstrate this through a code-efficient reimplementation of Stereoscope for deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics profiles. By catering to both the end user and developer audiences, we expect scvi-tools to become an essential software dependency and serve to formulate a community standard for probabilistic modeling of single cell omics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasuriya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langevin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misrachi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Beltrame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scvi-tools: a library for deep probabilistic analysis of single-cell omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon offsets are widely used by individuals, corporations, and governments to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions on the assumption that offsets reflect equivalent climate benefits achieved elsewhere. These climate-equivalence claims depend on offsets providing "additional" climate benefits beyond what would have happened, counterfactually, without the offsets project. Here, we evaluate the design of Californias prominent forest carbon offsets program and demonstrate that its climate-equivalence claims fall far short on the basis of directly observable evidence. By design, Californias program awards large volumes of offset credits to forest projects with carbon stocks that exceed regional averages. This paradigm allows for adverse selection, which could occur if project developers preferentially select forests that are ecologically distinct from unrepresentative regional averages. By digitizing and analyzing comprehensive offset project records alongside detailed forest inventory data, we provide direct evidence that comparing projects against coarse regional carbon averages has led to systematic over-crediting of 30.0 million tCO2e (90% CI: 20.5 to 38.6 million tCO2e) or 29.4% of the credits we analyzed (90% CI: 20.1 to 37.8%). These excess credits are worth an estimated $410 million (90% CI: $280 to $528 million) at recent market prices. Rather than improve forest management to store additional carbon, Californias offsets program creates incentives to generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits.

Significance StatementForest carbon offsets are increasingly prominent in corporate and government "net zero" emission strategies, but face growing criticism about their efficacy. Californias forest offsets program is frequently promoted as a high-quality approach that improves on the failures of earlier efforts. Our analysis demonstrates, however, that substantial ecological and statistical shortcomings in the design of Californias forest offset protocol generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits. Looking globally, our results illustrate how protocol designs with easily exploitable rules can undermine policy objectives and highlight the need for stronger governance in carbon offset markets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badgley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trugman, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderegg, W. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullenward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color polymorphic species can offer exceptional insight into the ecology and genetics of adaptation. Although the genetic architecture of animal coloration is diverse, many color polymorphisms are associated with large structural variants and maintained by biotic interactions. Grasshoppers are exceptionally polymorphic in both color and karyotype, making them excellent models for understanding the ecological drivers and genetic underpinnings of color variation. Banded and uniform morphs of the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) are found across the western deserts of North America. To address the hypothesis that predation maintains local color polymorphism and shapes regional crypsis variation, we surveyed morph frequencies and tested for covariation with two predation environments. Morphs coexisted at intermediate frequencies at most sites, consistent with local balancing selection. Morph frequencies covaried with the appearance of desert substrate - an environment used only by females - indicating that ground-foraging predators are major agents of selection on crypsis. We next addressed the hypothesized link between morph variation and genome structure. To do so, we designed an approach for detecting inversions and indels using only RADseq data. The banded morph was perfectly correlated with a large putative indel. Remarkably, indel dominance differed among populations, a rare example of dominance evolution in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Child, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological basis and genetic architecture of crypsis polymorphism in the desert clicker grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water Stress and Disruption of Mycorrhizae Induce Parallel Shifts in Phyllosphere Microbiome Composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water and nutrient limitation are key stressors that affect plant health and ecosystem function. These environmental factors impact both soil- and root-associated microbial communities, and systemically alter plant physiology, but it is less clear how they affect aboveground plant-microbe interactions. Through experimental manipulations in the field and growth chamber, we examined the interacting effects of irrigation, soil fertility, and root mycorrhizal associations on bacterial and fungal communities of the tomato phyllosphere (Solanum lycopersicum). Both water stress and mycorrhizal disruption reduced bacterial richness within plants, homogenized bacterial community diversity among plants, and reduced the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa. We observed striking parallelism in the individual microbial taxa affected by irrigation and mycorrhizal associations. Given the increasingly understood role of the phyllosphere in shaping plant health and pathogen susceptibility, these results offer an additional mechanism by which belowground conditions shape plant fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaulbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water Stress and Disruption of Mycorrhizae Induce Parallel Shifts in Phyllosphere Microbiome Composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryo-to-embryo variability in RNAi knockdown efficiency of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used the maternal-Gal4 shRNA system to knock down expression of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, and analyzed the efficacy of the knockdown by qRT-PCR. Although average relative expression of lid was significantly lower in knockdown conditions compared to the driver-only control, we observed a wide and overlapping range of relative gene expression between individual control and knockdown embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albright, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryo-to-embryo variability in RNAi knockdown efficiency of dKDM5/lid in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Protein Stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation is a powerful therapeutic modality that uses heterobifunctional small-molecules to induce proximity between E3 ubiquitin ligases and target proteins to ubiquitinate and degrade specific proteins of interest. However, many proteins are ubiquitinated and degraded to drive disease pathology; in these cases targeted protein stabilization (TPS), rather than degradation, of the actively degraded target using a small-molecule would be therapeutically beneficial. Here, we present the Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimera (DUBTAC) platform for TPS of specific proteins. Using chemoproteomic approaches, we discovered the covalent ligand EN523 that targets a non-catalytic allosteric cysteine C23 in the K48 ubiquitin-specific deubiquitinase OTUB1. We then developed a heterobifunctional DUBTAC consisting of our EN523 OTUB1 recruiter linked to lumacaftor, a drug used to treat cystic fibrosis that binds {Delta}F508-CFTR. We demonstrated proof-of-concept of TPS by showing that this DUBTAC robustly stabilized {Delta}F508-CFTR in human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells in an OTUB1-dependent manner. Our study underscores the utility of chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand discovery approaches to develop new induced proximity-based therapeutic modalities and introduces the DUBTAC platform for TPS.

Editorial summaryWe have developed the Deubiquitinase Targeting Chimera (DUBTAC) platform for targeted protein stabilization. We have discovered a covalent recruiter against the deubiquitinase OTUB1 that we have linked to the mutant {Delta}F508-CFTR targeting cystic fibrosis drug Lumacaftor to stabilize mutant CFTR protein in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boike, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belcher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deubiquitinase-Targeting Chimeras for Targeted Protein Stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-bias ncRNA Libraries using Ordered Two-Template Relay: Serial Template Jumping by a Modified Retroelement Reverse Transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) and group II intron retroelements encode reverse transcriptases (RTs) that copy the retroelement transcript directly into host cell DNA, often at specific target sites. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes has been limited by recombinant expression and purification challenges, hampering understanding of their transposition mechanism and their exploitation for research and biotechnology. Properties of retroelement RTs substantiate their application for end-to-end RNA sequence capture. To investigate this utility, we first compared a non-LTR RT from Bombyx mori and a group II intron RT from Eubacterium rectale. Only the non-LTR RT showed processive template jumping, producing one cDNA from discontinuous templates each copied end-to-end. We also discovered an unexpected terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of the RTs that adds nucleotide(s) of choice to 3 ends of single-stranded RNA or DNA. Combining these two types of activity with additional insights about non-templated nucleotide additions to duplexed cDNA product, we developed a streamlined protocol for linking Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) adaptors to both cDNA ends in a single RT reaction. When benchmarked using a reference pool of microRNAs (miRNAs), library production using modified non-LTR retroelment RT for Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR) outperformed all commercially available kits and rivaled the low bias of technically demanding home-brew protocols. We applied OTTR to inventory RNAs purified from extracellular vesicles (EVs), identifying miRNAs as well as myriad other non-coding (nc) RNAs and ncRNA fragments. Our results establish the utility of OTTR for automation-friendly, low-bias, end-to-end RNA sequence inventories of complex ncRNA samples.

SignificanceRetrotransposons are non-infectious mobile genetic elements that proliferate in host genomes via an RNA intermediate that is copied into DNA by a reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. RTs are important for biotechnological applications involving information capture from RNA, since RNA is first converted into complementary DNA for detection or sequencing. Here, we biochemically characterize RTs from two retroelements and uncover several activities that allowed us to design a streamlined, efficient workflow for determining the inventory of RNA sequences in processed RNA pools. The unique properties of non-retroviral RT activities obviate many technical issues associated with current methods of RNA sequence analysis, with wide applications in research, biotechnology, and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>upton, h. e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ferguson, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, m. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liu, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>pimentel, s. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ingolia, n. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>schekman, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-bias ncRNA Libraries using Ordered Two-Template Relay: Serial Template Jumping by a Modified Retroelement Reverse Transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left Hemisphere Dominance for Bilateral Kinematic Encoding in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurophysiological studies in humans and non-human primates have revealed movement representations in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemisphere. Inspired by clinical observations, we ask if this bilateral representation differs for the left and right hemispheres. Electrocorticography (ECoG) was recorded in human participants during an instructed-delay reaching task, with movements produced with either the contralateral or ipsilateral arm. Using a cross-validated kinematic encoding model, we found stronger bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere, an effect that was present during preparation and was amplified during execution. Consistent with this asymmetry, we also observed better across-arm generalization in the left hemisphere, indicating similar neural representations for right and left arm movements. Notably, these left hemisphere electrodes were centered over premotor and parietal regions. The more extensive bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere adds a new perspective to the pervasive neuropsychological finding that the left hemisphere plays a dominant role in praxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrick, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left Hemisphere Dominance for Bilateral Kinematic Encoding in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soils and sediments host novel archaea with divergent monooxygenases implicated in ammonia oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper membrane monooxygenases (CuMMOs) play critical roles in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Organisms harboring these enzymes perform the first, and rate limiting, step in aerobic oxidation of ammonia, methane, or other simple hydrocarbons. Within archaea, only organisms in the order Nitrososphaerales (Thaumarchaeota) encode CuMMOs, which function exclusively as ammonia monooxygenases. From grassland and hillslope soils and aquifer sediments, we identified 20 genomes from distinct archaeal species encoding divergent CuMMO sequences. These archaea are phylogenetically clustered in a previously unnamed Thermoplasmatota order, herein named the Ca. Angelarcheales. The CuMMO proteins in Ca. Angelarcheales are more similar in structure to those in ammonia-oxidizing archaea than those of bacteria, and they contain all functional residues required for activity. Similarly to the Nitrososphaerales, Ca. Angelarcheales genomes are significantly enriched in blue copper proteins (BCPs) relative to sibling lineages, including plastocyanin-like electron carriers and divergent nitrite reductase-like (nirK) 2-domain cupredoxin proteins co-located with electron transport machinery. Angelarcheales do not have identifiable genes for methanol oxidation or carbon fixation, encode significant capacity for peptide/amino acid uptake and degradation, and share numerous electron transport mechanisms with the Nitrososphaerales. In the studied soils and sediments Ca. Angelarcheales were at least as abundant as ammonia-oxidizing Nitrososphaerales. Thus, we predict that Angelarcheales live a mixotrophic lifestyle based on oxidation of ammonia liberated from peptide and amino acid degradation. This work expands the known diversity of Thermoplasmatota and of CuMMO enzymes in archaea and suggests that these organisms are important and previously unaccounted for contributors to nitrogen cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soils and sediments host novel archaea with divergent monooxygenases implicated in ammonia oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nonstructural NS1 protein is a virulence factor secreted by dengue virus (DENV)-infected cells. NS1 is known to alter the complement system, activate immune cells and perturb endothelial barriers. Here we show that pro-inflammatory signals are triggered by a high affinity complex formed between NS1 and human high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Electron microscopy images of the NS1-HDL complexes show spherical HDL particles with rod-shaped NS1 protrusions on their surface. These complexes are readily detectable in the plasma of hospitalized dengue patients using anti-apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) antibodies specific of the HDL moiety. The functional reprogramming of HDL particles by the NS1 protein as a means to exacerbate systemic inflammation during DENV infection provides a new paradigm linking the human lipoprotein network to dengue pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benfrid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.-H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellarole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamietti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhailova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulibaly, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ and transcriptomic identification of synapse-associated microglia in the developing zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are brain resident macrophages that play vital roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, and pathology. Microglia both remodel synapses and engulf apoptotic cell corpses during development, but whether unique molecular programs regulate these distinct phagocytic functions is unknown. Here we identify a molecularly distinct synapse-associated microglial subset in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found that ramified microglia populated synapse-rich regions of the midbrain and hindbrain between 7 and 28 days post fertilization. In contrast, microglia in the optic tectum were ameboid and clustered around neurogenic zones. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing combined with metadata from regional bulk sequencing, we identified synapse-associated microglia (SAMs) that were highly enriched in the hindbrain, expressed known synapse modulating genes as well as novel candidates, and engulfed synaptic proteins. In contrast, neurogenic-associated microglia (NAMs) were enriched in optic tectum, had active cathepsin activity, and preferentially engulfed neuronal corpses. These data yielded a functionally annotated atlas of zebrafish microglia (https://www.annamolofskylab.org/microglia-sequencing). Furthermore, they reveal that molecularly distinct phagocytic programs mediate synaptic remodeling and cell engulfment, and establish zebrafish hindbrain as a model circuit for investigating microglial-synapse interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vainchtein, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horneck, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molofsky, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.08.443268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ and transcriptomic identification of synapse-associated microglia in the developing zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles from neuronal cells promote neural induction of mESCs through cyclinD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate the transport of proteins and RNAs involved in intercellular communication. Here, we show dynamic changes in the buoyant density and abundance of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by PC12 cells stimulated with nerve growth factor (NGF), N2A cells treated with retinoic acid to induce neural differentiation and mESCs differentiated into neuronal cells. EVs secreted from in vitro differentiated cells promote neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Cyclin D1 enriched within the EVs derived from differentiated neuronal cells contributes to this induction. EVs purified from cells overexpressing cyclin D1 are more potent in neural induction of mESC cells. Depletion of cyclin D1 from the EVs reduced the neural induction effect. Our results suggest that extracellular vesicles regulate neural development through sorting of cyclin D1.

SummaryExtracellular vesicles (EVs) may mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of cargo molecules. Here, we report that cyclinD1 is sorted into EVs during neuronal differentiation and that these EVs help to promote the neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicles from neuronal cells promote neural induction of mESCs through cyclinD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Betta fish displays a remarkable variety of phenotypes selected during domestication. However, the genetic basis underlying these traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly and re-sequencing of 727 individuals representing diverse morphologies of the betta fish. We show that current breeds have a complex domestication history with extensive introgression with wild species. Using GWAS, we identify the genetic basis of multiple traits, including several coloration phenotypes, sex-determination which we map to DMRT1, and the long-fin phenotype which maps to KCNJ15. We identify a polygenic signal related to aggression with many similarities to human psychiatric traits, involving genes such as CACNB2 and DISC1. Our study provides a resource for developing the Betta fish as a genetic model for morphology and behavior in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, D. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Esch, J. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of meiosis-derived cDNA libraries reveals gene isoforms and mitochondrial proteins important for competitive fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gametogenesis is a highly regulated and dynamic developmental program where a diploid progenitor cell differentiates into haploid gametes, the precursors for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, several pathways converge to initiate ploidy reduction and organelle remodelling to render gametes competent for zygote formation and subsequent organismal development. Additionally, meiosis inherently rejuvenates the newly formed gametes resulting in lifespan resetting. Here, we construct five stage-specific, inducible meiotic cDNA libraries that represent over 84% of the yeast genome. We employ computational strategies to detect stage-specific meiotic transcript isoforms in each library and develop a robust screening pipeline to test the effect of each cDNA on competitive fitness. Our multi-day proof-of-principle time course reveals gene isoforms that are important for competitive fitness as well as mitochondrial proteins that cause dose-dependent disruption of respiration. Together, these novel meiotic cDNA libraries provide an important resource for systematically studying meiotic genes and gene isoforms in future studies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIConstruction of five stage-specific, inducible meiotic cDNA libraries in budding yeast that collectively represent 5563 genes, which is over 84% of the genome
C_LIO_LIAnalysis of the cDNA libraries reveal the presence of meiosis-specific transcript isoforms that are largely uncharacterized
C_LIO_LIDevelopment of a robust gain-of-function screening pipeline identifies previously characterized genes and novel gene isoforms important for competitive fitness
C_LIO_LIMulti-day proof-of-principle screen reveals mitochondrial proteins that cause dosage-specific respiration defects
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sing, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrazo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollerer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of meiosis-derived cDNA libraries reveals gene isoforms and mitochondrial proteins important for competitive fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme longevity of highly fecund termite queens achieved by mitochondrial and insulin upregulation without harmful lipid signatures or accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kings and queens of eusocial termites can live for decades, while queens sustain a nearly maximal fertility. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying their long lifespan, we carried out transcriptomics, lipidomics and metabolomics in Macrotermes natalensis on sterile short-lived workers, long-lived kings and five stages spanning twenty years of adult queen maturation. Reproductives share gene expression differences from workers in agreement with a reduction of several aging-related processes, involving upregulation of DNA damage repair and mitochondrial functions. Anti-oxidant gene expression is downregulated, while peroxidability of membranes in queens decreases. Against expectations, we observed an upregulated gene expression in fat bodies of reproductives of several components of the IIS pathway, including an insulin-like peptide, Ilp9. This pattern does not lead to deleterious fat storage in physogastric queens, while simple sugars dominate in their hemolymph and large amounts of resources are allocated towards oogenesis. Our findings support the notion that all processes causing aging need to be addressed simultaneously in order to prevent it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seite, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillam-Dusses, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dooren, T. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poissonnier, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemainque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acket, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viscarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Beer, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg-Bauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasseur-Cognet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme longevity of highly fecund termite queens achieved by mitochondrial and insulin upregulation without harmful lipid signatures or accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RevGadgets: an R Package for visualizing Bayesian phylogenetic analyses from RevBayes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStatistical phylogenetic methods are the foundation for a wide range of evolutionary and epidemiological studies. However, as these methods grow increasingly complex, users often encounter significant challenges with summarizing, visualizing, and communicating their key results.
C_LIO_LIWe present RevGadgets, an R package for creating publication-quality figures from the results of a large variety of phylogenetic analyses performed in RevBayes (and other phylogenetic software packages).
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate how to use RevGadgets through a set of vignettes that cover the most common use cases that researchers will encounter.
C_LIO_LIRevGadgets is an open-source, extensible package that will continue to evolve in parallel with RevBayes, helping researchers to make sense of and communicate the results of a diverse array of analyses.
C_LI

[Bayesian phylogenetics, data visualization, R, RevBayes]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barido-Sottani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopperud, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RevGadgets: an R Package for visualizing Bayesian phylogenetic analyses from RevBayes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widely distributed genus of soil Acidobacteria genomically enriched in biosynthetic gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria of the phylum Acidobacteria are one of the most abundant bacterial across soil ecosystems, yet they are represented by comparatively few sequenced genomes, leaving gaps in our understanding of their metabolic diversity. Recently, genomes of Acidobacteria species with unusually large repertoires of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were reconstructed from grassland soil metagenomes, but the degree to which these species are widespread is still unknown. To investigate this, we augmented a dataset of publicly available Acidobacteria genomes with 46 metagenome-assembled genomes recovered from permanently saturated organic-rich soils of a vernal (spring) pool ecosystem in Northern California. We recovered high quality genomes for three novel species from Candidatus Angelobacter (a proposed subdivision 1 Acidobacterial genus), a genus that is genomically enriched in genes for specialized metabolite biosynthesis. Acidobacteria were particularly abundant in the vernal pool sediments, and a Ca. Angelobacter species was the most abundant bacterial species detected in some samples. We identified numerous diverse biosynthetic gene clusters in these genomes, and also in additional genomes from other publicly available soil metagenomes for other related Ca. Angelobacter species. Metabolic analysis indicates that Ca. Angelobacter likely are aerobes that ferment organic carbon, with potential to contribute to carbon compound turnover in soils. Using metatranscriptomics, we identified in situ expression of specialized metabolic traits for two species from this genus. In conclusion, we expand genomic sampling of the uncultivated Ca. Angelobacter, and show that they represent common and sometimes highly abundant members of dry and saturated soil communities, with a high degree of capacity for synthesis of diverse specialized metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widely distributed genus of soil Acidobacteria genomically enriched in biosynthetic gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of mammalian cells is largely influenced by their tissue microenvironment. Advances in spatial transcriptomics open the way for studying these important determinants of cellular function by enabling a transcriptome-wide evaluation of gene expression in situ. A critical limitation of the current technologies, however, is that their resolution is limited to niches (spots) of sizes well beyond that of a single cell, thus providing measurements for cell aggregates which may mask critical interactions between neighboring cells of different types. While joint analysis with single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be leveraged to alleviate this problem, current analyses are limited to a discrete view of cell type proportion inside every spot. This limitation becomes critical in the common case where, even within a cell type, there is a continuum of cell states that cannot be clearly demarcated but reflects important differences in the way cells function and interact with their surroundings. To address this, we developed Deconvolution of Spatial Transcriptomics profiles using Variational Inference (DestVI), a probabilistic method for multi-resolution analysis for spatial transcriptomics that explicitly models continuous variation within cell types. Using simulations, we demonstrate that DestVI is capable of providing higher resolution compared to the existing methods and that it can estimate gene expression by every cell type inside every spot. We then introduce an automated pipeline that uses DestVI for analysis of single tissue slices and comparison between tissues. We apply this pipeline to study the immune crosstalk within lymph nodes to infection and explore the spatial organization of a mouse tumor model. In both cases, we demonstrate that DestVI can provide a high resolution and accurate spatial characterization of the cellular organization of these tissues, and that it is capable of identifying important cell-type-specific changes in gene expression - between different tissue regions or between conditions. DestVI is available as an open-source software package in the scvi-tools codebase (https://scvi-tools.org).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-resolution deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics data reveals continuous patterns of inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating brain parcellations using the distance controlled boundary coefficient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One important approach to human brain mapping is to define a set of distinct regions that can be linked to unique functions. Numerous brain parcellations have been proposed, using cytoarchitectonic, structural or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. The intrinsic smoothness of brain data, however, poses a problem for current methods seeking to compare different parcellations. For example, criteria that simply compare within-parcel to between-parcel similarity provide even random parcellations with a high value. Furthermore, the evaluation is biased by the spatial scale of the parcellation. To address this problem, we propose the Distance Controlled Boundary Coefficient (DCBC), an unbiased criterion to evaluate discrete parcellations. We employ this new criterion to evaluate existing parcellations of the human neocortex in their power to predict functional boundaries for an fMRI data set with many different tasks, as well as for resting-state data. We find that common anatomical parcellations do not perform better than chance, suggesting that task-based functional boundaries do not align well with sulcal landmarks. Parcellations based on resting-state fMRI data perform well; in some cases, as well as a parcellation defined on the evaluation data itself. Finally, multi-modal parcellations that combine functional and anatomical criteria perform substantially worse than those based on functional data alone, indicating that functionally homogeneous regions often span major anatomical landmarks. Overall, the DCBC advances the field of functional brain mapping by providing an unbiased metric that compares the predictive ability of different brain parcellations to define brain regions that are functionally maximally distinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating brain parcellations using the distance controlled boundary coefficient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The recent evolutionary rescue of a staple crop depended on over half a century of global germplasm exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid environmental change can lead to extinction of populations or evolutionary rescue via genetic adaptation. In the past several years, smallholder and commercial cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a global cereal and forage crop, has been threatened by a global outbreak of an aggressive new biotype of sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari). Here we characterized genomic signatures of adaptation in a Haitian sorghum breeding population, which had been recently founded from admixed global germplasm, extensively intercrossed, and subjected to intense selection under SCA infestation. We conducted evolutionary population genomics analyses of 296 post-selection Haitian lines compared to 767 global accessions at 159,683 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Despite intense selection, the Haitian population retains high nucleotide diversity through much of the genome due to diverse founders and an intercrossing strategy. A genome-wide fixation (FST) scan and geographic analyses suggests that adaptation to SCA in Haiti is conferred by a globally-rare East African allele of RMES1, which has also spread to other breeding programs in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. De novo genome sequencing data for SCA resistant and susceptible lines revealed putative causative variants at RMES1. Convenient low-cost markers were developed from the RMES1 selective sweep and successfully predicted resistance in independent U.S. x African breeding lines and eight U.S. commercial and public breeding programs, demonstrating the global relevance of the findings. Together, the findings highlight the potential of evolutionary genomics to develop adaptive trait breeding technology and the value of global germplasm exchange to facilitate evolutionary rescue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muleta, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felderhoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walstead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressoir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The recent evolutionary rescue of a staple crop depended on over half a century of global germplasm exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To control their shape and movement, cells leverage nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) to regulate when and where they polymerize actin. Here we investigate the role of the immune-specific NPF WASP during neutrophil migration. Endogenously-tagged WASP localizes to substrate-induced plasma membrane deformations. Super-resolution imaging of live cells reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced membrane invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. Unlike other curvature-sensitive proteins, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations at the cell front, where it controls Arp2/3 complex recruitment and actin polymerization. Despite relatively normal migration on flat substrates, WASP depletion causes defects in topology sensing and directed migration on textured substrates. WASP therefore both responds to and reinforces cell polarity during migration. Surprisingly, front-biased WASP puncta continue to form in the absence of Cdc42. We propose that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity for 3D guidance by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations at the leading edge. A misregulation of WASP-mediated contact guidance could provide insight into the immune disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kockelkoren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total Biosynthesis of Triacsin Featuring an N-hydroxytriazene Pharmacophore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triacsins are an intriguing class of specialized metabolites possessing a conserved N-hydroxytriazene moiety not found in any other known natural products. Triacsins are notable as potent acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitors in lipid metabolism, yet their biosynthesis has remained elusive. Through extensive mutagenesis and biochemical studies, we here report all enzymes required to construct and install the N-hydroxytriazene pharmacophore of triacsins. Two distinct ATP-dependent enzymes were revealed to catalyze the two consecutive N-N bond formation reactions, including a glycine-utilizing hydrazine-forming enzyme, Tri28, and a nitrous acid-utilizing N-nitrosating enzyme, Tri17. This study paves the way for future mechanistic interrogation and biocatalytic application of enzymes for N-N bond formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rio Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanamoorthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total Biosynthesis of Triacsin Featuring an N-hydroxytriazene Pharmacophore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they have evolved nutrient interdependencies that regulate their growths. The use of a chemically-defined medium (CDM) supporting the growth of both groups of bacteria would greatly facilitate identification of the precise metabolic interactions between these two groups of bacteria. While numerous such media have been developed that support specific strains of lactobacilli and acetobacters, there has not been a medium formulated to support both genera. We developed such a medium, based on a previous Lactobacillus CDM, by modifying the nutrient abundances to improve growth of both groups of bacteria. We further simplified the medium by substituting casamino acids for individual amino acids and the standard Wolfes vitamins and mineral stocks for individual vitamins and minerals, resulting in a reduction from 40 to 8 stock solutions. The new CDM and variations of it support robust growth of lactobacilli and acetobacters. We provide the composition and an example of its use to measure nutritional interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The STING ligand 2'3'-cGAMP induces an NF-κB-dependent anti-bacterial innate immune response in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) bind and activate STING to initiate an anti-viral type I interferon response. CDNs and STING originated in bacteria and are present in most animals. By contrast, interferons are believed to have emerged in vertebrates; thus, the function of CDN signaling in invertebrates is unclear. Here, we use a CDN, 23-cGAMP, to activate immune responses in a model cnidarian invertebrate, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Using RNA-Seq, we found that 23-cGAMP induces robust transcription of both anti-viral and anti-bacterial genes in N. vectensis. Many of the anti-viral genes induced by 23-cGAMP are homologs of vertebrate interferon stimulated genes, implying that the interferon response predates the evolution of interferons. Knockdown experiments identified a role for NF-{kappa}B in specifically inducing anti-bacterial genes downstream of 23-cGAMP. Some of these putative anti-bacterial genes were also found to be induced during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. We characterized the protein product of one of the putative anti-bacterial genes, the N. vectensis homolog of Dae4, and found that it has conserved anti-bacterial activity. This work suggests that a broad anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcriptional response is an evolutionarily ancestral output of 23-cGAMP signaling in animals.

Significance statementCyclic dinucleotides are signaling molecules that originated in bacteria and were subsequently acquired and co-opted by animals for immune signaling. The major cyclic dinucleotide signaling pathway in mammals results in the production of anti-viral molecules called interferons. Invertebrates such as sea anemones lack interferons, and thus it was unclear whether cyclic dinucleotide signaling would play a role in immunity in these animals. Here we report that in the anemone Nematostella vectensis, cyclic dinucleotides activate both anti-viral and anti-bacterial immune responses, and do so through a conserved pathway. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity, and suggest a broader ancestral role for cyclic dinucleotide signaling that evolved toward more specialized anti-viral functions in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remick, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The STING ligand 2'3'-cGAMP induces an NF-κB-dependent anti-bacterial innate immune response in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under physiological conditions, peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules can trigger T-cell receptors (TCRs) as monovalent ligands that are sparsely distributed on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. TCR can also be activated by artificial clustering, such as with pMHC tetramers or antibodies; however, these strategies circumvent many of the natural ligand discrimination mechanisms of the T cell and can elicit non-physiological signaling activity. We have recently introduced a synthetic TCR agonist composed of an anti-TCR{beta} Fab antibody fragment covalently bound to a DNA oligonucleotide, which serves as a membrane anchor. This Fab-DNA ligand efficiently activates TCR as a monomer when membrane-associated and exhibits a potency and activation profile resembling agonist pMHC. In this report, we explore the geometric requirements for effective TCR triggering and cellular activation by Fab-DNA ligands. We find that T cells are insensitive to the ligand binding epitope on the TCR complex, but that length of the DNA tether is important. Increasing the intermembrane distance spanned by Fab-DNA:TCR complexes decreases TCR triggering efficiency and T cell activation potency, consistent with the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering. These results establish design parameters for construction of synthetic TCR agonists that are able to activate polyclonal T cell populations, such as T cells from a human patient, in a similar manner as the native pMHC ligand.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe report geometric requirements for potent T cell activation by synthetic TCR ligands that mimic biophysical properties of the native pMHC ligand, but have the additional ability to activate polyclonal T cell populations. We find that increasing the space between apposed membranes at TCR binding events decreases ligand potency, but that changing the ligands binding epitope on the TCR has essentially no effect. The observed decrease in potency with increased ligand height is attributed to the longer ligands attenuated ability to trigger TCR at binding events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dair, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonergic Neurons Translate Taste Detection into Internal Nutrient Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinately monitor and regulate nutrient availability to maintain energy homeostasis. Sensory detection of food regulates internal nutrient availability in a manner that anticipates food intake, but sensory pathways that promote anticipatory physiological changes remain unclear. Here, we identify serotonergic (5-HT) neurons as critical mediators that transform gustatory detection by sensory neurons into the activation of insulin-producing cells and enteric neurons in Drosophila. One class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of sugars, excites insulin-producing cells and limits consumption, suggesting that they anticipate increased nutrient levels and prevent overconsumption. A second class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of bitter compounds and activates enteric neurons to promote gastric motility, likely to stimulate digestion and increase circulating nutrients when food quality is poor. These studies demonstrate that 5-HT neurons relay acute gustatory detection to divergent pathways for longer-term stabilization of circulating nutrients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonergic Neurons Translate Taste Detection into Internal Nutrient Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-dependent tipping points of bacterial colonization resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria are efficient colonizers of a wide range of secluded micro-habitats, such as soil pores, skin follicles, or intestinal crypts. How the structural diversity of these habitats modulates microbial self-organization remains poorly understood, in part because of the challenge to specifically manipulate the physical structure of microbial environments. Using a microfluidic device to grow bacteria in crypt-like incubation chambers of systematically varied lengths, we show that small variations in the physical structure of the micro-habitat can drastically alter bacterial colonization success and resistance against invaders. Small crypts are un-colonizable, intermediately sized crypts can stably support dilute populations, while beyond a second critical lengthscale, populations phase-separate into a dilute and a jammed region. The jammed state is characterized by extreme colonization resistance, even if the resident strain is suppressed by an antibiotic. Combined with a flexible biophysical model, we demonstrate that colonization resistance and associated priority effects can be explained by a crowding-induced phase transition, which results from a competition between proliferation and density-dependent cell leakage. The emerging sensitivity to scale underscores the need to control for scale in microbial ecology experiments. Systematic flow-adjustable lengthscale variations may serve as a promising strategy to elucidate further scale-sensitive tipping points and to rationally modulate the stability and resilience of microbial colonizers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limmer, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-dependent tipping points of bacterial colonization resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular diversity and lineage commitment of human interneuron progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical interneurons are indispensable for proper function of neocortical circuits. Changes in interneuron development and function are implicated in human disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. In order to understand human-specific features of cortical development as well as the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders it is crucial to identify the molecular programs underlying human interneuron development and subtype specification. Recent studies have explored gene expression programs underlying mouse interneuron specification and maturation. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to samples of second trimester human ganglionic eminence and developing cortex to identify molecularly defined subtypes of human interneuron progenitors and immature interneurons. In addition, we integrated this data from the developing human ganglionic eminences and neocortex with single-nucleus RNA-seq of adult cortical interneurons in order to elucidate dynamic molecular changes associated with commitment of progenitors and immature interneurons to mature interneuron subtypes. By comparing our data with published mouse single-cell genomic data, we discover a number of divergent gene expression programs that distinguish human interneuron progenitors from mouse. Moreover, we find that a number of transcription factors expressed during prenatal development become restricted to adult interneuron subtypes in the human but not the mouse, and these adult interneurons express species- and lineage-specific cell adhesion and synaptic genes. Therefore, our study highlights that despite the similarity of main principles of cortical interneuron development and lineage commitment between mouse and human, human interneuron genesis and subtype specification is guided by species-specific gene programs, contributing to human-specific features of cortical inhibitory interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velmeshev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowitch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Buylla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular diversity and lineage commitment of human interneuron progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRibosome profiling, or Ribo-seq, is the state of the art method for quantifying protein synthesis in living cells. Computational analysis of Ribo-seq data remains challenging due to the complexity of the procedure, as well as variations introduced for specific organisms or specialized analyses. Many bioinformatic pipelines have been developed, but these pipelines have key limitations in terms of functionality or usability.

ResultsWe present riboviz 2, an updated riboviz package, for the comprehensive transcript-centric analysis and visualization of Ribo-seq data. riboviz 2 includes an analysis workflow built on the Nextflow workflow management system, combining freely available software with custom code. The package is extensively documented and provides example configuration files for organisms spanning the domains of life. riboviz 2 is distinguished by clear separation of concerns between annotation and analysis: prior to a run, the user chooses a transcriptome in FASTA format, paired with annotation for the CDS locations in GFF3 format. The user is empowered to choose the relevant transcriptome for their biological question, or to run alternative analyses that address distinct questions. riboviz 2 has been extensively tested on various library preparation strategies, including multiplexed samples. riboviz 2 is flexible and uses open, documented file formats, allowing users to integrate new analyses with the pipeline.

Availabilityriboviz 2 is freely available at github.com/riboviz/riboviz.

Supplementary information
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterbourne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavoussanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.443910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Membrane Recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in Autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic cargo by engulfing it in a double membrane vesicle, known as the autophagosome, and delivering it to the lysosome. The ATG12-5-16L1 complex is responsible for conjugating members of the ubiquitin-like ATG8 protein family to phosphatidylethanolamine in the growing autophagosomal membrane, known as the phagophore. ATG12-5-16L1 is recruited to the phagophore by a subset of the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding seven bladed {beta}-propeller WIPI proteins. We determined the crystal structure of WIPI2d in complex with the WIPI2 interacting region (W2IR) of ATG16L1 comprising residues 207-230 at 1.85 [A] resolution. The structure shows that the ATG16L1 W2IR adopts an alpha helical conformation and binds in an electropositive and hydrophobic groove between WIPI2 {beta}-propeller blades 2 and 3. Mutation of residues at the interface reduces or blocks the recruitment of ATG12-5-16L1 and the conjugation of the ATG8 protein LC3B to synthetic membranes. Interface mutants show a decrease in starvation-induced autophagy. Comparisons across the four human WIPIs suggest that WIPI1 and 2 belong to a W2IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG12-5-16L1 and driving ATG8 lipidation, whilst WIPI3 and 4 belong to a second W34IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG2, and so directing lipid supply to the nascent phagophore. The structure provides a framework for understanding the regulatory node connecting two central events in autophagy initiation, the action of the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex on the one hand, and ATG8 lipidation on the other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavoe, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzbaur, E. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Membrane Recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in Autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolved Bmp6 enhancer alleles drive spatial shifts in gene expression during tooth development in sticklebacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in enhancers have been shown to often underlie natural variation but the evolved differences between enhancer activity can be difficult to identify in vivo. Threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a robust system for studying enhancer evolution due to abundant natural genetic variation, a diversity of evolved phenotypes between ancestral marine and derived freshwater forms, and the tractability of transgenic techniques. Previous work identified a series of polymorphisms within an intronic enhancer of the Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene that are associated with evolved tooth gain, a derived increase in freshwater tooth number that arises late in development. Here we use a bicistronic reporter construct containing a genetic insulator and a pair of reciprocal two-color transgenic reporter lines to compare enhancer activity of marine and freshwater alleles of this enhancer. In older fish the two alleles drive partially overlapping expression in both mesenchyme and epithelium of developing teeth, but the freshwater enhancer drives a reduced mesenchymal domain and a larger epithelial domain relative to the marine enhancer. In younger fish these spatial shifts in enhancer activity are less pronounced. Comparing Bmp6 expression by in situ hybridization in developing teeth of marine and freshwater fish reveals similar evolved spatial shifts in gene expression. Together, these data support a model in which the polymorphisms within this enhancer underlie evolved tooth gain by shifting the spatial expression of Bmp6 during tooth development, and provide a general strategy to identify spatial differences in enhancer activity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stepaniak, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolved Bmp6 enhancer alleles drive spatial shifts in gene expression during tooth development in sticklebacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intranasal ASO therapeutic targeting SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic is exacting an increasing toll worldwide, with new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging that exhibit higher infectivity rates and that may partially evade vaccine and antibody immunity1. Rapid deployment of non-invasive therapeutic avenues capable of preventing infection by all SARS-CoV-2 variants could complement current vaccination efforts and help turn the tide on the COVID-19 pandemic2. Here, we describe a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA using locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (LNA ASOs). We identified an LNA ASO binding to the 5 leader sequence of SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b that disrupts a highly conserved stem-loop structure with nanomolar efficacy in preventing viral replication in human cells. Daily intranasal administration of this LNA ASO in the K18-hACE2 humanized COVID-19 mouse model potently (98-99%) suppressed viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, revealing strong prophylactic and treatment effects. We found that the LNA ASO also represses viral infection in golden Syrian hamsters, and is highly efficacious in countering all SARS-CoV-2 "variants of concern" tested in vitro and in vivo, including B.1.427, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants3. Hence, inhaled LNA ASOs targeting SARS-CoV-2 represents a promising therapeutic approach to reduce transmission of variants partially resistant to vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, and could be deployed intranasally for prophylaxis or via lung delivery by nebulizer to decrease severity of COVID-19 in infected individuals. LNA ASOs are chemically stable and can be flexibly modified to target different viral RNA sequences4, and they may have particular impact in areas where vaccine distribution is a challenge, and could be stockpiled for future coronavirus pandemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dis, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadreyev, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppinen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Näär, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intranasal ASO therapeutic targeting SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new type of ERGIC-ERES membrane contact mediated by TMED9 and SEC12 is required for autophagosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under stress, the endomembrane system undergoes reorganization to support autophagosome biogenesis, which is a central step in autophagy. How the endomembrane system remodels has been poorly understood. Here we identify a new type of membrane contact formed between the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the ER-exit site (ERES) in the ER-Golgi system, which is essential for promoting autophagosome biogenesis induced by different stress stimuli. The ERGIC-ERES contact is established by the interaction between TMED9 and SEC12 which generates a short distance opposition (as close as 2-5 nm) between the two compartments. The tight membrane contact allows the ERES-located SEC12 to transactivate COPII assembly on the ERGIC. In addition, a portion of SEC12 also relocates to the ERGIC. Through both mechanisms, the ERGIC-ERES contact promotes formation of the ERGIC-derived COPII vesicle, a membrane precursor of the autophagosome. The ERGIC-ERES contact is physically and functionally different from the TFG-mediated ERGIC-ERES adjunction involved in secretory protein transport, and therefore defines a unique endomembrane structure generated upon stress conditions for autophagic membrane formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new type of ERGIC-ERES membrane contact mediated by TMED9 and SEC12 is required for autophagosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term elevations in glucocorticoids do not alter telomere lengths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-primate vertebrate studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe neuroendocrine stress response allows vertebrates to cope with stressors via the activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which ultimately results in the secretion of glucocorticoids (CORT). Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects on behavior and physiology, and might influence telomere length dynamics. During a stress event, CORT mobilizes energy towards survival mechanisms rather than to telomere maintenance. Additionally, reactive oxidative species produced in response to increased CORT levels can damage telomeres, also leading to telomere shortening. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we tested whether CORT levels impact telomere length and if this relationship differs among time frame, life history stage, or stressor type. We hypothesized that elevated CORT levels are linked to a decrease in telomere length.

MethodsTo test this hypothesis, we conducted a literature search for studies investigating the relationship between telomere length and CORT levels in non-human vertebrates using four search engines: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus, last searched on September 27th, 2020. This review identified 31 studies examining the relationship between CORT and telomere length. We pooled the data using Fishers Z for 15 of these studies. All quantitative studies underwent a risk of bias assessment. This systematic review study was registered in the Open Science Framework Registry (https://osf.io/rqve6).

ResultsThe pooled effect size from fifteen studies and 1066 study organisms shows no relationship between CORT and telomere length ((Fishers Z= 0.1042, 95% CI = 0.0235; 0.1836). While these results support some previous findings, other studies have found a direct relationship between CORT and telomere dynamics, suggesting underlying mechanisms or concepts that are not currently taken into account in our analysis. The risk of bias assessment revealed an overall low risk of bias with occasional instances of bias from missing outcome data or bias in the reported result.

ConclusionWe highlight the need for more targeted experiments to understand how conditions, such as experimental timeframes, stressor(s), and stressor magnitudes can drive a relationship between the neuroendocrine stress response and telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zane, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term elevations in glucocorticoids do not alter telomere lengths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-primate vertebrate studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic isolation by distance underlies color pattern divergence in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating the spatial distribution of genetic and phenotypic variation can provide insights into the evolutionary processes that shape diversity in natural systems. We characterized patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity to learn about drivers of color-pattern diversification in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) in Costa Rica. Along the Pacific coast, red-eyed treefrogs have conspicuous leg color patterning that transitions from orange in the north to purple in the south. We measured phenotypic variation of frogs, with increased sampling at sites where the orange-to-purple transition occurs. At the transition zone, we discovered the co-occurrence of multiple color-pattern morphs. To explore possible causes of this variation, we generated a SNP dataset to analyze population genetic structure, measure genetic diversity, and infer the processes that mediate genotype-phenotype dynamics. We investigated how patterns of genetic relatedness correspond with individual measures of color pattern along the coast, including testing for the role of hybridization in geographic regions where orange and purple phenotypic groups co-occur. We found no evidence that color-pattern polymorphism in the transition zone arose through recent hybridization. Instead, a strong pattern of genetic isolation by distance (IBD) indicates that color-pattern variation was either retained through other processes such as ancestral color polymorphisms or ancient secondary contact, or else it was generated by novel mutations. We found that phenotype changes along the Pacific coast more than would be expected based on genetic divergence and geographic distance alone. Combined, our results suggest the possibility of selective pressures acting on color pattern at a small geographic scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburd, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akopyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic isolation by distance underlies color pattern divergence in red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the sparsity of fitness functions and implications for learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitness functions map biological sequences to a scalar property of interest. Accurate estimation of these functions yields biological insight and sets the foundation for model-based sequence design. However, the amount of fitness data available to learn these functions is typically small relative to the large combinatorial space of sequences; characterizing how much data is needed for accurate estimation remains an open problem. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that empirical fitness functions display substantial sparsity when represented in terms of epistatic interactions. Moreover, the theory of Compressed Sensing provides scaling laws for the number of samples required to exactly recover a sparse function. Motivated by these results, we develop a framework to study the sparsity of fitness functions sampled from a generalization of the NK model, a widely-used random field model of fitness functions. In particular, we present results that allow us to test the effect of the Generalized NK (GNK) models interpretable parameters--sequence length, alphabet size, and assumed interactions between sequence positions--on the sparsity of fitness functions sampled from the model and, consequently, the number of measurements required to exactly recover these functions. We validate our framework by demonstrating that GNK models with parameters set according to structural considerations can be used to accurately approximate the number of samples required to recover two empirical protein fitness functions and an RNA fitness function. In addition, we show that these GNK models identify important higher-order epistatic interactions in the empirical fitness functions using only structural information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the sparsity of fitness functions and implications for learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular mechanism of load adaptation by branched actin networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branched actin networks are self-assembling molecular motors that move biological membranes and drive many important cellular processes. Load forces slow the growth and increase the density of these networks, but the molecular mechanisms governing this force response are not well understood. Here we use single-molecule imaging and AFM cantilever deflection to measure how applied forces affect each step in branched actin network assembly. Unexpectedly, force slows the rate of filament nucleation by promoting the interaction of nucleation promoting factors with actin filament ends, limiting branch formation. This inhibition is countered by an even larger force-induced drop in the rate of filament capping, resulting in a shift in the balance between nucleation and capping that increases network density. Remarkably, the force dependence of capping is identical to that of filament elongation because they require the same size gap to appear between the filament and load for insertion. These results provide direct evidence that Brownian Ratchets generate force and govern the load adaptation of branched actin networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieling, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichsel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular mechanism of load adaptation by branched actin networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere human genome, T2T-CHM13, enables exploration of the full epigenome, removing limitations previously imposed by the missing reference sequence. Existing epigenetic studies omit unassembled and unmappable genomic regions (e.g. centromeres, pericentromeres, acrocentric chromosome arms, subtelomeres, segmental duplications, tandem repeats). Leveraging the new assembly, we were able to measure enrichment of epigenetic marks with short reads using k-mer assisted mapping methods. This granted array-level enrichment information to characterize the epigenetic regulation of these satellite repeats. Using nanopore sequencing data, we generated base level maps of the most complete human methylome ever produced. We examined methylation patterns in satellite DNA and revealed organized patterns of methylation along individual molecules. When exploring the centromeric epigenome, we discovered a distinctive dip in centromere methylation consistent with active sites of kinetochore assembly. Through long-read chromatin accessibility measurements (nanoNOMe) paired to CUT&RUN data, we found the hypomethylated region was extremely inaccessible and paired to CENP-A/B binding. With long-reads we interrogated allele-specific, longrange epigenetic patterns in complex macro-satellite arrays such as those involved in X chromosome inactivation. Using the single molecule measurements we can clustered reads based on methylation status alone distinguishing epigenetically heterogeneous and homogeneous areas. The analysis provides a framework to investigate the most elusive regions of the human genome, applying both long and short-read technology to grant new insights into epigenetic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.443420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering improved Cas13 effectors for targeted post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas13 is a family of unique RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas effectors, making it an appealing tool for probing and perturbing RNA function. However only a few Cas13 homologs have been shown to mediate robust RNA targeting in human cells, suggesting that unknown elements may be limiting their efficacy. Furthermore, many Cas13 enzymes show high degrees of toxicity upon targeting and have not been shown to mediate specific knockdown in other cell types such as E. coli. Here, we show that catalytically inactive Cas13 enzymes can be repurposed for efficient translational repression in bacteria with no associated growth defects. To achieve this advance, we carried out a directed evolution screen to engineer functional Cas13a variants, and identified a number of stabilizing mutations, which enabled efficient post transcriptional knockdown of gene expression. In vitro characterization of the resulting engineered Lbu Cas13a mutant, termed eLbu, revealed both stabilization and altered cleavage kinetics. Finally, we show that eLbu can be used for efficient exon skipping in human cells. This work represents the first demonstration of targeted translational repression in E. coli using a CRISPR enzyme, as well as the first directed evolution of a Cas13 enzyme. Such a platform could allow for engineering other aspects of this protein family to obtain more robust RNA targeting tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering improved Cas13 effectors for targeted post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2001, Celera Genomics and the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published their initial drafts of the human genome, which revolutionized the field of genomics. While these drafts and the updates that followed effectively covered the euchromatic fraction of the genome, the heterochromatin and many other complex regions were left unfinished or erroneous. Addressing this remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium has finished the first truly complete 3.055 billion base pair (bp) sequence of a human genome, representing the largest improvement to the human reference genome since its initial release. The new T2T-CHM13 reference includes gapless assemblies for all 22 autosomes plus Chromosome X, corrects numerous errors, and introduces nearly 200 million bp of novel sequence containing 2,226 paralogous gene copies, 115 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The newly completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing unobserved cellular states from paired single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWNovel experimental assays now simultaneously measure lineage relationships and transcriptomic states from single cells, thanks to CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering. These multimodal measurements allow researchers not only to build comprehensive phylogenetic models relating all cells but also infer transcriptomic determinants of consequential subclonal behavior. The gene expression data, however, is limited to cells that are currently present ("leaves" of the phylogeny). As a consequence, researchers cannot form hypotheses about unobserved, or "ancestral", states that gave rise to the observed population. To address this, we introduce TreeVAE: a probabilistic framework for estimating ancestral transcriptional states. TreeVAE uses a variational autoencoder (VAE) to model the observed transcriptomic data while accounting for the phylogenetic relationships between cells. Using simulations, we demonstrate that TreeVAE outperforms benchmarks in reconstructing ancestral states on several metrics. TreeVAE also provides a measure of uncertainty, which we demonstrate to correlate well with its prediction accuracy. This estimate therefore potentially provides a data-driven way to estimate how far back in the ancestor chain predictions could be made. Finally, using real data from lung cancer metastasis, we show that accounting for phylogenetic relationship between cells improves goodness of fit. Together, TreeVAE provides a principled framework for reconstructing unobserved cellular states from single cell lineage tracing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouardini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing unobserved cellular states from paired single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Rates Are Not All the Same: The Interpretation of Computational Model Parameters Depends on the Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement Learning (RL) models have revolutionized the cognitive and brain sciences, promising to explain behavior from simple conditioning to complex problem solving, to shed light on developmental and individual differences, and to anchor cognitive processes in specific brain mechanisms. However, the RL literature increasingly reveals contradictory results, which might cast doubt on these claims. We hypothesized that many contradictions arise from two commonly-held assumptions about computational model parameters that are actually often invalid: That parameters generalize between contexts (e.g., tasks, models) and that they capture interpretable (i.e., unique, distinctive) neurocognitive processes. To test this, we asked 291 participants aged 8-30 years to complete three learning tasks in one experimental session, and fitted RL models to each. We found that some parameters (exploration / decision noise) showed significant generalization: they followed similar developmental trajectories, and were reciprocally predictive between tasks. However, generalization was significantly below ceiling. Furthermore, other parameters (learning rates, forgetting) did not show evidence of generalization, and sometimes even opposite developmental trajectories. Interpretability was low for all parameters. We conclude that the systematic study of context factors (e.g., reward stochasticity; task volatility) will be necessary to enhance the generalizability and interpretability of computational cognitive models.

HighlightsO_LIComputational cognitive modeling often makes two implicit assumptions: 1) Model parameters generalize between studies and models. 2) Parameters are interpretable, i.e., neurally, cognitively, and/or mechanistically specific.
C_LIO_LIWe empirically investigate these assumptions in Reinforcement Learning (RL), using a large developmental dataset featuring three different learning tasks in a within-participant design.
C_LIO_LIWe find that no parameters generalize between tasks in terms of absolute parameter values. However, RL decision noise/exploration parameters generalize in terms of between-participant variation, showing similar age trajectories across tasks. Interpretability was low for all parameters, especially those related to learning and memory.
C_LIO_LIEven for parameters that showed generalization, the degree of generalization was significantly lower than in an artificial sample with perfect generalization for most parameters, revealing a relative lack of generalization.
C_LIO_LIThese findings are in accordance with previous claims about the developmental trajectory of decision noise/exploration parameters, but suggest that claims about the development of learning rates or Forgetting might not be generalizable: these parameters are unlikely to capture the same neuro-cognitive processes across different tasks.
C_LIO_LIWe suggest ways forward to improve the generalizability and interpretability of model parameters, in particular by focusing more on task context.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Rates Are Not All the Same: The Interpretation of Computational Model Parameters Depends on the Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal, open-source, high-performance tool for automated sleep staging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The creation of a completely automated sleep-scoring system that is highly accurate, flexible, well validated, free and simple to use by anyone has yet to be accomplished. In part, this is due to the difficulty of use of existing algorithms, algorithms having been trained on too small samples, and paywall demotivation. Here we describe a novel algorithm trained and validated on +27,000 hours of polysomnographic sleep recordings across heterogeneous populations around the world. This tool offers high sleep-staging accuracy matching or exceeding human accuracy and interscorer agreement no matter the population kind. The software is easy to use, computationally low-demanding, open source, and free. Such software has the potential to facilitate broad adoption of automated sleep staging with the hope of becoming an industry standard.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal, open-source, high-performance tool for automated sleep staging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminal and central domains of CoV-2 nsp1 play key functional roles in suppression of cellular gene expression and preservation of viral gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) is the first viral protein synthesized during coronavirus (CoV) infection and is a key virulence factor that dampens the innate immune response. It restricts cellular gene expression through a combination of inhibiting translation by blocking the mRNA entry channel of the 40S ribosomal subunit and by promoting mRNA degradation. We performed a detailed structure-guided mutational analysis of CoV-2 nsp1 coupled with in vitro and cell-based functional assays, revealing insight into how it coordinates these activities against host but not viral mRNA. We found that residues in the N-terminal and central regions of nsp1 not involved in docking into the 40S mRNA entry channel nonetheless stabilize its association with the ribosome and mRNA, thereby enhancing its restriction of host gene expression. These residues are also critical for the ability of mRNA containing the CoV-2 leader sequence to escape translational repression. Notably, we identify CoV-2 nsp1 mutants that gain the ability to repress translation of viral leader-containing transcripts. These data support a model in which viral mRNA binding functionally alters the association of nsp1 with the ribosome, which has implications for drug targeting and understanding how engineered or emerging mutations in CoV-2 nsp1 could attenuate the virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Sanchez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminal and central domains of CoV-2 nsp1 play key functional roles in suppression of cellular gene expression and preservation of viral gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of polyamine transport by human ATP13A2 (PARK9) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyamines are small, organic polycations that are ubiquitous and essential to all forms of life. Currently, how polyamines are transported across membranes is not understood. Recent studies have suggested that ATP13A2 and its close homologs, collectively known as P5B-ATPases, are polyamine transporters at endo-/lysosomes. Loss-of-function mutations of ATP13A2 in humans cause hereditary early-onset Parkinsons disease. To understand the polyamine transport mechanism of ATP13A2, we determined high-resolution cryo-EM structures of human ATP13A2 in five distinct conformational intermediates, which together represent a near-complete transport cycle of ATP13A2. The structural basis of the polyamine specificity was revealed by an endogenous polyamine molecule bound to a narrow, elongated cavity within the transmembrane domain. The structures show an atypical transport path for a water-soluble substrate, where polyamines may exit within the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane. Our study provides important mechanistic insights into polyamine transport and a framework to understand functions and mechanisms of P5B-ATPases.

HighlightsCryo-EM structures of human ATP13A2 in five distinct conformations at 2.5-3.7 [A] resolutions.

Unique features of ATP13A2 in comparison to other P-type ATPases.

Structure of the substrate-binding pocket of ATP13A2 and the molecular basis of polyamine binding.

Conformational changes along the transport cycle and proposed model for polyamine transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Bülow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of polyamine transport by human ATP13A2 (PARK9)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global, large-scale surveys of phylogenetically diverse plant and lichen hosts have revealed an extremely high richness of endophytes in the Xylariales, one of the largest clades of filamentous fungi and a significant source of novel secondary metabolites (SMs). Endophytes may produce host protective antimicrobial or insecticidal SMs, as well as compounds that facilitate symbiotic establishment through suppression or degradation of host immune response, but the ecological roles of most SMs are unknown. Here we characterized metabolic gene clusters in 96 genomes of endophytes and closely related saprotrophs and pathogens in two clades of Xylariales (Xylariaceae s.l. and Hypoxylaceae). Hundreds of genes appear horizontally transferred to xylarialean fungi from distantly related fungi and bacteria, including numerous genes in secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs). Although all xylarialean genomes contain hyperabundant SMGCs, we show that increased gene duplications, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs), and SMGC content in Xylariaceae s.l. taxa are linked to greater phylogenetic host breadth, larger biogeographic distributions, and increased capacity for lignocellulose decomposition compared to Hypoxylaceae taxa. Overall, our results suggest that xylarialean endophytes capable of dual ecological modes (symbiotic and saprotrophic) experience greater selection to diversify SMGCs to both increase competitiveness within microbial communities and facilitate diverse symbiotic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, M. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slot, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrendt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreopoulos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaButti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangilinan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keymanesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youens-Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutzoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miadlikowska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastwood, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamelin, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>U'Ren, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary metabolism drives ecological breadth in the Xylariaceae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prepubertal ovariectomy alters dorsomedial striatum indirect pathway neuron excitability and explore/exploit balance in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decision-making circuits are modulated across life stages (e.g. juvenile, adolescent, or adult)--as well as on the shorter timescale of reproductive cycles in females--to meet changing environmental and physiological demands. Ovarian hormonal modulation of relevant neural circuits is a potential mechanism by which behavioral flexibility is regulated in females. Here we examined the influence of prepubertal ovariectomy (pOVX) versus sham surgery on performance in an odor-based multiple choice reversal task. We observed that pOVX females made different types of errors during reversal learning compared to sham surgery controls. Using reinforcement learning models fit to trial-by-trial behavior, we found that pOVX females exhibited lower inverse temperature parameter ({beta}) compared to sham females. These findings suggest that OVX females solve the reversal task using a more exploratory choice policy, whereas sham females use a more exploitative policy prioritizing estimated high value options. To seek a neural correlate of this behavioral difference, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings within the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region implicated in regulating action selection and explore/exploit choice policy. We found that the intrinsic excitability of dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) expressing indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) was significantly higher in pOVX females compared to both unmanipulated and sham surgery females. Finally, to test whether mimicking this increase in iSPN excitability could recapitulate the pattern of reversal task behavior observed in pOVX females, we chemogenetically activated DMS D2R(+) neurons within intact female mice. We found that chemogenetic activation increased exploratory choice during reversal, similar to the pattern we observed in pOVX females. Together, these data suggest that pubertal status may influence explore/exploit balance in females via the modulation of iSPN intrinsic excitability within the DMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prepubertal ovariectomy alters dorsomedial striatum indirect pathway neuron excitability and explore/exploit balance in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating sources of technical variability in the mechano-node-pore sensing pipeline and their effect on the reproducibility of single-cell mechanical phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular mechanical properties can reveal physiologically relevant characteristics in many cell types, and several groups have developed microfluidics-based platforms to perform single-cell mechanical testing with high throughput. However, prior work has performed only limited characterization of these platforms technical variability and reproducibility. Here, we evaluate the repeatability performance of mechano-node-pore sensing, which is a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform developed by our research group. We measured the degree to which device-to-device variability and semi-manual data processing affected this platforms measurements of single-cell mechanical properties, and we demonstrated high repeatability across the entire technology pipeline even for novice users. We then compared results from identical mechano-node-pore sensing experiments performed by researchers in two different labs with different analytical instruments, demonstrating that the mechanical testing results from these two locations are in agreement. Our findings quantify the expectation of technical variability in mechano-node-pore sensing even in minimally experienced hands. Most importantly, we find that the repeatability performance we measured is fully sufficient for interpreting biologically relevant single-cell mechanical measurements with high confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotner, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBarge, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating sources of technical variability in the mechano-node-pore sensing pipeline and their effect on the reproducibility of single-cell mechanical phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable element accumulation drives size differences among polymorphic Y chromosomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Y chromosomes of many species are gene poor and show low levels of nucleotide variation, yet often display high amounts of structural diversity. Dobzhansky cataloged several morphologically distinct Y chromosomes in Drosophila pseudoobscura that differ in size and shape, but the molecular causes of their dramatic size differences are unclear. Here we use cytogenetics and long-read sequencing to study the sequence content of polymorphic Y chromosomes in D. pseudoobscura. We show that Y chromosomes differ by almost 2-fold in size, ranging from 30 to 60 Mb. Most of this size difference is caused by a handful of active transposable elements (TEs) that have recently expanded on the largest Y chromosome, with different elements being responsible for Y expansion on differently sized D. pseudoobscura Ys. We show that Y chromosomes differ in their heterochromatin enrichment, expression of Y-enriched TEs, and also influence expression of dozens of autosomal and X-linked genes. Intriguingly, the same helitron element that showed the most drastic amplification on the largest Y in D. pseudoobscura independently amplified on a polymorphic large Y chromosome in D. affinis, suggesting that some TEs are inherently more prone to become deregulated on Y chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable element accumulation drives size differences among polymorphic Y chromosomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Klf5 establishes bi-potential cell fate by dual regulation of ICM and TE specification genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early blastomeres of mouse preimplantation embryos exhibit bi-potential cell fate, capable of generating both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages in blastocysts. Here, we identified three major 2 cell (2C) specific endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) as the molecular hallmark of the bi-potential plasticity. Using the LTRs of all three 2C-ERVs, we identified Klf5 as their major upstream regulator. Klf5 is essential for bi-potential cell fate: a single Klf5-overexpressing ESC generated terminally differentiated embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages in chimeric embryos, and Klf5 directly induces both ICM and TE specification genes. Intriguingly, Klf5 and Klf4 act redundantly during ICM specification, whereas Klf5 deficiency alone impairs TE specification. Klf5 is regulated by multiple 2C-specific transcription factors, particularly Dux, and the Dux/Klf5 axis is evolutionarily conserved. Altogether, the 2C-specific transcription program converges on Klf5 to establish bi-potential cell fate, enabling a cell state with dual activation of ICM and TE genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinisu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Klf5 establishes bi-potential cell fate by dual regulation of ICM and TE specification genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Western Amazon was a center of Neotropical fish dispersal, as evidenced by the continental-wide time-stratified biogeographic analysis of the hyper-diverse Hypostomus catfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amazon is probably the most diverse realm on Earth, and is considered to be the primary source of diversity and a center of dispersal for Neotropical terrestrial organisms. Yet, the assumption that the Amazon basin is a primordial place of fish species origination and dispersal into other drainages still need to be tested. We addressed this issue by inferring a time-stratified biogeographic history and reconstructing the ancestral habitat preference of Hypostomus, a continentally widespread and species-rich Neotropical genus. We found that Hypostomus emerged in the Western Amazon ([~]14.7 Ma), when the Western Amazon River was flowing northwards and disconnected from the Eastern Amazon. We show that dispersal events in the first half of Hypostomus evolution occurred from the Western Amazon into adjacent basins, initiating its Neotropical radiation. The ancestral preferred habitat consisted in small rivers with running waters, a predominant habitat in river headwaters. Because of strong niche conservatism in the early evolution of Hypostomus, we suggest that most of the out-of-Western-Amazon dispersal occurred via headwater captures. The radiation of Hypostomus was further promoted by major reconfigurations of river basins, which opened dispersal opportunities into new drainages. Diversification in habitat preference coincided with colonization of basins already occupied by congenerics, indicative of niche shifts triggered by inter-specific competition and species coexistence. By analyzing the evolutionary history of Hypostomus, we show that Western Amazon was the main center of fish dispersal in the Neotropical Region from Middle Miocene to the present, supporting the cradle hypothesis of fish origination and dispersal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jardim de Queiroz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahechar, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parente, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrente-Vilara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckup, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya-Burgos, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Western Amazon was a center of Neotropical fish dispersal, as evidenced by the continental-wide time-stratified biogeographic analysis of the hyper-diverse Hypostomus catfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volume growth in animal cells is cell cycle dependent and shows additive fluctuations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The way proliferating animal cells coordinate the growth of their mass, volume, and other relevant size parameters is a long-standing question in biology. Studies focusing on cell mass have identified patterns of mass growth as a function of time and cell cycle phase, but little is known about volume growth. To address this question, we improved our fluorescence exclusion method of volume measurement (FXm) and obtained 1700 single-cell volume growth trajectories of HeLa cells. We find that, during most of the cell cycle, volume growth is close to exponential and proceeds at a higher rate in S-G2 than in G1. Comparing the data with a mathematical model, we establish that the cell-to-cell variability in volume growth arises from constant-amplitude fluctuations in volume steps, rather than fluctuations of the underlying specific growth rate. We hypothesize that such "additive noise" could emerge from the processes that regulate volume adaptation to biophysical cues, such as tension or osmotic pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagomarsino, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volume growth in animal cells is cell cycle dependent and shows additive fluctuations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA Allele Imputation with Multitask Deep Convolutional Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe Human leukgocyte antigen (HLA) system is a highly polymorphic gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans. HLA alleles are of strong epidemiological interest for their large effect sizes in associations with autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, severe drug reactions, and transplant medicine. Since HLA genotyping can be time-consuming and cost-prohibitive, methods to impute HLA alleles from SNP genotype data have been developed, including HLA Genotype Imputation with Attribute Bagging (HIBAG), HLA*IMP:02, and SNP2HLA. However, limitations of these imputation programs include imputation accuracy, computational runtime, and ability to impute HLA allele haplotypes.

ResultsWe present a deep learning framework for HLA allele imputation using a multitask convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. In this approach, we use phased SNP genotype data flanking {+/-}250 kb from each HLA locus to simultaneously impute HLA allele haplotyes across loci HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, -DPB1, and -DRB1. We start by tokenizing phased genotype sequences into k-mers that serve as input to the model. The CNN architecture starts with a shared embedding layer for learning low-dimensional representations of k-mers, shared convolutional layers for detecting genotype motifs, and branches off into separate densely-connected layers for imputing each HLA loci. We present evidence that the CNN used information from known tag SNPs to impute HLA alleles, and demonstrate the architecture is robust against a selection of hyperparameters. On the T1DGC dataset, our model achieved 97.6% imputation accuracy, which was superior to SNP2HLAs performance and comparable to HIBAGs performance. However, unlike HIBAG, our method can impute an entire HLA haplotype sequence instead of imputing one locus at a time. Additionally, by separating the training and inference steps, our imputation program provides user flexibility to reduce usage time.

AvailabilityThe source code is available at https://github.com/CalvinTChi/HLA_imputation

Contactcalvin.chi@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.447012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA Allele Imputation with Multitask Deep Convolutional Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.446577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying charismatic bird species and traits with community science observations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.446577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWIdentifying which species are perceived as charismatic can improve the impact and efficiency of conservation outreach, as charismatic species receive more conservation funding and have their conservation needs prioritized (9; 17; 13). Sociological experiments studying animal charisma have relied on stated preferences to find correlations between hypothetical "willingness to pay" or "empathy" for a species conservation and species size, color, and aesthetic appeal (51; 13; 16). Recognizing the increasing availability of digital records of public engagement with animals that reveal preferences, an emerging field of "culturomics" uses Google search results, Wikipedia article activities, and other digital modes of engagement to identify charismatic species and traits (46; 31; 10; 41). In this study, we take advantage of community science efforts as another form of digital data that can reveal observer preferences. We apply a multi-stage analysis to ask whether opportunistic birders contributing to iNaturalist engage more with larger, more colorful, and rarer birds relative to a baseline, from eBird contributors, approximating unbiased detection. We find that body mass, color contrast, and range size all predict over-representation in the opportunistic dataset. We also find evidence that, across 473 modeled species, 52 species are significantly overreported and 158 are significantly underreported, indicating a wide variety of species-specific effects. Understanding which birds are charismatic can aid conservationists in creating impactful outreach materials and engaging new naturalists. The quantified differences between two prominent community science efforts may also be of use for researchers leveraging the data from one or both of them to answer scientific questions of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoudt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Valpine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.446577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying charismatic bird species and traits with community science observations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitome: Predicting epigenetic events in novel cell types with multi-cell deep ensemble learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of large epigenomics data consortiums provides us with the opportunity to extrapolate existing knowledge to new cell types and conditions. We propose Epitome, a deep neural network that learns similarities of chromatin accessibility between well characterized reference cell types and a query cellular context, and copies over signal of transcription factor binding and modification of histones from reference cell types when chromatin profiles are similar to the query. Epitome achieves state-of-the-art accuracy when predicting transcription factor binding sites on novel cellular contexts, and can further improve predictions as more epigenetic signals are collected from both reference cell types and the query cellular context of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrow, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitome: Predicting epigenetic events in novel cell types with multi-cell deep ensemble learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and Automated CRISPR-Based Strain Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a droplet-based microfluidic system that enables CRISPR-based gene editing and high-throughput screening on chip. The microfluidic device contains a 10 x 10 element array, each element containing sets of electrodes for two electric field actuated operations-electrowetting for merging droplets to mix reagents and electroporation for transformation. It can perform up to 100 genetic modifications in parallel, providing a scalable platform for generating the large number of engineered strains required for combinatorial optimization of genetic pathways and predictable bioengineering. We demonstrate the systems capabilities through CRISPR-based engineering of two test cases-1) disruption of the function of enzyme galactokinase (galK) in E. coli and 2) targeted engineering of glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) and blue-pigment synthetase (bpsA) enzyme to improve indigoidine production in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sustarich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and Automated CRISPR-Based Strain Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in our understanding of the translational  vocabulary of the human genome, discovering thousands of translated open reading frames (ORFs) within long non-coding RNAs and presumed untranslated regions of protein-coding genes. However, reference gene annotation projects have been circumspect in their incorporation of these ORFs due to uncertainties about their experimental reproducibility and physiological roles. Yet, it is indisputable that certain Ribo-seq ORFs make stable proteins, others mediate gene regulation, and many have medical implications. Ultimately, the absence of standardized ORF annotation has created a circular problem: while Ribo-seq ORFs remain unannotated by reference biological databases, this lack of characterisation will thwart research efforts examining their roles. Here, we outline the initial stages of a community-led effort supported by GENCODE / Ensembl, HGNC and UniProt to produce a consolidated catalog of human Ribo-seq ORFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Orera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prensner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranov, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couso, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menschaert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roucou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consciousness is supported by near-critical cortical electrodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that during conscious states, the electrodynamics of the cortex are poised near a critical point or phase transition, and that this near-critical behavior supports the vast flow of information through cortical networks during conscious states. Here, for the first time, we empirically identify the specific critical point near which conscious cortical dynamics operate as the edge-of-chaos critical point, or the boundary between periodicity/stability and chaos/instability. We do so by applying the recently developed modified 0-1 chaos test to electrocorticography (ECoG) and magne-toencephalography (MEG) recordings from the cortices of humans and macaques across normal waking, generalized seizure, GABAergic anesthesia, and psychedelic states. Our evidence suggests that cortical information processing is disrupted during unconscious states because of a transition of cortical dynamics away from this critical point; conversely, we show that psychedelics may increase the information-richness of cortical activity by tuning cortical electrodynamics closer to this critical point. Finally, we analyze clinical electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), and show that assessing the proximity of cortical electrodynamics to the edge-of-chaos critical point may be clinically useful as a new biomarker of consciousness.

Significance StatementWhat changes in the brain when we lose consciousness? One possibility is that the loss of consciousness corresponds to a transition of the brains electric activity away from edge-of-chaos criticality, or the knifes edge in between stability and chaos. Recent mathematical developments have produced novel tools for testing this hypothesis, which we apply for the first time to cortical recordings from diverse brain states. We show that the electric activity of the cortex is indeed poised near the boundary between stability and chaos during conscious states and transitions away from this boundary during unconsciousness, and that this transition disrupts cortical information processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohlich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumaraswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vespa, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consciousness is supported by near-critical cortical electrodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foundational principles of Darwinian evolution are variation, selection, and identity by descent. Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common event, driving aggressive tumour growth, drug resistance, and shorter survival in patients1-4. Currently, the impact of non-chromosomal oncogene inheritance--random identity by descent--is not well understood. Neither is the impact of ecDNA on variation and selection. Here, integrating mathematical modeling, unbiased image analysis, CRISPR-based ecDNA tagging, and live-cell imaging, we identify a set of basic "rules" for how random ecDNA inheritance drives oncogene copy number and distribution, resulting in extensive intratumoural ecDNA copy number heterogeneity and rapid adaptation to metabolic stress and targeted cancer treatment. Observed ecDNAs obligatorily benefit host cell survival or growth and can change within a single cell cycle. In studies ranging from well-curated, patient-derived cancer cell cultures to clinical tumour samples from patients with glioblastoma and neuroblastoma treated with oncogene-targeted drugs, we show how these ecDNA inheritance "rules" can predict, a priori, some of the aggressive features of ecDNA-containing cancers. These properties are entailed by their ability to rapidly change their genomes in a way that is not possible for cancers driven by chromosomal oncogene amplification. These results shed new light on how the non-chromosomal random inheritance pattern of ecDNA underlies poor outcomes for cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichugin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.447968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterdiabatic control of biophysical processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biochemical reaction networks that regulate living systems are all stochastic to varying degrees. The resulting randomness affects biological outcomes at multiple scales, from the functional states of single proteins in a cell to the evolutionary trajectory of whole populations. Controlling how the distribution of these outcomes changes over time--via external interventions like time-varying concentrations of chemical species--is a complex challenge. In this work, we show how counterdiabatic (CD) driving, first developed to control quantum systems, provides a versatile tool for steering biological processes. We develop a practical graph-theoretic framework for CD driving in discrete-state continuous-time Markov networks. Though CD driving is limited to target trajectories that are instantaneous stationary states, we show how to generalize the approach to allow for non-stationary targets and local control--where only a subset of system states are targeted. The latter is particularly useful for biological implementations where there may be only a small number of available external control knobs, insufficient for global control. We derive simple graphical criteria for when local versus global control is possible. Finally, we illustrate the formalism with global control of a genetic regulatory switch and local control in chaperone-assisted protein folding. The derived control protocols in the chaperone system closely resemble natural control strategies seen in experimental measurements of heat shock response in yeast and E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güngör, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.448255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterdiabatic control of biophysical processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's Ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruptions to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, essential cofactors for a broad range of proteins, cause widespread cellular defects resulting in human disease. An underappreciated source of damage to Fe-S clusters are cuprous (Cu1+) ions. Since histone H3 enzymatically produces Cu1+ to support copper-dependent functions, we asked whether this activity could become detrimental to Fe-S clusters. Here, we report that histone H3-mediated Cu1+ toxicity is a major determinant of cellular Fe-S cluster quotient. Inadequate Fe-S cluster supply, either due to diminished assembly as occurs in Friedreichs Ataxia or defective distribution, causes severe metabolic and growth defects in S. cerevisiae. Decreasing Cu1+ abundance, through attenuation of histone cupric reductase activity or depletion of total cellular copper, restored Fe-S cluster-dependent metabolism and growth. Our findings reveal a novel interplay between chromatin and mitochondria in Fe-S cluster homeostasis, and a potential pathogenic role for histone enzyme activity and Cu1+ in diseases with Fe-S cluster dysfunction.

TeaserReduction of Cu1+ production by histone H3 restores cellular deficiencies caused by insufficient supply of iron-sulfur clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallipeddi, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurdistani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's Ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing between genetic, environmental, and genotype-by-environment effects is central to understanding geographic variation in phenotypic clines. Two of the best-documented phenotypic clines are Bergmanns rule and Allens rule, which describe larger body sizes and shortened extremities in colder climates, respectively. Although numerous studies have found inter- and intraspecific evidence for both ecogeographic patterns, we still have a poor understanding of the extent to which these patterns are driven by genetics, environment, or both. Here, we measured the genetic and environmental contributions to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule across introduced populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in the Americas. First, we documented clines for body mass, tail length, and ear length in natural populations, and found that these conform to both Bergmanns rule and Allens rule. We then raised descendants of wild-caught mice in the lab and showed that these differences persisted in a common environment and are heritable, indicating that they have a genetic basis. Finally, using a full-sib design, we reared mice under warm and cold conditions. We found very little plasticity associated with body size, suggesting that Bergmanns rule has been shaped by strong directional selection in house mice. However, extremities showed considerable plasticity, as both tails and ears grew shorter in cold environments. These results indicate that adaptive phenotypic plasticity as well as genetic changes underlie major patterns of clinal variation in house mice and likely facilitated their rapid expansion into new environments across the Americas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of genetic and environmental effects to Bergmanns rule and Allens rule in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teaching Python for Data Science: Collaborative development of a modular & interactive curriculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are bioinformatics trainees at the University of Michigan who started a local chapter of Girls Who Code to provide a fun and supportive environment for high school women to learn the power of coding. Our goal was to cover basic coding topics and data science concepts through live coding and hands-on practice. However, we could not find a resource that exactly met our needs. Therefore, over the past three years, we have developed a curriculum and instructional format using Jupyter notebooks to effectively teach introductory Python for data science. This method, inspired by The Carpentries organization, uses bite-sized lessons followed by independent practice time to reinforce coding concepts, and culminates in a data science capstone project using real-world data. We believe our open curriculum is a valuable resource to the wider education community and hope that educators will use and improve our lessons, practice problems, and teaching best practices. Anyone can contribute to our educational materials on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sovacool, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzaneh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oneka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drotos, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woloshin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiede, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolford, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teaching Python for Data Science: Collaborative development of a modular & interactive curriculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-Dependent Warping of Semantic Representations During Search for Visual Action Categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Object and action perception in cluttered dynamic natural scenes relies on efficient allocation of limited brain resources to prioritize the attended targets over distractors. It has been suggested that during visual search for objects, distributed semantic representation of hundreds of object categories is warped to expand the representation of targets. Yet, little is known about whether and where in the brain visual search for action categories modulates semantic representations. To address this fundamental question, we studied human brain activity recorded via functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects viewed natural movies and searched for either communication or locomotion actions. We find that attention directed to action categories elicits tuning shifts that warp semantic representations broadly across neocortex, and that these shifts interact with intrinsic selectivity of cortical voxels for target actions. These results suggest that attention serves to facilitate task performance during social interactions by dynamically shifting semantic selectivity towards target actions, and that tuning shifts are a general feature of conceptual representations in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahdloo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urgen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cukur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-Dependent Warping of Semantic Representations During Search for Visual Action Categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing platforms combined with supervised machine learning (ML) have been effective at detecting base modifications in DNA such as 5mC and 6mA. These ML-based nanopore callers have typically been trained on data that span all modifications on all possible DNA k-mer backgrounds--a complete training dataset. However, as nanopore technology is pushed to more and more epigenetic modifications, such complete training data will not be feasible to obtain. Nanopore calling has historically been performed with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) that cannot make successful calls for k-mer contexts not seen during training because of their independent emission distributions. However, deep neural networks (DNNs), which share parameters across contexts, are increasingly being used as callers, often outperforming their HMM cousins. It stands to reason that a DNN approach should be able to better generalize to unseen k-mer contexts. Indeed, herein we demonstrate that a common DNN approach (DeepSignal) outperforms a common HMM approach (Nanopolish) in the incomplete data setting. Furthermore, we propose a novel hybrid HMM-DNN approach, Amortized-HMM, that outperforms both the pure HMM and DNN approaches on 5mC calling when the training data are incomplete. Such an approach is expected to be useful for calling 5hmC and combinations of cytosine modifications, where complete training data are not likely to be available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D structure and in situ arrangements of CatSper channel in the sperm flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sperm calcium channel CatSper plays a central role in successful fertilization as a primary Ca2+ gateway into the sperm flagellum. However, CatSpers complex subunit composition has impeded its reconstitution in vitro and structural elucidation. Here, we applied cryo-electron tomography to visualize the macromolecular organization of the native CatSper channel complex in intact mammalian sperm, as well as identified three additional CatSper-associated proteins. The repeating CatSper units form long zigzag-rows in four nanodomains along the flagella. In both mouse and human sperm, each CatSper repeat consists of a tetrameric pore complex. Murine CatSper contains an additional outwardly directed wing-structure connected to the tetrameric channel. The majority of the extracellular domains form a canopy above each pore-forming channel that interconnects to a zigzag-shaped roof. The intracellular domains link two neighboring channel complexes to a diagonal array. The loss of this intracellular link in Efcab9-/- sperm distorts the longitudinally aligned zigzag pattern and compromises flagellar movement. This work offers unique insights into the mechanisms underlying the assembly and transport of the CatSper complex to generate the nanodomains and provides a long-sought structural basis for understanding CatSper function in the regulation of sperm motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesehoefer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reetz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennemuth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.448910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D structure and in situ arrangements of CatSper channel in the sperm flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised Learning Model Predicts Protein Adsorption to Nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered nanoparticles are advantageous for numerous biotechnology applications, including biomolecular sensing and delivery. However, testing the compatibility and function of nanotechnologies in biological systems requires a heuristic approach, where unpredictable biofouling via protein corona formation often prevents effective implementation. Moreover, rational design of biomolecule-nanoparticle conjugates requires prior knowledge of such interactions or extensive experimental testing. Toward better applying engineered nanoparticles in biological systems, herein, we develop a random forest classifier (RFC) trained with proteomic mass spectrometry data that identifies proteins that adsorb to nanoparticles, based solely on the proteins amino acid sequence. We model proteins that populate the corona of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based optical nanosensor and study whether there is a relationship between the proteins amino acid-based properties and the proteins adsorption to SWCNTs. We optimize the classifier and characterize the classifier performance against other models. To evaluate the predictive power of our model, we apply the classifier to rapidly identify proteins with high binding affinity to SWCNTs, followed by experimental validation. We further determine protein features associated with increased likelihood of SWCNT binding: high content of solvent-exposed glycine residues and non-secondary structure-associated amino acids. Conversely, proteins with high content of leucine residues and beta-sheet-associated amino acids are less likely to form the SWCNT protein corona. The classifier presented herein provides a step toward undertaking the otherwise intractable problem of predicting protein-nanoparticle interactions, which is needed for more rapid and effective translation of nanobiotechnologies from in vitro synthesis to in vivo use.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=66 SRC="FIGDIR/small/449132v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouassil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.449132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised Learning Model Predicts Protein Adsorption to Nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic cell cycle progression requires adaptation to a constitutive DNA damage signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic chromosome segregation relies on synapsis and crossover recombination between homologous chromosomes. These processes require multiple steps that are coordinated by the meiotic cell cycle and monitored by surveillance mechanisms. In diverse species, failures in chromosome synapsis can trigger a cell cycle delay and/or lead to apoptosis. How this key step in "homolog engagement" is sensed and transduced by meiotic cells is unknown. Here we report that in C. elegans, recruitment of the Polo-like kinase PLK-2 to the synaptonemal complex triggers phosphorylation and inactivation of CHK-2, an early meiotic kinase required for pairing, synapsis, and double-strand break induction. Inactivation of CHK-2 ends double-strand break formation and promotes crossover designation and cell cycle progression. These findings illuminate how meiotic cells ensure crossover formation and accurate chromosome segregation.

SummaryAccurate chromosome segregation during meiosis requires crossovers between each pair of homologs. Zhang et al. show that meiotic progression in C. elegans involves inactivation of CHK-2 by PLK-2 in response to synapsis and formation of crossover precursors on all chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziesel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic cell cycle progression requires adaptation to a constitutive DNA damage signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a potential cost of synchronous nesting in olive ridley sea turtles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea, exhibit a polymorphic reproductive behaviour nesting in solitary or in mass aggregations termed "arribadas", where thousands of turtles nest at once. Arribadas may provide fitness benefits including mate finding during nearshore aggregations and predator satiation at the time of hatching, but the potential costs of arribada nesting remain understudied. To explore the potential trade-offs of the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting, we collected blood from olive ridley turtles nesting in arribada and solitary. We measured reproductive and metabolic hormones (progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine), triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and markers of oxidative damage (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, and nitrotyrosine). Arribada nesters were bigger and had higher levels of progesterone than solitary nesters. Similarly, thyroid hormones were higher in individuals nesting in arribada than in solitary nesters, while TG and NEFA were positively correlated in arribada but not in solitary nesters. Nesting in arribada was associated with increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls compared to solitary nesting. These results suggest that nesting in arribada is potentially more energetically expensive than nesting solitarily, and that oxidative stress may be a trade-off of the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arango, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harfush-Melendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensminger, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Reyes, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmolejo-Valencia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant-Larios, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Medina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative stress is a potential cost of synchronous nesting in olive ridley sea turtles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the cost of pharmaceutical purification for a long-duration space exploration medical foundry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are medical treatment vulnerabilities in longer-duration space missions present in the current International Space Station crew health care system with risks, arising from spaceflight-accelerated pharmaceutical degradation and resupply lag times. Bioregenerative life support systems may be a way to close this risk gap by leveraging in situ resource utilization (ISRU) to perform pharmaceutical synthesis and purification. Recent literature has begun to consider biological ISRU using microbes and plants as the basis for pharmaceutical life support technologies. However, there has not yet been a rigorous analysis of the processing and quality systems required to implement biologically-produced pharmaceuticals for human medical treatment. In this work, we use the equivalent system mass (ESM) metric to evaluate pharmaceutical purification processing strategies for longer-duration space exploration missions. Monoclonal antibodies, representing a diverse therapeutic platform capable of treating multiple space-relevant disease states, were selected as the target products for this analysis. We investigate the ESM resource costs (mass, volume, power, cooling, and crew time) of an affinity-based capture step for monoclonal antibody purification as a test case within a manned Mars mission architecture. We compare six technologies (three biotic capture methods and three abiotic capture methods), optimize scheduling to minimize ESM for each technology, and perform scenario analysis to consider a range of input stream compositions and pharmaceutical demand. We also compare the base case ESM to scenarios of alternative mission configuration, equipment models, and technology reusability. Throughout the analyses, we identify key areas for development of pharmaceutical life support technology and improvement of the ESM framework for assessment of bioregenerative life support technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNulty, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berliner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negulescu, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the cost of pharmaceutical purification for a long-duration space exploration medical foundry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climatic niche conservatism shapes the ecological assembly of Hawaiian arthropod communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial variation in climatic conditions along elevation gradients provides an important backdrop by which communities assemble and diversify. Lowland habitats tend to be connected through time, whereas highlands can be continuously or periodically isolated, conditions that have been hypothesized to promote high levels of species endemism. This tendency is expected to be accentuated among taxa that show niche conservatism within a given climatic envelope. While species distribution modeling approaches have allowed extensive exploration of niche conservatism among target taxa, a broad understanding of the phenomenon requires sampling of entire communities. Species-rich groups such as arthropods are ideal case studies for understanding ecological and biodiversity dynamics along elevational gradients given their important functional role in many ecosystems, but community-level studies have been limited due to their tremendous diversity. Here, we develop a novel semi-quantitative metabarcoding approach that combines specimen counts and size-sorting to characterize arthropod community-level diversity patterns along two elevational gradients across two volcanoes on the island of Hawai i. We find that arthropod communities between the two transects become increasingly distinct compositionally at higher elevations. Resistance surface approaches suggest that climatic differences between sampling localities are an important driver in shaping beta-diversity patterns, though the relative importance of climate varies across taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the climatic niche position of OTUs between transects was highly correlated, suggesting that climatic filters shape the colonization between adjacent volcanoes. Taken together, our results highlight climatic niche conservatism as an important factor shaping ecological assembly along elevational gradients and suggest topographic complexity as an important driver of diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noriyuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmari, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climatic niche conservatism shapes the ecological assembly of Hawaiian arthropod communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Evolution of AAV Targeting Primate Retina by Intravitreal Injection Identifies R100, a Variant Demonstrating Robust Gene Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted AAV vectors are needed for safe and efficient delivery to and transduction of specific tissue target(s) in patients. Effective intravitreal delivery for retina gene therapy is not feasible with wildtype AAV. We employed directed evolution in nonhuman primates (NHP) to discover an AAV variant (R100) for intravitreal treatment of multiple target cells in the primate retina. R100 demonstrated superior transduction of human retinal cells compared to wildtype AAV. Furthermore, three R100-based gene therapeutics demonstrated safety, delivery, and durable pan-retinal expression of intracellular or secreted transgenes throughout the NHP retina following intravitreal administration. Finally, efficacy of R100-mediated delivery of therapeutic transgenes was demonstrated in patient-derived retinal cells (monogenic diseases) and in an NHP model of pathogenic retinal angiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotterman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beliakoff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croze, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barglow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirn, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Evolution of AAV Targeting Primate Retina by Intravitreal Injection Identifies R100, a Variant Demonstrating Robust Gene Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient tagging and purification of endogenous proteins for structural studies by single particle cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major bottleneck in structural biology is producing biologically relevant samples at sufficient quantities. This is particularly true for large protein assemblies where conventional techniques of gene overexpression require substantial optimization, hampering structural studies and drug development efforts. Here we describe a method combining CRISPR/Cas gene editing and fluorescence cell sorting to rapidly tag and purify endogenous human proteins from cell lines, enabling structural analysis of native proteins that are properly folded and assembled. We applied this approach to study the human proteasome from HEK cells and rapidly determined structures of major proteasomal complexes. Structures of the PA28-20S complex reveal the native subunit stoichiometry of PA28 and a distinct functional state of the complex. The efficient strategy for tagging and extracting endogenous proteins described here will enable the structural study of many challenging targets and provide more biologically relevant samples for research and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhija, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient tagging and purification of endogenous proteins for structural studies by single particle cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroscale structural changes of thylakoid architecture during high light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.450046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoprotection mechanisms are ubiquitous among photosynthetic organisms. The photoprotection capacity of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is correlated with protein levels of stress-related light-harvesting complex (LHCSR) proteins, which are strongly induced by high light (HL). However, the dynamic response of overall thylakoid structure during acclimation to growth in HL has not been characterized. Here, we combined live-cell super-resolution microscopy and analytical membrane subfractionation to investigate macroscale structural changes of thylakoid membranes during HL acclimation in C. reinhardtii. Subdiffraction-resolution bioimaging revealed that overall thylakoid structures became thinned and shrunken during HL acclimation. The stromal space around the pyrenoid also became enlarged. Analytical density-dependent membrane fractionation indicated that the structural changes were partly a consequence of membrane unstacking. The analysis of both an LHCSR loss-of-function mutant, npq4 lhcsr1, and a regulatory mutant that over-expresses LHCSR, spa1-1, showed that structural changes occurred independently of LHCSR protein levels, demonstrating that LHCSR was neither necessary nor sufficient to induce the thylakoid structural changes associated with HL acclimation. In contrast, stt7-9, a mutant lacking a kinase of major light-harvesting antenna proteins, had a distinct thylakoid structural response during HL acclimation relative to all other lines tested. Thus, while LHCSR and the antenna protein phosphorylation are core features of HL acclimation, it appears that only the latter acts as a determinant for thylakoid structural rearrangements. These results indicate that two independent mechanisms occur simultaneously to cope with HL conditions. Possible scenarios for HL-induced thylakoid structural changes are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.26.450046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroscale structural changes of thylakoid architecture during high light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly provides force for a multitude of cellular processes. Compared to actin assembly- based force production during cell migration, relatively little is understood about how actin assembly generates pulling forces for vesicle formation. Here, cryo-electron tomography revealed actin filament number, organization, and orientation during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells, showing that force generation is robust despite variance in network organization. Actin dynamics simulations incorporating a measured branch angle indicate that sufficient force to drive membrane internalization is generated through polymerization, and that assembly is triggered from [~]4 founding "mother" filaments, consistent with tomography data. Hip1R actin filament anchoring points are present along the entire endocytic invagination, where simulations show that it is key to pulling force generation, and along the neck, where it targets filament growth and makes internalization more robust. Actin cytoskeleton organization described here allowed direct translation of structure to mechanism with broad implications for other actin-driven processes.

Highlights- Filament anchorage points are key to pulling force generation and efficiency.
- Native state description of CME-associated actin force-producing networks.
- Branched actin filament assembly is triggered from multiple mother filaments.
- Actin force production is robust despite considerable network variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegesna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel genetic changes underlie integrated craniofacial traits in an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many factors such as divergence time, shared standing genetic variation, frequency of introgression, and mutation rates can influence the likelihood of whether populations adapt to similar environments via parallel or non-parallel genetic changes. However, the frequency of parallel vs non-parallel genetic changes resulting in parallel phenotypic evolution is still unknown. In this study, we used a QTL mapping approach to investigate the genetic basis of highly divergent craniofacial traits between scale- and snail-eating trophic specialist species across similar hypersaline lake environments in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We raised F2 intercrosses of scale- and snail-eaters from two different lake populations of sympatric specialists, estimated linkage maps, scanned for significant QTL for 30 skeletal and craniofacial traits, and compared the location of QTL between lakes to quantify parallel and non-parallel genetic changes. We found strong support for parallel genetic changes in both lakes for five traits in which we detected a significant QTL in at least one lake. However, many of these shared QTL affected different, but highly correlated craniofacial traits in each lake, suggesting that pleiotropy and trait integration should not be neglected when estimating rates of parallel evolution. We further observed a 23-52% increase in adaptive introgression within shared QTL, suggesting that introgression may be important for parallel evolution. Overall, our results suggest that the same genomic regions contribute to parallel integrated craniofacial phenotypes across lakes. We also highlight the need for more expansive searches for shared QTL when testing for parallel evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel genetic changes underlie integrated craniofacial traits in an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression and de novo mutations increase access to novel fitness peaks on the fitness landscape during a vertebrate adaptive radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating the complex relationship between fitness and genotype or phenotype (i.e. the adaptive landscape) is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. However, adaptive walks connecting genotypes to organismal fitness, speciation, and novel ecological niches are still poorly understood and processes for surmounting fitness valleys remain controversial. One outstanding system for addressing these connections is a recent adaptive radiation of ecologically and morphologically novel pupfishes (a generalist, molluscivore, and scale-eater) endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We leveraged whole-genome sequencing of 139 hybrids from two independent field fitness experiments to identify the genomic basis of fitness, estimate genotypic fitness networks, and measure the accessibility of adaptive walks on the fitness landscape. We identified 132 SNPs that were significantly associated with fitness in field enclosures. Six out of the 13 regions most strongly associated with fitness contained differentially expressed genes and fixed SNPs between trophic specialists; one gene (mettl21e) was also misexpressed in lab-reared hybrids, suggesting a potential intrinsic genetic incompatibility. We then constructed genotypic fitness networks from adaptive alleles and show that scale-eating specialists are the most isolated of the three species on these networks. Intriguingly, introgressed and de novo variants reduced fitness landscape ruggedness as compared to standing variation, increasing the accessibility of genotypic fitness paths from generalist to specialists. Our results suggest that adaptive introgression and de novo mutations alter the shape of the fitness landscape, providing key connections in adaptive walks circumventing fitness valleys and triggering the evolution of novelty during adaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buie, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive introgression and de novo mutations increase access to novel fitness peaks on the fitness landscape during a vertebrate adaptive radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-density transposon mutagenesis in Mycobacterium abscessus identifies an essential penicillin-binding lipo-protein (PBP-lipo) involved in septal peptidoglycan synthesis and antibiotic sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that causes a wide range of infections. Treatment of Mab infections is difficult because the bacterium is intrinsically resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Developing new and effective treatments against Mab requires a better understanding of the unique vulnerabilities that can be targeted for future drug development. To achieve this, we identified essential genes in Mab by conducting transposon-sequencing (TnSeq) on the reference Mab strain ATCC 19977. We generated [~]51,000 unique transposon mutants and used this high-density library to identify 362 essential genes for in vitro growth. To investigate species-specific vulnerabilities in Mab, we further characterized MAB_3167c, a predicted penicillin-binding-lipoprotein (PBP-lipo) that is essential in Mab and non-essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We found that PBP-lipo primarily localizes to the subpolar region and later to the septum as cells prepare to divide. Depletion of Mab PBP-lipo causes cells to elongate, develop ectopic branches, and form multiple septa. Knockdown of PBP-lipo along with PbpB, DacB1, and a carboxypeptidase, MAB_0519 lead to synergistic growth arrest. In contrast, these genetic interactions were absent in the Mtb model organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, indicating that the PBP-lipo homologs in the two species exist in distinct genetic networks. Finally, repressing PBP-lipo sensitized the reference strain and 11 Mab clinical isolates to several classes of antibiotics, including the {beta}-lactams, ampicillin and amoxicillin by greater than 128-fold. Altogether, this study presents PBP-lipo as a key enzyme to study Mab specific processes in cell wall synthesis and importantly positions PBP-lipo as an attractive drug target to treat Mab infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benghomari, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-density transposon mutagenesis in Mycobacterium abscessus identifies an essential penicillin-binding lipo-protein (PBP-lipo) involved in septal peptidoglycan synthesis and antibiotic sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative life cycle analysis of electromicrobial production systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electromicrobial production (EMP) processes represent an attractive strategy for the capture and conversion of CO2 into carbon-based products. We describe the development and application of comprehensive reactor, process, and life cycle impact models to analyze three major EMP systems relying on formate, H2, and acetate as intermediate molecules. Our results demonstrate that EMP systems can achieve a smaller carbon footprint than traditional bioprocessing strategies provided the electric grid is composed of >~90% renewable energy sources. For each of the three products we consider (biomass, enzymes, and lactic acid), the H2-mediated Knallgas bacteria system achieves the lowest overall global warming potential, indicating that this EMP strategy may be best-suited for industrial efforts based on current technology. We also identify environmental hotspots and process limitations that are key sites for future engineering and research efforts for each EMP system. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of an integrated bioelectrochemical model/life cycle assessment framework in both analyzing and aiding the ecodesign of electromicrobial processes and should help guide the design of working, scalable, and sustainable systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative life cycle analysis of electromicrobial production systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity begets diversity through shared adaptive genetic variation: discovery of a cryptic wide-mouthed scale-eater 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive radiations involve astounding bursts of phenotypic, ecological, and species diversity. However, the microevolutionary processes that underlie the origins of these bursts are still poorly understood. We report the discovery of an intermediate  wide-mouth scale-eating ecomorph in a sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes, illuminating the transition from a widespread algae-eating generalist to a novel microendemic scale-eating specialist. We first show that this ecomorph occurs in sympatry with generalist C. variegatus and scale-eating specialist C. desquamator on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, but is genetically differentiated, morphologically distinct, and often consumes scales. We then compared the timing of selective sweeps on shared and unique adaptive variants in trophic specialists to characterize their adaptive walk. Shared adaptive regions swept first in both the specialist desquamator and the intermediate  wide-mouth ecomorph, followed by unique sweeps of introgressed variation in  wide-mouth and de novo variation in desquamator. The two scale-eating populations additionally shared 9% of their hard selective sweeps with molluscivores C. brontotheroides, despite no single common ancestor among specialists. Our work provides a new microevolutionary framework for investigating how major ecological transitions occur and illustrates how both shared and unique genetic variation can provide a bridge for multiple species to access novel ecological niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity begets diversity through shared adaptive genetic variation: discovery of a cryptic wide-mouthed scale-eater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspects of the Neurospora crassa sulfur starvation response are revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate nutrient sensing is important for rapid fungal growth and exploitation of available resources. Sulfur is an important nutrient source found in a number of biological macromolecules, including proteins and lipids. The model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is capable of utilizing sulfur found in a variety of sources from amino acids to sulfate. During sulfur starvation, the transcription factor CYS-3 is responsible for upregulation of genes involved in sulfur uptake and assimilation. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and DNA affinity purification sequencing, we performed a global survey of the N. crassa sulfur starvation response and the role of CYS-3 in regulating sulfur responsive genes. Along with genes known to be involved in sulfur metabolism, the CYS-3 transcription factor also directly activated the expression of a number of uncharacterized transporter genes, suggesting that regulating sulfur import is an important aspect of regulation by CYS-3. Additionally, CYS-3 directly regulated the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial electron transfer. During sulfur starvation, genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, such as amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways, along with genes encoding proteases and nucleases that are necessary for scavenging nitrogen, were activated. Sulfur starvation also caused changes in the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, such as those encoding glycosyl hydrolases. Thus, our data suggest a connection between sulfur metabolism and other aspects of cellular metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huberman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspects of the Neurospora crassa sulfur starvation response are revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective sorting of microRNAs into exosomes by phase-separated YBX1 condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes may mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting various proteins and nucleic acids to neighboring cells. Some protein and RNA cargoes are significantly enriched in exosomes. How cells efficiently and selectively sort them into exosomes remains incompletely explored. Previously we reported that YBX1 is required in sorting of miR-223 into exosomes. Here we show that YBX1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro and in cells. YBX1 condensates selectively recruit miR-223 in vitro and into exosomes secreted by cultured cells. Point mutations that inhibit YBX1 phase separation impair the incorporation of YBX1 protein into biomolecular condensates formed in cells, and perturb miR-233 sorting into exosomes. We propose that phase separation-mediated local enrichment of cytosolic RNA binding proteins and their cognate RNAs enables their targeting and packaging by vesicles that bud into multivesicular bodies. This provides a possible mechanism for efficient and selective engulfment of cytosolic proteins and RNAs into intraluminal vesicles which are then secreted as exosomes from cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective sorting of microRNAs into exosomes by phase-separated YBX1 condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-morph eco-evolutionary dynamics in structured populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the evolution of quantitative traits in nature is still limited by the challenge of including realistic trait distributions in the context of frequency-dependent selection and ecological feedbacks. We extend to class-structured populations a recently introduced "oligomorphic approximation" which bridges the gap between adaptive dynamics and quantitative genetics approaches and allows for the joint description of the dynamics of ecological variables and of the moments of multimodal trait distributions. Our theoretical framework allows us to analyse the dynamics of populations composed of several morphs and structured into distinct classes (e.g. age, size, habitats, infection status, species...). We also introduce a new approximation to simplify the eco-evolutionary dynamics using reproductive values. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach by applying it to the important conceptual case of two-habitat migration-selection models. In particular, we show that our approach allows us to predict both the long-term evolutionary endpoints and the short-term transient dynamics of the eco-evolutionary process, including fast evolution regimes. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our results and sketch perspectives for future work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-morph eco-evolutionary dynamics in structured populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyroptosis-dependent and -independent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by intestinal epithelial cell-derived antigen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system detects pathogens and initiates adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are central components of the innate immune system, but whether inflammasomes provide sufficient signals to activate adaptive immunity is unclear. In intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), inflammasomes activate a lytic form of cell death called pyroptosis, leading to epithelial cell expulsion and the release of cytokines. Here we employed a genetic system to show that simultaneous antigen expression and inflammasome activation specifically in IECs is sufficient to activate CD8+ T cells. By genetic elimination of direct T cell priming by IECs, we found that IEC-derived antigens are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells. However, activation of CD8+ T cells by IEC-derived antigen only partially depended on IEC pyroptosis. In the absence of inflammasome activation, cross-priming of CD8+ T cells required Batf3+ dendritic cells (cDC1), whereas cross-priming in the presence of pyroptosis did not. These data suggest the existence of parallel pyroptosis-dependent and pyroptosis-independent but cDC1-dependent pathways for cross-presentation of IEC-derived antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deets, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyroptosis-dependent and -independent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by intestinal epithelial cell-derived antigen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical genetic program for Drosophila imaginal disc regeneration revealed by single-cell analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether regeneration is primarily accomplished by re-activating gene regulatory networks used previously during development or by activating novel regeneration-specific transcriptional programs remains a longstanding question. Currently, most genes implicated in regeneration also function during development. Using single-cell transcriptomics in regenerating Drosophila wing discs, we identified two regeneration-specific cell populations within the blastema. They are each composed of cells that upregulate multiple genes encoding secreted proteins that promote regeneration. In this regenerative secretory zone, the transcription factor Ets21C controls the expression of multiple regenerationpromoting genes. While eliminating Ets21C function has no discernible effect on development, it severely compromises regeneration. This Ets21C-dependent gene regulatory network is also activated in blastema-like cells in tumorous discs, suggesting that pro-regenerative mechanisms can be co-opted by tumors to promote aberrant growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everetts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasutomi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical genetic program for Drosophila imaginal disc regeneration revealed by single-cell analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal synthetic enhancers reveal control of the probability of transcriptional engagement and its timing by a morphogen gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How enhancers interpret morphogen gradients to generate spatial patterns of gene expression is a central question in developmental biology. Although recent studies have begun to elucidate that enhancers can dictate whether, when, and at what rate a promoter will engage in transcription, the complexity of endogenous enhancers calls for theoretical models with too many free parameters to quantitatively dissect these regulatory strategies. To overcome this limitation, we established a minimal synthetic enhancer system in embryos of the fruit 2y Drosophila melanogaster. Here, a gradient of the Dorsal activator is read by a single Dorsal binding site. By quantifying transcriptional activity using live imaging, our experiments revealed that this single Dorsal binding site is capable of regulating whether promoters engage in transcription in a Dorsal concentration-speci1c manner. By modulating binding-site aZnity, we determined that a genes decision to engage in transcription and its transcriptional onset time can be explained by a simple theoretical model where the promoter has to traverse multiple kinetic barriers before transcription can ensue. The experimental platform developed here pushes the boundaries of live-imaging in studying gene regulation in the early embryo by enabling the quanti1cation of the transcriptional activity driven by a single transcription factor binding site, and making it possible to build more complex enhancers from the ground up in the context of a dialogue between theory and experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westrum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talledo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal synthetic enhancers reveal control of the probability of transcriptional engagement and its timing by a morphogen gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borgs are giant extrachromosomal elements with the potential to augment methane oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic methane oxidation exerts a key control on greenhouse gas emissions 1, yet factors that modulate the activity of microorganisms performing this function remain little explored. In studying groundwater, sediments, and wetland soil where methane production and oxidation occur, we discovered extraordinarily large, diverse DNA sequences that primarily encode hypothetical proteins. Four curated, complete genomes are linear, up to ~1 Mbp in length and share genome organization, including replicore structure, long inverted terminal repeats, and genome-wide unique perfect tandem direct repeats that are intergenic or generate amino acid repeats. We infer that these are a new type of archaeal extrachromosomal element with a distinct evolutionary origin. Gene sequence similarity, phylogeny, and local divergence of sequence composition indicate that many of their genes were assimilated from methane-oxidizing Methanoperedens archaea. We refer to these elements as "Borgs". We identified at least 19 different Borg types coexisting with Methanoperedens in four distinct ecosystems. Borg genes expand redox and respiratory capacity (e.g., clusters of multiheme cytochromes), ability to respond to changing environmental conditions, and likely augment Methanoperedens capacity for methane oxidation (e.g., methyl coenzyme M reductase). By this process, Borgs could play a previously unrecognized role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borgs are giant extrachromosomal elements with the potential to augment methane oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike reversibly samples an open-trimer conformation exposing novel epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current COVID-19 vaccines and many clinical diagnostics are based on the structure and function of the SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain. Using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we have uncovered that, in addition to the prefusion structure determined by cryo-EM, this protein adopts an alternative conformation that interconverts slowly with the canonical prefusion structure. This new conformation--an open trimer-- contains easily accessible RBDs. It exposes the conserved trimer interface buried in the prefusion conformation, thus exposing potential epitopes for pan-coronavirus antibody and ligand recognition. The population of this state and kinetics of interconversion are modulated by temperature, receptor binding, antibody binding, and sequence variants observed in the natural population. Knowledge of the structure and populations of this conformation will help improve existing diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.

One Sentence SummaryAn alternative conformation of SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain modulated by temperature, binding, and sequence variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 spike reversibly samples an open-trimer conformation exposing novel epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile elements and highly repetitive genomic regions are potent sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of large, composite or arrayed repeat elements and those found in more complex regions of the genome require a complete, linear genome assembly. Here we present the first de novo repeat discovery and annotation of a complete human reference genome, T2T-CHM13v1.0. We identified novel satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for known repeats and mobile elements, characterized new classes of complex, composite repeats, and provided comprehensive annotations of retroelement transduction events. Utilizing PRO-seq to detect nascent transcription and nanopore sequencing to delineate CpG methylation profiles, we defined the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including for the first time those found in centromeres. Together, these data provide expanded insight into the diversity, distribution and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojenski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating metagenomic software is key for optimizing metagenome interpretation and focus of the community-driven initiative for the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI). In its second challenge, CAMI engaged the community to assess their methods on realistic and complex metagenomic datasets with long and short reads, created from [~]1,700 novel and known microbial genomes, as well as [~]600 novel plasmids and viruses. Altogether 5,002 results by 76 program versions were analyzed, representing a 22x increase in results.

Substantial improvements were seen in metagenome assembly, some due to using long-read data. The presence of related strains still was challenging for assembly and genome binning, as was assembly quality for the latter. Taxon profilers demonstrated a marked maturation, with taxon profilers and binners excelling at higher bacterial taxonomic ranks, but underperforming for viruses and archaea. Assessment of clinical pathogen detection techniques revealed a need to improve reproducibility. Analysis of program runtimes and memory usage identified highly efficient programs, including some top performers with other metrics. The CAMI II results identify current challenges, but also guide researchers in selecting methods for specific analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limasset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscheweyh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcher-Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piro, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicedomini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabrowski, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willassen, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemetsen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded highly repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their sequence, evolution, and essential role in chromosome segregation. Here, we present an extensive study of newly assembled peri/centromeric sequences representing 6.2% (189.9 Mb) of the first complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13). We discovered novel patterns of peri/centromeric repeat organization, variation, and evolution at both large and small length scales. We also found that inner kinetochore proteins tend to overlap the most recently duplicated subregions within centromeres. Finally, we compared chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals and uncovered structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation at single-base resolution across these regions. In total, this work provides an unprecedented atlas of human centromeres to guide future studies of their complex and critical functions as well as their unique evolutionary dynamics.

One-sentence summaryDeep characterization of fully assembled human centromeres reveals their architecture and fine-scale organization, variation, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes de Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerpedjiev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mistreating birth-death models as priors in phylogenetic analysis compromises our ability to compare models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-calibrated phylogenetic trees are a tremendously powerful tool for studying evolutionary, ecological, and epidemiological phenomena. Such trees are predominantly inferred in a Bayesian framework, with the phylogeny itself treated as a parameter with a prior distribution (a "tree prior"). However, we show that the tree "parameter" consists, in part, of data, in the form of taxon samples. Treating the tree as a parameter fails to account for these data and compromises our ability to compare among models. Since accuracy of the inferred phylogeny strongly depends on how well the tree prior approximates the true diversification process that gave rise to the tree, the inability to accurately compare competing tree priors has broad implications for applications based on time-calibrated trees. We outline potential remedies to this problem, and provide guidance for researchers interested in assessing the fit of tree models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mistreating birth-death models as priors in phylogenetic analysis compromises our ability to compare models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omic analysis of thymocyte development reveals NFAT as adriver of CD4/CD8 lineage commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the thymus is critical to adaptive immunity and is widely studied as a model of lineage commitment. Recognition of self-MHCI/II by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) determines the lineage choice, but how distinct TCR signals drive transcriptional programs of lineage commitment remains largely unknown. We applied CITE-seq to measure RNA and surface proteins in thymocytes from wild-type and lineage-restricted mice to generate a comprehensive timeline of cell state for each lineage. These analyses revealed a sequential process whereby all thymocytes initiate CD4 lineage differentiation during an initial wave of TCR signaling, followed by a second TCR signaling wave that coincides with CD8 lineage specification. CITE-seq and pharmaceutical inhibition experiments implicate a TCR/calcineurin/NFAT/GATA3 axis in driving the CD4 fate. Overall, our data suggest that multiple redundant mechanisms contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of the lineage choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omic analysis of thymocyte development reveals NFAT as adriver of CD4/CD8 lineage commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage parasite deploys a nicking nuclease effector to inhibit replication of its viral host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PLEs are phage parasites integrated into the chromosome of epidemic Vibrio cholerae. In response to infection by its viral host ICP1, PLE excises, replicates and hijacks ICP1 structural components for transduction. Through an unknown mechanism PLE prevents ICP1 from transitioning to rolling circle replication (RCR), a prerequisite for efficient packaging of the viral genome. Here, we characterize a PLE-encoded nuclease, NixI, that blocks phage development likely by nicking ICP1s genome as it transitions to RCR. NixI-dependent cleavage sites appear in ICP1s genome during infection of PLE(+) V. cholerae. Purified NixI demonstrates in vitro specificity for sites in ICP1s genome and NixI activity is enhanced by a putative specificity determinant co-expressed with NixI during phage infection. Importantly, NixI is sufficient to limit ICP1 genome replication and eliminate progeny production. We identify distant NixI homologs in an expanded family of putative phage satellites in Vibrios that lack nucleotide homology to PLEs but nonetheless share genomic synteny with PLEs. More generally, our results reveal a previously unknown mechanism deployed by phage parasites to limit packaging of their viral hosts genome and highlight the prominent role of nuclease effectors as weapons in the arms race between antagonizing genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePaola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage parasite deploys a nicking nuclease effector to inhibit replication of its viral host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tree-based automated machine learning to predict biogas production for anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamics of microbial communities involved in anaerobic digestion of mixed organic waste are notoriously complex and difficult to model, yet successful operation of anaerobic digestion is critical to the goals of diverting high-moisture organic waste from landfills. Machine learning (ML) is ideally suited to capturing complex and nonlinear behavior that cannot be modeled mechanistically. This study uses 8 years of data collected from an industrial-scale anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) operation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Oakland, California, combined with a powerful automated ML method, Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool, to develop an improved understanding of how different waste inputs and operating conditions impact biogas yield. The model inputs included daily input volumes of 31 waste streams and 5 operating parameters. Because different wastes are broken down at varying rates, the model explored a range of time lags ascribed to each waste input ranging from 0 to 30 days. The results suggest that the waste types (including rendering waste, lactose, poultry waste, and fats, oils, and greases) differ considerably in their impact on biogas yield on both a per-gallon basis and a mass of volatile solids basis, while operating parameters are not useful predictors in a carefully operated facility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntington, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tree-based automated machine learning to predict biogas production for anaerobic co-digestion of organic waste]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neo-sex chromosome evolution shapes sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly recognized that sex chromosomes are not only the "battlegrounds" between sexes, but also the "Great Walls" fencing-off introgression between diverging lineages. Here we describe conflicting roles of nascent sex chromosomes on patterns of introgression in an experimental hybrid swarm. Drosophila nasuta and D. albomicans are recently diverged, fully fertile sister species that have different sex chromosome systems. The fusion between an autosome (Muller CD) with the ancestral X and Y gave rise to neo-sex chromosomes in D. albomicans, while Muller CDs remains unfused in D. nasuta. We found that a large block containing overlapping inversions on the neo-sex chromosome stood out as the strongest barrier to introgression. Intriguingly, the neo-sex chromosome introgression barrier is asymmetrical in a sex-dependent manner. Female hybrids showed significant D. albomicans biased introgression on Muller CD (neo-X excess), while males showed heterosis with excessive (neo-X, D. nasuta Muller CD) genotypes. While the neo-Y is a more compatible pairing partner of the neo-X, it also shows moderate levels of degeneration and may thus be selectively disfavored, and sex ratio assay revealed heterospecific meiotic drive. We used a population genetic model to dissect the interplay of sex chromosome drive, heterospecific pairing incompatibility between the neo-sex chromosomes and unfused Muller CD, neo-Y disadvantage, and neo-X advantage in generating the observed neo-X excess in females and heterozygous (neo-X, D. nasuta Muller CD) genotypes in males. We show that moderate neo-Y disadvantage and D. albomicans specific meiotic drive are required to counteract the effect of heterospecific meiotic drive observed in our cross, in concert with pairing incompatibility and neo-X advantage to explain observed genotype frequencies. Together, this hybrid swarm between a young species pair shed light onto the dual roles of neo-sex chromosome evolution in creating a sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier at species boundary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldaimalani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neo-sex chromosome evolution shapes sex-dependent asymmetrical introgression barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-promoter interactions and transcription are maintained upon acute loss of CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, and YY1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear why acute depletion of CTCF and cohesin only marginally affects expression of most genes despite substantially perturbing 3D genome folding at the level of domains and structural loops. To address this conundrum, we used high-resolution Micro-C and nascent transcript profiling to find that enhancer-promoter (E-P) interactions are largely insensitive to acute (3-hour) depletion of CTCF, cohesin, and WAPL. YY1 has been proposed to be a structural regulator of E-P loops, but acute YY1 depletion also had minimal effects on E-P loops, transcription, and 3D genome folding. Strikingly, live-cell single-molecule imaging revealed that cohesin depletion reduced transcription factor binding to chromatin. Thus, although neither CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, nor YY1 are required for the short-term maintenance of most E-P interactions and gene expression, we propose that cohesin may serve as a "transcription factor binding platform" that facilitates transcription factor binding to chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-promoter interactions and transcription are maintained upon acute loss of CTCF, cohesin, WAPL, and YY1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent neural dynamics encode temporal context in speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct neural recordings from human auditory cortex have demonstrated encoding for acoustic-phonetic features of consonants and vowels. Neural responses also encode distinct acoustic amplitude cues related to timing, such as those that occur at the onset of a sentence after a silent period or the onset of the vowel in each syllable. Here, we used a group reduced rank regression model to show that distributed cortical responses support a low-dimensional latent state representation of temporal context in speech. The timing cues each capture more unique variance than all other phonetic features and exhibit rotational or cyclical dynamics in latent space from activity that is widespread over the superior temporal gyrus. We propose that these spatially distributed timing signals could serve to provide temporal context for, and possibly bind across time, the concurrent processing of individual phonetic features, to compose higher-order phonological (e.g. word-level) representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent neural dynamics encode temporal context in speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) shows elevated actin assembly dependence under high membrane tension. Why actin assembly at CME sites occurs heterogeneously even within the same cell, and how assembly forces are harnessed, are not fully understood. Here, endocytic dynamics, actin presence, and geometry of CME proteins from three different functional modules, were analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, and machine-learning-based computation. When hundreds of CME events were compared, sites with actin assembly showed a distinct signature, a delay between completion of coat expansion and vesicle scission, indicating that actin assembly occurs preferentially at stalled CME sites. N-WASP is recruited to one side of CME sites where it is positioned to stimulate asymmetric actin assembly. We propose that asymmetric actin assembly rescues stalled CME sites by pulling vesicles into the cell much like a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep neural language modeling enables functional protein generation across families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bypassing natures evolutionary trajectory, de novo protein generation--defined as creating artificial protein sequences from scratch--could enable breakthrough solutions for biomedical and environmental challenges. Viewing amino acid sequences as a language, we demonstrate that a deep learning-based language model can generate functional artificial protein sequences across families, akin to generating grammatically and semantically correct natural language sentences on diverse topics. Our protein language model is trained by simply learning to predict the next amino acid for over 280 million protein sequences from thousands of protein families, without biophysical or coevolutionary modeling. We experimentally evaluate model-generated artificial proteins on five distinct antibacterial lysozyme families. Artificial proteins show similar activities and catalytic efficiencies as representative natural lysozymes, including hen egg white lysozyme, while reaching as low as 44% identity to any known naturally-evolved protein. The X-ray crystal structure of an enzymatically active artificial protein recapitulates the conserved fold and positioning of active site residues found in natural proteins. We demonstrate our language models ability to be adapted to different protein families by accurately predicting the functionality of artificial chorismate mutase and malate dehydrogenase proteins. These results indicate that neural language models successfully perform de novo protein generation across protein families and may prove to be a tool to shortcut evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep neural language modeling enables functional protein generation across families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Displacement statistics of unhindered single molecules show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have sparked heated debate over whether catalytical reactions would enhance the diffusion coefficients D of enzymes. Through high statistics of the transient (600 s) displacements of unhindered single molecules freely diffusing in common buffers, we here quantify D for four highly contested enzymes under catalytic turnovers. We thus formulate how precisions of better than {+/-}1% may be achieved for D at the 95% confidence level, and show no changes in diffusivity for catalase, urease, aldolase, and alkaline phosphatase under the application of wide concentration ranges of substrates. Our single-molecule approach thus overcomes potential limitations and artifacts underscored by recent studies to show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions.

Table of Contents artwork

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.452795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Displacement statistics of unhindered single molecules show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Development of Biological Rhythms: Estradiol Dependence and Effects of Combined Contraceptives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAdolescence is a period of continuous development, including the maturation of endogenous rhythms across systems and timescales. Although these dynamic changes are well recognized, their continuous structure and hormonal dependence have not been systematically characterized. Given the well-established link between core body temperature (CBT) and reproductive hormones in adults, we hypothesized that high-resolution CBT can be applied to passively monitor pubertal development and disruption with high fidelity.

MethodsTo examine this possibility, we used signal processing to investigate the trajectory of CBT rhythms at the within-day (ultradian), daily (circadian), and ovulatory timescales, their dependence on estradiol, and the effects of hormonal contraceptives.

ResultsPuberty onset was marked by a rise in fecal estradiol (fE2), followed by an elevation in CBT and circadian power. This time period marked the commencement of 4-day rhythmicity in fE2, CBT, and ultradian power marking the onset of the estrous cycle. The rise in circadian amplitude was accelerated by E2 treatment, indicating a role for this hormone in rhythmic development. Contraceptive administration in later adolescence reduced CBT and circadian power and resulted in disruption to 4-day cycles that persisted after discontinuation.

ConclusionsOur data reveal with precise temporal resolution how biological rhythms change across adolescence and demonstrate a role for E2 in the emergence and preservation of multiscale rhythmicity. These findings also demonstrate how hormones delivered exogenously in a non-rhythmic pattern can disrupt rhythmic development. These data lay the groundwork for a future in which temperature metrics provide an inexpensive, convenient method for monitoring pubertal maturation and support the development of hormone therapies that better mimic and support human chronobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Development of Biological Rhythms: Estradiol Dependence and Effects of Combined Contraceptives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raptor downregulation rescues neuronal phenotypes in mouse models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which encode proteins that negatively regulate mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Current treatment strategies focus on mTOR inhibition with rapamycin and its derivatives. While effective at improving some aspects of TSC, chronic rapamycin inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and is associated with systemic side-effects. It is currently unknown which mTOR complex is most relevant for TSC-related brain phenotypes. Here we used genetic strategies to selectively reduce neuronal mTORC1 or mTORC2 activity in mouse models of TSC. We find that reduction of the mTORC1 component Raptor, but not the mTORC2 component Rictor, rebalanced mTOR signaling in Tsc1 knock-out neurons. Raptor reduction was sufficient to improve several TSC-related phenotypes including neuronal hypertrophy, macrocephaly, impaired myelination, network hyperactivity, and premature mortality. Raptor downregulation represents a promising potential therapeutic intervention for the neurological manifestations of TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karalis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval-Holme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raptor downregulation rescues neuronal phenotypes in mouse models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanomaterials have emerged as an invaluable tool for the delivery of biomolecules such as DNA and RNA, with various applications in genetic engineering and post-transcriptional genetic manipulation. Alongside this development, there has been an increasing use of polymer-based techniques, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), to electrostatically load polynucleotide cargoes onto nanomaterial carriers. However, there remains a need to assess nanomaterial properties, conjugation conditions, and biocompatibility of these nanomaterial-polymer constructs, particularly for use in plant systems. In this work, we develop mechanisms to optimize DNA loading on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a library of polymer-SWNT constructs and assess DNA loading ability, polydispersity, and both chemical and colloidal stability. Counterintuitively, we demonstrate that polymer hydrolysis from nanomaterial surfaces can occur depending on polymer properties and attachment chemistries, and describe mitigation strategies against construct degradation. Given the growing interest in delivery applications in plant systems, we also assess the toxicity of polymer-based nanomaterials in plants and provide recommendations for future design of nanomaterial-based polynucleotide delivery strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying cell-state associated alternative splicing events and their co-regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing shapes the transcriptome and contributes to each cells unique identity, but single-cell RNA sequencing has struggled to capture the impact of alternative splicing. We previously showed that low recovery of mRNAs from single cells led to erroneous conclusions about the cell-to-cell variability of alternative splicing (1). Here, we present a method, Psix, to confidently identify splicing that changes across a landscape of single cells, using a probabilistic model that is robust against the data limitations of scRNA-seq. Its autocorrelation-inspired approach finds patterns of alternative splicing that correspond to patterns of cell identity, such as cell type or developmental stage, without the need for explicit cell clustering, labeling, or trajectory inference. Applying Psix to data that follow the trajectory of mouse brain development, we identify exons whose alternative splicing patterns cluster into modules of co-regulation. We show that the exons in these modules are enriched for binding by distinct neuronal splicing factors, and that their changes in splicing correspond to changes in expression of these splicing factors. Thus, Psix reveals cell-type-dependent splicing patterns and the wiring of the splicing regulatory networks that control them. Our new method will enable scRNA-seq analysis to go beyond transcription to understand the roles of post-transcriptional regulation in determining cell identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buen Abad Najar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying cell-state associated alternative splicing events and their co-regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bats host the most virulent--but not the most dangerous--zoonotic viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying virus characteristics associated with the largest public health impacts on human populations is critical to informing zoonotic risk assessments and surveillance strategies. Efforts to assess "zoonotic risk" often use trait-based analyses to identify which viral and reservoir host groups are most likely to source zoonoses but have not fully addressed how and why the impacts of zoonotic viruses vary in terms of disease severity ( virulence), capacity to spread within human populations ( transmissibility), or total human mortality ( death burden). We analyzed trends in human case fatality rates, transmission capacities, and total death burdens across a comprehensive dataset of mammalian and avian zoonotic viruses. Bats harbor the most virulent zoonotic viruses even when compared to birds, which alongside bats, have been hypothesized to be "special" zoonotic reservoirs due to molecular adaptations that support the physiology of flight. Reservoir host groups more closely related to humans--in particular, Primates--harbor less virulent, but more highly transmissible viruses. Importantly, disproportionately high human death burden, arguably the most important metric of zoonotic risk, is not associated with any animal reservoir, including bats. Our data demonstrate that mechanisms driving death burdens are diverse and often contradict trait-based predictions. Ultimately, total human mortality is dependent on context-specific epidemiological dynamics, which are shaped by a combination of viral traits and conditions in the animal host population and across and beyond the human-animal interface. Understanding the conditions that predict high zoonotic burden in humans will require longitudinal studies of epidemiological dynamics in wildlife and human populations.

Significance statementThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective  burden on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollentze, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.453574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bats host the most virulent--but not the most dangerous--zoonotic viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoded RH-seq illuminates the complex genetic basis of yeast thermotolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of successes in statistical genetics have revealed the molecular underpinnings of traits as they vary across individuals of a given species. But standard methods in the field cant be applied to divergences between reproductively isolated taxa. Genome-wide reciprocal hemizygosity mapping (RH-seq), a mutagenesis screen in an inter-species hybrid background, holds promise as a method to accelerate the progress of interspecies genetics research. Here we describe an improvement to RH-seq in which mutants harbor barcodes for cheap and straightforward sequencing after selection in a condition of interest. As a proof of concept for the new tool, we carried out genetic dissection of the difference in thermotolerance between two reproductively isolated budding yeast species. Experimental screening identified dozens of candidate loci at which variation between the species contributed to the thermotolerance trait. Hits were enriched for mitosis genes and other housekeeping factors, and among them were multiple loci with robust sequence signatures of positive selection. Together, these results shed new light on the mechanisms by which evolution solved the problems of cell survival and division at high temperature in the yeast clade, and they illustrate the power of the barcoded RH-seq approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlZaben, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoded RH-seq illuminates the complex genetic basis of yeast thermotolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotional context sculpts action goal representations in the lateral frontal pole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional states provide an ever-present source of contextual information that should inform behavioral goals. Despite the ubiquity of emotional signals in our environment, the neural mechanisms underlying their influence on goal-directed action remains unclear. Prior work suggests that the lateral frontal pole (FPl) is uniquely positioned to integrate affective information into cognitive control representations. We used pattern similarity analysis to examine the content of representations in FPl and interconnected mid-lateral prefrontal and amygdala circuitry. Healthy participants (n=37; n=21 females) were scanned while undergoing an event-related Affective Go/No-Go task, which requires goal-oriented action selection during emotional processing. We found that FPl contained conjunctive emotion-action goal representations that were related to successful cognitive control during emotional processing. These representations differed from conjunctive emotion-action goal representations found in the basolateral amygdala. While robust action goal representations were present in mid-lateral prefrontal cortex, they were not modulated by emotional valence. Finally, converging results from functional connectivity and multivoxel pattern analyses indicated that FPls emotional valence signals likely originated from interconnected subgenual ACC (BA25), which was in turn functionally coupled with the amygdala. Thus, our results identify a key pathway by which internal emotional states influence goal-directed behavior.

Significance statementOptimal functioning in everyday life requires behavioral regulation that flexibly adapts to dynamically changing emotional states. However, precisely how emotional states influence goal-directed action remains unclear. Unveiling the neural architecture that supports emotion-goal integration is critical for our understanding of disorders such as psychopathy, which is characterized by deficits in incorporating emotional cues into goals, as well as mood and anxiety disorders, which are characterized by impaired goal-based emotion regulation. Our study identifies a key circuit through which emotional states influence goal-directed behavior. This circuitry comprised the lateral frontal pole (FPl), which represented integrated emotion-goal information, as well as interconnected amygdala and subgenual ACC, which conveyed emotional signals to FPl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.453895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotional context sculpts action goal representations in the lateral frontal pole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive modeling reveals that higher-order cooperativity drives transcriptional repression in a synthetic developmental enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A challenge in quantitative biology is to predict output patterns of gene expression from knowledge of input transcription factor patterns and from the arrangement of binding sites for these transcription factors on regulatory DNA. We tested whether widespread thermodynamic models could be used to infer parameters describing simple regulatory architectures that inform parameter-free predictions of more complex enhancers in the context of transcriptional repression by Runt in the early fruit 2y embryo. By modulating the number and placement of Runt binding sites within an enhancer, and quantifying the resulting transcriptional activity using live imaging, we discovered that thermodynamic models call for higher-order cooperativity between multiple molecular players. This higher-order cooperativity capture the combinatorial complexity underlying eukaryotic transcriptional regulation and cannot be determined from simpler regulatory architectures, highlighting the challenges in reaching a predictive understanding of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes and calling for approaches that quantitatively dissect their molecular nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeammet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive modeling reveals that higher-order cooperativity drives transcriptional repression in a synthetic developmental enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon nanotube biocompatibility in plants is determined by their surface chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agriculture faces significant global challenges including climate change and an increasing food demand due to a growing population. Addressing these challenges will require the adoption of transformative innovations into biotechnology practice, such as nanotechnology. Recently, nanomaterials have emerged as unmatched tools for their use as biosensors, or as biomolecule delivery vehicles. Despite their increasingly prolific use, plant-nanomaterial interactions remain poorly characterized, drawing into question the breadth of their utility and their broader environmental compatibility. Herein, we characterize Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional response to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with two different surface chemistries commonly used for biosensing and nucleic acid delivery: oligonucleotide adsorbed-pristine SWNTs, and polyethyleneimine-SWNTs loaded with plasmid DNA (PEI-SWNTs), both introduced by leaf infiltration. We observed that SWNTs elicit a mild stress response almost undistinguishable from the infiltration process, indicating that these nanomaterials are well-tolerated by the plant. However, PEI-SWNTs induce a much larger transcriptional reprogramming that involves stress, immunity, and senescence responses. PEI-SWNT-induced transcriptional profile is very similar to that of mutant plants displaying a constitutive immune response or treated with stress-priming agrochemicals. We selected molecular markers from our transcriptomic analysis and identified PEI as the main cause of this reaction. We show that PEI-SWNT response is concentration-dependent and, when persistent over time, leads to cell death. We probed a panel of PEI variant-functionalized SWNTs across two plant species and identified biocompatible SWNT surface functionalizations. Our results highlight the importance of nanoparticle surface chemistry on their biocompatibility and will facilitate the use of functionalized nanomaterials for agricultural improvement.

Significance statementNanomaterials can be used in agriculture as biosensors to monitor plant health, as fertilizers or growth regulators, and as delivery vehicles for genome engineering reagents to improve crops. However, the interactions between nanoparticles and plant cells are not well understood. Here, we characterize the plant transcriptomic response to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) commonly used for sensing and nucleic acid delivery. While SWNTs themselves are well tolerated by plants, SWNTs surface-functionalized with positively charged polymers become toxic and produce cell death. We identify molecular markers of this toxic response to create biocompatible SWNT formulations. These results highlight the significance of nanoparticle surface chemistry, perhaps more than the nanoparticles themselves, on downstream interactions of nanoparticles with the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon nanotube biocompatibility in plants is determined by their surface chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representations of stereotype content predict social decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To guide social interaction, people often rely on expectations about the traits of other people based on markers of social group membership, i.e., stereotypes. Although the influence of stereotypes on social behavior is widespread, key questions remain about how traits inferred from social group membership are instantiated in the brain and incorporated into neural computations that guide social behavior. Here, we show that the human lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the content of stereotypes about members of different social groups in the service of social decision-making. During fMRI scanning, participants decided how to distribute resources across themselves and members of a variety of social groups in a modified Dictator Game. Behaviorally, we replicated our recent finding that perceptions of others traits, captured by a two-dimensional framework of stereotype content (warmth and competence), biased participants monetary allocation choices in a context-dependent manner: recipients warmth increased advantageous inequity aversion and their competence increased disadvantageous inequity aversion. Neurally, representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that perceptions of others traits in the two-dimensional space were represented in the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, two regions associated with mentalizing, and in the lateral OFC, known to represent latent environmental features during goal-directed outcome inference outside the social domain. Critically, only the latter predicted individual choices, suggesting that the effect of stereotypes on behavior is mediated by inference-based, domain-general decision-making processes in the OFC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representations of stereotype content predict social decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normative learning theories dictate that we should preferentially attend to informative sources, but only up to the point that our limited learning systems can process their content. Humans, including infants, show this predicted strategic deployment of attention. Here we demonstrate that rhesus monkeys, much like humans, attend to events of moderate surprisingness over both more and less surprising events. They do this in the absence of any specific goal or contingent reward, indicating that the behavioral pattern is spontaneous. We suggest this U-shaped attentional preference represents an evolutionarily preserved strategy for guiding intelligent organisms toward material that is maximally useful for learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meschke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trophic specialization on unique resources in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo crater lake cichlids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divergent ecological selection often results in trophic niche partitioning and is one of the central processes underlying sympatric speciation. However, there are still few studies of niche partitioning in putative examples of sympatric speciation in the wild. Here we conducted the first quantitative study of dietary niche partitioning in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo cichlids, using stomach contents and stable isotope analyses. We found little evidence for trophic niche partitioning among any Barombi Mbo cichlids, even among the nine species coexisting in sympatry in the littoral zone. Stable isotope analyses supported these conclusions of minimal dietary overlap. However, we did find extraordinary dietary specialization in some species, including spongivory and feeding on terrestrial ants, both unique feeding strategies among freshwater fishes. Stomach contents of the spongivore (Pungu maclareni) were 20% freshwater sponge, notable considering that only 0.04% of all fishes consume sponges. Overall, we conclude that while there is less trophic niche partitioning than expected among Barombi Mbo cichlids, there is evidence for dietary specialization on rare resources in support of Liems paradox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galvez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touokong, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonwouo, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trophic specialization on unique resources in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation, Barombi Mbo crater lake cichlids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2 evolved variants using virus-like particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Newly evolved SARS-CoV-2 variants are driving ongoing outbreaks of COVID-19 around the world. Efforts to determine why these viral variants have improved fitness are limited to mutations in the viral spike (S) protein and viral entry steps using non-SARS-CoV-2 viral particles engineered to display S. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles can package and deliver exogenous transcripts, enabling analysis of mutations within all structural proteins and rapid dissection of multiple steps in the viral life cycle. Identification of an RNA packaging sequence was critical for engineered transcripts to assemble together with SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and envelope (E) into non-replicative SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (SC2-VLPs) that deliver these transcripts to ACE2- and TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Using SC2-VLPs, we tested the effect of 30 individual mutations within the S and N proteins on particle assembly and entry. While S mutations unexpectedly did not affect these steps, SC2-VLPs bearing any one of four N mutations found universally in more-transmissible viral variants (P199L, S202R, R203M and R203K) showed increased particle production and up to 10-fold more reporter transcript expression in receiver cells. Our study provides a platform for rapid testing of viral variants outside a biosafety level 3 setting and identifies viral N mutations and viral particle assembly as mechanisms to explain the increased spread of current viral variants, including Delta (N:R203M).

One-Sentence SummaryR203M substitution within SARS-CoV-2 N, found in delta variant, improves RNA packaging into virus-like particles by 10-fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2 evolved variants using virus-like particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging in Drosophila using a hybrid chemical-genetic rhodamine voltage reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We combine a chemically-synthesized, voltage-sensitive fluorophore with a genetically encoded, self-labeling enzyme to enable voltage imaging in Drosophila melanogaster. Previously, we showed that a rhodamine voltage reporter (RhoVR) combined with the HaloTag self-labeling enzyme could be used to monitor membrane potential changes from mammalian neurons in culture and brain slice. Here, we apply this hybrid RhoVR-Halo approach in vivo to achieve selective neuron labeling in intact fly brains. We generate a Drosophila UAS-HaloTag reporter line in which the HaloTag enzyme is expressed on the surface of cells. We validate the voltage sensitivity of this new construct in cell culture before driving expression of HaloTag in specific brain neurons in flies. We show that selective labeling of synapses, cells, and brain regions can be achieved with RhoVR-Halo in either larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or in whole adult brains. Finally, we validate the voltage sensitivity of RhoVR-Halo in fly tissue via dual-electrode/imaging at the NMJ, show the efficacy of this approach for measuring synaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in muscle cells, and perform voltage imaging of carbachol-evoked depolarization and osmolarity-evoked hyperpolarization in projection neurons and in interoceptive subesophageal zone neurons in fly brain explants following in vivo labeling. We envision the turn-on response to depolarizations, fast response kinetics, and two-photon compatibility of chemical indicators, coupled with the cellular and synaptic specificity of genetically-encoded enzymes, will make RhoVR-Halo a powerful complement to neurobiological imaging in Drosophila.

Significance StatementVoltage imaging is a powerful method for interrogating neurobiology. Chemical indicators possess fast response kinetics, turn-on responses to membrane depolarization, and can be compatible with two-photon excitation. However, selective cell labeling in intact tissues and in vivo remains a challenge for completely synthetic fluorophores. Here, we show that a chemical - genetic hybrid approach in Drosophila enables cell-specific staining in vivo and voltage imaging in whole-brain explants and at neuromuscular junction synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobizhev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging in Drosophila using a hybrid chemical-genetic rhodamine voltage reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classification and genetic targeting of cell types in the primary taste and premotor center of the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits carry out complex computations that allow animals to evaluate food, select mates, move toward attractive stimuli, and move away from threats. In insects, the subesophageal zone (SEZ) is a brain region that receives gustatory, pheromonal, and mechanosensory inputs and contributes to the control of diverse behaviors, including feeding, grooming, and locomotion. Despite its importance in sensorimotor transformations, the study of SEZ circuits has been hindered by limited knowledge of the underlying diversity of SEZ neurons. Here, we generate a collection of split-GAL4 lines that provides precise genetic targeting of 138 different SEZ cell types in D. melanogaster, comprising approximately one third of all SEZ neurons. We characterize the single cell anatomy of these neurons and find that they cluster by morphology into six supergroups that organize the SEZ into discrete anatomical domains. We find that the majority of local SEZ interneurons are not classically polarized, suggesting rich local processing, whereas SEZ projection neurons tend to be classically polarized, conveying information to a limited number of higher brain regions. This study provides insight into the anatomical organization of the SEZ and generates resources that will facilitate further study of SEZ neurons and their contributions to sensory processing and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classification and genetic targeting of cell types in the primary taste and premotor center of the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surveying the global landscape of post-transcriptional regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous proteins regulate gene expression by modulating mRNA translation and decay. In order to uncover the full scope of these post-transcriptional regulators, we conducted an unbiased survey that quantifies regulatory activity across the budding yeast proteome and delineates the protein domains responsible for these effects. Our approach couples a tethered function assay with quantitative single-cell fluorescence measurements to analyze [~]50,000 protein fragments and determine their effects on a tethered mRNA. We characterize hundreds of strong regulators, which are enriched for canonical and unconventional mRNA-binding proteins. Regulatory activity typically maps outside the RNA-binding domains themselves, highlighting a modular architecture that separates mRNA targeting from post-transcriptional regulation. Activity often aligns with intrinsically disordered regions that can interact with other proteins, even in core mRNA translation and degradation factors. Our results thus reveal networks of interacting proteins that control mRNA fate and illuminate the molecular basis for post-transcriptional gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeachy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surveying the global landscape of post-transcriptional regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision is Required for Cell Type Specification in the Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of postnatal experience in sculpting cortical circuitry, while long appreciated, is poorly understood at the level of cell types. We explore this in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, visual deprivation, genetics, and functional imaging. We find that vision selectively drives the specification of glutamatergic cell types in upper layers (L) (L2/3/4), while deeper-layer glutamatergic, GABAergic, and non-neuronal cell types are established prior to eye opening. L2/3 cell types form an experience-dependent spatial continuum defined by the graded expression of [~]200 genes, including regulators of cell adhesion and synapse formation. Vision-dependent regulation of one of these genes, encoding the inhibitory synaptic cell adhesion molecule IGSF9b, is required for the normal development of binocular responses in L2/3. In summary, vision preferentially regulates the development of upper-layer glutamatergic cell types through the regulation of cell type-specific gene expression programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision is Required for Cell Type Specification in the Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and impacts of transposable element proliferation during the Drosophila nasuta species group radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable element (TE) mobilization is a constant threat to genome integrity. Eukaryotic organisms have evolved robust defensive mechanisms to suppress their activity, yet TEs can escape suppression and proliferate, creating strong selective pressure for host defense to adapt. This genomic conflict fuels a never-ending arms race that drives the rapid evolution of TEs and recurrent positive selection of genes involved in host defense; the latter has been shown to contribute to postzygotic hybrid incompatibility. However, how TE proliferation impacts genome and regulatory divergence remains poorly understood. Here, we report the highly complete and contiguous (N50=33.8Mb - 38.0Mb) genome assemblies of seven closely-related Drosophila species that belong to the nasuta species group - a poorly studied group of flies that radiated in the last 2 million years. We constructed a high quality de novo TE library and gathered germline RNA-seq data, which allowed us to comprehensively annotate and compare insertion patterns between the species, and infer the evolutionary forces controlling their spread. We find a strong negative association between TE insertion frequency and expression of genes nearby; this likely reflects survivor-bias from reduced fitness impact of TE inserting near lowly expressed, non-essential genes, with limited TE-induced epigenetic silencing. Phylogenetic analyses of insertions of 147 TE families reveal that 53% of them show recent amplification in at least one species. The most highly amplified TE is an non-autonomous DNA element DINE which has gone through multiple bouts of expansions with thousands of full length copies littered throughout each genome. Across all TEs, we find that TEs expansions are significantly associated with high expression in the expanded species consistent with suppression escape. Altogether, our results shed light on the heterogenous and context-dependent nature in which TEs affect gene regulation and the dynamics of rampant TE proliferation amidst a recently radiated species group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and impacts of transposable element proliferation during the Drosophila nasuta species group radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in pre-cellularization Drosophila melanogaster embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our current understanding of the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo comes from observations of a few genes at a time, as with in situ hybridizations, or observation of gene expression levels without regards to patterning, as with RNA-sequencing. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing however, has the potential to provide new insights into the regulation of gene expression for many genes at once while simultaneously retaining information regarding the position of each nucleus prior to dissociation based on patterned gene expression. In order to establish the practicality of single-nucleus RNA sequencing in the context of a real biological question, here we look at the difference in gene expression between control and an insulator protein, dCTCF, maternal null embryos during zygotic genome activation at nuclear cycle 14. We find that early embryonic nuclei can be grouped into distinct clusters according to gene expression. From both virtual and published in situ hybridizations, we also find that these clusters correspond to spatial regions of the embryo. Lastly, we present multiple examples of differential gene expression between control and maternal CTCF null nuclei in one or more clusters, but not in bulk when grouping expression across all nuclei. These results highlight the potential for single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to reveal new insights into the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albright, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in pre-cellularization Drosophila melanogaster embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oogenesis involves meiosis and oocyte maturation. Both processes rely on mechanical forces (Lee et al., 2015; Nagamatsu et al., 2019; Rog and Dernburg, 2015; Sato et al., 2009; Tsatskis et al., 2020; Wynne et al., 2012), which can be transduced from the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope (NE) through linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes (Burke, 2018; Chang et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2020; Link et al., 2014). Gametes must protect their genomes from damage in this mechanically stressful environment. In C. elegans, oocyte nuclei lacking the single lamin protein LMN-1 are vulnerable to nuclear collapse. Here we deploy the auxin-inducible degradation system to investigate the balance of forces that drive this collapse and protect oocyte nuclei. We find that nuclear collapse is not a consequence of apoptosis. It is promoted by dynein and a LINC complex comprised of SUN-1 and ZYG-12, which assumes polarized distribution at the NE in response to dynein-mediated forces. We also show that the lamin meshwork works in parallel with other inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins to counteract mechanical stress at the NE during oogenesis. We speculate that a similar network may protect oocyte integrity during the long arrest period in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lung, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Severe inbreeding and gene loss in the historical and extant population of the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small populations with limited geographic distributions are predicted to be threatened by inbreeding and lack of genetic diversity, both of which may negatively impact fitness and exacerbate population decline. One of the most extreme natural examples is the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis), an iconic and critically endangered species with the smallest known habitat range of any vertebrate. This imperiled species has experienced severe declines in population size over the last thirty years and suffered major, repeated bottlenecks in 2007 and 2013, when the population sunk to 38 and 35 individuals, respectively. Here we sequenced contemporary and historical genomes of Devils Hole and neighboring Death Valley and Ash Meadows desert pupfishes to examine the genomic consequences of small population size. We found extreme inbreeding (FROH = 0.71 - 0.82) and increased genetic load in the Devils Hole pupfish. We also document unique fixed loss-of-function (LOF) alleles and deletions in genes associated with sperm motility, stress, and hypoxia within the extant Devils Hole pupfish population that likely reduce fitness. Comparisons between contemporary samples (2008 - 2012) and a genome sequenced from a 1980 formalin-fixed museum specimen suggest that inbreeding has increased 6% as the population has declined, but that many putatively deleterious variants have been segregating in the population since at least 1980. This includes a fixed early stop codon in cfap43 (n = 8/8 samples), which is associated with sperm flagellum defects and causes infertility in humans and mice. Out of ninety-four unique deletions, fifteen were detected within 2 kb of annotated genes. Five have roles in physiological responses to hypoxia and mitochondrial activity, such as redd1 (n = 7/7 samples), suggesting impaired hypoxia tolerance in this species despite the low oxygen concentrations of Devils Hole. We thus document one of the most extreme inbreeding events in a natural population and a set of candidate deleterious variants to inform management and potential genetic rescue in this conservation icon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Severe inbreeding and gene loss in the historical and extant population of the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of Tweety Homolog Proteins TTYH2 and TTYH3 reveal a Ca2+-dependent switch from intra- to inter-membrane dimerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tweety homologs (TTYHs) comprise a conserved family of transmembrane proteins found in eukaryotes with three members (TTYH1-3) in vertebrates. They are widely expressed in mammals including at high levels in the nervous system and have been implicated in cancers and other diseases including epilepsy, chronic pain, and viral infections. TTYHs have been reported to form Ca2+- and cell volume-regulated anion channels structurally distinct from any characterized protein family with potential roles in cell adhesion, migration, and developmental signaling. To provide insight into TTYH family structure and function, we determined cryo-EM structures of Mus musculus TTYH2 and TTYH3 in lipid nanodiscs. TTYH2 and TTYH3 adopt a novel fold which includes an extended extracellular domain with a partially solvent exposed pocket that may be an interaction site for hydrophobic molecules. In the presence of Ca2+, TTYH2 and TTYH3 form homomeric cis-dimers bridged by extracellularly coordinated Ca2+. Strikingly, in the absence of Ca2+, TTYH2 forms trans-dimers that span opposing membranes across a ~130 [A] intermembrane space as well as a monomeric state. All TTYH structures lack ion conducting pathways and we do not observe TTYH2-dependent channel activity in cells. We conclude TTYHs are not pore forming subunits of anion channels and their function may involve Ca2+-dependent changes in quaternary structure, interactions with hydrophobic molecules near the extracellular membrane surface, and/or association with additional protein partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of Tweety Homolog Proteins TTYH2 and TTYH3 reveal a Ca2+-dependent switch from intra- to inter-membrane dimerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning levels of low-complexity domain interactions to modulate endogenous oncogenic transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene activation by mammalian transcription factors (TFs) requires dynamic, multivalent, and selective interactions of their intrinsically disordered low-complexity domains (LCDs), but how such interactions mediate transcription remains unclear. It has been proposed that extensive LCD-LCD interactions culminating in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of TFs is the dominant mechanism underlying transactivation. Here, we investigated how tuning the amount and localization of LCD-LCD interactions in vivo affects transcription of endogenous human genes. Quantitative single-cell and single-molecule imaging reveals that the oncogenic TF EWS/FLI1 requires a finely tuned range of LCD-LCD interactions to efficiently activate target genes. Modest or more dramatic increases in LCD-LCD interactions toward putative LLPS repress EWS/FLI1-driven transcription in patient cells. Likewise, ectopically creating LCD-LCD interactions to sequester EWS/FLI1 into a bona fide LLPS compartment, the nucleolus, inhibits EWS/FLI1-driven transcription and oncogenic transformation. Our findings reveal fundamental principles underlying LCD-mediated transcription and suggest mislocalizing specific LCD-LCD interactions as a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting disease-causing TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning levels of low-complexity domain interactions to modulate endogenous oncogenic transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Playing with FiRE: A genome resolved view of the soil microbiome responses to high severity forest wildfire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Warming climate has increased the frequency and size of high severity wildfires in the western United States, with deleterious impacts on forest ecosystem resilience. Although forest soil microbiomes provide a myriad of ecosystem functions, little is known regarding the impact of high severity fire on microbially-mediated processes. Here, we characterized functional shifts in the soil microbiome (bacterial, fungal, and viral) across wildfire burn severity gradients one year post-fire in coniferous forests (Colorado and Wyoming, USA). We generated the Fire Responding Ecogenomic database (FiRE-db), consisting of 637 metagenome-assembled bacterial genomes, 2490 viral populations, and 2 fungal genomes complemented by 12 metatranscriptomes from soils affected by low and high-severity, and complementary marker gene sequencing and metabolomics data. Actinobacteria dominated the fraction of enriched and active taxa across burned soils. Taxa within surficial soils impacted by high severity wildfire exhibited traits including heat resistance, sporulation and fast growth that enhanced post-fire survival. Carbon cycling within this system was predicted to be influenced by microbial processing of pyrogenic compounds and turnover of dominant bacterial community members by abundant viruses. These genome-resolved analyses across trophic levels reveal the complexity of post-fire soil microbiome activity and offer opportunities for restoration strategies that specifically target these communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narrowe, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fegel, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geonczy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steindorff, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Playing with FiRE: A genome resolved view of the soil microbiome responses to high severity forest wildfire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydomonas ATX1 is essential for Cu distribution towards the secretory pathway and maintenance of biomass in conditions demanding cupro-enzyme dependent metabolic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper (Cu) chaperones, of which yeast ATX1 is a prototype, are small proteins with a Cu(I) binding Mx-CxxC motif, and are responsible for directing intracellular Cu towards specific client protein targets that use Cu as a cofactor. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ATX1 (CrATX1) was identified because of its high sequence similarity with yeast ATX1. Like the yeast homologue, CrATX1 accumulates in iron-deficient cells (but is not impacted by other metal-deficiencies), and YFP-ATX1 is distributed in the cytoplasm. Reverse genetic analysis using artificial microRNA (amiRNA) to generate lines with reduced CrATX1 abundance and CRISPR/CPF1 to generate ATX1 knock out lines validated a function for ATX1 in iron-poor cells, most likely because of an impact on metalation of the multicopper oxidase FOX1, which is an important component in high-affinity iron uptake. A more general impact on the secretory pathway is indicated by reduced growth of ATX1 mutant lines on guanine as a sole nitrogen source, which we attribute to loss of function of UOX1, a urate oxidase involved in guanine assimilation. The block of Cu trafficking towards the secretory pathway in ATX1 mutants is strikingly evident by a reduced amount of intracellular Cu in all conditions probed in this work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, K. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydomonas ATX1 is essential for Cu distribution towards the secretory pathway and maintenance of biomass in conditions demanding cupro-enzyme dependent metabolic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning enables discovery of DNA-carbon nanotube sensors for serotonin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) conjugates have remarkable optical properties leading to their use in biosensing and imaging applications. A critical limitation in the development of DNA-SWNT sensors is the current inability to predict unique DNA sequences that confer a strong analyte-specific optical response to these sensors. Here, near-infrared (nIR) fluorescence response datasets for ~100 DNA-SWNT conjugates, narrowed down by a selective evolution protocol starting from a pool of ~1010 unique DNA-SWNT candidates, are used to train machine learning (ML) models to predict new unique DNA sequences with strong optical response to neurotransmitter serotonin. First, classifier models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained on sequence features to classify DNA ligands as either high response or low response to serotonin. Second, support vector machine (SVM) regression models are trained to predict relative optical response values for DNA sequences. Finally, we demonstrate with validation experiments that integrating the predictions of ensembles of the highest quality CNN classifiers and SVM regression models leads to the best predictions of both high and low response sequences. With our ML approaches, we discovered five new DNA-SWNT sensors with higher fluorescence intensity response to serotonin than obtained previously. Overall, the explored ML approaches introduce an important new tool to predict useful DNA sequences, which can be used for discovery of new DNA-based sensors and nanobiotechnologies.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457145v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning enables discovery of DNA-carbon nanotube sensors for serotonin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating Aedes aegypti from its southern margin in Australia: insights from genomic data and simulation modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A rare example of a successful long-term elimination of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is in Brisbane, Queensland, where the legislatively-enforced removal of rainwater tanks drove its disappearance by the mid-1950s. However, a decade-long drought led to the mass installation of rainwater tanks throughout the region, re-introducing critical breeding sites for the mosquitos persistence in this subtropical region. With Ae. aegypti re-invading towns just 150 km north of Brisbane, we examined the potential for their sustained elimination. Through genomic analyses, we estimated historical expansion and current isolation between neighboring populations as close as 15 kilometers. The estimated recent migration rate, entomological and meteorological data were used to calibrate the simulations of elimination campaigns in the two southernmost populations. Our simulations indicate that Ae. aegypti could be eliminated with moderate release numbers of incompatible Wolbachia-infected (IIT) males (sorted with an error rate [&le;]10-6) if non-compliant rainwater tanks are removed first. With this combined campaign, highly effective suppression (>99%) was predicted in both towns, and complete elimination was predicted in 35% of simulations in one town. Without tank removal, however, IIT led to a moderate suppression (61-93%) even with a 40:1 ratio of released IIT males to local males. Moreover, with a ratio of >20:1, Wolbachia establishment was predicted when the sorting error was >10-7. Our conservative estimates of intervention outcomes inform the planning of Ae. aegypti elimination in the region, and offer insight into the effective combinations of conventional and novel control tools, particularly for vulnerable mosquito populations at range margins.

SignificanceAfter decades of range stagnation in Australia, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is expanding southward, approaching the most-densely-populated areas of Queensland. Using population genomics and simulation modeling of elimination campaigns, we show that Australias southernmost populations of this disease vector are genetically isolated and could be eliminated with moderate releases of incompatible Wolbachia-infected males if major larval breeding sites (non-compliant rainwater tanks) are removed first. The risk of Wolbachia establishment for this approach is low, and so is the risk of quick mosquito re-invasion. Our conservative estimates of intervention outcomes inform the planning of Ae. aegypti elimination in the region, and offer new insight into the benefits of combining conventional and novel control tools, particularly for mosquito populations at range margins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Castellanos, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trewin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating Aedes aegypti from its southern margin in Australia: insights from genomic data and simulation modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant roots and the organisms that surround them are a primary source for stabilized organic C, particularly in grassland soils, which have a large capacity to store organic carbon belowground. To quantify the flow and fate of plant fixed carbon (C) in a Northern California annual grassland, we tracked plant carbon from a five-day 13CO2 pulse field labeling for the following two years. Soil and plant samples were collected immediately after the pulse labeling, and again at three days, four weeks, six months, one year, and two years. Soil organic matter was fractionated using a sodium polytungstate density gradient to separate the free-light fraction (FLF), occluded-light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF). Using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we measured 13C enrichment and total C content for plant shoots, roots, soil, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the FLF, OLF, and HF. The HF was further analyzed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy.

At the end of the labeling period, the largest amount of 13C was recovered in plant shoots (60%), but a substantial amount (40%) was already found belowground in roots, soil, and soil DOC. Density fractionation of 4-week soil samples (from which living roots were removed) indicated that the highest isotope enrichment was in the mineral-rich heavy fraction, with similar enrichment of the FLF and OLF. At the 6-month sampling, after the dry summer period during which plants senesced and died, the amount of label in the FLF increased such that it was equal to that in the HF. By the 1-year sampling, 13C in the FLF had declined substantially and continued to decline by the 2-year sampling. 13C recovery in the OLF and HF, however, was qualitatively stable between sampling times. By the end of the 2-year experiment, 69% of remaining label was in the HF, 18% in the FLF and 13% in the OLF.

While the total 13C content of the HF did not change significantly from the 4-week to the 2-year sample time, 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of spring HF samples from 2018, 2019, and 2020 suggests that the relative proportion of aliphatic/alkyl functional groups declined in the newly formed SOC over the 2-year period. Simultaneously, aromatic and carbonyl functional groups increased, and the proportion of carbohydrate groups remained relatively constant. In summary, our results indicate that initial associations between minerals and root-derived organic matter are significant and form rapidly; by 4 weeks, a substantial amount (17%) of the total plant-derived 13C had become associated with the heavy fraction (HF) of soil. While the majority of annual C input cycles rapidly (<2-year timescale), a sizeable proportion ([~]12% of the original inputs) persisted for 2 years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu-Jacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chloroflexi supergroup is metabolically diverse and representatives have novel genes for non-photosynthesis based CO2 fixation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Chloroflexi superphylum have been investigated primarily from the perspective of reductive dehalogenation of toxic compounds, anaerobic photosynthesis and wastewater treatment, but remain relatively little studied compared to their close relatives within the larger Terrabacteria group, including Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Here, we conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the phylum Chloroflexota, the phylogenetically proximal candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota, and a newly defined sibling phylum proposed in the current study, Eulabeiota. These groups routinely root together in phylogenomic analyses, and constitute the Chloroflexi supergroup. Chemoautotrophy is widespread in Chloroflexi. Two Form I Rubisco ancestral subtypes that both lack the small subunit are prevalent in ca. Eulabeiota and Chloroflexota, suggesting that the predominant modern pathway for CO2 fixation evolved in these groups. The single subunit Form I Rubiscos are inferred to have evolved prior to oxygenation of the Earths atmosphere and now predominantly occur in anaerobes. Prevalent in both Chloroflexota and ca. Eulabeiota are capacities related to aerobic oxidation of gases, especially CO and H2. In fact, aerobic and anaerobic CO dehydrogenases are widespread throughout every class-level lineage, whereas traits such as denitrification and reductive dehalogenation are heterogeneously distributed across the supergroup. Interestingly, some Chloroflexota have a novel clade of group 3 NiFe hydrogenases that is phylogenetically distinct from previously reported groups. Overall, the analyses underline the very high level of metabolic diversity in the Chloroflexi supergroup, suggesting the ancestral metabolic platform for this group enabled highly varied adaptation to ecosystems that appeared in the aerobic world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chloroflexi supergroup is metabolically diverse and representatives have novel genes for non-photosynthesis based CO2 fixation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective Ensemble of Deep Neural Networks Predicts Neural Responses to Naturalistic Videos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report provides a review of our submissions to the Algonauts Challenge 2021. In this challenge, neural responses in the visual cortex were recorded using functional neuroimaging when participants were watching naturalistic videos. The goal of the challenge is to develop voxel-wise encoding models which predict such neural signals based on the input videos. Here we built an ensemble of models that extract representations based on the input videos from 4 perspectives: image streams, motion, edges, and audio. We showed that adding new modules into the ensemble consistently improved our prediction performance. Our methods achieved state-of-the-art performance on both the mini track and the full track tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective Ensemble of Deep Neural Networks Predicts Neural Responses to Naturalistic Videos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-associated microbial diversity in New Zealand cicadas uncovers elevational structure and replacement of obligate bacterial endosymbionts by Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-microbe interactions influence eukaryotic evolution, particularly in the sap-sucking insects that often rely on obligate microbial symbionts to provision deficient nutrients in their diets. Cicadas (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae) specialize on xylem fluid and derive many essential amino acids and vitamins from intracellular bacteria or fungi (Hodgkinia, Sulcia, and Ophiocordyceps) that are propagated via transmission from mothers to offspring. Despite the beneficial role of these symbionts in nutrient provisioning, they are generally not considered to function within the gut where microbiota may play an important dietary role during insect diversification. Here, we investigate the relative impact of host phylogeny and ecology on gut microbial diversity in cicadas by sequencing 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons from 197 wild-collected cicadas and new mitochondrial genomes across 38 New Zealand cicada species, including natural hybrids between one species pair. We find a lack of phylogenetic structure and hybrid effects but a significant role of elevation in explaining variation in gut microbiota. Additionally, we provide evidence of Hodgkinia loss with gains of Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens in all New Zealand cicadas examined that suggests convergent domestications of fungal pathogens. This highlights the macroevolutionary instability of obligate symbiosis and the relative importance of ecology rather than phylogeny for structuring gut microbial diversity in cicadas.

ImportanceAn unresolved question in evolutionary biology is how beneficial associations between eukaryotes and microbes impact macroevolutionary patterns. We report substantial data from natural populations that suggest the absence of macroevolutionary impacts from gut microbiota in cicadas. Instead, gut microbial diversity is better explained by elevational variation across an island landscape. Cicadas, like many insects, have obligate nutritional associations with bacteria housed in organs outside of the gut, but we show that these associations seem also to be unstable at macroevolutionary scales. We report evidence for unexpected and widespread replacement of obligate bacteria by a domesticated and formerly pathogenic Ophiocordyceps fungus representing an evolutionarily convergent pattern across the cicada phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vailionis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-associated microbial diversity in New Zealand cicadas uncovers elevational structure and replacement of obligate bacterial endosymbionts by Ophiocordyceps fungal pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Enzyme Mixtures to Realize Near-Complete Depolymerization in Biodegradable Polymer/Additive Blends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embedding catalysts inside of plastics affords accelerated chemical modification with programmable latency and pathways. Nanoscopically embedded enzymes can lead to near complete degradation of polyesters via chain-end mediated processive depolymerization. The overall degradation rate and pathways have a strong dependence on the morphology of semi-crystalline polyesters. Yet, most studies to date focus on pristine polymers instead of mixtures with additives and other components despite their nearly universal uses in plastic production. Here, additives are introduced to purposely change the morphology of polycaprolactone (PCL) by increasing the bending and twisting of crystalline lamellae. These morphological changes immobilize chain-ends preferentially at the crystalline/amorphous interfaces and limit chain-end accessibility by the embedded processive enzyme. This chain end redistribution reduces the polymer-to-monomer conversion from >95% to less than 50%, causing formation of highly crystalline plastic pieces including microplastics. By synergizing both random chain scission and processive depolymerization, it is feasible to navigate morphological changes in polymer/additive blends and to achieve near complete depolymerization. The random scission enzymes in the amorphous domains create new chain ends that are subsequently bound and depolymerized by processive enzymes. Present studies further highlight the importance to consider host polymer morphological effects on the reactions catalyzed by embedded catalytic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelRe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayapurna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Enzyme Mixtures to Realize Near-Complete Depolymerization in Biodegradable Polymer/Additive Blends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plucking a string or playing a G? Degree of choice abstraction impacts human reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In reinforcement learning (RL) experiments, participants learn to make rewarding choices in response to different stimuli; RL models use outcomes to estimate stimulus-response values which change incrementally. RL models consider any response type indiscriminately, ranging from more concretely defined motor choices (e.g. pressing a key with the index finger), to more general choices that can be executed in a number of ways (e.g. getting dinner at the restaurant). But does the learning process vary as a function of the choice type? In Experiment 1, we show that it does: participants were slower and less accurate in learning correct choices of a general format compared to learning more concrete, motor actions. Using computational modeling, we show that two mechanisms contribute to this. First, there was evidence of irrelevant credit assignment: the values of motor actions interfered with the values of other choice dimensions, resulting in more incorrect choices when the correct response is not defined by a single motor action; second, information integration for relevant general choices was slower. In Experiment 2, we replicated and further extended the findings from Experiment 1, by showing that slowed learning was attributable to weaker working memory use, rather than slowed RL learning. In both experiments we ruled out the explanation that the difference in performance between two condition types was driven by difficulty/different levels of complexity. We conclude that defining a more abstract choice space used by multiple learning systems for credit assignment recruits executive resources, limiting how much such processes then contribute to fast learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plucking a string or playing a G? Degree of choice abstraction impacts human reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring dimensions of biodiversity in Japanese ferns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PremiseBiodiversity is often only measured with species richness. However, this ignores evolutionary history and is not sufficient for making conservation decisions. Here, we characterize multiple facets and drivers of biodiversity to understand how these relate to bioregions and conservation status in the ferns of Japan.

MethodsWe compiled a community dataset of 1,239 20 km x 20 km grid-cells including 672 taxa based on > 300,000 specimen records. We combined this with a phylogeny and functional traits to analyze taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity, and modeled biodiversity metrics in response to environmental factors and reproductive mode. Hierarchical clustering was used to delimit bioregions. Conservation status and threats were assessed by comparing the overlap of significantly diverse grid-cells with conservation zones and range maps of native Japanese deer.

ResultsTaxonomic richness was highest at mid-latitudes. Phylogenetic and functional diversity and phylogenetic endemism were highest in small southern islands. Relative phylogenetic and functional diversity were high at high and low latitudes, and low at mid-latitudes. Grid-cells were grouped into three (phylogenetic) or four (taxonomic) major bioregions. Temperature and apomixis were identified as drivers of biodiversity patterns. Conservation status was generally high for grid-cells with significantly high biodiversity, but the threat due to herbivory by deer was greater for taxonomic richness than other metrics.

ConclusionsOur integrative approach reveals previously undetected patterns and drivers of biodiversity in the ferns of Japan. Future conservation efforts should recognize that threats can vary by biodiversity metric and consider multiple multiple metrics when establishing conservation priorities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebihara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring dimensions of biodiversity in Japanese ferns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task processing (e.g., the preparation and execution of responses) and task representation (e.g., the activation and maintenance of stimulus-response and context information) are two facets of cognitive control supported by lateral frontal cortex (LFC). However, the mechanistic overlap (or distinction) between these two facets is unknown. We explored this by combining a complex task mapping with a pre-cueing procedure. Participants made match/non-match judgments on pairs of stimuli during fMRI recording. Pre-cues on each trial gave variable amounts of information to the participant in anticipation of the stimulus. Our results demonstrated that regions throughout LFC were more active at the stimulus (when responses could be executed) than at the cue (when they could only be prepared), indicating that they supported execution of the task agnostic to the specific task representation. A subset of regions in left caudal LFC showed increased activity with more cue information at the cue and the reverse at the stimulus, suggesting their involvement in reducing uncertainty within the task representation. These results suggest that one component of task processing is preparing and executing the task according to the relevant representation, confined to left caudal LFC, while non-representational functions that occur primarily during execution are supported by different regions throughout the rest of LFC. We further conducted an exploratory investigation of connectivity between the two groups of regions in this study and their potential relationship to the fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks. Regions with both patterns of activity appear to be part of the fronto-parietal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Hierarchical Task Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient decoding of large-scale neural population responses with Gaussian-process multiclass regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural decoding methods provide a powerful tool for quantifying the information content of neural population codes and the limits imposed by correlations in neural activity. However, standard decoding methods are prone to overfitting and scale poorly to high-dimensional settings. Here, we introduce a novel decoding method to overcome these limitations. Our approach, the Gaussian process multi-class decoder (GPMD), is well-suited to decoding a continuous low-dimensional variable from high-dimensional population activity, and provides a platform for assessing the importance of correlations in neural population codes. The GPMD is a multinomial logistic regression model with a Gaussian process prior over the decoding weights. The prior includes hyperparameters that govern the smoothness of each neurons decoding weights, allowing automatic pruning of uninformative neurons during inference. We provide a variational inference method for fitting the GPMD to data, which scales to hundreds or thousands of neurons and performs well even in datasets with more neurons than trials. We apply the GPMD to recordings from primary visual cortex in three different species: monkey, ferret, and mouse. Our decoder achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on all three datasets, and substantially outperforms independent Bayesian decoding, showing that knowledge of the correlation structure is essential for optimal decoding in all three species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenidge, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient decoding of large-scale neural population responses with Gaussian-process multiclass regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of RNA is becoming important for rapidly developing technologies in medicine and biochemistry, spurring development of numerous RNA secondary structure design algorithms and benchmarks to evaluate their performance. However, the problem of RNA design is dependent upon the reverse problem of RNA structure prediction through "folding engines" that predict structure from sequence. We hypothesized that differences in RNA folding engines could impact design algorithms, and recruited an online community of RNA design experts to modify the widely-used RNA secondary structure design benchmark, Eterna100, to address unsolvability of some cases when changing the folding engine used (Vienna 1.8 updated to Vienna 2.6). We tested this new Eterna100-V2 benchmark with five RNA design algorithms, and found that while overall rankings remained similar, the performance of RNA design algorithms that depended on folding engines in their training did indeed depend on which underlying parameter set was used in training. This work demonstrates that the design "difficulty" of RNA structures is intrinsically linked to thermodynamic models, and suggests that future RNA design algorithms that are agnostic to thermodynamic models will result in optimal performance and development. Eterna100-V1 and Eterna100-V2 benchmarks and example solutions are freely available at https://github.com/eternagame/eterna100-benchmarking.

Author SummaryDesigning RNA molecules that fold to a desired target structure is an algorithmic problem gathering increasing attention due to the emergence of RNA-based therapies and the need for rational design of RNAs. The Eterna100 dataset, a collection of target structures with increasing design difficulty, designed and selected by players of the crowdsourced RNA game Eterna, has been widely used to benchmark RNA design algorithms. However, these puzzles were originally developed using the now-deprecated version 1 of the ViennaRNA folding engine. In this manuscript, we introduce an updated benchmark, called the Eterna100-V2. We found that nineteen puzzles using Vienna 1 were unsolvable in Vienna 2, but that Eterna participants were able to re-design the puzzles with minimal modifications to make them solvable in Vienna 2. We confirmed that the rankings of 5 RNA design algorithms remained consistent between Eterna100-V1 and -V2. However, discrepancies in performance from algorithms that relied on thermodynamic models in their training suggest that algorithms will benefit from being agnostic to thermodynamic models as these models continue to improve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koodli, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna Structure Designers,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crossover patterning through kinase-regulated condensation and coarsening of recombination nodules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination is highly regulated to ensure precise segregation of homologous chromosomes. Evidence from diverse organisms indicates that the synaptonemal complex (SC), which assembles between paired chromosomes, plays essential roles in crossover formation and patterning. Several additional "pro-crossover" proteins are also required for recombination intermediates to become crossovers. These typically form multiple foci or recombination nodules along SCs, and later accumulate at fewer, widely spaced sites. Here we report that in C. elegans CDK-2 is required to stabilize all crossover intermediates and stabilizes interactions among pro-crossover factors by phosphorylating MSH-5. Additionally, we show that the conserved RING domain proteins ZHP-3/4 diffuse along the SC and remain dynamic following their accumulation at recombination sites. Based on these and previous findings we propose a model in which recombination nodules arise through spatially restricted biomolecular condensation and then undergo a regulated coarsening process, resulting in crossover interference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwicker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crossover patterning through kinase-regulated condensation and coarsening of recombination nodules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal measurements of phototoxicity in nonlinear optical microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonlinear optical imaging modalities, such as two-photon microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, make use of pulsed-laser excitation with high peak intensity that can perturb the native state of cells. In this study, we investigated the short and long-term effects of pulsed laser induced phototoxicity. We used bulk RNA sequencing, quantitative measurement of cell proliferation, and measurement of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to assess phototoxic effects, at different time scales, for a range of laser excitation settings relevant to SRS imaging. We define a range of laser excitation settings for which there was no significant ROS generation, differential gene expression, or change in proliferation rates of mouse Neuro2A cells. Changes in proliferation rate and ROS generation were observed under imaging conditions with an excitation intensity of over 600 mW/m2. Repeated imaging of the same field of view at this excitation intensity of over 600 mW/m2 resulted in visual damage to N2A cells. Laser induced perturbations in live cells may impact downstream measurements of cell state including subsequent imaging or molecular measurements. This study provides guidance for imaging parameters that minimize photo-induced perturbations in SRS microscopy to ensure accurate interpretation of experiments with time-lapse imaging or with paired measurements of imaging and sequencing on the same cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal measurements of phototoxicity in nonlinear optical microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that the nervous system has the capacity to generate a wide variety of movements because it re-uses some invariant code. Previous work has identified that dynamics of neural population activity are similar during different movements, where dynamics refer to how the instantaneous spatial pattern of population activity changes in time. Here we test whether invariant dynamics of neural populations are actually used to issue the commands that direct movement. Using a brain-machine interface that transformed rhesus macaques motor cortex activity into commands for a neuroprosthetic cursor, we discovered that the same command is issued with different neural activity patterns in different movements. However, these different patterns were predictable, as we found that the transitions between activity patterns are governed by the same dynamics across movements. These invariant dynamics are low-dimensional, and critically, they align with the brain-machine interface, so that they predict the specific component of neural activity that actually issues the next command. We introduce a model of optimal feedback control that shows that invariant dynamics can help transform movement feedback into commands, reducing the input that the neural population needs to control movement. Altogether our results demonstrate that invariant dynamics drive commands to control a variety of movements, and show how feedback can be integrated with invariant dynamics to issue generalizable commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athalye, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsborn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain uses invariant dynamics to generalize outputs across movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary outcomes of enhancer activity underlie stable random monoallelic expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotically stable random monoallelic gene expression (RME) is documented for a small percentage of autosomal genes. Here we investigated the role of enhancers in the RME of natural killer (NK) cell receptor genes. Enhancers were accessible and enriched in H3K27ac on silent and active alleles alike, decoupling enhancer activation and expression. Enhancers controlled gene expression frequency, as predicted by the binary model of enhancer action, and enhancer deletion converted the broadly expressed Nkg2d into an RME gene, recapitulating natural variegation. The results suggested that RME is a consequence of general enhancer properties and therefore many genes may be subject to some degree of RME, which was borne out by analysis of a panel of genes previously thought to be universally expressed within defined hematopoietic lineages: Nkg2d, Cd45, Cd8a and Thy1. We propose that previously documented RME is an extreme on a continuum of intrinsically probabilistic gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kissiov, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary outcomes of enhancer activity underlie stable random monoallelic expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage signaling regulates cohesin stabilization and promotes meiotic chromosome axis morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of meiosis is the reorganization of chromosomes as linear arrays of chromatin loops around a chromosome axis comprised of cohesins and regulatory proteins. Defective axis morphogenesis impairs homolog pairing, synapsis, and recombination. We find that axis assembly in C. elegans is promoted by DNA Damage Response (DDR) signaling activated at meiotic entry. Central to this regulation is downregulation of the cohesin release factor WAPL-1 by the DDR transducer kinase ATM-1, which is activated by the meiotic kinase CHK-2. Additional cohesin regulators, including ECO-1 and PDS-5, also contribute to stabilizing axis-associated cohesins. We find that downregulation of WAPL by ATM also promotes cohesin enrichment at DNA damage foci in cultured mammalian cells. Our findings reveal that the DDR and Wapl play conserved roles in cohesin regulation in meiotic prophase and proliferating cells.

One-Sentence SummaryDNA Damage Response kinase ATM phosphorylates WAPL to promote meiotic chromosome axis assembly and DNA repair
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage signaling regulates cohesin stabilization and promotes meiotic chromosome axis morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutationathon: towards standardization in estimates of pedigree-based germline mutation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past decade, several studies have estimated the human per-generation germline mutation rate using large pedigrees. More recently, estimates for various non-human species have been published. However, methodological differences among studies in detecting germline mutations and estimating mutation rates make direct comparisons difficult. Here, we describe the many different steps involved in estimating pedigree-based mutation rates, including sampling, sequencing, mapping, variant calling, filtering, and how to appropriately account for false-positive and false-negative rates. For each step, we review the different methods and parameter choices that have been used in the recent literature. Additionally, we present the results from a "Mutationathon", a competition organized among five research labs to compare germline mutation rate estimates for a single pedigree of rhesus macaques. We report almost a two-fold variation in the final estimated rate among groups using different post-alignment processing, calling, and filtering criteria and provide details into the sources of variation across studies. Though the difference among estimates is not statistically significant, this discrepancy emphasizes the need for standardized methods in mutation rate estimations and the difficulty in comparing rates from different studies. Finally, this work aims to provide guidelines for computational and statistical benchmarks for future studies interested in identifying germline mutations from pedigrees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besenbacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versoza, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleppe, A. S. L. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Nandam, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiley, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierup, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutationathon: towards standardization in estimates of pedigree-based germline mutation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term incubation of lake water enables genomic sampling of consortia involving Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in lakes can profoundly impact biogeochemical processes through their individual activities and collective interactions. However, the complexity of these communities poses challenges, particularly for studying rare members. Laboratory enrichments can select for subsystems of interacting organisms and enable genome recovery for enriched populations. Here, a reactor inoculated with water from Lake Fargette, France, and maintained under dark conditions at 4{degrees}C for 31 months enriched for diverse Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria. We reconstructed draft genomes and predicted metabolic traits for 12 diverse Planctomycetes and 9 CPR bacteria, some of which are likely representatives of undescribed families or genera. One CPR genome representing the little-studied lineage Peribacter (1.239 Mbp) was curated to completion, and unexpectedly, encodes the full gluconeogenesis pathway. Metatranscriptomic data indicate that some Planctomycetes and CPR bacteria were active under the culture conditions. We also reconstructed genomes and obtained transmission electron microscope images for numerous phages, including one with a >300 kbp genome and several predicted to infect Planctomycetes. Together, our analyses suggest that freshwater Planctomycetes may act as hubs for interaction networks that include symbiotic CPR bacteria and phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sime-Ngando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term incubation of lake water enables genomic sampling of consortia involving Planctomycetes and Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three new Cenomanian conifers from El Chango (Chiapas, Mexico) offer a snapshot of the geographic mosaic of the Mesozoic conifer decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premise of study"El Chango" is a recently discovered quarry that contains extremely well preserved fossils. The Cenomanian age of the locality corresponds to a time when the global flora was transitioning from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated, yet conifers predominate in this locality. These fossils thus provide a rare opportunity to understand the replacement of conifers by angiosperms as the dominant group of plants.

MethodsWe collected material from El Chango in annual expeditions (2010 to 2014). We selected the three most abundant and best preserved conifer morphotypes and conducted a total-evidence (i.e.,, including molecular and morphological data) phylogenetic analysis of a sample of 72 extant conifer species plus the three fossils. We use these results to inform our taxonomic decisions.

ResultsWe obtained four equally most-parsimonious trees (consistency index = 44.1%, retention index = 78.8%). Despite ambiguous relationships among some extant taxa, the three fossil conifers had the same phylogenetic position in all four most-parsimonious trees; we describe these species as new: Sequoiadendron helicalancifolium sp. nov. (Cupressaceae), and Microcachrys rhomboidea sp. nov. and Dacrydium bifoliosus sp. nov (Podocarpaceae). The ecosystem is interpreted as a coastal humid mixed forest.

ConclusionsOur findings contribute to the understanding of Cenomanian equatorial regions, and support the hypothesis of a geographically and ecologically structured "rise of angiosperms", with conifers remaining dominant in brackish-water and angiosperms becoming dominant in freshwater-ecosystems. These fossils fill in gaps in the evolutionary history of lineages like Microcachrys, which we demonstrate occurred in the Northern hemisphere before becoming restricted to its current range (Tasmania).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three new Cenomanian conifers from El Chango (Chiapas, Mexico) offer a snapshot of the geographic mosaic of the Mesozoic conifer decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Organization of the Early Stages of Nucleosome Phase Separation Visualized by Cryo-Electron Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that the intrinsic property of nucleosome arrays to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro is responsible for chromatin domain organization in vivo. However, understanding nucleosomal LLPS has been hindered by the challenge to characterize the structure of resulting heterogeneous condensates. We used cryo-electron tomography and deep learning-based 3D reconstruction/segmentation to determine the molecular organization of condensates at various stages of LLPS. We show that nucleosomal LLPS involves a two-step process: a spinodal decomposition process yielding irregular condensates, followed by their unfavorable conversion into more compact, spherical nuclei that grow into larger spherical aggregates through accretion of spinodal material or by fusion with other spherical condensates. Histone H1 catalyzes more than 10-fold the spinodal-to-spherical conversion. We propose that this transition involves exposure of nucleosome hydrophobic surfaces resulting in modified inter-nucleosome interactions. These results suggest a physical mechanism by which chromatin may transition from interphase to metaphase structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requejo, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Organization of the Early Stages of Nucleosome Phase Separation Visualized by Cryo-Electron Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity has been implicated in the motility and outgrowth of glial cell processes throughout the central nervous system. Here we explore this phenomenon in Muller glia, which are specialized radial astroglia that are the predominant glial type of the vertebrate retina. Muller glia extend fine filopodia-like processes into retinal synaptic layers, in similar fashion to brain astrocytes and radial glia which exhibit perisynaptic processes. Using two-photon volumetric imaging, we found that during the second postnatal week, Muller glial processes were highly dynamic, with rapid extensions and retractions that were mediated by cytoskeletal rearrangements. During this same stage of development, retinal waves led to increases in cytosolic calcium within Muller glial lateral processes and stalks. These comprised distinct calcium compartments, distinguished by variable participation in waves, timing, and sensitivity to an M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. However, we found that motility of lateral processes was unaffected by the presence of pharmacological agents that enhanced or blocked wave-associated calcium transients. Finally, we found that mice lacking normal cholinergic waves in the first postnatal week also exhibited normal Muller glial process morphology. Hence, outgrowth of Muller glial lateral processes into synaptic layers is determined by factors that are independent of neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tworig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent intra-pair sex differences and behavioral coordination in pair bonded prairie voles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In pair bonding animals, coordinated behavior between partners is required for the pair to accomplish shared goals such as raising young. Despite this, experimental designs rarely assess the behavior of both partners within a bonded pair. Thus, we lack an understanding of the interdependent behavioral dynamics between partners that likely facilitate relationship success. To identify intra-pair behavioral correlates of pair bonding, we used socially monogamous prairie voles, a species in which females and males exhibit both overlapping and distinct pair bond behaviors. We tested both partners using social choice and non-choice tests at short- and long-term pairing timepoints. Females developed a preference for their partner more rapidly than males, with preference driven by different behaviors in each sex. Further, as bonds matured, intra-pair behavioral sex differences and coordinated behavior emerged - females consistently huddled more with their partner than males did, and partner huddle time became correlated between partners. When animals were allowed to freely interact with a partner or a novel in sequential free interaction tests, pairs spent more time interacting together than either animal did with a novel. Pair interaction was correlated with female, but not male, behavior. Via a social operant paradigm, we found that pair-bonded females, but not males, are more motivated to access and huddle with their partner than a novel vole. Together, our data indicate that as pair bonds mature, sex differences and coordinated behavior emerge, and that these intra-pair behavioral changes are likely organized and driven by the female animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brusman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protter, D. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fultz, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapel, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elges, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent intra-pair sex differences and behavioral coordination in pair bonded prairie voles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unearthing modes of climatic adaptation in underground storage organs across Liliales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testing adaptive hypotheses about how continuous traits evolve in association with developmentally-structured discrete traits, while accounting for the confounding influence of other, hidden, evolutionary forces, remains a challenge in evolutionary biology. For example, geophytes are herbaceous plants--with underground buds--that use underground storage organs (USOs) to survive extended periods of unfavorable conditions. Such plants have evolved multiple times independently across all major vascular plant lineages. Even within closely related lineages, however, geophytes show impressive variation in the morphological modifications and structures (i.e., "types" of USOs) that allow them to survive underground. Despite the developmental and structural complexity of USOs, the prevailing hypothesis is that they represent convergent evolutionary "solutions" to a common ecological problem, though some recent research has drawn this conclusion into question. We extend existing phylogenetic comparative methods to test for links between the hierarchical discrete morphological traits associated with USOs and adaptation to environmental variables, using a phylogeny of 621 species in Liliales. We found that plants with different USO type do not differ in climatic niche more than expected by chance, with the exception of root morphology, where modified roots are associated with lower temperature seasonality. These findings suggest that root tubers may reflect adaptations to different climatic conditions than those represented by other types of USOs. Thus, the tissue type and developmental origin of the USO structure may influence the way it mediates ecological relationships, which draws into question the appropriateness of ascribing broad ecological patterns uniformly across geophytic taxa. This work provides a new framework for testing adaptive hypotheses and for linking ecological patterns across morphologically varying taxa while accounting for developmental (non-independent) relationships in morphological data. [Macroevolution, geophytes, climatic niche evolution, imperfect correspondence]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Gain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenil-Ferguson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unearthing modes of climatic adaptation in underground storage organs across Liliales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Floral morphology is immensely diverse. One developmental process acting to shape this diversity is growth suppression. For example, grass flowers exhibit extreme diversity in floral sexuality, arising through differential suppression of stamens or carpels. In maize, carpels undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen, and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1; ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ~160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes, and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demesa-Arevalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham-Juarez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whipple, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequence analysis unveils different origins of European and Asiatic mouflon and domestication-related genes in sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The domestication and subsequent development of sheep are crucial events in the history of human civilization and the agricultural revolution. However, the impact of interspecific introgression on the genomic regions under domestication and subsequent selection remains unclear. Here, we analyze the whole genomes of domestic sheep and all their wild relative species. We found introgression from wild sheep such as the snow sheep and its American relatives (bighorn and thinhorn sheep) into urial, Asiatic and European mouflons. We observed independent events of adaptive introgression from wild sheep into the Asiatic and European mouflons, as well as shared introgressed regions from both snow sheep and argali into Asiatic mouflon before or during the domestication process. We revealed European mouflons arose through hybridization events between a now extinct sheep in Europe and feral domesticated sheep around 6,000 - 5,000 years BP. We also unveiled later introgressions from wild sheep to their sympatric domestic sheep after domestication. Several of the introgression events contain loci with candidate domestication genes (e.g., PAPPA2, NR6A1, SH3GL3, RFX3 and CAMK4), associated with morphological, immune, reproduction or production traits (wool/meat/milk). We also detected introgression events that introduced genes related to nervous response (NEURL1), neurogenesis (PRUNE2), hearing ability (USH2A) and placental viability (PAG11 and PAG3) to domestic sheep and their ancestral wild species from other wild species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmailizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammosov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosrati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenstra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequence analysis unveils different origins of European and Asiatic mouflon and domestication-related genes in sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning of Cas13 guide activity from high-throughput gene essentiality screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome engineering technologies that can effectively and precisely perturb mammalian RNAs are needed to accelerate biological discovery and RNA therapeutics. However, the broad utility of programmable CRISPR-Cas13 ribonucleases has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the design rules governing guide RNA activity as well as cellular toxicity resulting from off-target or collateral RNA cleavage. Here, we sought to characterize and develop Cas13d systems for efficient and specific RNA knockdown with low cellular toxicity in human cells. We first quantified the performance of over 127,000 RfxCas13d (CasRx) guide RNAs in the largest-scale screen to date and systematically evaluated three linear, two ensemble, and two deep learning models to build a guide efficiency prediction algorithm validated across multiple human cell types in orthogonal validation experiments (https://www.RNAtargeting.org). Deep learning model interpretation revealed specific sequence motifs at spacer position 15-24 along with favored secondary features for highly efficient guides. We next identified 46 novel Cas13d orthologs through metagenomic mining for activity and cytotoxicity screening, discovering that the metagenome-derived DjCas13d ortholog achieves low cellular toxicity and high transcriptome-wide specificity when deployed against high abundance transcripts or in sensitive cell types, including human embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and neurons. Finally, our Cas13d guide efficiency model successfully generalized to DjCas13d, highlighting the utility of a comprehensive approach combining machine learning with ortholog discovery to advance RNA targeting in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faizi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning of Cas13 guide activity from high-throughput gene essentiality screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Microenvironment-Specific Mechanosensing Regulates Neural Stem Cell Lineage Commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics strongly regulate stem cell commitment, the fields mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon largely derives from simplified two-dimensional (2D) culture substrates. Here we found a three-dimensional (3D) matrix-specific mechanoresponsive mechanism for neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. NSC lineage commitment in 3D is maximally stiffness-sensitive in the range of 0.1-1.2 kPa, a narrower and more brain-mimetic range than we had previously identified in 2D (0.75 - 75 kPa). Transcriptomics revealed stiffness-dependent upregulation of early growth response 1 (Egr1) in 3D but not in 2D. Egr1 knockdown enhanced neurogenesis in stiff ECMs by driving {beta}-catenin nuclear localization and activity in 3D, but not in 2D. Mechanical modeling and experimental studies under osmotic pressure indicate that stiff 3D ECMs are likely to stimulate Egr1 via increases in confining stress during cell volumetric growth. To our knowledge, Egr1 represents the first 3D-specific stem cell mechanoregulatory factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Microenvironment-Specific Mechanosensing Regulates Neural Stem Cell Lineage Commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acidity and sulfur oxidation intermediate concentrations controlled by O2-driven partitioning of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in a mine tailings impoundment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acidification of freshwater in mining impacted areas is a major global environmental problem catalyzed by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). To date, little is known about the active bacteria in mine tailings impoundments and their environmental niches. Here, biological sulfur oxidation was investigated over four years in a mine tailings impoundment, integrating sulfur geochemistry, genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. We demonstrated oxygen driven niche partitioning of SOB and their metabolic pathways that explain acidity generation and thiosulfate persistence. Four chemolithoautotrophic SOB, Halothiobacillus, Thiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium comprised 37% to 73% of the analyzed communities. The impoundment waters alternated between the dominance of Halothiobacillus versus a Thiobacillus, Halothiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium consortia. Halothiobacillus dominance was associated with lower pH values ([~]4.3), higher [H+]/[SO42-] and lower [S2O32-], collectively indicative of extensive sulfur oxidation. Halothiobacillus, which couple sulfur oxidation via the Sox pathway to aerobic respiration or NO2- reduction, were present throughout the depth profile, yet their expression of sox genes occurred only in upper highly oxygenated waters. Conversely, when consortia of Thiobacillus, Halothiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum and Sediminibacterium dominated, recycling/disproportionating reactions were more prevalent. Thiobacillus, which dominated deeper micro-oxic/anoxic waters, oxidized sulfur primarily through the rDSR pathway, coupled to NO3-/NO2- reduction, resulting in lower [H+]/[SO42-] and higher [S2O32-] relative to upper waters. These field results mirror the Sox/rDSR-geochemical patterns of experimental SOB enrichments and reveal opportunities for biological treatments of recalcitrant reduced sulfur compounds, as well as gene-based monitoring and in situ RNA detection to predict the onset of problematic geochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whaley-Martin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colebrander Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twible, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acidity and sulfur oxidation intermediate concentrations controlled by O2-driven partitioning of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in a mine tailings impoundment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research organisms enable the study of biology that cannot be addressed using classical "model" organisms. The development of new data resources can accelerate research in such animals. Here, we present new functional genomic resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-Seq, an improved form of the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin coupled with next-generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course encompasses many major morphological events, including segmentation, body regionalization, gut morphogenesis, and limb development. In addition, we use short- and long-read RNA-Seq to generate an improved Parhyale genome annotation, enabling deeper classification of identified regulatory elements. We discover differential accessibility, predict nucleosome positioning, infer transcription factor binding, cluster peaks based on accessibility dynamics, classify biological functions, and correlate gene expression with accessibility. Using a Minos transposase reporter system, we demonstrate the potential to identify novel regulatory elements using this approach, including distal regulatory elements. This work provides a platform for the identification of novel developmental regulatory elements in Parhyale, and offers a framework for performing such experiments in other emerging research organisms.

Primary Findings- Omni-ATAC-Seq identifies cis-regulatory elements genome-wide during crustacean embryogenesis
- Combined short- and long-read RNA-Seq improves the Parhyale genome annotation
- ImpulseDE2 analysis identifies dynamically regulated candidate regulatory elements
- NucleoATAC and HINT-ATAC enable inference of nucleosome occupancy and transcription factor binding
- Fuzzy clustering reveals peaks with distinct accessibility and chromatin dynamics
- Integration of accessibility and gene expression reveals possible enhancers and repressors
- Omni-ATAC can identify known and novel regulatory elements




O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/460328v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring neural correlates of behavioral and academic resilience among children in poverty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children in poverty must contend with systems that do not meet their needs. We explored what, at a neural level, helps explain childrens resilience in these contexts. Lower coupling between lateral frontoparietal network (LFPN) and default mode network (DMN)--linked, respectively, to externally- and internally-directed thought--has previously been associated with better cognitive performance. However, we recently found the opposite pattern for children in poverty. Here, we probed ecologically-valid assessments of performance. In a pre-registered study, we investigated trajectories of network coupling over ages 9-13 and their relation to school grades and attention problems. We analyzed longitudinal data from ABCD Study (N=8366 children at baseline; 1303 below poverty). The link between cognitive performance and grades was weaker for children in poverty, highlighting the importance of ecologically-valid measures. As predicted, higher LFPN-DMN connectivity was linked to worse grades and attentional problems for children living above poverty, while children below poverty showed opposite tendencies. This interaction between LFPN-DMN connectivity and poverty related to childrens grades two years later; however, it was attenuated when controlling for baseline grades and was not related to attention longitudinally. Together, these findings suggest network connectivity is differentially related to performance in real-world settings for children above and below poverty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellwood-Lowe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring neural correlates of behavioral and academic resilience among children in poverty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A specific eIF4A paralog facilitates LARP1-mediated translation repression during mTORC1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.18.460932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4A -- a DEAD-box RNA-binding protein -- plays an essential role in translation initiation. Two mammalian eIF4A paralogs, eIF4A1 and eIF4A2, have been assumed to be redundant because of their high homology, and the difference in their functions has been poorly understood. Here, we show that eIF4A1, but not eIF4A2, enhances translational repression during the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), an essential kinase complex controlling cell proliferation. RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-Seq) of the two eIF4A paralogs revealed that eIF4A1 preferentially binds to mRNAs containing terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs, whose translation is rapidly repressed upon mTOR inhibition. This biased interaction depends on a La-related RNA-binding protein, LARP1. Ribosome profiling revealed that the deletion of EIF4A1, but not EIF4A2, rendered the translation of TOP mRNAs resistant to mTOR inactivation. Moreover, eIF4A1 enhances the affinity between TOP mRNAs and LARP1 and thus ensures stronger translation repression upon mTORC1 inhibition. Our data show that the distinct protein interactions of these highly homologous translation factor paralogs shape protein synthesis during mTORC1 inhibition and provide a unique example of the repressive role of a universal translation activator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shichino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashiwagi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.18.460932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A specific eIF4A paralog facilitates LARP1-mediated translation repression during mTORC1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Two-tiered Functional Screen Identifies Herpesviral Transcriptional Modifiers and their Essential Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While traditional methods for studying large DNA viruses allow the creation of individual mutants, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to rapidly create thousands of mutant dsDNA viruses in parallel. Here, we used this approach to study the human oncogenic Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We designed a sgRNA library containing all possible ~22,000 guides targeting the genome of KSHV - one cut site approximately every 8 base pairs - enabling the pooled screening of the entire genome. We used this tool to phenotype all possible Cas9-targeted viruses for transcription of KSHV late genes, which is required to produce structural components of the viral capsid. By performing targeted deep sequencing of the viral genome to distinguish between knock-out and in-frame alleles created by Cas9, we discovered a novel hit, ORF46 - and more specifically its DNA binding domain - is required for viral DNA replication. Our pooled Cas9 tiling screen followed by targeted deep viral sequencing represents a two-tiered screening paradigm that may be widely applicable to dsDNA viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Two-tiered Functional Screen Identifies Herpesviral Transcriptional Modifiers and their Essential Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCONCE: A method for profiling Copy Number Alterations in Cancer Evolution using Single Cell Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number alterations are a significant driver in cancer growth and development, but remain poorly characterized on the single cell level. Although genome evolution in cancer cells is Markovian through evolutionary time, copy number alterations are not Markovian along the genome. However, existing methods call copy number profiles with Hidden Markov Models or change point detection algorithms based on changes in observed read depth, corrected by genome content, and do not account for the stochastic evolutionary process. We present a theoretical framework to use tumor evolutionary history to accurately call copy number alterations in a principled manner. In order to model the tumor evolutionary process and account for technical noise from low coverage single cell whole genome sequencing data, we developed SCONCE, a method based on a Hidden Markov Model to analyze read depth data from tumor cells using matched normal cells as negative controls. Using a combination of public datasets and simulations, we show SCONCE accurately decodes copy number profiles, with broader implications for understanding tumor evolution. SCONCE is implemented in C++11 and is freely available from https://github.com/NielsenBerkeleyLab/sconce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCONCE: A method for profiling Copy Number Alterations in Cancer Evolution using Single Cell Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the reliability, validity, and utility of overlapping networks: Implications for cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain network definitions typically assume non- or minimal overlap, ignoring regions connections to multiple networks. However, new methods are emerging that emphasize network overlap. Here, we investigated the reliability and validity of one assignment method, the mixed membership algorithm, and explored its potential utility for identifying gaps in existing network models of cognition. We first assessed between-sample reliability of overlapping assignment with a split-half design; a bootstrapped Dice similarity analysis demonstrated good agreement between the networks from the two subgroups. Next, we assessed whether overlapping networks captured expected nonoverlapping topographies; overlapping networks captured portions of one to three nonoverlapping topographies, which aligned with canonical network definitions. Following this, a relative entropy analysis showed that a majority of regions participated in more than one network, as is seen biologically, and many regions did not show preferential connection to any one network. Finally, we explored overlapping network membership in regions of the Dual-Networks model of cognitive control, showing that almost every region was a member of multiple networks. Thus, the mixed membership algorithm produces consistent and biologically plausible networks, which presumably will allow for the development of more complete network models of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the reliability, validity, and utility of overlapping networks: Implications for cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which species ranges reflect intrinsic physiological tolerances is a major, unsolved question in evolutionary ecology. To date, consensus has been hindered by the limited tractability of experimental approaches across most of the tree of life. Here, we apply a macrophysiological approach to understand how hematological traits related to oxygen transport shape elevational ranges in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Along Andean elevational gradients, we measured traits that affect blood oxygen-carrying capacity--total and cellular hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit--for 2,355 individuals of 136 bird species. We used these data to evaluate the influence of hematological traits on elevational ranges. First, we asked whether hematological plasticity is predictive of elevational range breadth. Second, we asked whether variance in hematological traits changed as a function of distance from the midpoint of the elevational range. We found that the correlation between hematological plasticity and elevational range breadth was slightly positive, consistent with a facilitative role for plasticity in elevational range expansion. We further found reduced local variation in hematological traits near elevational range limits and at high elevations, patterns consistent with intensified natural selection, reduced effective population size, or compensatory changes in other cardiohematological traits with increasing distance from species-specific optima for oxygen availability. Our findings suggest that constraints on hematological plasticity and local genetic adaptation to oxygen availability promote the evolution of the narrow elevational ranges that underpin tropical montane biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benham, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBay, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadek, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Zapata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanibar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiravanti C, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verde-Guerra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valqui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain excels at processing sensory input, even in rich or chaotic environments. Mounting evidence attributes this to the creation of sophisticated internal models of the environment that draw on statistical structures in the unfolding sensory input. Understanding how and where this modeling takes place is a core question in statistical learning and predictive processing. In this context, we address the role of transitional probabilities as an implicit structure supporting the encoding of a random auditory stream. Leveraging information-theoretical principles and the high spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electroencephalography, we analyzed the trial-by-trial high-frequency activity representation of transitional probabilities. This unique approach enabled us to demonstrate how the brain continuously encodes structure in random stimuli and revealed the involvement of a network outside of the auditory system, including hippocampal, frontal, and temporal regions. Linking the frame-works of statistical learning and predictive processing, our work illuminates an implicit process that can be crucial for the swift detection of patterns and unexpected events in the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuhrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekinschtein, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torresen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transferability of Geometric Patterns from Protein Self-Interactions to Protein-Ligand Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is significant interest in developing machine learning methods to model protein-ligand interactions but a scarcity of experimentally resolved protein-ligand structures to learn from. Protein self-contacts are a much larger source of structural data that could be leveraged, but currently it is not well understood how this data source differs from the target domain. Here, we characterize the 3D geometric patterns of protein self-contacts as probability distributions. We then present a flexible statistical framework to assess the transferability of these patterns to protein-ligand contacts. We observe that the level of transferability from protein self-contacts to protein-ligand contacts depends on contact type, with many contact types exhibiting high transferability. We then demonstrate the potential of leveraging information from these geometric patterns to aid in ligand pose-selection problems in protein-ligand docking. We publicly release our extracted data on geometric interaction patterns to enable further exploration of this problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transferability of Geometric Patterns from Protein Self-Interactions to Protein-Ligand Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mycobacterial glycine-rich protein governs actin-based motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of the significant human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, polymerizes host actin at the bacterial surface to drive intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread during infection. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MirA, the M. marinum actin-based motility factor. MirA is a member of the glycine-rich PE_PGRS family of ESX-5-secreted proteins. MirA uses an amphipathic helix to anchor into the mycobacterial outer membrane and, surprisingly, also the surface of host lipid droplet organelles. The glycine-rich PGRS domain in MirA directly binds and activates host N-WASP to stimulate actin polymerization through the Arp2/3 complex, directing both bacterial and lipid droplet actin- based motility. MirA is dissimilar to known N-WASP activating ligands and may represent a new class of microbial and host actin regulator. Additionally, the MirA-N-WASP interaction represents a model to understand how the enigmatic PE_PGRS proteins contribute to mycobacterial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mycobacterial glycine-rich protein governs actin-based motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased remodeling and impaired adaption to endurance exercise in desminopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desminopathy the most common intermediate filament disease in humans. Desmin is an essential part of the filamentous network that aligns myofibrils, anchors nuclei and mitochondria, and connects the z-discs and the sarcolemma. We created a rat model with a mutation in R349P DES, analog to the most frequent R350P DES missense mutation in humans. To examine the effects of a chronic, physiological exercise stimulus on desminopathic muscle, we subjected R349P DES rats and their wildtype (WT) and heterozygous littermates to a treadmill running regime. We saw significantly lower running capacity in DES rats that worsened over the course of the study. We found indicators of increased autophagic and proteasome activity with running in DES compared to WT. Stable isotope labeling and LC-MS analysis displayed distinct adaptations of the proteomes of WT and DES animals at baseline as well as with exercise: While key proteins of glycolysis, mitochondria and thick filaments increased their synthetic activity with running in WT, these proteins were higher at baseline in DES and did not change with running. The results suggest an impairment in adaption to chronic exercise in DES muscle and a subsequent exacerbation in the functional and histopathological phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossakowski, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizieff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbinden-Foncea, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased remodeling and impaired adaption to endurance exercise in desminopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust T cell activation requires an eIF3-driven burst in T cell receptor translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of T cells requires a rapid surge in cellular protein synthesis. However, the role of translation initiation in the early induction of specific genes remains unclear. Here we show human translation initiation factor eIF3 interacts with select immune system related mRNAs including those encoding the T cell receptor (TCR) subunits TCRA and TCRB. Binding of eIF3 to the TCRA and TCRB mRNA 3-untranslated regions (3-UTRs) depends on CD28 coreceptor signaling and regulates a burst in TCR translation required for robust T cell activation. Use of the TCRA or TCRB 3-UTRs to control expression of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) improves the ability of CAR-T cells to kill tumor cells in vitro. These results identify a new mechanism of eIF3-mediated translation control that can aid T cell engineering for immunotherapy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeSilva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaeschke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust T cell activation requires an eIF3-driven burst in T cell receptor translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin changes in PIF-regulated genes parallel their rapid transcriptional response to light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As sessile organisms, plants must adapt to a changing environment, sensing variations in resource availability and modifying their development in response. Light is one of the most important resources for plants, and its perception by sensory photoreceptors (e.g. phytochromes) and subsequent transduction into long-term transcriptional reprogramming have been well characterized. Chromatin changes have been shown to be involved in photomorphogenesis. However, the initial short-term transcriptional changes produced by light and what factors enable these rapid changes are not well studied. Here, we identify rapidly light-responsive, PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) direct-target genes (LRP-DTGs). We found that a majority of these genes also show rapid changes in Histone 3 Lysine-9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in response to the light signal. Detailed time-course analysis of transcriptional and chromatin changes showed that, for light-repressed genes, H3K9 deacetylation parallels light-triggered transcriptional repression, while for light-induced genes, H3K9 acetylation appeared to somewhat precede light-activated transcription. However, real-time imaging of transcription elongation revealed that, in fact, H3K9 acetylation also parallels transcriptional induction. Collectively, the data raise the possibility that light-induced transcriptional and chromatin-remodeling processes are mechanistically intertwined. Histone modifying proteins involved in long term light responses do not seem to have a role in this fast response, indicating that different factors might act at different stages of the light response. This work not only advances our understanding of plant responses to light, but also unveils a system in which rapid chromatin changes in reaction to an external signal can be studied under natural conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Grandio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton-Roesler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin changes in PIF-regulated genes parallel their rapid transcriptional response to light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifunctional Cre-dependent transgenic mice for high-precision all-optical interrogation of neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining which features of the neural code drive perception and behavior requires the ability to simultaneous read out and write in neural activity patterns with high precision across many neurons. All-optical systems that combine two photon (2p) calcium imaging and targeted 2p photostimulation enable the activation of specific, functionally defined groups of neurons in behaving animals. However, these techniques do not yet have the ability to reveal how the specific distribution of firing rates across a relevant neural population mediates neural computation and behavior. The key technical obstacle is the inability to transform single-cell calcium signals into accurate estimates of firing rate changes and then write in these cell-specific firing rate changes to each individual neuron in a targeted population. To overcome this challenge, we made two advances: first we introduce a new genetic line of mice for robust Cre-dependent co-expression of a high-performance calcium indicator and a potent soma-targeted microbial opsin. Second, using this line, we developed a pipeline that enables the read-out and write-in of precise population vectors of neural activity across a targeted group of neurons. The combination of the new multifunctional transgenic line and the photostimulation paradigm offer a powerful and convenient platform for investigating the neural codes of computation and behavior. It may prove particularly useful for probing causal features of the geometry of neural representations where the ability to directly control the topology of population activity is essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadahiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajowa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifunctional Cre-dependent transgenic mice for high-precision all-optical interrogation of neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary sweeps of subviral parasites and their phage host bring unique parasite variants and disappearance of a phage CRISPR-Cas system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is a significant threat to global public health in part due to its propensity for large-scale evolutionary sweeps where lineages emerge and are replaced. These sweeps may originate from the Bay of Bengal where bacteriophage predation and the evolution of anti-phage counter defenses is a recurring theme. The bacteriophage ICP1 is a key predator of epidemic V. cholerae and is notable for acquiring a CRISPR-Cas system to combat PLE, a defensive subviral parasite encoded by its V. cholerae host. Here we describe the discovery of five previously unknown PLE variants, including one found during recent surveillance of patient samples in Bangladesh. We also observed a lineage sweep of PLE negative V. cholerae occurring within a patient population in under a year which coincided with a loss of ICP1s CRISPR-Cas system. These findings reinforce the importance of surveillance to better understand the selective pressures that drive pandemic cholera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary sweeps of subviral parasites and their phage host bring unique parasite variants and disappearance of a phage CRISPR-Cas system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.462827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 in cassava attenuates toxic cyanogen production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.462827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a starchy root crop that supports over a billion people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This staple, however, produces toxic cyanogenic compounds and requires processing for safe consumption. Excessive consumption of insufficiently processed cassava, in combination with protein-poor diets, can have neurodegenerative impacts. Reducing the cyanogen content by conventional breeding is problematic due to the heterozygous nature of the crop; recombination will generally disrupt a clonally propagated cultivars suite of desirable traits. To reduce cyanide levels in cassava, we used CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis to disrupt the cytochrome P450 genes CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 whose protein products catalyze the first step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis. Knockout of both genes eliminated cyanide in leaves and storage roots of cassava accession 60444 and the West African, farmer-preferred cultivar TME 419. Although knockout of CYP79D2 alone resulted in significant reduction of cyanide, mutagenesis of CYP79D1 did not, indicating these paralogs have diverged in their function. Our work demonstrates cassava genome editing for food safety, reduced processing requirements, and environmental benefits that could be readily extended to other farmer-preferred cultivars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkoff, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.462827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 in cassava attenuates toxic cyanogen production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread distribution of collagens and collagen-associated domains in eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of collagen, the dominant structural component of metazoan extracellular matrix, has long been cited as a critical step in the evolution of metazoan multicellularity. While collagens were once thought to be found only in metazoans, scattered reports of collagen domains in Fungi, and more recently in close relatives of metazoans, have called into question whether collagens are truly unique to metazoans. Here, we take advantage of recently sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of diverse holozoans (the clade encompassing metazoans and their close relatives), as well as publicly available proteomes from diverse non-holozoan eukaryotes, to conduct a systematic search for collagen domains across eukaryotic diversity. We find that collagen domains are ubiquitous in choanoflagellates, the sister group of metazoans, and widespread across many other major eukaryotic taxa. Many predicted collagens in non-metazoans are comparable to metazoan collagens in length and proline content. Moreover, most are present in species that also encode putative prolyl 4-hydroxylase domains, suggesting that, like metazoan collagens, they may be stabilized through the hydroxylation of prolines. Fibrillar collagen and collagen IV appear to be unique to metazoans, and we posit that their ability to assemble into superstructures may have contributed to the origin of metazoan multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linden, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread distribution of collagens and collagen-associated domains in eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of mitochondrial protein import by the TIM complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria import nearly all their [~]1,000-2,000 constituent proteins from the cytosol across their double membrane envelope. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the conserved protein translocase, termed the TIM complex (also known as TIM23 complex), mediates import of presequence-containing proteins into the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane. Among [~]10 different subunits of the complex, the essential multi-pass membrane protein Tim23, together with the evolutionarily related protein Tim17, has long been postulated to form a protein-conducting channel. However, the mechanism of TIM-mediated protein import remains uncertain due to a lack of structural information on the complex. Here, we have determined the cryo-EM structure of the core TIM complex (Tim17-Tim23-Tim44) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that, contrary to the prevailing model, Tim23 and Tim17 do not form a water-filled channel, but instead have separate, lipid-exposed concave cavities that face in opposite directions. Remarkably, our data suggest that the cavity of Tim17 itself forms the protein translocation path whereas Tim23 plays a structural role. We also show how the Tim17-Tim23 heterodimer associates with the scaffold protein Tim44 and J-domain proteins to mediate Hsp70-driven polypeptide transport into the matrix. Our work provides the structural foundation to understand the mechanism of TIM-mediated protein import and sorting, a central pathway in mitochondrial biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of mitochondrial protein import by the TIM complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-encoded ribosomal protein S21 expression is linked to late stage phage replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosomal protein S21 (bS21) gene has been detected in diverse viruses with a large range of genome sizes, yet its in situ expression and potential significance have not been investigated. Here, we report five closely related clades of bacteriophages (phages) represented by 47 genomes (8 curated to completion and up to 331 kbp in length) that encode a bS21 gene. The bS21 gene is on the reverse strand within a conserved region that encodes the large terminase, major capsid protein, prohead protease, portal vertex proteins and some hypothetical proteins. These phages are predicted to infect Bacteroidetes species that inhabit a range of depths in freshwater lakes. Transcriptionally active bS21-encoding phages were sampled in the late-stage of replication, when core structural genes, bS21 and a neighboring gene of unknown function were highly expressed. Thus, our analyses suggest that bS21, which is involved in translation initiation, substitutes into the Bacteroidetes ribosomes and selects for phage transcripts during the late-stage replication when large-scale phage protein production is required for assembly of phage particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-encoded ribosomal protein S21 expression is linked to late stage phage replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Niche breadth coevolution between biotic partners underpins theories of diversity and co-existence and influences patterns of disease emergence and transmission in host-parasite systems. Despite these broad implications, we still do not fully understand how the breadth of parasites infectivity evolves, the nature of any associated costs, or the genetic basis of specialization. Here, we serially passage a granulosis virus on multiple inbred populations of its Plodia interpunctella host to explore the dynamics and outcomes of specialization. In particular, we collect time series of phenotypic and genetic data to explore the dynamics of host genotype specialization throughout the course of experimental evolution and examine two fitness components. We find that the Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus consistently evolves increases in overall specialization, but that our two fitness components evolve independently such that lines specialize in either productivity or infectivity. Furthermore, we find that specialization in our experiment is a highly polygenic trait best explained by a combination of evolutionary mechanisms including conditionally positive fitness asymmetries and mutation accumulation. These results are important for understanding the evolution of specialization in host-parasite interactions and its broader implications for co-existence, diversification, and infectious disease management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uricchio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNamur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarcan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhassani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolution of Host Specialization in an Insect Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.462022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frugivore gut passage increases seed germination: an updated meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.462022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many plants rely on animal mutualists for reproduction. Quantifying how animal mutualists impact plant performance provides a foundation for modelling how change in animal communities affects the composition and functioning of plant communities. We performed a meta-analysis of 2539 experiments, 6 times more than the last comprehensive meta-analysis, examining how gut passage by frugivores influences seed germination. We simultaneously analyzed multiple predictor variables related to study methodology, location, and frugivore identity to disentangle methodological from ecological impacts on effect sizes. We found that gut passage by birds, fish, reptiles, bats, primates, and other mammals on average increased seed germination, but that the magnitude varied across vertebrate groups. The positive effects of gut passage were largely explained by the de-inhibitory effects of pulp removal rather than by the scarification of seed tissues. Some previous studies and meta-analyses that found no effect of gut passage only tested scarification or did not distinguish between these tests of scarification and pulp removal. We found that, for a typical fleshy-fruited plant species, the lack of gut passage reduces germination by 60%. From an evolutionary perspective, this indicates a large risk associated with reliance on animal mutualists that is balanced against the benefits of animal-mediated seed dispersal. From a conservation perspective, this highlights the potential for large demographic consequences of frugivore declines on plant populations. Our database and findings advance quantitative predictions for the role of fruit-frugivore interactions in shaping plant communities in the Anthropocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavazos, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnish, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricke, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.462022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frugivore gut passage increases seed germination: an updated meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extrachromosomal circular DNAs of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contain a wide variety of LTR retrotransposons, genes, and effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOne of the ways genomes respond to stress is by producing extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs). EccDNAs can contain genes and dramatically increase their copy number. They can also reinsert into the genome, generating structural variation. They have been shown to provide a source of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in several species. However, whole circularome studies have so far been limited to a few model organisms. Fungal plant pathogens are a serious threat to global food security in part because of their rapid adaptation to disease prevention strategies. Understanding the mechanisms fungal pathogens use to escape disease control is paramount to curbing their threat.

ResultsWe present a whole circularome sequencing study of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We find that M. oryzae has a highly diverse circularome containing many genes and showing evidence of large LTR retrotransposon activity. We find that genes enriched on eccDNAs in M. oryzae occur in genomic regions prone to presence-absence variation and that disease associated genes are frequently on eccDNAs. Finally, we find that a subset of genes is never present on eccDNAs in our data, which indicates that the presence of these genes on eccDNAs is selected against.

ConclusionsOur study paves the way to understanding how eccDNAs contribute to adaptation in M. oryzae. Our analysis also reveals how M. oryzae eccDNAs differ from those of other species and highlights the need for further comparative characterization of eccDNAs across species to gain a better understanding of these molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extrachromosomal circular DNAs of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contain a wide variety of LTR retrotransposons, genes, and effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AUG-3387, a Human-Derived Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduces Viral Load from Therapeutic Treatment of Hamsters In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections from the SARS-CoV-2 virus have killed over 4.6 million people since it began spreading through human populations in late 2019. In order to develop a therapeutic or prophylactic antibody to help mitigate the effects of the pandemic, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was isolated from a convalescent patient following recovery from COVID-19 disease. This mAb, designated AUG-3387, demonstrates a high affinity for the spike protein of the original viral strains and all variants tested to date. In vitro pseudovirus neutralization and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity has been demonstrated in vitro. In addition, a dry powder formulation has been prepared using a Thin-Film Freezing (TFF) process that exhibited a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 50.95 {+/-} 7.69% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.74 {+/-} 0.73 {micro}m and 2.73 {+/-} 0.20, respectively. The dry powder is suitable for delivery directly to the lungs of infected patients using a dry powder inhaler device. Importantly, AUG-3387, administered as a liquid by intraperitoneal injection or the dry powder formulation delivered intratracheally into Syrian hamsters 24 hours after intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the lung viral load of the virus. These data suggest that AUG-3387 formulated as a dry powder demonstrates potential to treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emig, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahakijjpijarn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AUG-3387, a Human-Derived Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduces Viral Load from Therapeutic Treatment of Hamsters In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Naturalistic Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological rhythms in core body temperature (CBT) provide informative markers of adolescent development under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unknown if these markers are preserved under more variable naturalistic conditions, and if CBT may therefore prove useful in a real-world setting. To evaluate this possibility, we examined fecal steroid concentrations and CBT rhythms from pre-adolescence (p26) through early adulthood (p76) in intact male and female rats under natural light and climate at the University of California, Berkeley Field Station. Despite greater environmental variability, CBT markers of pubertal onset and its rhythmic progression were comparable to those previously reported in laboratory conditions in female rats and extend actigraphy-based findings in males. Specifically, sex differences emerged in circadian rhythm (CR) power and temperature amplitude prior to pubertal onset and persisted into early adulthood, with females exhibiting elevated CBT and decreased CR power compared to males. Within-day (ultradian rhythm; UR) patterns also exhibited a pronounced sex difference associated with estrous cyclicity. Pubertal onset, defined by vaginal opening, preputial separation, and sex steroid concentrations, occurred later than previously reported under lab conditions for both sexes. Vaginal opening and increased fecal estradiol concentrations were closely tied to the commencement of 4-day oscillations in CBT and UR power in female rats. By contrast, preputial separation and the first rise in testosterone concentration were not associated with adolescent changes to CBT rhythms in male rats. Together, males and females exhibited unique temporal patterning of CBT and sex steroids across pubertal development, with tractable associations between hormonal concentrations, external development, and temporal structure in females. The preservation of these features outside the laboratory supports CBT as a strong candidate for translational pubertal monitoring under naturalistic conditions in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegsfeld, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Naturalistic Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity and evolution of nitric oxide reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen is an essential element for life, with the availability of fixed nitrogen limiting productivity in many ecosystems. The return of oxidized nitrogen species to the atmospheric N2 pool is predominately catalyzed by microbial denitrification (NO3- [-&gt;] NO2- [-&gt;] NO [-&gt;] N2O [-&gt;] N2)1. Incomplete denitrification can produce N2O as a terminal product, leading to an increase in atmospheric N2O, a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas2. The production of N2O is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR) members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase (HCO) superfamily3. Here we use phylogenomics to identify a number of previously uncharacterized HCO families and propose that many of them (eNOR, sNOR, gNOR, and nNOR) perform nitric oxide reduction. These families have novel active-site structures and several have conserved proton channels, suggesting that they might be able to couple nitric oxide reduction to energy conservation. We isolated and biochemically characterized a member of the eNOR family from Rhodothermus marinus, verifying that it performs nitric oxide reduction both in vitro and in vivo. These newly identified NORs exhibit broad phylogenetic and environmental distributions, expanding the diversity of microbes that can perform denitrification. Phylogenetic analyses of the HCO superfamily demonstrate that nitric oxide reductases evolved multiple times independently from oxygen reductases, suggesting that complete denitrification evolved after aerobic respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennis, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity and evolution of nitric oxide reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frogs are an ecologically diverse and phylogenetically ancient group of living amphibians that include important vertebrate cell and developmental model systems, notably the genus Xenopus. Here we report a high-quality reference genome sequence for the western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, along with draft chromosome-scale sequences of three distantly related emerging model frog species, Eleutherodactylus coqui, Engystomops pustulosus and Hymenochirus boettgeri. Frog chromosomes have remained remarkably stable since the Mesozoic Era, with limited Robertsonian (i.e., centric) translocations and end-to-end fusions found among the smaller chromosomes. Conservation of synteny includes conservation of centromere locations, marked by centromeric tandem repeats associated with Cenp-a binding, surrounded by pericentromeric LINE/L1 elements. We explored chromosome structure across frogs, using a dense meiotic linkage map for X. tropicalis and chromatin conformation capture (HiC) data for all species. Abundant satellite repeats occupy the unusually long ([~]20 megabase) terminal regions of each chromosome that coincide with high rates of recombination. Both embryonic and differentiated cells show reproducible association of centromeric chromatin, and of telomeres, reflecting a Rabl configuration similar to the "bouquet" structure of meiotic cells. Our comparative analyses reveal 13 conserved ancestral anuran chromosomes from which contemporary frog genomes were constructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkoff, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Figueroa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdivel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Parker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gridi-Papp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A patatin-like phospholipase mediates Rickettsia parkeri escape from host membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spotted fever group Rickettsia species are arthropod-borne obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause mild to severe human disease. These bacteria invade host cells, replicate in the cell cytosol, and then spread from cell to cell. To access the host cytosol and avoid detection by immune surveillance mechanisms, these pathogens must have evolved efficient ways to escape membrane-bound vacuoles. Although Rickettsia are predicted to express factors that disrupt host membranes, little is known about how and when these proteins function during infection. Here, we investigated the role of a Rickettsia patatin-like phospholipase A2 enzyme (Pat1) during host cell infection by characterizing a Rickettsia parkeri mutant with a transposon insertion in the pat1 gene. We show that Pat1 is important for infection in a mouse model and in host cells. We further show that Pat1 is critical for efficiently escaping from the single and double membrane-bound vacuoles into the host cytosol, and for avoiding host galectins that mark damaged membranes. In the host cytosol, Pat1 is important for avoiding host polyubiquitin, preventing recruitment of autophagy receptor p62, and promoting actin-based motility and cell-cell spread. Our results show that Pat1 plays critical roles in escaping host membranes and promoting cell-cell spread during R. parkeri infection and suggest diverse roles for patatin-like phospholipases in facilitating microbial infection.

ImportanceSpotted fever group Rickettsia are bacteria that reside in ticks and can be transmitted to mammalian hosts, including humans. Severe disease is characterized by high fever, headache, and rash, and results in occasional mortality despite available treatment. Rickettsia interact with host cell membranes while invading cells, escaping into the cytosol, and evading cellular defenses. Bacterial phospholipase enzymes have been proposed as critical factors for targeting host cell membranes, however the specific roles of rickettsial phospholipases are not well defined. We investigated the contribution of one conserved patatin-like phospholipase, Pat1, in Rickettsia parkeri. We observed that Pat1 is important for virulence in an animal model. Moreover, Pat1 plays critical roles in host cells by facilitating access to the cell cytosol, inhibiting detection by host defense pathways, and promoting cell-cell spread. Our study indicates that Pat1 performs several critical functions, suggesting a broad role for phospholipases throughout the Rickettsia lifecycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borgo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A patatin-like phospholipase mediates Rickettsia parkeri escape from host membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetition of a specific movement biases subsequent actions towards the recently practiced movement, a phenomenon referred to as use-dependent learning (UDL). UDL has been attributed to shifts in the tuning of neurons in the motor cortex. However, recent studies employing a forced reaction time task, including the eLife article by Marinovic et al (2017), indicate that these biases may also arise from a contaminated motor plan, one that is biased towards the practiced direction. We advanced this line of inquiry, seeking to establish the relative contribution of execution and planning processes to UDL in a center-out reaching task in which participants were able to initiate movements of their own volition. On most trials, the target appeared at a designated "frequent" location; on other trials, the target appeared at one of six "rare" locations. In Experiment 1, participants exhibited a robust movement bias towards the frequent target when movements were self-initiated quickly, but a small movement bias when movements were self-initiated slowly - the signature of a contaminated motor plan. Strikingly, the heading angles were bimodally distributed, with one peak at the frequent target location and the other at the rare target location - a finding reinforced by a re-analysis of two widely cited studies on UDL. Notably, the latter peak was shifted in the frequently practiced direction, a signature of a motor execution bias. To eliminate the contribution of planning-related UDL, we imposed a delay between target onset and movement initiation in Experiment 2. As predicted, the heading angles became unimodally distributed around the rare target. The peak of this distribution was again shifted towards the location of the frequent target, indicative of a persistent bias in motor execution. Taken together, these results highlight two distinct components of UDL even when movements are self-initiated: First, the temporal dynamics underlying movement planning, in which a default plan is progressively overridden by a new plan, produces a pronounced motor planning bias. Second, there is a small, temporally stable bias that may reflect shifts in motor unit tuning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstynen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of multipotential postmitotic mouse retinal ganglion cell precursors into discrete types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genesis of broad neuronal classes from multipotential neural progenitor cells has been extensively studied, but less is known about the diversification of a single neuronal class into multiple types. We used single-cell RNA-seq to study how newly-born (postmitotic) mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) precursors diversify into ~45 discrete types. Computational analysis provides evidence that RGC type identity is not specified at mitotic exit, but acquired by gradual, asynchronous fate restriction of postmitotic multipotential precursors. Some types are not identifiable until a week after they are generated. Immature RGCs may be specified to project ipsilaterally or contralaterally to the rest of the brain before their type identity has been determined. Optimal transport inference identifies groups of RGC precursors with largely non-overlapping fates, distinguished by selectively expressed transcription factors that could act as fate determinants. Our study provides a framework for investigating the molecular diversification of discrete types within a neuronal class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of multipotential postmitotic mouse retinal ganglion cell precursors into discrete types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal spiking activity is routinely recorded using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), but calcium imaging is limited in temporal resolution and does not report subthreshold voltage changes. Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer better temporal resolution and subthreshold sensitivity, but spike detection with fast GEVIs has required specialized imaging equipment. Here, we report the ASAP4 subfamily of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) that brighten in response to membrane depolarization, inverting the fluorescence-voltage relationship of previous ASAP GEVIs. Two variants, ASAP4b and ASAP4e, feature 128% and 178% fluorescence increases over 100-mV of depolarization, respectively, facilitating spike detection in single trials in vivo with standard 1 and 2-photon imaging systems. Simultaneous voltage and calcium imaging confirms improved temporal resolution and spike discernment by ASAP4 GEVIs. Thus, positively tuned ASAP4 voltage indicators enable recording of neuronal spiking activity using similar equipment as calcium imaging, while providing higher temporal resolution.

One Sentence SummaryUpward ASAPs increase detection capability of GEVIs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taxidis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madruga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keulen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomivuori, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A positively Tuned Voltage Indicator Reveals Electrical Correlates of Calcium Activity in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-particle tracking of dynein identifies PP2A B55/SUR-6 as a cell cycle regulator of cortical force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergence and positioning of the pronuclei and mitotic spindle of many zygotes aids efficient division and is essential for early embryonic patterning. In the C. elegans zygote, interactions between microtubules and cortically anchored dynein are key to early development. However, how cortical microtubule pulling forces are controlled through the cell cycle is less well understood. We used single-molecule imaging and a windowed mean squared displacement analysis to uncover the behavior of dynein during cortical force generation, and provide a regulatory role for protein phosphatase PP2A-B55/SUR6 via NuMA-like protein LIN-5 in this process. Previous findings and our results suggest that PP2A regulates cortical microtubule pulling forces by increasing dynein binding and unbinding to the cortical force generation complex. Our data also suggests that cortical occupancy of dynein is abrogated to vary force generation. Our approach will be broadly applicable to classify the force generation behavior of single molecules in living organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-particle tracking of dynein identifies PP2A B55/SUR-6 as a cell cycle regulator of cortical force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum adopts two distinct tubule forms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a versatile organelle with diverse functions. Through super-resolution microscopy, we show that the peripheral ER in the mammalian cell adopts two distinct forms of tubules. Whereas an ultrathin form, R1, is consistently covered by ER-membrane curvature-promoting proteins, e.g., Rtn4 in the native cell, in the second form, R2, Rtn4 and analogs are arranged into two parallel lines at a conserved separation of [~]105 nm over long ranges. The two tubule forms together account for [~]90% of the total tubule length in the cell, with either one being dominant in different cell types. The R1-R2 dichotomy and the final tubule geometry are both co-regulated by Rtn4 (and analogs) and the ER sheet-maintaining protein Climp63, which respectively define the edge curvature and lumen height of the R2 tubules to generate a ribbon-like structure of well-defined width. Accordingly, the R2 tubule width correlates positively with the Climp63 intralumenal size. The R1 and R2 tubules undergo active remodeling at the second/sub-second time scales as they differently accommodate proteins, with the former effectively excluding ER-luminal proteins and ER-membrane proteins with large intraluminal domains. We thus uncover a dynamic structural dichotomy for ER tubules with intriguing functional implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endoplasmic reticulum adopts two distinct tubule forms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms Governing Target Search and Binding Dynamics of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) are classically attributed a modular construction, containing well-structured sequence specific DNA-binding domains (DBDs) paired with disordered activation domains (ADs) responsible for protein-protein interactions targeting cofactors or the core transcription initiation machinery. However, this simple division of labor model struggles to explain why TFs with identical DNA binding sequence specificity determined in vitro exhibit distinct binding profiles in vivo. The family of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) offer a stark example: aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, HIF-1 and HIF-2 subunit isoforms recognize the same DNA motif in vitro - the hypoxia response element (HRE) - but only share a subset of their target genes in vivo, while eliciting contrasting effects on cancer development and progression under certain circumstances. To probe the mechanisms mediating isoform-specific gene regulation, we used live cell single particle tracking (SPT) to investigate HIF nuclear dynamics and how they change upon genetic perturbation or drug treatment. We found that HIF- subunits and their dimerization partner HIF-1{beta} exhibit distinct diffusion and binding characteristics that are exquisitely sensitive to concentration and subunit stoichiometry. Using domain-swap variants, mutations, and a HIF-2 specific inhibitor, we found that although the DBD and dimerization domains are important, a major determinant of chromatin binding and diffusion behavior is the AD-containing intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Using Cut&Run and RNA-seq as orthogonal genomic approaches we also confirmed IDR-dependent binding and activation of a specific subset of HIF-target genes. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of IDRs in regulating the TF search and binding process that contribute to functional target site selectivity on chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms Governing Target Search and Binding Dynamics of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World Fruit Bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. To inform conservation efforts to model population viability for these threatened species, as well understand the mechanisms underpinning persistence of several potentially zoonotic pathogens hosted by these bats, we here define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species. Our field studies in central-eastern Madagascar indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for Madagascar, a pattern characteristic of most mammalian frugivores on the island. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species; these traits span the range of those known for pteropodids more broadly, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of recorded species and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism in observed traits with larger-bodied males vs. females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally-deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for the largest P. rufus species. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further jeopardizes this species conservation status as human hunting of bats for subsistence is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. The more extreme seasonal variation in the mass to forearm relationship for P. rufus may also modulate immune function, an important consideration given these bats roles as reservoir hosts for several high profile viral families known to cause severe disease in humans. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelomanantsoa, N. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.464602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Protein Identity on Tumor-Associated Antigen Uptake into Infiltrating Immune Cells: A Comparison of Different Fluorescent Proteins as Model Antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.464602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective immune responses depend on efficient antigen uptake in the periphery, transport of those antigens to, and presentation in draining lymph nodes (LNs). These processes have been studied intensively using stable fluorescent proteins (FPs) as model antigens. To date, ZsGreen is the only FP that can be tracked efficiently towards LNs, hence, it is difficult to compare studies using alternated tracking proteins.

Here, we systematically compared six different FPs. We included ZsGreen, ZsYellow, DsRed, AsRed, mCherry, and mRFP based on sequence homology and/or origin species, and generated FP-expressing tumor cell lines. Stability of fluorescent signal was assessed in vitro over time, across different pH environments, and in vivo through FP antigen uptake and transfer to immune cells isolated from tumors and tumor-draining LNs.

ZsGreen could be detected in high percentages of all analyzed tumor-infiltrating immune cells, with highest amounts in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s). ZsYellow, AsRed, and DsRed followed a similar pattern, but percentages of FP-containing immune cells in the tumor were lower than for ZsGreen. Strikingly, mRFP and mCherry demonstrated a  non-canonical antigen uptake pattern where percentages of FP-positive tumor-infiltrating immune cells were highest for cDC1s not TAMs and cDC2s despite comparable stabilities and localization of all FPs. Analysis of antigen-containing cells in the LN was hindered by intracellular degradation of FPs. Only ZsGreen could be efficiently tracked to the LN, though some signal was measurable for ZsYellow and DsRed.

In summary, we find that detection of antigen uptake and distribution is subject to variabilities related to fluorophore nature. Future experiments need to consider that these processes might be impacted by protein expression, stability, or other unknown factors. Thus, our data sheds light on potential under-appreciated mechanisms regulating antigen transfer and highlights potential uses and necessary caveats to interpretation based on FP use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.464602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Protein Identity on Tumor-Associated Antigen Uptake into Infiltrating Immune Cells: A Comparison of Different Fluorescent Proteins as Model Antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explaining heterogeneity in medial entorhinal cortex with task-driven neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) supports a wide range of navigational and memory related behaviors. Well-known experimental results have revealed specialized cell types in MEC -- e.g. grid, border, and head-direction cells -- whose highly stereotypical response profiles are suggestive of the role they might play in supporting MEC functionality. However, the majority of MEC neurons do not exhibit stereotypical firing patterns. How should the response profiles of these more "heterogeneous" cells be described, and how do they contribute to behavior? In this work, we took a computational approach to addressing these questions. We first performed a statistical analysis that shows that heterogeneous MEC cells are just as reliable in their response patterns as the more stereotypical cell types, suggesting that they have a coherent functional role. Next, we evaluated a spectrum of candidate models in terms of their ability to describe the response profiles of both stereotypical and heterogeneous MEC cells. We found that recently developed task-optimized neural network models are substantially better than traditional grid cell-centric models at matching most MEC neuronal response profiles -- including those of grid cells themselves -- despite not being explicitly trained for this purpose. Specific choices of network architecture (such as gated nonlinearities and an explicit intermediate place cell representation) have an important effect on the ability of the model to generalize to novel scenarios, with the best of these models closely approaching the noise ceiling of the data itself. We then performed in silico experiments on this model to address questions involving the relative functional relevance of various cell types, finding that heterogeneous cells are likely to be just as involved in downstream functional outcomes (such as path integration) as grid and border cells. Finally, inspired by recent data showing that, going beyond their spatial response selectivity, MEC cells are also responsive to non-spatial rewards, we introduce a new MEC model that performs reward-modulated path integration. We find that this unified model matches neural recordings across all variable-reward conditions. Taken together, our results point toward a conceptually principled goal-driven modeling approach for moving future experimental and computational efforts beyond overly-simplistic single-cell stereotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mel, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorscher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamins, D. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explaining heterogeneity in medial entorhinal cortex with task-driven neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-based library design improves packaging and diversity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) hold tremendous promise as delivery vectors for clinical gene therapy, but they need improvement. AAVs with enhanced properties, such as more efficient and/or cell-type specific infection, can be engineered by creating a large, diverse starting library and screening for desired phenotypes, in some cases iteratively. Although this approach has succeeded in numerous specific cases, such as infecting cell types from the brain to the lung, the starting libraries often contain a high proportion of variants unable to assemble or package their genomes, a general prerequisite for engineering any gene delivery goal. Herein, we develop and showcase a machine learning (ML)-based method for systematically designing more effective starting libraries -- ones that have broadly good packaging capabilities while being as diverse as possible. Such carefully designed but general libraries stand to significantly increase the chance of success in engineering any property of interest. Furthermore, we use this approach to design a clinically-relevant AAV peptide insertion library that achieves 5-fold higher packaging fitness than the state-of-the-art library, with negligible reduction in diversity. We demonstrate the general utility of this designed library on a downstream task to which our approach was agnostic: infection of primary human brain tissue. The ML-designed library had approximately 10-fold more successful variants than the current state-of-the-art library. Not only should our new library serve useful for any number of other engineering goals, but our library design approach itself can also be applied to other types of libraries for AAV and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHU, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carneiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.467003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-based library design improves packaging and diversity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulcal depth in prefrontal cortex: A novel predictor of working memory performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuroanatomical changes that underpin cognitive development is of major interest in neuroscience. Of the many aspects of neuroanatomy to consider, tertiary sulci are particularly appealing as they emerge last in gestation, show a protracted development after birth, and are either human- or hominoid-specific. Thus, they are ideal targets for exploring morphological-cognitive relationships with cognitive skills, such as verbal working memory (WM), that also show protracted development. Yet, the relationship between sulcal morphology and verbal WM is unknown, either in development or more generally. To fill this gap, we adopted a data-driven approach with cross-validation to examine the relationship between sulcal depth in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and verbal WM in 60 participants ages 6-18. These analyses identified nine left, but not right, LPFC sulci (of which six were tertiary) whose depth predicted verbal WM performance. Most of these sulci are located within and around contours of functionally defined parcellations of LPFC proposed previously. This sulcal depth model out-performed models with age or cortical thickness. Taken together, these findings contribute to building empirical support for a classic theory that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks in association cortices that contribute to aspects of human behavior that show a protracted development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulcal depth in prefrontal cortex: A novel predictor of working memory performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thymic macrophages consist of two populations with distinct localization and origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident macrophages are essential to protect from pathogen invasion and maintain organ homeostasis. The ability of thymic macrophages to engulf apoptotic thymocytes is well appreciated, but little is known about their ontogeny, maintenance, and diversity. Here, we characterized the surface phenotype and transcriptional profile of these cells and defined their expression signature. Thymic macrophages were most closely related to spleen red pulp macrophages and Kupffer cells and shared the expression of the transcription factor SpiC with these cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that the macrophages in the adult thymus are composed of two populations distinguished by the expression of Timd4 and Cx3cr1. Remarkably, Timd4+ cells were located in the cortex, while Cx3cr1+ macrophages were restricted to the medulla and the cortico-medullary junction. Using shield chimeras, transplantation of embryonic thymuses, and genetic fate mapping, we found that the two populations have distinct origins. Timd4+ thymic macrophages are of embryonic origin, while Cx3cr1+ macrophages are derived from adult hematopoietic stem cells. Aging has a profound effect on the macrophages in the thymus. Timd4+ cells underwent gradual attrition, while Cx3cr1+ cells slowly accumulated with age and, in older mice, were the dominant macrophage population in the thymus. Altogether, our work defines the phenotype, origin, and diversity of thymic macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhagalov, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thymic macrophages consist of two populations with distinct localization and origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CALDERA: Finding all significant de Bruijn subgraphs for bacterial GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS), aiming to find genetic variants associated with a trait, have widely been used on bacteria to identify genetic determinants of drug resistance or hypervirulence. Recent bacterial GWAS methods usually rely on k-mers, whose presence in a genome can denote variants ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to mobile genetic elements. Since many bacterial species include genes that are not shared among all strains, this approach avoids the reliance on a common reference genome. However, the same gene can exist in slightly different versions across different strains, leading to diluted effects when trying to detect its association to a phenotype through k-mer based GWAS. Here we propose to overcome this by testing covariates built from closed connected subgraphs of the De Bruijn graph defined over genomic k-mers. These covariates are able to capture polymorphic genes as a single entity, improving k-mer based GWAS in terms of power and interpretability. As the number of subgraphs is exponential in the number of nodes in the DBG, a method naively testing all possible subgraphs would result in very low statistical power due to multiple testing corrections, and the mere exploration of these subgraphs would quickly become computationally intractable. The concept of testable hypothesis has successfully been used to address both problems in similar contexts. We leverage this concept to test all closed connected subgraphs by proposing a novel enumeration scheme for these objects which fully exploits the pruning opportunity offered by testability, resulting in drastic improvements in computational efficiency. We illustrate this on both real and simulated datasets and also demonstrate how considering subgraphs leads to a more powerful and interpretable method. Our method integrates with existing visual tools to facilitate interpretation. We also provide an implementation of our method, as well as code to reproduce all results at https://github.com/HectorRDB/Caldera_Recomb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CALDERA: Finding all significant de Bruijn subgraphs for bacterial GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are proteinaceous organelles that encapsulate key enzymes of CO2 fixation - Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase - and are the centerpiece of the bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). In the CCM, actively accumulated cytosolic bicarbonate diffuses into the carboxysome and is converted to CO2 by carbonic anhydrase, producing a high CO2 concentration near Rubisco and ensuring efficient carboxylation. Self-assembly of the -carboxysome is orchestrated by the intrinsically disordered scaffolding protein, CsoS2, which interacts with both Rubisco and carboxysomal shell proteins, but it is unknown how the carbonic anhydrase, CsoSCA, is incorporated into the -carboxysome. Here, we present the structural basis of carbonic anhydrase encapsulation into -carboxysomes from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. We find that CsoSCA interacts directly with Rubisco via an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain. A 1.98 [A] single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of Rubisco in complex with this peptide reveals that CsoSCA binding is predominantly mediated by a network of hydrogen bonds. CsoSCAs binding site overlaps with that of CsoS2 but the two proteins utilize substantially different motifs and modes of binding, revealing a plasticity of the Rubisco binding site. Our results advance the understanding of carboxysome biogenesis and highlight the importance of Rubisco, not only as an enzyme, but also as a central hub for mediating assembly through protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale discovery of recombinases for integrating DNA into the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent microbial genome sequencing efforts have revealed a vast reservoir of mobile genetic elements containing integrases that could be useful genome engineering tools. Large serine recombinases (LSRs), such as Bxb1 and PhiC31, are bacteriophage-encoded integrases that can facilitate the insertion of phage DNA into bacterial genomes. However, only a few LSRs have been previously characterized and they have limited efficiency in human cells. Here, we developed a systematic computational discovery workflow that identifies thousands of new LSRs and their cognate DNA attachment sites by. We validate this approach via experimental characterization of LSRs in human cells, leading to three classes of LSRs distinguished from one another by their efficiency and specificity. We identify landing pad LSRs that efficiently integrate into synthetically installed attachment sites orthogonal to the human genome, human genome-targeting LSRs with computationally predictable pseudosites, and multi-targeting LSRs that can unidirectionally integrate cargos at with similar efficiency and superior specificity to commonly used transposases. LSRs from each category were functionally characterized in human cells, overall achieving up to 7-fold higher plasmid recombination than Bxb1 and genome insertion efficiencies of 40-70% with cargo sizes over 7 kb. Overall, we establish a paradigm for large-scale discovery of microbial recombinases and reconstruction of their target sites directly from microbial sequencing data. This strategy provides a rich resource of over 60 experimentally characterized LSRs that can function in human cells and thousands of additional candidates for large-payload genome editing without exposed DNA double-stranded breaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaepe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale discovery of recombinases for integrating DNA into the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine neuron morphology and output are differentially controlled by mTORC1 and mTORC2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mTOR pathway is an essential regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Midbrain dopamine neurons are particularly sensitive to mTOR signaling status as activation or inhibition of mTOR alters their morphology and physiology. mTOR exists in two distinct multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. How each of these complexes affect dopamine neuron properties and whether they act together or independently is unknown. Here we investigated this in mice with dopamine neuron-specific deletion of Rptor or Rictor, which encode obligatory components of mTORC1 or mTORC2, respectively. We find that inhibition of mTORC1 strongly and broadly impacts dopamine neuron structure and function causing somatodendritic and axonal hypotrophy, increased intrinsic excitability, decreased dopamine production, and impaired dopamine release. In contrast, inhibition of mTORC2 has more subtle effects, with selective alterations to the output of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. As mTOR is involved in several brain disorders caused by dopaminergic dysregulation including Parkinsons disease and addiction, our results have implications for understanding the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cragg, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.07.467637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine neuron morphology and output are differentially controlled by mTORC1 and mTORC2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 mediated nuclear transport and genomic integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA nanostructures are a promising tool for delivery of a variety of molecular payloads to cells. DNA origami structures, where 1000s of bases are folded into a compact nanostructure, present an attractive approach to package genes; however, effective delivery of genetic material into cell nuclei has remained a critical challenge. Here we describe the use of DNA nanostructures encoding an intact human gene and a fluorescent-protein encoding gene as compact templates for gene integration by CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR). Our design includes CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) binding sites on the DNA nanostructures to increase shuttling of structures into the nucleus. We demonstrate efficient shuttling and genomic integration of DNA nanostructures using transfection and electroporation. These nanostructured templates display lower toxicity and higher insertion efficiency compared to unstructured double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) templates in human primary cells. Furthermore, our study validates virus-like particles (VLPs) as an efficient method of DNA nanostructure delivery, opening the possibility of delivering DNA nanostructures in vivo to specific cell types. Together these results provide new approaches to gene delivery with DNA nanostructures and establish their use as large HDR templates, exploiting both their design features and their ability to encode genetic information. This work also opens a door to translate other DNA nanodevice functions, such as measuring biophysical properties, into cell nuclei.

Teaser SentenceCRISPR-Cas9 mediates nuclear transport and integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin Shiao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vykunta, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejanov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 mediated nuclear transport and genomic integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity, defined as the brains potential to change in response to its environment, has been extensively studied at the cellular and molecular levels. Work in animal models suggests that stimulation to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) enhances plasticity, and that myelination constrains plasticity. Little is known, however, about whether proxy measures of these properties in the human brain are associated with learning. Here, we investigated the plasticity of the frontoparietal system by asking whether VTA resting-state functional connectivity and myelin map values (T1w/T2w ratios) predicted learning after short-term training on the adaptive n-back (n = 46, ages 18-25). We found that stronger baseline connectivity between VTA and lateral prefrontal cortex predicted greater improvements in accuracy. Lower myelin map values predicted improvements in response times, but not accuracy. Our findings suggest that proxy markers of neural plasticity can predict learning in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boroshok, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiadis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, J. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Reyes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in frontoparietal plasticity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for pH-Gating of the K+ Channel TWIK1 at the Selectivity Filter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TWIK1 is a widely expressed pH-gated two-pore domain K+ channel (K2P) that contributes to cardiac rhythm generation and insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. TWIK1 displays unique properties among K2Ps including low basal activity and inhibition by extracellular protons through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of TWIK1 in lipid nanodiscs at high and low pH that reveal a novel gating mechanism at the K+ selectivity filter. At high pH, TWIK1 adopts an open conformation. At low pH, protonation of an extracellular histidine results in a cascade of conformational changes that close the channel by sealing the top of the selectivity filter, displacing the helical cap to block extracellular ion access pathways, and opening gaps for lipid block of the intracellular cavity. These data provide a mechanistic understanding for extracellular pH-gating of TWIK1 and show how diverse mechanisms have evolved to gate the selectivity filter of K+ channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turney, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for pH-Gating of the K+ Channel TWIK1 at the Selectivity Filter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large cells activate global protein degradation to maintain cell size homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proliferating animal cells maintain a stable size distribution over generations despite fluctuations in cell growth and division size. This tight control of cell size involves both cell size checkpoints, which delay cell cycle progression in small cells, and size-dependent regulation of mass accumulation rates. While we previously identified the p38 MAPK pathway as a key regulator of the mammalian cell size checkpoint, the mechanism of size-dependent growth rate regulation has remained elusive. Here, we quantified global rates of protein synthesis and degradation in cells of varying sizes, both under unperturbed conditions and in response to perturbations that trigger size-dependent compensatory growth slowdown. We found that protein synthesis rates scale proportionally with cell size across cell cycle stages and experimental conditions. In contrast, oversized cells that undergo compensatory growth slowdown exhibit a superlinear increase in proteasome-mediated protein degradation, with accelerated protein turnover per unit mass, suggesting activation of the proteasomal degradation pathway. Both nascent and long-lived proteins contribute to the elevated protein degradation during compensatory growth slowdown, with long-lived proteins playing a crucial role at the G1/S transition. Notably, large G1/S cells exhibit particularly high efficiency in protein degradation, surpassing that of similarly sized or larger cells in S and G2, coinciding with the timing of the most stringent size control in animal cells. These results collectively suggest that oversized cells reduce their growth efficiency by activating global proteasome-mediated protein degradation to promote cell size homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Gavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginzberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutrich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large cells activate global protein degradation to maintain cell size homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccinia virus D10 has broad decapping activity that is regulated by mRNA splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mRNA 5 cap structure serves both to protect transcripts from degradation and promote their translation. Cap removal is thus an integral component of mRNA turnover that is carried out by cellular decapping enzymes, whose activity is tightly regulated and coupled to other stages of the mRNA decay pathway. The poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes its own decapping enzymes, D9 and D10, that act on cellular and viral mRNA, but may be regulated differently than their cellular counterparts. Here, we evaluated the targeting potential of these viral enzymes using RNA sequencing from cells infected with wild-type and decapping mutant versions of VACV as well as in uninfected cells expressing D10. We found that D9 and D10 target an overlapping subset of viral transcripts but that D10 plays a dominant role in depleting the vast majority of human transcripts, although not in an indiscriminate manner. Unexpectedly, the splicing architecture of a gene influences how robustly its corresponding transcript is targeted by D10, as transcripts derived from intronless genes are less susceptible to enzymatic decapping by D10. As all VACV genes are intronless, preferential decapping of transcripts from intron-encoding genes provides an unanticipated mechanism for the virus to disproportionately deplete host transcripts and remodel the infected cell transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccinia virus D10 has broad decapping activity that is regulated by mRNA splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic diversity of two common Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in the Southwestern United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a devastating parasitic disease endemic to Central and South America, Mexico, and the USA. We characterized the genetic diversity of T. cruzi circulating in five triatomine species (Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T. lecticularia, T. indictiva, T. sanguisuga and T. recurva) collected in Texas and Southern Arizona using nucleotide sequences from four single-copy loci (COII-ND1, MSH2, DHFR-TS, TcCLB.506529.310). All T. cruzi variants fall in two main genetic lineages: 75% of the samples corresponded to T. cruzi Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) I (TcI), and 25% to a North American specific lineage previously labelled TcIV-USA. Phylogenetic and sequence divergence analyses of our new data plus all previously published sequence data from those 4 genes collected in the USA, show that TcIV-USA is significantly different from any other previously defined T. cruzi DTUs. The significant level of genetic divergence between TcIV-USA and other T. cruzi lineages should lead to an increased focus on understanding the epidemiological importance of this lineage, as well as its geographical range and pathogenicity in humans and domestic animals. Our findings further corroborate the fact that there is a high genetic diversity of the parasite in North America and emphasize the need for appropriate surveillance and vector control programs for Chagas disease in southern USA and Mexico.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores-Lopez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic diversity of two common Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in the Southwestern United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized ChIP-Seq framework for profiling of histone modifications in Chromochloris zofingiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis is a reference organism for studying carbon partitioning and a promising candidate for the production of biofuel precursors. Recent transcriptome profiling transformed our understanding of its biology and generally algal biology, but epigenetic regulation remains understudied and represents a fundamental gap in our understanding of algal gene expression. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful tool for the discovery of such mechanisms, by identifying genome-wide histone modification patterns and transcription factor-binding sites alike. Here, we established a ChIP-Seq framework for Chr. zofingiensis yielding over 20 million high quality reads per sample. The most critical steps in a ChIP experiment were optimized, including DNA shearing to obtain an average DNA fragment size of 250 bp and assessment of the recommended formaldehyde concentration for optimal DNA-protein crosslinking. We used this ChIP-Seq framework to generate a genome-wide map of the H3K4me3 distribution pattern and to integrate these data with matching RNA-Seq data. In line with observations from other organisms, H3K4me3 marks predominantly transcription start sites of genes. Our H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq data will pave the way for improved genome structural annotation in the emerging reference alga Chr. zofingiensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized ChIP-Seq framework for profiling of histone modifications in Chromochloris zofingiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A de novo matrix for macroscopic living materials from bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphEngineered living materials (ELMs) are composites of living cells embedded in a biopolymer matrix that combine the desirable properties of natural biomaterials with non-natural, tailored properties. ELMs with a wide range of sophisticated biological functions have been created by engineering the embedded cells using synthetic biology. Engineering a de novo biomolecular matrix would offer control over material assembly, structure, and composition, thus enabling us to grow macroscopic ELMs with customizable mechanical properties. However, we have lacked the genetic tools and design rules to genetically encode a synthetic matrix that programs collective cell self-organization into macroscopic structures. Here we report growth of macroscopic ELMs from Caulobacter crescentus cells that display and secrete an engineered self-interacting protein. This protein formed an extracellular de novo matrix and assembled cells into hierarchically-ordered, centimeter-scale ELMs. We showed that the mechanical, catalytic, and morphological properties of these ELMs can be tuned through genetic modification of the matrix. Our work identifies novel genetic tools, design and assembly rules for growing macroscopic ELMs with both wide-ranging mechanical properties and customizable functions. We anticipate the modularity of this approach will permit the incorporation of different protein polymers in the de novo matrix, thus allowing to generate ELMs with a variety of desired structures and compositions of the bulk material. We envision specific matrix properties that can be combined synergistically with existing cellular functions to greatly expand the opportunities for ELMs in human health, energy, and the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molinari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesoriero, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashby, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A de novo matrix for macroscopic living materials from bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a process of progressive change. In order to develop biological models of aging, longitudinal datasets with high temporal resolution are needed. Here we report a multi-omic longitudinal dataset for cultured primary human fibroblasts measured across their replicative lifespans. Fibroblasts were sourced from both healthy donors (n=6) and individuals with lifespan-shortening mitochondrial disease (n=3). The dataset includes cytological, bioenergetic, DNA methylation, gene expression, secreted proteins, mitochondrial DNA copy number and mutations, cell-free DNA, telomere length, and whole-genome sequencing data. This dataset enables the bridging of mechanistic processes of aging as outlined by the "hallmarks of aging", with the descriptive characterization of aging such as epigenetic age clocks. Here we focus on bridging the gap for the hallmark mitochondrial metabolism. Our dataset includes measurement of healthy cells, and cells subjected to over a dozen experimental manipulations targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), glycolysis, and glucocorticoid signaling, among others. These experiments provide opportunities to test how cellular energetics affect the biology of cellular aging. All data are publicly available at our webtool: https://columbia-picard.shinyapps.io/shinyapp-Lifespan_Study/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of methods for the inference of ancestral recombination graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ancestral recombination graph (ARG) is a structure that describes the joint genealogies of sampled DNA sequences along the genome. Recent computational methods have made impressive progress towards scalably estimating whole-genome genealogies. In addition to inferring the ARG, some of these methods can also provide ARGs sampled from a defined posterior distribution. Obtaining good samples of ARGs is crucial for quantifying statistical uncertainty and for estimating population genetic parameters such as effective population size, mutation rate, and allele age. Here, we use standard neutral coalescent simulations to benchmark the estimates of pairwise coalescence times from three popular ARG inference programs: ARGweaver, Relate, and tsinfer+tsdate. We compare 1) the true coalescence times to the inferred times at each locus; 2) the distribution of coalescence times across all loci to the expected exponential distribution; 3) whether the sampled coalescence times have the properties expected of a valid posterior distribution. We find that inferred coalescence times at each locus are most accurate in ARGweaver, and often more accurate in Relate than in tsinfer+tsdate. However, all three methods tend to overestimate small coalescence times and underestimate large ones. Lastly, the posterior distribution of ARGweaver is closer to the expected posterior distribution than Relates, but this higher accuracy comes at a substantial trade-off in scalability. The best choice of method will depend on the number and length of input sequences and on the goal of downstream analyses, and we provide guidelines for the best practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Y C Brandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of methods for the inference of ancestral recombination graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the Cyanobacterial Phycobilisome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phycobilisome is an elaborate antenna that is responsible for light-harvesting in cyanobacteria and red-algae. This large macromolecular complex captures incident sunlight and transfers the energy via a network of pigment molecules called bilins to the photosynthetic reaction centers. The phycobilisome of the model organism Synechocystis PCC 6803 consists of a core to which six rods are attached but its detailed molecular architecture and regulation in response to environmental conditions is not well understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the 6.2 MDa phycobilisome from Synechocystis PCC 6803 resolved at 2.1 [A] (rods) to 2.7 [A] (core), revealing three distinct conformations, two previously unknown. We found that two of the rods are mobile and can switch conformation within the complex, revealing a layer of regulation not described previously. In addition, we found a novel linker protein in the structure, that may represent a long-sought subunit that tethers the phycobilisome to the thylakoid membrane. Finally, we show how excitation energy is transferred within the phycobilisome and correlate our structures with known spectroscopic properties. Together, our results provide detailed insights into the biophysical underpinnings of cyanobacterial light harvesting and lay the foundation for bioengineering of future phycobilisome variants and artificial light harvesting systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the Cyanobacterial Phycobilisome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress high frequency noise in dual-trap optical tweezers systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dual trap optical tweezers are a powerful tool to trap and characterize the biophysical properties of single biomolecules such as the folding pathways of proteins and nucleic acids, and the chemomechanical activity of molecular motors. Despite its vastly successful application, noise from drift and fluctuation of the optics, and Brownian motion of the trapped beads still hinder the techniques ability to directly visualize folding of small biomolecules or the single nucleotide stepping of polymerases, especially at low forces (<10 pN) and sub-millisecond timescales. Rigid DNA nanotubes have been used to replace the conventional dsDNA linker to reduce optical tweezers noise in the low force range. However, optical tweezers are used to study a wide range of biophysical events, with timescales ranging from microseconds to seconds, and length changes ranging from sub nanometers to tens of nanometers. In this study, we systematically evaluate how noise is distributed across different frequencies in dual trap optical tweezers systems-and show that rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress only high frequency noise (kHz), while the low frequency noise remains the same when compared to that of dsDNA tethers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Matta, E. A. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rigid DNA nanotube tethers suppress high frequency noise in dual-trap optical tweezers systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Quenched Cyanobacterial OCP-Phycobilisome Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoprotection is an essential mechanism in photosynthetic organisms to balance the harvesting of light energy against the risks of photodamage. In cyanobacteria, photoprotective non-photochemical quenching relies on the interaction between a photoreceptor, the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP), and the antenna, the phycobilisome (PBS). Here we report the first structure of the OCP-PBS complex at 2.7 [A] overall resolution obtained by cryo-electron microscopy. The structure shows that the 6.2 MDa PBS is quenched by four 34 kDa OCP organized as two dimers. The complex also reveals that the structure of the active form of the OCP is drastically different than its resting, non-quenching form, with an [~]60 [A] displacement of its regulatory domain. These results provide a high-resolution blueprint of the structural basis of the protective quenching of excess excitation energy that enables cyanobacteria to harvest light energy and fix CO2 across environmentally diverse and dynamic surface of our planet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Quenched Cyanobacterial OCP-Phycobilisome Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, infection with SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen responsible for COVID-19, is often associated with neurologic symptoms that range from mild to severe, yet increasing evidence argues the virus does not exhibit extensive neuroinvasive properties. We demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in human iPSC-derived neurons and that infection shows limited anti-viral and inflammatory responses but increased activation of EIF2 signaling following infection as determined by RNA sequencing. Intranasal infection of K18 human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in lung pathology associated with viral replication and immune cell infiltration. In addition, [~]50% of infected mice exhibited CNS infection characterized by wide-spread viral replication in neurons accompanied by increased expression of chemokine (Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Ccl5 and Ccl19) and cytokine (Ifn-{lambda} and Tnf-) transcripts associated with microgliosis and a neuroinflammatory response consisting primarily of monocytes/macrophages. Microglia depletion via administration of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, PLX5622, in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice did not affect survival or viral replication but did result in dampened expression of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine transcripts and a reduction in monocyte/macrophage infiltration. These results argue that microglia are dispensable in terms of controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication in in the K18-hACE2 model but do contribute to an inflammatory response through expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Collectively, these findings contribute to previous work demonstrating the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect neurons as well as emphasizing the potential use of the K18-hACE2 model to study immunological and neuropathological aspects related to SARS-CoV-2-induced neurologic disease.

ImportanceUnderstanding the immunological mechanisms contributing to both host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS is of critical importance given the increasing number of viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating within the nervous system. With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of microglia in aiding in host defense following experimental infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of K18-hACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Neurologic symptoms that range in severity are common in COVID-19 patients and understanding immune responses that contribute to restricting neurologic disease can provide important insight into better understanding consequences associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivarria, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohsfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Geater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miramontes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsourmas, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocksdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manlapaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific impacts of aging and genetics on gene expression patterns in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the primary risk factor for many common human diseases including heart disease, Alzheimers dementias, cancers, and diabetes. Determining how and why tissues age differently is key to understanding the onset and progression of such pathologies. Here, we set out to quantify the relative contributions of genetics and aging to gene expression patterns from data collected across 27 tissues from 948 humans. We show that age impacts the predictive power of expression quantitative trait loci across several tissues. Jointly modelling the contributions of age and genetics to transcript level variation we find that the heritability (h2) of gene expression is largely consistent among tissues. In contrast, the average contribution of aging to gene expression variance varied by more than 20-fold among tissues with [Formula] in 5 tissues. We find that the coordinated decline of mitochondrial and translation factors is a widespread signature of aging across tissues. Finally, we show that while in general the force of purifying selection is stronger on genes expressed early in life compared to late in life as predicted by Medawars hypothesis, a handful of highly proliferative tissues exhibit the opposite pattern. These non-Medawarian tissues exhibit high rates of cancer and age-of-expression associated somatic mutations in cancer. In contrast, gene expression variation that is under genetic control is strongly enriched for genes under relaxed constraint. Together we present a novel framework for predicting gene expression phenotypes from genetics and age and provide insights into the tissue-specific relative contributions of genes and the environment to phenotypes of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudmant, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific impacts of aging and genetics on gene expression patterns in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not so fast: Limited validity of deep convolutional neural networks as in silico models for human naturalistic face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) trained for face identification can rival and even exceed human-level performance. The ways in which the internal face representations in DCNNs relate to human cognitive representations and brain activity are not well understood. Nearly all previous studies focused on static face image processing with rapid display times and ignored the processing of naturalistic, dynamic information. To address this gap, we developed the largest naturalistic dynamic face stimulus set in human neuroimaging research (700+ naturalistic video clips of unfamiliar faces). We used this novel naturalistic dataset to compare representational geometries estimated from DCNNs, behavioral responses, and brain responses. We found that DCNN representational geometries were consistent across architectures, cognitive representational geometries were consistent across raters in a behavioral arrangement task, and neural representational geometries in face areas were consistent across brains. Representational geometries in late, fully-connected DCNN layers, which are optimized for individuation, were much more weakly correlated with cognitive and neural geometries than were geometries in late-intermediate layers. The late-intermediate face-DCNN layers successfully matched cognitive representational geometries, as measured with a behavioral arrangement task that primarily reflected categorical attributes, and correlated with neural representational geometries in known face-selective topographies. Our study suggests that current DCNNs successfully capture neural cognitive processes for categorical attributes of faces, but less accurately capture individuation and dynamic features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiahui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not so fast: Limited validity of deep convolutional neural networks as in silico models for human naturalistic face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.468666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PURC v2.0: a program for improved sequence inference for polyploid phylogenetics and other manifestations of the multiple-copy problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.468666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the true biological sequences from amplicon mixtures remains a difficult bioinformatic problem. The traditional approach is to cluster sequencing reads by similarity thresholds and treat the consensus sequence of each cluster as an "operational taxonomic unit" (OTU). Recently, this approach has been improved upon by model-based methods that correct PCR and sequencing errors in order to infer "amplicon sequence variants" (ASVs). To date, ASV approaches have been used primarily in metagenomics, but they are also useful for identifying allelic or paralogous variants and for determining homeologs in polyploid organisms. To facilitate the usage of ASV methods among polyploidy researchers, we incorporated ASV inference alongside OTU clustering in PURC v2.0, a major update to PURC (Pipeline for Untangling Reticulate Complexes). In addition to preserving original PURC functions, PURC v2.0 allows users to process PacBio CCS/HiFi reads through DADA2 to generate and annotate ASVs for multiplexed data, with outputs including separate alignments for each locus ready for phylogenetic inference. In addition, PURC v2.0 features faster demultiplexing than the original version and has been updated to be compatible with Python 3. In this chapter we present results indicating that PURC v2.0 (using the ASV approach) is more likely to infer the correct biological sequences in comparison to the earlier OTU-based PURC, and describe how to prepare sequencing data, run PURC v2.0 under several different modes, and interpret the output. We expect that PURC v2.0 will provide biologists with a method for generating multi-locus "moderate data" datasets that are large enough to be phylogenetically informative and small enough for manual curation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafran, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.-W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.468666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PURC v2.0: a program for improved sequence inference for polyploid phylogenetics and other manifestations of the multiple-copy problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of the channelrhodopsin ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels widely used for optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity. ChRmine is a bacteriorhodopsin-like cation channelrhodopsin (BCCR) more closely related to ion pump rhodopsins than other channelrhodopsins. ChRmine displays unique properties favorable for optogenetics including high light sensitivity, a red-shifted activation spectrum, cation selectivity, and large photocurrents while its slow closing kinetics impede some applications. The structural basis for ChRmine function, or that of any other BCCR, is unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs in apo (opsin) and retinal-bound (rhodopsin) forms. The structures reveal an unprecedented trimeric architecture with a lipid filled central pore. Large electronegative cavities on either side of the membrane facilitate high conductance and selectivity for cations over protons. The retinal binding pocket structure suggests spectral and kinetic properties could be tuned with mutations and we identify ChRmine variants with two-fold increased and ten-fold decreased closing rates. These results provide insight into structural features that generate an ultra-potent microbial opsin and provide a platform for rational engineering of channelrhodopsins with improved properties that could expand the scale, depth, and precision of optogenetic manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of the channelrhodopsin ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical Guarantees for Phylogeny Inference from Single-Cell Lineage Tracing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for investigating development in single-cell contexts, but exact reconstruction of the underlying clonal relationships in experiment is plagued by data-related complications. These complications are functions of the experimental parameters in these systems, such as the Cas9 cutting rate, the diversity of indel outcomes, and the rate of missing data. In this paper, we develop two theoretically grounded algorithms for reconstruction of the underlying phylogenetic tree, as well as asymptotic bounds for the number of recording sites necessary for exact recapitulation of the ground truth phylogeny at high probability. In doing so, we explore the relationship between the problem difficulty and the experimental parameters, with implications for experimental design. Lastly, we provide simulations validating these bounds and showing the empirical performance of these algorithms. Overall, this work provides a first theoretical analysis of phylogenetic reconstruction in the CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracing technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical Guarantees for Phylogeny Inference from Single-Cell Lineage Tracing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing between recruitment and spread of silent chromatin structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of heterochromatin at HML, HMR, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves two main steps: Recruitment of Sir proteins to silencers and their spread throughout the silenced domain. We developed a method to study these two processes at single base-pair resolution. Using a fusion protein between the heterochromatin protein Sir3 and the non-site-specific bacterial adenine methyltransferase M.EcoGII, we mapped sites of Sir3-chromatin interactions genome-wide using long-read Nanopore sequencing to detect adenines methylated by the fusion protein. A silencing-deficient mutant of Sir3 lacking its Bromo-Adjacent Homology (BAH) domain, sir3-bah{Delta}, was still recruited to HML, HMR, and telomeres. However, in the absence of the BAH domain, it was unable to spread away from those recruitment sites. Overexpression of Sir3 did not lead to further spreading at HML, HMR, and most telomeres. A few exceptional telomeres, like 6R, exhibited a small amount of Sir3 spreading, suggesting that boundaries at telomeres responded variably to Sir3 overexpression. Finally, by using a temperature-sensitive allele of SIR3 fused to M.ECOGII, we tracked the positions first methylated after induction and found that repression of genes at HML and HMR began before Sir3 occupied the entire locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brothers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.469980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing between recruitment and spread of silent chromatin structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular respiration is essential for multiple bacterial pathogens and a validated antibiotic target. In addition to driving oxidative phosphorylation, bacterial respiration has a variety of ancillary functions that obscure its contribution to pathogenesis. We find here that the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes encodes two respiratory pathways which are partially functionally redundant and indispensable for pathogenesis. Loss of respiration decreased NAD+ regeneration, but this could be specifically reversed by heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX). NOX expression fully rescued intracellular growth defects and increased L. monocytogenes loads >1,000-fold in a mouse infection model. Consistent with NAD+ regeneration maintaining L. monocytogenes viability and enabling immune evasion, a respiration-deficient strain exhibited elevated bacteriolysis within the host cytosol and NOX rescued this phenotype. These studies show that NAD+ regeneration, rather than oxidative phosphorylation, represents the primary role of L. monocytogenes respiration and highlight the nuanced relationship between bacterial metabolism, physiology, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with primary mitochondrial diseases present with fatigue and multi-system disease, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. Integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n=690), we find that clinical mitochondrial disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. In a longitudinal cellular model of primary patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors, we show that genetic and pharmacological disruptions of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) similarly trigger increased energy consumption in a cell-autonomous manner, despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency. Hypermetabolism is associated with mtDNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response, increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15, as well as an accelerated rate of telomere erosion and epigenetic aging, and a reduced Hayflick limit. Together with these dynamic measures, we have generated a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations in response to OxPhos dysfunction. The increased energetic cost of living, or hypermetabolism, in cells and organisms with OxPhos defects has important biological and clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taivassalo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplaga, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote sensing reveals multi-decadal losses of tree cover in California driven by increasing fire disturbance and climate stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forests provide natural climate solutions for sequestering carbon and mitigating climate change yet are threatened by increasing temperatures and disturbance. Accurate information on vegetation dynamics is lacking in some regions with forest carbon offset programs and dense forests like California. To address this, we combined remote sensing observations with geospatial databases to develop annual maps of vegetation cover (tree, shrub, herbaceous) and disturbance type (fires, harvest, and forest die-off) in California at 30 m resolution from 1985 to 2021. California lost 3783 km2 of its tree cover area (5.5% relative to initial cover). Early gains in tree cover area were more than offset by fire-driven declines, resulting in greater shrub and herbaceous cover area. Fires and tree cover area loss occurred where temperatures were high or increasing, whereas tree cover gain occurred in cooler areas. Disturbance and warming are threatening the integrity of Californias forests and its carbon offsets program.

TeaserClimate and disturbance-driven tree cover loss challenges the viability of forests as natural climate solutions in California
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randerson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulden, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battles, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote sensing reveals multi-decadal losses of tree cover in California driven by increasing fire disturbance and climate stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allostery, broadly defined as a proteins functional response to distal perturbations, is fundamental to biological regulation. In classical models, allosteric ligand binding produces a defined set of structural changes in the protein, resulting in a different low-energy conformation. Proteins that undergo ligand-induced allostery with few observable structural changes therefore frustrate interpretations by classical models. Here we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX/MS) to map the allosteric effects in a paradigm ligand-responsive allosteric transcription factor, the lac repressor (LacI). X-ray crystal structures of the core domain of LacI bound to different small molecule ligands, or the DNA operator, show less than 1.5 [A] difference in the protein all-atom root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) between any two structures. Despite this high degree of similarity among static structures, our HDX/MS experiments reveal widespread and unexpected differences in the flexibility of secondary structures in the LacI core domain in each functional state. We propose a model in which ligand binding allosterically switches the functional response of the repressor by selectively changing the dynamics of particular secondary structure elements relative to each other, shifting the conformational ensemble of the protein between mutually incompatible DNA-bound and inducer-bound states. Our model also provides a mechanistic context for the altered functions of thousands of documented LacI mutants. Furthermore, our approach provides a platform for characterizing and engineering allosteric responses in proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A naturally DNase-free CRISPR-Cas12c enzyme silences gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Used widely for genome editing in human cells, plants and animals, CRISPR-Cas enzymes including Cas9 and Cas12 provide RNA-guided immunity to microbes by targeting foreign DNA sequences for cleavage. We show here that the native activity of CRISPR-Cas12c protects bacteria from phage infection by binding to DNA targets without cleaving them, revealing that antiviral interference can be accomplished without chemical attack on the invader or general metabolic disruption in the host. Biochemical experiments demonstrate that Cas12c is a site-specific ribonuclease capable of generating mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) from precursor transcripts. Furthermore, we find that crRNA maturation is essential for Cas12c-mediated DNA targeting. Surprisingly, however, these crRNAs direct double-stranded DNA binding by Cas12c using a mechanism that precludes DNA cutting. Cas12cs RNA-guided DNA binding activity enables robust transcriptional repression of fluorescent reporter proteins in cells. Furthermore, this naturally DNase-free Cas12c enzyme can protect bacteria from lytic bacteriophage infection when targeting an essential phage gene. Together these results show that Cas12c employs targeted DNA binding to provide anti-viral immunity in bacteria, providing a native DNase-free pathway for transient antiviral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A naturally DNase-free CRISPR-Cas12c enzyme silences gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila gustatory projections are segregated by taste modality and connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gustatory sensory neurons detect caloric and harmful compounds in potential food and convey this information to the brain to inform feeding decisions. To examine the signals that gustatory neurons transmit and receive, we reconstructed gustatory axons and their synaptic sites in the adult Drosophila melanogaster brain, utilizing a whole-brain electron microscopy volume. We reconstructed 87 gustatory projections from the proboscis labellum in the right hemisphere and 57 from the left, representing the majority of labellar gustatory axons. Gustatory neurons contain a nearly equal number of interspersed pre-and post-synaptic sites, with extensive synaptic connectivity among gustatory axons. Morphology- and connectivity-based clustering revealed six distinct groups, likely representing neurons recognizing different taste modalities. The vast majority of synaptic connections are between neurons of the same group. This study resolves the anatomy of labellar gustatory projections, reveals that gustatory projections are segregated based on taste modality, and uncovers synaptic connections that may alter the transmission of gustatory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila gustatory projections are segregated by taste modality and connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrically Controlling and Optically Observing the Membrane Potential of Supported Lipid Bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supported lipid bilayers are a well-developed model system for the study of membranes and their associated proteins, such as membrane channels, enzymes, and receptors. These versatile model membranes can be made from various components, ranging from simple synthetic phospholipids to complex mixtures of constituents, mimicking the cell membrane with its relevant physiochemical and molecular phenomena. In addition, the high stability of supported lipid bilayers allows for their study via a wide array of experimental probes. In this work, we describe a platform for supported lipid bilayers that is accessible both electrically and optically. We show that the polarization of the supported membrane can be electrically controlled and optically probed using voltage-sensitive dyes. Membrane polarization dynamics is understood through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the analysis of the equivalent electrical circuit. We also describe the effect of the conducting electrode layer on the fluorescence of the optical probe through metal-induced energy transfer. We conclude with a discussion on possible applications of this platform for the study of voltage-dependent membrane proteins and other processes in membrane biology and surface science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yudovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzouqe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantorovitsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teblum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enderlein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrically Controlling and Optically Observing the Membrane Potential of Supported Lipid Bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe COVID-19 is associated with epithelial and endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung as well as in distal organs. While it is appreciated that an exaggerated inflammatory response is associated with barrier dysfunction, the triggers of this pathology are unclear. Here, we report that cell-intrinsic interactions between the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and epithelial/endothelial cells are sufficient to trigger barrier dysfunction in vitro and vascular leak in vivo, independently of viral replication and the ACE2 receptor. We identify an S-triggered transcriptional response associated with extracellular matrix reorganization and TGF-{beta} signaling. Using genetic knockouts and specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and the TGF-{beta} signaling axis are required for S-mediated barrier dysfunction. Our findings suggest that S interactions with barrier cells are a contributing factor to COVID-19 disease severity and offer mechanistic insight into SARS-CoV-2 triggered vascular leak, providing a starting point for development of therapies targeting COVID-19 pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tramontini Gomes de Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Rojas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servellita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Carreno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of CTCF and cohesin mediated chromatin looping revealed by live-cell imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal genomes are folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) by CTCF and cohesin, but whether these loops are stable or dynamic is unknown. Here, we directly visualize chromatin looping at the Fbn2 TAD in mouse embryonic stem cells using super-resolution live-cell imaging and quantify looping dynamics by Bayesian inference. Our results are consistent with cohesin-mediated loop extrusion in cells, and with CTCF both stopping and stabilizing cohesin. Surprisingly, the Fbn2 loop is both rare and dynamic, with a looped fraction of ~3-6.5% and a median loop lifetime of ~10-30 minutes. Instead of a stable loop, our results establish a highly dynamic view of TADs and loops where the Fbn2 TAD exists predominantly in a partially extruded conformation. This dynamic and quantitative view of TADs may facilitate a mechanistic understanding of their functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabriele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse-Holz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zechner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of CTCF and cohesin mediated chromatin looping revealed by live-cell imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A two-component protein condensate of EGFR and Grb2 regulates Ras activation at the membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We reconstitute a phosphotyrosine-mediated protein condensation phase transition of the [~]200 residue cytoplasmic tail of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adaptor protein, Grb2, on a membrane surface. The phase transition depends on phosphorylation of the EGFR tail, which recruits Grb2, and the dimerization of Grb2, which provides the crosslinking element for condensation with EGFR. The Grb2 Y160 residue plays a structurally critical role in dimer formation, and phosphorylation or mutation of Y160 prevents EGFR:Grb2 condensation. By extending the reconstitution experiment to include the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, SOS, and its substrate Ras, we further find that EGFR condensation controls the ability of SOS to activate Ras. These results identify an EGFR:Grb2 protein condensation phase transition as a regulator of signal propagation from EGFR to the MAPK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrandchamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A two-component protein condensate of EGFR and Grb2 regulates Ras activation at the membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional view of neural computation in the cerebral cortex holds that sensory neurons are specialized, i.e., selective for certain dimensions of sensory stimuli. This view was challenged by evidence of contextual interactions between stimulus dimensions in which a neurons response to one dimension strongly depends on other dimensions. Here we use methods of mathematical modeling, psychophysics, and electrophysiology to address shortcomings of the traditional view. Using a model of a generic cortical circuit, we begin with the simple demonstration that cortical responses are always distributed among neurons, forming characteristic waveforms, which we call neural waves. When stimulated by patterned stimuli, circuit responses arise by interference of neural waves. Resulting patterns of interference depend on interaction between stimulus dimensions. Comparison of these modeled responses with responses of biological vision makes it clear that the framework of neural wave interference provides a useful alternative to the standard concept of neural computation.

TeaserInvestigating interference of neural waves helps to overcome limitations of the traditional view of cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gepshtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery and optimization of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications relies on large sequence libraries, but is hindered by developability issues such as low solubility, low thermal stability, high aggregation, and high immunogenicity. Generative language models, trained on millions of protein sequences, are a powerful tool for on-demand generation of realistic, diverse sequences. We present Immunoglobulin Language Model (IgLM), a deep generative language model for creating synthetic libraries by re-designing variable-length spans of antibody sequences. IgLM formulates antibody design as an autoregressive sequence generation task based on text-infilling in natural language. We trained IgLM on 558M antibody heavy- and light-chain variable sequences, conditioning on each sequences chain type and species-of-origin. We demonstrate that IgLM can generate full-length heavy and light chain sequences from a variety of species, as well as infilled CDR loop libraries with improved developability profiles. IgLM is a powerful tool for antibody design and should be useful in a variety of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA): Detecting molecular interactions in live-cell single-molecule imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging provides a powerful way to study biochemical processes in live cells, yet it remains challenging to track single molecules while simultaneously detecting their interactions. Here we describe a novel property of rhodamine dyes, proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), in which one fluorophore (the "sender") can reactivate a second fluorophore (the "receiver") from a dark state. PAPA requires proximity between the two fluorophores, yet it operates at a longer average intermolecular distance than Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We show that PAPA can be used in live cells both to detect protein-protein interactions and to highlight a sub-population of labeled protein complexes in which two different labels are in proximity. In proof-of-concept experiments, PAPA detected the expected correlation between androgen receptor self-association and chromatin binding at the single-cell level. These results establish a new way in which a photophysical property of fluorophores can be harnessed to study molecular interactions in single-molecule imaging of live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrie, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA): Detecting molecular interactions in live-cell single-molecule imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A salvaging strategy enables stable metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All organisms rely on complex metabolites such as amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors for essential metabolic processes. Some microbes synthesize these fundamental ingredients of life de novo, while others rely on uptake to fulfill their metabolic needs. Although certain metabolic processes are inherently  leaky, the mechanisms enabling stable metabolite provisioning among microbes in the absence of a host remain largely unclear. In particular, how can metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria be maintained under the evolutionary pressure to economize resources? Salvaging, the process of  recycling and reusing, can be a metabolically efficient route to obtain access to required resources. Here, we show experimentally how precursor salvaging in engineered Escherichia coli populations can lead to stable, long-term metabolite provisioning. We find that salvaged cobamides (vitamin B12 and related enzyme cofactors) are readily made available to non-productive population members, yet salvagers are strongly protected from overexploitation due to partial metabolite privatization. We also describe a previously unnoted benefit of precursor salvaging, namely the removal of the non-functional, proliferation-inhibiting precursor. As long as compatible precursors are present, any microbe possessing the terminal steps of a biosynthetic process can, in principle, forgo de novo biosynthesis in favor of salvaging. Consequently, precursor salvaging likely represents a potent, yet overlooked, alternative to de novo biosynthesis for the acquisition and provisioning of metabolites in free-living bacterial populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gude, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pherribo, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A salvaging strategy enables stable metabolite provisioning among free-living bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of stickleback spines through independent cis-regulatory changes at HOXDB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic mechanisms leading to new traits is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. We show that HOXDB regulatory changes have been used repeatedly in different stickleback fish species to alter the length and number of bony dorsal spines. In Gasterosteus aculeatus, a variant HOXDB allele is genetically linked to shortening an existing spine and adding a spine. In Apeltes quadracus, a variant allele is associated with lengthening an existing spine and adding a spine. The alleles alter the same conserved non-coding HOXDB enhancer by diverse molecular mechanisms, including SNPs, deletions, and transposable element insertions. The independent cis-acting regulatory changes are linked to anterior expansion or contraction of HOXDB expression. Our findings support the long-standing hypothesis that natural Hox gene variation underlies key morphological patterning changes in wild populations and illustrate how different mutational mechanisms affecting the same region may produce opposite gene expression changes with similar phenotypic outcomes.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts Kingman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimchen, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalziel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of stickleback spines through independent cis-regulatory changes at HOXDB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-consistent migration puts tight constraintson the spatio-temporal organization ofspecies-rich metacommunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biodiversity is often attributed to a dynamic equilibrium between immigration of species and competition-driven extinction. This equilibrium forms a common basis for studying ecosystem assembly from a static reservoir of migrants-the mainland. Yet, natural ecosystems often consist of many coupled communities (i.e. metacommunities) and migration occurs between these communities. The pool of migrants then depends on what is sustained in the ecosystem, which in turn depends on the dynamic migrant pool. This chicken-and-egg problem of survival and migration is poorly understood in communities of many competing species, except for the neutral case - the "unified neutral theory of biodiversity". Employing spatio-temporal simulations and mean-field analyses, we show that self-consistent migration puts rather tight constraints on the dynamic migration-extinction equilibrium. When the number of species is large, even weak competitions push species to the edge of their global extinction, such that the overall diversity is highly sensitive to perturbations in demographic parameters, including growth and dispersal rates. When migration is short-range, the resulting spatiotemporal abundance patterns follow broad scale-free distributions that correspond to a directed percolation phase transition. The qualitative agreement of our results for short-range and long-range migration suggests that this self-organization process is a general property of species-rich metacommunities. Our study shows that self-sustaining metacommunities are highly sensitive to environmental change and provides insights into how biodiversity can be rescued and maintained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-consistent migration puts tight constraintson the spatio-temporal organization ofspecies-rich metacommunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas response regulators produced in an E. coli heterologous expression host exhibit host-derived post-translational phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this report, we systematically characterize 32 response regulators (RRs) from a metal tolerant groundwater isolate, Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2 to assess the impact of host-derived post-translational phosphorylation. As observed by distinct shifted bands in a phos-tag gel, 12 of the 24 detected RRs show homogenous mixtures of phosphorylated proteins or heterogenous mixtures of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins. By evaluating the phosphorylation state of CzcR and CopR II under varying assay parameters, we found that changes to pH and exogenous addition of phospho-donors (e.g. acetyl phosphate) have little to no effect on phosphorylation state. By applying protein production conditions that decrease the pool of intracellular acetyl-phosphate in E. coli, we found a reduction in the phosphorylated population of CopR II when magnesium was added to the media, but observed no change in phosphorylated population when CopR II is expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3){Delta} pta, a mutant with a metabolic disruption to the acetyl-phosphate pathway. Therefore, the specific mechanism of post-translational phosphorylation of RRs in E. coli remains obscure. These findings show the importance of characterizing the phosphorylations state of proteins when heterologously expressed, since their biochemical and physiological properties are dependent on post-translational modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fregoso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas response regulators produced in an E. coli heterologous expression host exhibit host-derived post-translational phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One of these morphs is not like the others: orange morphs exhibit different escape behavior than other morphs in a color polymorphic lizard 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in color morph behavior is an important factor in the maintenance of color polymorphism. Alternative anti-predator behaviors are often associated with morphological traits such as coloration, possibly because predator-mediated viability selection favors certain combinations of anti-predator behavior and color. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, is color polymorphic and populations can have up to three monochromatic morphs: orange, yellow, and white. We investigated whether escape behaviors differ among coexisting color morphs, and if morph behaviors are repeatable across different populations with the same predator species. Specifically, we assessed color morph flight initiation distance (FID), distance to the nearest refuge (DNR), and distance to chosen refuge (DR) in two populations of Aegean wall lizards from Naxos island. We also analyzed the type of refugia color morphs selected and their re-emergence behavior following a standardized intrusion event. We found that orange morphs have different escape behaviors from white and yellow morphs, and these differences are consistent in both of the populations we sampled. Orange morphs have shorter FIDs, DNRs, and DRs, select different refuge types, and re-emerge less often after an intruder event compared to white and yellow morphs. Observed differences in color morph escape behaviors support the idea that morphs have evolved alternative behavioral strategies that may play a role in population-level morph maintenance and loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brock, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One of these morphs is not like the others: orange morphs exhibit different escape behavior than other morphs in a color polymorphic lizard]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete LAT condensates encode antigen information from single pMHC:TCR binding events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LAT assembly into a two-dimensional protein condensate is a prominent feature of antigen discrimination by T cells. Here, we use single-molecule imaging techniques to resolve the spatial position and temporal duration of each pMHC:TCR molecular binding event while simultaneously monitoring LAT condensation at the membrane. An individual binding event is sufficient to trigger a LAT condensate, which is self-limiting, and neither its size nor lifetime is correlated with the duration of the originating pMHC:TCR binding event. Only the probability of the LAT condensate forming is related to the pMHC:TCR binding dwell time. LAT condenses abruptly, but after an extended delay from the originating binding event. A LAT mutation that facilitates phosphorylation at the PLC-{gamma}1 recruitment site shortens the delay time to LAT condensation and alters T cell antigen specificity. These results identify a role for the LAT protein condensation phase transition in setting antigen discrimination thresholds in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAffee, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dair, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low-Nam, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete LAT condensates encode antigen information from single pMHC:TCR binding events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characteristics of recently recognized Vibrio cholerae El Tor lineages associated with cholera in Bangladesh, 1991-2017 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.473094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae El Tor associated with endemic cholera in Asia revealed two distinct lineages, one dominant in Bangladesh and the other in India. An in depth whole genome study of V. cholerae El Tor clinical strains isolated during endemic cholera in Bangladesh (1991 - 2017) included reference genome sequence data obtained online. Core genome phylogeny established using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed V. cholerae El Tor strains comprised two lineages, BD-1 and BD-2, which, according to Bayesian phylodynamic analysis, originated from paraphyletic group BD-0 around 1981. BD-1 and BD-2 lineages overlapped temporally but were negatively associated as causative agents of cholera 2004-2017. Genome wide association study (GWAS) revealed 140 SNPs and 31 indels, resulting in gene alleles unique to BD-1 and BD-2. Regression analysis of root to tip distance and year of isolation indicated early BD-0 strains at the base, whereas BD-1 and BD-2 subsequently emerged and progressed by accumulating SNPs. Pangenome analysis provided evidence of gene acquisition by both BD-1 and BD-2, of which six crucial proteins of known function were predominant in BD-2. BD-1 and BD-2 diverged and have distinctively different genomic traits, namely heterogeneity in VSP-2, VPI-1, mobile elements, toxin encoding elements, and total gene abundance. In addition, the observed phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE1), and SXT ICE elements (ICETET) in BD-2 presumably provided a fitness advantage for the lineage to outcompete BD-1 as the etiological agent of the endemic cholera in Bangladesh, with implications for global cholera epidemiology.

ImportanceCholera is a global disease with specific reference to the Bay of Bengal Ganges Delta where Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, causative agent of the disease showed two circulating lineages, one dominant in Bangladesh and the other in India. Results of in-depth genomic study of V. cholerae associated with endemic cholera during the past 27 years (1991 - 2017) indicate emergence and succession of the two lineages, BD-1 and BD-2, arising from a common ancestral paraphylatic group, BD-0, comprising the early strains and short-term evolution of the bacterium in Bangladesh. Among the two V. cholerae lineages, BD-2 supersedes BD-1 and is predominant in the most recent endemic cholera in Bangladesh. The BD-2 lineage contained significantly more SNPs and indels, and showed richness in gene abundance, including antimicrobial resistance genes, gene cassettes, and PLE to fight against bacteriophage infection, acquired over time. These findings have important epidemic implications at a global scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monir, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohnishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johura, F.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.473094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characteristics of recently recognized Vibrio cholerae El Tor lineages associated with cholera in Bangladesh, 1991-2017]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EPFL10 reduces stomatal density while maintaining photosynthesis and enhancing water conservation in rice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rice (Oryza sativa) is of paramount importance for global nutrition, supplying at least 20% of global calories. However, water scarcity and increased drought severity are anticipated to reduce rice yields globally. Rice stomatal developmental genetics were explored as a mechanism to improve drought resilience while maintaining yield under climate stress. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts of EPFL10 and STOMAGEN yielded lines with c. 80% and 25% of wild-type stomatal density, respectively. epfl10 lines with moderate reductions in stomatal densities are able to conserve water to similar extents as stomagen lines, but do not suffer from the concomitant reductions in stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, or thermoregulation observed in stomagen knockouts. Moderate reductions in stomatal densities achieved by editing EPFL10 may be a climate-adaptive approach in rice that can safeguard yield. Editing the paralog of STOMAGEN in other species may provide a means to tune stomatal density in agriculturally important crops beyond rice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueorguieva, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlbeck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EPFL10 reduces stomatal density while maintaining photosynthesis and enhancing water conservation in rice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LINatural history collections (NHCs) are invaluable resources for understanding biotic response to global change. Museums around the world are currently imaging specimens, capturing specimen data, and making them freely available online. In parallel to the digitisation effort, there have been great advancements in computer vision (CV): the computer trained automated recognition/detection, and measurement of features in digital images. Applying CV to digitised NHCs has the potential to greatly accelerate the use of NHCs for biotic response to global change research. In this paper, we apply CV to a very large, digitised collection to test hypotheses in an established area of biotic response to climate change research: temperature-size responses.
C_LIO_LIWe develop a CV pipeline (Mothra) and apply it to the NHM iCollections of British butterflies (>180,000 specimens). Mothra automatically detects the specimen in the image, sets the scale, measures wing features (e.g., forewing length), determines the orientation of the specimen (pinned ventrally or dorsally), and identifies the sex. We pair these measurements and meta-data with temperature records to test how adult size varies with temperature during the immature stages of species and to assess patterns of sexual-size dimorphism across species and families.
C_LIO_LIMothra accurately measures the forewing lengths of butterfly specimens and compared to manual baseline measurements, Mothra accurately determines sex and forewing lengths of butterfly specimens. Females are the larger sex in most species and an increase in adult body size with warm monthly temperatures during the late larval stages is the most common temperature size response. These results confirm suspected patterns and support hypotheses based on recent studies using a smaller dataset of manually measured specimens.
C_LIO_LIWe show that CV can be a powerful tool to efficiently and accurately extract phenotypic data from a very large collection of digital NHCs. In the future, CV will become widely applied to digital NHC collections to advance ecological and evolutionary research and to accelerate the use of NHCs for biotic response to global change research.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Siqueira, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Walt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenberg, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Fitness Landscape of a Multi-Geometry Protein Capsid Informs Machine Learning Models of Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are non-infections viral-derived nanomaterials poised for biotechnological applications due to their well-defined, modular self-assembling architecture. Although progress has been made in understanding the complex effects that mutations may have on VLPs, nuanced understanding of the influence particle mutability has on quaternary structure has yet to be achieved. Here, we generate and compare the apparent fitness landscapes of two capsid geometries (T=3 and T=1 icosahedral) of the bacteriophage MS2 VLP. We find significant shifts in mutability at the symmetry interfaces of the T=1 capsid when compared to the wildtype T=3 assembly. Furthermore, we use the generated landscapes to benchmark the performance of in silico mutational scanning tools in capturing the effect of missense mutation on complex particle assembly. Finding that predicted stability effects correlated relatively poorly with assembly phenotype, we used a combination of de novo features in tandem with in silico results to train machine learning algorithms for the classification of variant effects on assembly. Our findings not only reveal ways that assembly geometry affects the mutable landscape of a self-assembled particle, but also establish a template for the generation of predictive mutational models of self-assembled capsids using minimal empirical training data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brauer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Fitness Landscape of a Multi-Geometry Protein Capsid Informs Machine Learning Models of Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fasting Induces a Highly Resilient Deep Quiescent State in Muscle Stem Cells via Ketone Body Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-term fasting is beneficial for the regeneration of multiple tissue types. However, the effects of fasting on muscle regeneration are largely unknown. Here we report that fasting slows muscle repair both immediately after the conclusion of fasting as well as after multiple days of refeeding. We show that ketosis, either endogenously produced during fasting or a ketogenic diet, or exogenously administered, promotes a deep quiescent state in muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Although deep quiescent MuSCs are less poised to activate, slowing muscle regeneration, they have markedly improved survival when facing sources of cellular stress. Further, we show that ketone bodies, specifically {beta}-hydroxybutyrate, directly promote MuSC deep quiescence via a non-metabolic mechanism. We show that {beta}-hydroxybutyrate functions as an HDAC inhibitor within MuSCs leading to acetylation and activation of an HDAC1 target protein p53. Finally, we demonstrate that p53 activation contributes to the deep quiescence and enhanced resilience observed during fasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutter, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morree, A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulay, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feraboli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fasting Induces a Highly Resilient Deep Quiescent State in Muscle Stem Cells via Ketone Body Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer mutations in Ras occur predominantly at three hotspots: Gly 12, Gly 13, and Gln 61. Previously, we reported that deep mutagenesis of H-Ras using a bacterial assay identified many other activating mutations (Bandaru et al. eLife, 2017). We now show that the results of saturation mutagenesis of H-Ras in mammalian Ba/F3 cells correlate well with results of bacterial experiments in which H-Ras or K-Ras are co-expressed with a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). The prominent cancer hotspots are not dominant in the Ba/F3 data. We used the bacterial system to mutagenize Ras constructs of different stabilities and discovered a feature that distinguishes the cancer hotspots. While mutations at the cancer hotspots activate Ras regardless of construct stability, mutations at lower-frequency sites (e.g., at Val 14 or Asp 119) can be activating or deleterious, depending on the stability of the Ras construct. We characterized the dynamics of three non-hotspot activating Ras mutants by using NMR to monitor hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). These mutations result in global increases in HDX rates, consistent with the destabilization of Ras. An explanation for these observations is that mutations that destabilize Ras increase nucleotide dissociation rates, enabling activation by spontaneous nucleotide exchange. A further stability decrease can lead to insufficient levels of folded Ras - and subsequent loss of function. In contrast, the cancer hotspot mutations are mechanism-based activators of Ras that interfere directly with the action of GAPs. Our results demonstrate the importance of GAP surveillance and protein stability in determining the sensitivity of Ras to mutational activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandaru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Templeton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Saturation-Mutagenesis Analysis of the Interplay Between Stability and Activation in Ras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature-dependent genetics of thermotolerance between yeast species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many traits of industrial and basic biological interest arose long ago, and manifest now as fixed differences between a focal species and its reproductively isolated relatives. In these systems, extant individuals can hold clues to the mechanisms by which phenotypes evolved in their ancestors. We harnessed yeast thermotolerance as a test case for such molecular-genetic inferences. In viability experiments, we showed that extant Saccharomyces cerevisiae survived at temperatures where cultures of its sister species S. paradoxus died out. Then, focusing on loci that contribute to this difference, we found that the genetic mechanisms of high-temperature growth changed with temperature. We also uncovered an enrichment of low-frequency variants at thermotolerance loci in S. cerevisiae population sequences, suggestive of a history of non-neutral selective forces acting at these genes. We interpret our results in light of a model of gradual acquisition of thermotolerance in the S. cerevisiae lineage by positive selection along a temperature cline. We propose that in an ancestral S. cerevisiae population, alleles conferring defects at a given temperature would have been resolved by adaptive mutations, expanding the range and setting the stage for further temperature advances. Together, our results and interpretation underscore the power of genetic approaches to explore how an ancient trait came to be.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature-dependent genetics of thermotolerance between yeast species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ionophore-stimulation promotes re-organization of the invasion machinery of Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host cell invasion by intracellular, eukaryotic parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa, is a remarkable and active process involving the coordinated action of apical organelles and other structures. To date, capturing how these structures interact during invasion has been difficult to observe in detail. Here, we used cryogenic electron tomography to image the apical complex of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites under conditions that mimic resting parasites and those primed to invade through stimulation with calcium ionophore. Through the application of Mixed Scale Dense networks for image-processing, we developed a highly efficient pipeline for annotation of tomograms, enabling us to identify and extract densities of relevant subcellular organelles and accurately analyze features in 3D. The results reveal a dramatic change in the shape of the anteriorly located apical vesicle upon its apparent fusion with a rhoptry, that occurs only in the stimulated parasites. We also present information indicating that this vesicle originates from the vesicles that parallel the intraconoidal microtubules and that the latter two structures are linked by a novel tether. We show that a rosette structure previously proposed to be involved in rhoptry secretion is associated with apical vesicles beyond just the most anterior one. This result, suggesting multiple vesicles are primed to enable rhoptry secretion, may shed light on the mechanisms Toxoplasma employs to enable repeated invasion attempts. Using the same approach, we examine Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and show that they too possess an apical vesicle just beneath a rosette, demonstrating evolutionary conservation of this overall subcellular organization.

Significance StatementParasites in the phylum Apicomplexa are responsible for some of the most important parasitic diseases of humans, such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. Invasion by these obligatory, intracellular parasites depends on protein injection into the host cell. Using cryogenic electron tomography, we reveal evolutionarily conserved features shared by the invasive forms of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. By comparing resting Toxoplasma tachyzoites with those primed to invade we also gain new insight into the very first steps in invasion. For this work, we take an interdisciplinary approach, adopting a mixed-scale dense neural network that enables efficient and objective processing of the data. Combined, the results provide new information on how these important parasites accomplish the essential step of invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev-Zarko, L.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethian, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ionophore-stimulation promotes re-organization of the invasion machinery of Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Inhibitory Pathways Control Velocity and Directional Tuning in the Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensory periphery is responsible for detecting ethologically relevant features of the external world, using compact, predominantly feedforward circuits. Visual motion is a particularly prevalent sensory feature, the presence of which can be a signal to enact diverse behaviors ranging from gaze stabilization reflexes, to predator avoidance or prey capture. To understand how the retina constructs the distinct neural representations required for these diverse behaviors, we investigated two circuits responsible for encoding different aspects of image motion: ON and ON-OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). Using a combination of 2-photon targeted whole cell electrophysiology, pharmacology, and conditional knockout mice, we show that distinct inhibitory pathways independently control tuning for motion velocity and motion direction in these two cell types. We further employ dynamic clamp and numerical modeling techniques to show that asymmetric inhibition provides a velocity-invariant mechanism of directional tuning, despite the strong velocity dependence of classical models of direction selectivity. We therefore demonstrate that invariant representations of motion features by inhibitory interneurons act as computational building blocks to construct distinct, behaviorally relevant signals at the earliest stages of the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Inhibitory Pathways Control Velocity and Directional Tuning in the Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exocyst is a conserved multimeric complex that participates in the final steps of the secretion of vesicles. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the exocyst is crucial for polar growth, morphology, and the organization of the Spitzenkorper (Spk), the apical body where secretory vesicles accumulate before being delivered to the plasma membrane. In the highly polarized cells of N. crassa, the exocyst subunits SEC-3, SEC-5, SEC-6, SEC-8, and SEC-15 were previously found localized at the plasma membrane of the cells apices, while EXO-70 and EXO-84 occupied the frontal outer layer of the Spk, occupied by vesicles. The localization of SEC-10 had remained so far elusive. In this work, SEC-10 was tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) either at its N- or C-terminus and found localized at the plasma membrane of growing hyphal tips, similar to what was previously observed for some exocyst subunits. While expression of an N-terminally tagged version of SEC-10 at its native locus was fully viable, expression of a C-terminally tagged version at its native locus resulted in severe hyphal growth and polarity defects. Additionally, a sec-10 knockout mutant in a heterokaryotic state (with genetically different nuclei) was viable but showed a strongly aberrant phenotype, confirming that this subunit is essential to maintain hyphal morphogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the lack of a Spk in the SEC-10-GFP strain, suggesting a critical role of the exocyst in the vesicular organization at the Spk. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed fewer peptides of exocyst subunits interacting with SEC-10-GFP than with GFP-SEC-10, suggesting an essential role of the C-terminus of SEC-10 in exocyst assembly and/or stability. Altogether, our data suggest that an unobstructed C-terminus of SEC-10 is indispensable for the exocyst complex function and that a GFP tag could be blocking important subunit-subunit interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Melendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Nunez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico-Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Andrade, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.475644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomic evidence of selection on structural variants in a natural hybrid zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) can promote speciation by directly causing reproductive isolation or by suppressing recombination across large genomic regions. Whereas examples of each mechanism have been documented, systematic tests of the role of SVs in speciation are lacking. Here, we take advantage of long-read (Oxford nanopore) whole-genome sequencing and a hybrid zone between two Lycaeides butterfly taxa (L. melissa and Jackson Hole Lycaeides) to comprehensively evaluate genome-wide patterns of introgression for SVs and relate these patterns to hypotheses about speciation. We found >100,000 SVs segregating within or between the two hybridizing species. SVs and SNPs exhibited similar levels of genetic differentiation between species, with the exception of inversions, which were more differentiated. We detected credible variation in patterns of introgression among SV loci in the hybrid zone, with 562 of 1419 ancestry-informative SVs exhibiting genomic clines that deviating from null expectations based on genome-average ancestry. Overall, hybrids exhibited a directional shift towards Jackson Hole Lycaeides ancestry at SV loci, consistent with the hypothesis that these loci experienced more selection on average then SNP loci. Surprisingly, we found that deletions, rather than inversions, showed the highest skew towards excess introgression from Jackson Hole Lycaeides. Excess Jackson Hole Lycaeides ancestry in hybrids was also especially pronounced for Z-linked SVs and inversions containing many genes. In conclusion, our results show that SVs are ubiquitous and suggest that SVs in general, but especially deletions, might contribute disproportionately to hybrid fitness and thus (partial) reproductive isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomic evidence of selection on structural variants in a natural hybrid zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic, photoprotective, and photosynthetic acclimatory responses to post-flowering drought in sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is globally affecting rainfall patterns, necessitating the improvement of drought tolerance in crops. Sorghum bicolor is a drought-tolerant cereal capable of producing high yields under water scarcity conditions. Functional stay-green sorghum genotypes can maintain green leaf area and efficient grain filling in terminal post-flowering water deprivation, a period of ~10 weeks. To obtain molecular insights into these characteristics, two drought-tolerant genotypes, BTx642 and RTx430, were grown in control and terminal post-flowering drought field plots in the Central Valley of California. Photosynthetic, photoprotective, water dynamics, and biomass traits were quantified and correlated with metabolomic data collected from leaves, stems, and roots at multiple timepoints during drought. Physiological and metabolomic data was then compared to longitudinal RNA sequencing data collected from these two genotypes. The metabolic response to drought highlights the uniqueness of the post-flowering drought acclimation relative to pre-flowering drought. The functional stay-green genotype BTx642 specifically induced photoprotective responses in post-flowering drought supporting a putative role for photoprotection in the molecular basis of the functional stay-green trait. Specific genes are highlighted that may contribute to post-flowering drought tolerance and that can be targeted in crops to maximize yields under limited water input conditions.

HighlightPathways contributing to the long-term maintenance of photosynthetic activity in terminal post-flowering drought are revealed by a comprehensive approach combining in-field photosynthetic physiological analysis, metabolomics, and transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautermann, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelikian, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedraza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilbao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodsworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paurus, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hixson, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic, photoprotective, and photosynthetic acclimatory responses to post-flowering drought in sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using strain-resolved analysis to identify contamination in metagenomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomics analyses can be negatively impacted by DNA contamination. While external sources of contamination such as DNA extraction kits have been widely reported and investigated, contamination originating within the study itself remains underreported. Here we applied high-resolution strain-resolved analyses to identify contamination in two large-scale clinical metagenomics datasets. By mapping strain sharing to DNA extraction plates, we identified well-to-well contamination in both negative controls and biological samples in one dataset. Such contamination is more likely to occur among samples that are on the same or adjacent columns or rows of the extraction plate than samples that are far apart. Our strain-resolved workflow also reveals the presence of externally derived contamination, primarily in the other dataset. Overall in both datasets, contamination is more significant in samples with lower biomass. Our work demonstrates that genome-resolved strain tracking, with its essentially genome-wide nucleotide-level resolution, can be used to detect contamination in sequencing-based microbiome studies. Our results underscore the value of strain-specific methods to detect contamination and the critical importance of looking for contamination beyond negative and positive controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using strain-resolved analysis to identify contamination in metagenomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that gene flow or admixture has been pervasive throughout human history. While several methods exist for dating admixture in contemporary populations, they are not suitable for sparse, low coverage data available from ancient specimens. To overcome this limitation, we developed DATES that leverages ancestry covariance patterns across the genome of a single individual to infer the timing of admixture. By performing simulations, we show that DATES provides reliable results under a range of demographic scenarios and outperforms available methods for ancient DNA applications. We apply DATES to ~1,100 ancient genomes to reconstruct gene flow events during the European Holocene. Present-day Europeans derive ancestry from three distinct groups, local Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian farmers, and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists. These ancestral groups were themselves admixed. By studying the formation of Anatolian farmers, we infer that the gene flow related to Iranian Neolithic farmers occurred no later than 9,600 BCE, predating agriculture in Anatolia. We estimate the early Steppe pastoralist groups genetically formed more than a millennium before the start of steppe pastoralism, providing new insights about the history of proto-Yamnaya cultures and the origin of Indo-European languages. Using ancient genomes across sixteen regions in Europe, we provide a detailed chronology of the Neolithization across Europe that occurred from ~6,400-4,300 BCE. This movement was followed by a rapid spread of steppe ancestry from ~3,200-2,500 BCE. Our analyses highlight the power of genomic dating methods to elucidate the legacy of human migrations, providing insights complementary to archaeological and linguistic evidence.

SignificanceThe European continent was subject to two major migrations during the Holocene: the movement of Near Eastern farmers during the Neolithic and the migration of Steppe pastoralists during the Bronze Age. To understand the timing and dynamics of these movements, we developed DATES that leverages ancestry covariance patterns across the genome of a single individual to infer the timing of admixture. Using ~1,100 ancient genomes spanning ~8,000-350 BCE, we reconstruct the chronology of the formation of the ancestral populations and the fine-scale details of the spread of Neolithic farming and Steppe pastoralist-related ancestry to Europe. Our analysis demonstrates the power of genomic dating methods to provide an independent and complementary timeline of population origins and movements using genetic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chintalapati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of developing T cells is determined by the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signal they receive in the thymus. This process is finely regulated through tuning of positive and negative regulators in thymocytes. The Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (Fam49b) protein is a newly discovered negative regulator of TCR signaling that has been shown to suppress Rac-1 activity in vitro in cultured T cell lines. However, the contribution of Fam49b to thymic development of T cells is unknown. To investigate this important issue, we generated a novel mouse line deficient in Fam49b (Fam49b-KO). We observed that Fam49b-KO double positive (DP) thymocytes underwent excessive negative selection, whereas the positive selection stage was unaffected. This altered development process resulted in significant reductions in CD4 and CD8 single positive thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells. Interestingly, a large proportion of the TCR{gamma}{delta}+ and CD8+TCR{beta}+ gut intraepithelial T lymphocytes were absent in Fam49b-KO mice. Our results demonstrate that Fam49b dampens thymocytes TCR signaling in order to escape negative selection during development, uncovering the function of Fam49b as a critical regulator of selection process to ensure normal thymocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogenesis of organelles requires targeting of a subset of proteins to specific subcellular domains by signal peptides or mechanisms controlling mRNA localization and local translation. How local distribution and translation of specific mRNAs for organelle biogenesis is achieved remains elusive and likely to be dependent on the cellular context. Here we identify Trinucleotide repeat containing-6a (Tnrc6a), a component of the miRNA pathway, distinctively localized to apical granules of differentiating airway multiciliated cells (MCCs) adjacent to centrioles. In spite of being enriched in TNRC6A and the miRNA-binding protein AGO2, they lack enzymes for mRNA degradation. Instead, we found these apical granules enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and newly synthesized proteins suggesting that they are specific hubs for target mRNA localization and local translation in MCCs. Consistent with this, Tnrc6a loss of function prevented formation of these granules and led to a broad reduction, rather than stabilization of miRNA targets. These included downregulation of key genes involved in ciliogenesis and was associated with defective multicilia formation both in vivo and in primary airway epithelial cultures. Similar analysis of Tnrc6a disruption in yolk sac showed stabilization of miRNA targets, highlighting the potential diversity of these mechanisms across organs.

HighlightsO_LITnrc6a is expressed in the lung selectively in differentiating multiciliated cells (MCC) adjacent to centrioles.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A localizes to apical granules containing AGO2, miRNAs and their targets, but lacking mRNA degradation enzymes.
C_LIO_LITNRC6A granules are enriched in components of the mRNA translation machinery and show evidence of concentrated newly-synthesized proteins
C_LIO_LILoss of Tnrc6a in the lung leads to reduction, not stabilization of miRNA targets.
C_LIO_LITnrc6a is required for efficient centriole amplification and multicilia formation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A local translation program regulates centriole amplification in the airway epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen availability drives blood traits and the cell number-size tradeoff across Andean hummingbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictable trait variation across environmental gradients suggests that adaptive evolution repeatedly finds the same solution to a challenge. Trait-environment associations can reflect long-term, genetic evolution across phylogenies, or short-term, plastic responses of individuals. When phylogenetic and population-level patterns match, it implies consistency between the long timescale of adaptation and the short timescale of acclimatization. Alternatively, genetic adaptation can find solutions that  break the rules of trait-environment covariation. For example, blood-hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) increases at high elevations in animals, but genetic adaptations in some populations have been shown to augment tissue oxygenation while curtailing hemoglobin production, altering this predictable [Hb]-elevation association. Here, we tested whether species adaptation to elevation generally alters trait-environment relationships for blood. To do this, we measured blood traits of 1,217 individuals representing 77 species of Andean hummingbirds, across a 4,600 m elevational gradient. We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to estimate blood trait responses to elevation, environmental temperature, precipitation, individual and species characteristics, and phylogeny. Strikingly, the effects of elevation on [Hb] and hematocrit (Hct) were nearly identical for individuals and species, implying that rules of elevational blood variation are set by physics of gas exchange in the hummingbird respiratory system and are unchanged by species adaptation. However, when we looked at mechanisms of [Hb] adjustment--by changes in red blood cell size or number--we did find a signal of species adaptation: To adjust [Hb], species at low and high elevations, respectively, tended to adjust cell size, whereas species at mid-elevations tended to adjust cell number. Despite scale-independent elevational variation in [Hb] and Hct, the species-specific balance of red blood cell size versus number appears to have been affected by adaptations that distinguish hummingbird species living at moderate versus high elevations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smiley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen availability drives blood traits and the cell number-size tradeoff across Andean hummingbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster encoding a novel lanthanide chelator in Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacteria secrete metallophores, low-molecular weight organic compounds that bind ions with high selectivity and affinity, in order to access essential metals from the environment.1 Previous work has elucidated the structures and biosynthetic machinery of metallophores specific for iron, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, and copper.1 No lanthanide-specific metallophore has been discovered despite the knowledge that lanthanide metals (Ln) have been revealed to be essential cofactors for certain alcohol dehydrogenases across a diverse range of phyla.2 Here, we report the biosynthetic machinery, the structure, and the physiological relevance of the first known lanthanophore, methylolanthanin. The structure of methylolanthanin exhibits a unique 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety which has not previously been described in other metallophores. We find that production of methylolanthanin is required for normal levels of Ln accumulation in the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, while overexpression of the molecule greatly increases bioaccumulation. Our results provide a clearer understanding of how Ln-utilizing bacteria sense, scavenge, and store Ln; essential processes in the environment where Ln are poorly bioavailable. Beyond Ln, we anticipate our study to be a starting point for understanding how organisms acquire other f-block metals, the actinides.3 More broadly, the discovery of a lanthanophore opens doors for study of how biosynthetic gene clusters are repurposed for new functions, how metallophores acquire their metal specificity, and the complex relationship between metal homeostasis and fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zytnick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumann, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a biosynthetic gene cluster encoding a novel lanthanide chelator in Methylorubrum extorquens AM1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit adaptation is modulated by the relevance of feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given that informative and relevant feedback in the real world is often intertwined with distracting and irrelevant feedback, we asked how the relevancy of visual feedback impacts implicit sensorimotor adaptation. To tackle this question, we presented multiple cursors as visual feedback in a center-out reaching task and varied the task relevance of these cursors. In other words, participants were instructed to hit a target with a specific task-relevant cursor, while ignoring the other cursors. In Experiment 1, we found that reach aftereffects were attenuated by the mere presence of distracting cursors, compared to reach aftereffects in response to a single task-relevant cursor. The degree of attenuation did not depend on the position of the distracting cursors. In Experiment 2, we examined the interaction between task relevance and attention. Participants were asked to adapt to a task-relevant cursor/target pair, while ignoring the task-irrelevant cursor/target pair. Critically, we jittered the location of the relevant and irrelevant target in an uncorrelated manner, allowing us to index attention via how well participants tracked the position of target. We found that participants who were better at tracking the task-relevant target/cursor pair showed greater aftereffects, and interestingly, the same correlation applied to the task-irrelevant target/cursor pair. Together, these results highlight a novel role of task relevancy on modulating implicit adaptation, perhaps by giving greater attention to informative sources of feedback, increasing the saliency of the sensory prediction error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehead, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit adaptation is modulated by the relevance of feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse array of bacteria species naturally self-organize into durable macroscale patterns on solid surfaces via swarming motility--a highly coordinated, rapid movement of bacteria powered by flagella1-5. Engineering swarming behaviors is an untapped opportunity to increase the scale and robustness of coordinated synthetic microbial systems. Here we engineer Proteus mirabilis, which natively forms centimeter-scale bullseye patterns on solid agar through swarming, to "write" external inputs into a visible spatial record. Specifically, we engineer tunable expression of swarming-related genes that accordingly modify pattern features, and develop quantitative approaches to decode input conditions. Next, we develop a two-input system that modulates two swarming-related genes simultaneously, and show the resulting patterns can be interpreted using a deep learning classification model. Lastly, we show a growing colony can record dynamic environmental changes, which can be decoded from endpoint images using a segmentation model. This work creates an approach for building a macroscale bacterial recorder and expands the framework for engineering emergent microbial behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Retinal Basis of Photoaversion in Neonatal Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aversive responses to bright light (photoaversion) require signaling from the eye to the brain. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) encode absolute light intensity and are thought to provide the light signals for photoaversion. Consistent with this, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion prior to the developmental onset of image vision, and melanopsin deletion abolishes photoaversion in neonates. It is not well understood how the population of ipRGCs, which constitutes multiple physiologically distinct types (denoted M1-M6 in mouse) encodes light stimuli to produce an aversive response. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that M1 ipRGCs that lack the Brn3b transcription factor drive photoaversion in neonatal mice. First, neonatal mice lacking TRPC6 and TRPC7 ion channels failed to turn away from bright light, while two photon Ca2+ imaging of their acutely isolated retinas revealed reduced photosensitivity in M1 ipRGCs, but not other ipRGC types. Second, mice in which all ipRGC types except for Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs are ablated, exhibited normal photoaversion. Third, pharmacological blockade or genetic knockout of gap junction channels expressed by ipRGCs, which reduces the light sensitivity of M2-M6 ipRGCs in the neonatal retina, had small effects on photoaversion only at the brightest light intensities. Finally, M1s were not strongly depolarized by spontaneous retinal waves, a robust source of activity in the developing retina that depolarizes all other ipRGC types. M1s therefore constitute a separate information channel between the neonatal retina and brain that could ensure behavioral responses to light but not spontaneous retinal waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caval-Holme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaen Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaumer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Retinal Basis of Photoaversion in Neonatal Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput suppressor screens unveil functional convergence of single-gene lysis proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contrast to dsDNA phages where multiple proteins are involved in programmed host lysis, lysis in ssRNA Fiersviridae and ssDNA Microviridae phages requires only a single gene (sgl for single gene lysis) to meet the size constraints of some of the smallest genomes in the biosphere. To achieve lysis, Sgl proteins exploit evolutionary "weak spots" in bacterial cell wall biogenesis. In several cases, this is done by inhibiting specific steps in Lipid II synthesis. Recently metatranscriptomics has revealed thousands of novel ssRNA phage genomes, each of which must carry at least one sgl gene. Determining the targets of these Sgl proteins could reveal novel vulnerabilities in bacterial envelope biogenesis and may lead to new antibiotics. Here, we employ a high-throughput genetic screen to uncover genome-wide host suppressors of Sgl activity and apply it to a set of diverse Sgls with unknown molecular targets. In addition to validating known molecular mechanisms, we determined that the Sgl of PP7, an ssRNA phage of P. aeruginosa, targets MurJ, the flippase responsible for Lipid II export which was previously shown to be the target of the Sgl of coliphage M. These two Sgls, which are unrelated and predicted to have opposite membrane topology, thus represent a case of convergent evolution. Another set of Sgls which are thought to cause lysis without inhibiting cell wall synthesis elicit a common set of multicopy suppressors, suggesting these Sgls act by the same or similar mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamakura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carion, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput suppressor screens unveil functional convergence of single-gene lysis proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid A, the membrane-anchored portion of lipopolysaccharide, is an essential component of the outer membrane (OM) of nearly all Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we identify regulatory and structural factors that together permit Caulobacter crescentus to eliminate lipid A from its OM. Mutations in the ferric uptake regulator fur allow Caulobacter to survive in the absence of either LpxC, which catalyzes an early step of lipid A synthesis, or CtpA, a tyrosine phosphatase homolog which we find is needed for wild-type lipid A structure and abundance. Alterations in Fur-regulated processes, rather than iron status per se, underlie the ability to eliminate lipid A. Fitness of lipid A-deficient Caulobacter requires a previously uncharacterized anionic sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoglycerate (CPG), which also mediates sensitivity to the antibiotic colistin. Our results demonstrate that, in an altered regulatory landscape, anionic sphingolipids can support the integrity of a lipid A-deficient OM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zik, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudoor, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodlett, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome reveals a novel function of the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex for BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brd4 has been intensively investigated as a promising drug target because of its implicated functions in oncogenesis, inflammation and HIV-1 transcription. The formation of the Brd4-P-TEFb (CDK9/Cyclin T1) complex and its regulation of transcriptional elongation is critical for HIV latency reactivation and expression of many oncogenes. To further investigate the mechanism of the Brd4-P-TEFb complex in controlling elongation, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome was performed. Upon treatment with the selective BET bromodomain inhibitor (BETi) JQ1, 535 proteins were successfully identified with high confidence as CDK9-interacting proteins. Among them, that increased bindings of HSP90 and CDC37 to CDK9 were particularly striking, and our data suggest that the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex is involved in controlling P-TEFbs dynamic equilibrium during BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation. Furthermore, the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex directly regulates HIV-1 transcription and relies on the recruitment by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) for binding to the HIV-1 promoter. These results advance the understanding of HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb in HIV-1 latency reversal and enlighten the development of potential strategies to eradicate HIV-1 using a combination of targeted drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome reveals a novel function of the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex for BETi-induced HIV-1 latency reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A draft genome assembly for the heterozygous wild tomato 	Solanum habrochaites highlights haplotypic structural variations of intracellular immune receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solanum habrochaites LA1353 is a self-incompatible, highly heterozygous wild tomato that is a useful germplasm resource for the study of metabolism, reproduction and disease resistance. We generated a draft genome assembly with PacBio HiFi reads and genome annotations, which underscored the expansion of gene families associated with metabolite-production, self-incompatibility, DNA regulation and immunity. After manually curating intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), we found that S. habrochaites LA1353 has a larger NLR inventory than other wild tomato species. A great number of heterozygous local copy number variations (CNVs) driven by haplotypic structural variations further expands the inventory, both enhancing NLR diversity and providing more opportunities for sequence evolution. The NLRs associated with local CNVs predominantly appear in the helper NLR (NRC)-related phylogenetic clades and are concentrated in a few physical NLR gene clusters. Synteny analysis points out that these genomic regions correspond to the known NLR clusters from which experimentally validated, functional NLRs, such as Hero, Mi-1.2 and Rpi-amr1, have been identified. Producing and incorporating Resistance Gene Enrichment Sequencing (RenSeq) data across wild tomato species, we reveal that the regions with local CNVs might have been shaped nearly equally by recent NLR gains and losses, along with enhanced sequence diversification that diminishes one-to-one orthology between heterozygous alleles. Our analysis suggests that these genomic regions may have accelerated evolutionary dynamics for NLR diversity generation in S. habrochaites LA1353.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A draft genome assembly for the heterozygous wild tomato 	Solanum habrochaites highlights haplotypic structural variations of intracellular immune receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread transposon co-option in the Caenorhabditis germline regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of selfish DNA elements can lead to widespread genomic alterations with potential to create novel functions. Here we show that transposon expansions in Caenorhabditis nematodes led to extensive rewiring of germline transcriptional regulation. We find that about one third of C. elegans germline-specific promoters have been co-opted from two related Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs), CERP2 and CELE2. The promoters are regulated by HIM-17, a THAP domain-containing transcription factor related to a transposase. Expansion of CERP2 occurred prior to radiation of the Caenorhabditis genus, as did fixation of mutations in HIM-17 through positive selection, whereas CELE2 expanded only in C. elegans. Through comparative analyses in C. briggsae, we find evolutionary conservation of most CERP2 co-opted promoters, but a substantial fraction of events are species specific. Our work reveals the emergence of a novel transcriptional network driven by TE co-option with a major impact on regulatory evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carelli, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahringer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread transposon co-option in the Caenorhabditis germline regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rubisco forms a lattice inside alpha-carboxysomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria employ microcompartments to sequester enzymatic processes, either for purposes of protecting cellular contents from reactive intermediates or as a way of increasing reaction efficiency. In these structures, a cargo of enzymes and accessory proteins is encased within a semi-permeable protein shell that permits passage of substrates and products but restricts movement of intermediates. In addition to their importance as a component of many bacterial species metabolisms, microcompartments have recently become a target of protein engineering. The shells can be reassembled from purified proteins, and the full operons can be functionally expressed outside their native prokaryotes and can remain functional following purification. Despite the importance of microcompartments in prokaryotic biology and bioengineering, structural heterogeneity has prevented a complete understanding of their architecture, ultrastructure, and spatial organization. Here, we employ cryo electron tomography to image -carboxysomes, a pseudo-icosahedral microcompartment responsible for carbon fixation. We have solved a high-resolution subtomogram average of the Rubisco cargo in situ, and determined a novel arrangement of the enzyme. We find that the H. neapolitanus Rubisco polymerizes in vivo, mediated by the small Rubisco subunit. These fibrils can further pack to form a lattice with six-fold pseudo-symmetry. This arrangement preserves freedom of motion and accessibility around the Rubisco active site and the binding sites for two other carboxysome proteins, CsoSCA (a carbonic anhydrase) and the disordered CsoS2, even at Rubisco concentrations exceeding 800 M. This characterization of Rubisco cargo inside the -carboxysome provides new insight into the balance between order and disorder in microcompartment organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metskas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rubisco forms a lattice inside alpha-carboxysomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic strategies shared by basement residents of the Lost City hydrothermal field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkaline fluids venting from chimneys of the Lost City hydrothermal field flow from a potentially vast microbial habitat within the seafloor where energy and organic molecules are released by chemical reactions within rocks uplifted from Earths mantle. In this study, we investigated hydrothermal fluids venting from Lost City chimneys as windows into subseafloor environments where the products of geochemical reactions, such as hydrogen (H2), formate, and methane, may be the only available sources of energy for biological activity. Our deep sequencing of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from these hydrothermal fluids revealed a few key species of archaea and bacteria that are likely to play critical roles in the subseafloor microbial ecosystem. We identified a population of Thermodesulfovibrionales (belonging to phylum Nitrospirae) as a prevalent sulfate-reducing bacterium that may be responsible for much of the consumption of H2 and sulfate in Lost City fluids. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classified as Methanosarcinaceae and Candidatus Bipolaricaulota were also recovered from venting fluids and represent potential methanogenic and acetogenic members of the subseafloor ecosystem. These genomes share novel hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenase-like sequences that may be unique to hydrothermal and subsurface alkaline environments where hydrogen and formate are much more abundant than carbon dioxide. The results of this study include multiple examples of metabolic strategies that appear to be advantageous in hydrothermal and subsurface environments where energy and carbon are provided by geochemical reactions.

IMPORTANCEThe Lost City hydrothermal field is an iconic example of a microbial ecosystem fueled by energy and carbon from Earths mantle. Uplift of mantle rocks into the seafloor can trigger a process known as serpentinization that releases hydrogen and creates unusual environmental conditions where simple organic carbon molecules are more stable than dissolved inorganic carbon. This study provides an initial glimpse into the kinds of microbes that live deep within the seafloor where serpentinization takes place, by sampling hydrothermal fluids exiting from the Lost City chimneys. The metabolic strategies that these microbes appear to be using are also shared by microbes that inhabit other sites of serpentinization, including continental subsurface environments and natural springs. Therefore, the results of this study contribute to a broader, interdisciplinary effort to understand the general principles and mechanisms by which serpentinization-associated processes can support life on Earth and perhaps other worlds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brazelton, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonigle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motamedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendleton, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twing, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prator, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadwick, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterfield, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Früh-Green, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrenk, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic strategies shared by basement residents of the Lost City hydrothermal field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, versatile DNA FISH probes for chromosome-specific repeats in Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive DNA sequences are useful targets for chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We analyzed recent genome assemblies of Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus to identify tandem repeats with a unique genomic localization. Based on these findings, we designed and validated sets of oligonucleotide probes for each species targeting at least one locus per chromosome. These probes yielded reliable fluorescent signals in different tissues and can easily be combined with immunolocalization of cellular proteins. Synthesis and labeling of these probes are highly cost-effective and require no hands-on labor. The methods presented here can be easily applied in other model and non-model organisms with a sequenced genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adilardi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, versatile DNA FISH probes for chromosome-specific repeats in Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle differentiation occurs as muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) elongate and fuse to form multinucleated syncytial myotubes in which the highly-organized actomyosin sarcomeres of muscle fibers assemble. Although less well characterized, the microtubule cytoskeleton also undergoes dramatic rearrangement during myogenesis. The centrosome-nucleated microtubule array found in myoblasts is lost as the nuclear membrane acquires microtubule nucleating activity and microtubules emerge from multiple sites in the cell, eventually rearranging into a grid-like pattern in myotubes. In order to characterize perinuclear microtubule organization using a biochemically tractable system, we isolated nuclei from mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells during the course of differentiation and incubated them in cytoplasmic extracts prepared from eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. Whereas centrosomes associated with myoblast nuclei gave rise to radial microtubule arrays in extracts, myotube nuclei produced a sun-like pattern with microtubules transiently nucleating from the entire nuclear envelope. Perinuclear microtubule growth was suppressed by inhibition of Aurora A kinase or by degradation of RNA, treatments that also inhibited microtubule growth from sperm centrosomes. Myotube nuclei displayed microtubule motor-based movements leading to their separation, as occurs in myotubes. This in vitro assay therefore recapitulates key features of microtubule organization and nuclear movement observed during muscle cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A wheat kinase and immune receptor form the host-specificity barrier against the blast fungus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since emerging in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast has spread throughout South America and recently appeared in Bangladesh and Zambia. We show that two wheat resistance genes, Rwt3 and Rwt4, acting as host-specificity barriers against non-Triticum blast pathotypes encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptor and a tandem kinase, respectively. Molecular isolation of these genes allowed us to develop assays that will ensure the inclusion of these two genes in the wheat cultivars to forestall the recurrence of blast host jumps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaurav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkot, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asuke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forner-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, B. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A wheat kinase and immune receptor form the host-specificity barrier against the blast fungus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconventional secretion of α-synuclein mediated by palmitoylated DNAJC5 oligomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (-syn), a major component of Lewy bodies found in Parkinsons disease (PD) patients, has been found exported outside of cells and may mediate its toxicity via cell-to-cell transmission. Here, we reconstituted soluble, monomeric -syn secretion by the expression of DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5 (DNAJC5) in HEK293T cells. DNAJC5 undergoes palmitoylation and anchors on the membrane. Palmitoylation is essential for DNAJC5-induced -syn secretion, and the secretion is not limited by substrate size or unfolding. Cytosolic -syn is actively translocated and sequestered in an endosomal membrane compartment in a DNAJC5-dependent manner. Reduction of -syn secretion caused by a palmitoylation-deficient mutation in DNAJC5 can be reversed by a membrane-targeting peptide fusion-induced oligomerization of DNAJC5. The secretion of endogenous -syn mediated by DNAJC5 is also found in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, differentiated into neurons in the presence of retinoic acid, and in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine neurons. We propose that DNAJC5 forms a palmitoylated oligomer to accommodate and export -syn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconventional secretion of α-synuclein mediated by palmitoylated DNAJC5 oligomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shade-induced transcription of PIF-Direct-Target Genes precedes H3K4-trimethylation chromatin modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phytochrome (phy)-PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) sensory module perceives and transduces light signals to Direct-Target Genes (DTGs), which then drive the adaptational responses in plant growth and development, appropriate to the prevailing environment. These signals include the first exposure of etiolated seedlings to sunlight upon emergence from subterranean darkness, and the change in color of the light that is filtered through, or reflected from, neighboring vegetation ( shade). Previously, we identified three broad categories of rapidly signal-responsive genes: those repressed by light and conversely induced by shade; those repressed by light, but subsequently unresponsive to shade; and those responsive to shade only. Here, we investigate the potential role of epigenetic chromatin modifications in regulating these contrasting patterns of phy-PIF module-induced expression of DTGs. Using RNA-seq and ChlP-seq, time-resolved profiling of transcript and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) levels, respectively, we show that, whereas the initial dark-to-light transition triggers a rapid, apparently temporally-coincident decline of both parameters, the light-to-shade transition induces similarly rapid increases in transcript levels that precede increases in H3K4me3 levels. Together with other recent findings, these data raise the possibility that, rather than being causal in the shade-induced expression changes, H3K4me3 may function to buffer the rapidly fluctuating shade/light switching that is intrinsic to vegetational canopies under natural sunlight conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton-Roesler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shade-induced transcription of PIF-Direct-Target Genes precedes H3K4-trimethylation chromatin modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding and decoding analysis of music perception using intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Music perception engages multiple brain regions, however the neural dynamics of this core human experience remains elusive. We applied predictive models to intracranial EEG data from 29 patients listening to a Pink Floyd song. We investigated the relationship between the song spectrogram and the elicited high-frequency activity (70-150Hz), a marker of local neural activity. Encoding models characterized the spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) of each electrode and decoding models estimated the population-level song representation. Both methods confirmed a crucial role of the right superior temporal gyri (STG) in music perception. A component analysis on STRF coefficients highlighted overlapping neural populations tuned to specific musical elements (vocals, lead guitar, rhythm). An ablation analysis on decoding models revealed the presence of unique musical information concentrated in the right STG and more spatially distributed in the left hemisphere. Lastly, we provided the first song reconstruction decoded from human neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding and decoding analysis of music perception using intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia of C. elegans coordinate the heat shock response independent of the neuronal thermosensory circuit and serotonin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As organisms age, they lose the ability to induce appropriate stress responses, becoming vulnerable to protein toxicity and tissue damage. Neurons can signal to peripheral tissues to induce protective organelle-specific stress responses. Recent work has demonstrated a novel and independent role of glia in inducing such responses. Here, we show that overexpression of heat shock factor 1 (hsf-1) in the four astrocyte-like cephalic sheath cells of C. elegans is sufficient to induce a non-cell autonomous cytosolic unfolded protein response (UPR), also known as the heat shock response (HSR), in distal cells. These animals upregulate the HSR in peripheral cells and have increased lifespan and resistance to heat stress. This glial HSR regulation is independent of the canonical neuronal thermosensory circuit and of known neurotransmitters but is dependent on the small clear vesicle release protein UNC-13. Additionally, HSF-1 and the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16 are partially required in peripheral tissues for increase of non-autonomous HSR, lifespan, and thermotolerance. We find that cephalic sheath glial hsf-1 over-expression leads to increased pathogen resistance, which suggests a role for this signaling pathway in immune function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildea, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pender, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frakes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukarto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia of C. elegans coordinate the heat shock response independent of the neuronal thermosensory circuit and serotonin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and phenotypic analyses suggest moderate fitness differences among Zika virus lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses have short generation times and high mutation rates, allowing them to undergo rapid molecular evolution during epidemics. However, the extent of RNA virus phenotypic evolution within epidemics and the resulting effects on fitness and virulence remain mostly unknown. Here, we screened the 2015-2016 Zika epidemic in the Americas for lineage-specific fitness differences. We engineered a library of recombinant viruses representing twelve major Zika virus lineages and used them to measure replicative fitness within disease-relevant human primary cells and live mosquitoes. We found that two of these lineages conferred significant in vitro replicative fitness changes among human primary cells, but we did not find fitness changes in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Additionally, we found evidence for elevated levels of positive selection among five amino acid sites that define major Zika virus lineages. While our work suggests that Zika virus may have acquired several phenotypic changes during a short time scale, these changes were relatively moderate and do not appear to have enhanced virulence or transmission during the epidemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolfaghari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klitting, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weger-Lucarelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontiveros, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsarkin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and phenotypic analyses suggest moderate fitness differences among Zika virus lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct silencer states determine epigenetic states of heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A remarkable property of heterochromatin is that a given heterochromatic locus can exhibit different transcriptional states in genetically identical cells. Studies demonstrate that epigenetic inheritance of the silenced state requires silencers and therefore cannot be driven by the inheritance of modified histones alone. To address these observations, we surveyed the chromatin architectures of strong and weak silencers in Saccharomyces. We found that strong silencers recruited Sir proteins and silenced the locus in all cells. Strikingly, weakening these silencers reduced Sir protein recruitment and stably silenced the locus in some cells; however, this silenced state could probabilistically convert to an expressed state that lacked Sir protein recruitment. Additionally, changes in the constellation of silencer-bound proteins or the concentration of a structural Sir protein modulated the probability that a locus existed in the silenced or expressed state. These findings argued that distinct states of silencers generate epigenetic states and regulate their dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct silencer states determine epigenetic states of heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.475969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the Adaptive Potential of a Nascent Bacterial Community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.475969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fitness effects of all possible mutations available to an organism largely shapes the dynamics of evolutionary adaptation. Tremendous progress has been made in quantifying the strength and abundance of selected mutations available to single microbial species in simple environments, lacking strong ecological interactions. However, the adaptive potential of strains that are part of multi-strain communities remains largely unclear. We sought to fill this gap by analyzing a stable community of two closely related ecotypes ("L" and "S") shortly after they emerged within the E. coli Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE). We engineered genome-wide barcoded transposon libraries to measure the fitness effects of all possible gene knockouts in the coexisting strains as well as their ancestor, for many different, ecologically relevant conditions. We found that the fitness effects of many gene knockouts sensitively depends on the genetic background and the ecological conditions, as set by the abiotic environment and relative frequency of both ecotypes. Despite the idiosyncratic behavior of individual knockouts, we still see consistent statistical patterns of fitness effect variation across both genetic background and community composition. Genes that are in the same operon, or that strongly interact with each other, are more likely to be correlated with each other across backgrounds compared to random pairs of genes. Additionally, fitness effects are correlated with evolutionary outcomes for a number of conditions, possibly revealing shifting patterns of adaptation. Together, our results reveal how ecological and epistatic effects combine to drive adaptive potential in a nascent ecological community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascensao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.475969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the Adaptive Potential of a Nascent Bacterial Community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of altered pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a mutation in the RNA binding protein hnRNPA1 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Human genetic studies have linked mutations in RNA binding proteins as causative for this disease. The hnRNPA1 protein, a known pre-mRNA splicing factor, is mutated in a number of ALS patients. Here, we generate two cell models to investigate how a mutation in the C-terminal low complexity domain of hnRNPA1 affects global pre-mRNA splicing patterns and RNA binding. We show that a single amino acid change in the C-terminal low complexity domain (D262V) leads to changes in splicing of thousands of transcripts whose genes are linked to the DNA damage response, cilia organization and translation. We also show that there are changes in RNA binding of the mutant hnRNPA1 protein to transcripts whose splicing patterns change. Finally, we show that cells expressing the hnRNPA1 D262V mutation exhibit an aggregation phenotype, markedly reduced growth rates and changes in stress granules. This study shows that global changes in pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a single mutation in the hnRNPA1 protein lead to phenotypes related to ALS and that specific cellular pathways are affected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of altered pre-mRNA splicing patterns caused by a mutation in the RNA binding protein hnRNPA1 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Friction-driven membrane scission by the human ESCRT-III proteins CHMP1B and IST1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system is an ancient and ubiquitous membrane scission machinery that catalyzes the budding and scission of membranes. ESCRT-mediated scission events, exemplified by those involved in the budding of HIV-1, are usually directed away from the cytosol ( reverse-topology), but they can also be directed towards the cytosol ( normal-topology). Of the ESCRT complexes 0-III, ESCRT-III is most directly implicated in membrane severing. Various subunits of ESCRT-III recruit the AAA+ ATPase VPS4, which is essential for ESCRT disassembly and reverse topology membrane scission. The ESCRT-III subunits CHMP1B and IST1 can coat and constrict positively curved membrane tubes, suggesting that these subunits could catalyze normal topology membrane severing, perhaps in conjunction with a AAA+ ATPase. CHMP1B and IST1 bind and recruit the microtubule-severing AAA+ ATPase spastin, a close relative of VPS4, suggesting that spastin could have a VPS4-like role in normal topology membrane scission. In order to determine whether CHMP1B and IST1 are capable of membrane severing on their own or in concert with VPS4 or spastin, we sought to reconstitute the process in vitro using membrane nanotubes pulled from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using an optical trap. CHMP1B and IST1 copolymerize on membrane nanotubes, forming stable scaffolds that constrict the tubes, but do not, on their own, lead to scission. However, CHMP1B-IST1-scaffolded tubes were severed when an additional extensional force was applied, consistent with a friction-driven scission mechanism. Spastin colocalized with CHMP1B enriched sites but did not disassemble the CHMP1B-IST1 coat from the membrane. VPS4 resolubilized CHMP1B and IST1 but did not lead to scission. These data show that the CHMP1B and IST1 tubular coat contributes to membrane scission. Constriction alone is insufficient for scission. However, the dynamical extension of the coated tube does lead to scission. Finally, we find that in the normal topology setting analyzed here, scission is independent of VPS4 and spastin. These observations show that the CHMP1B-IST1 ESCRT-III combination is capable of severing membranes by a friction-driven mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cada, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remec Pavlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Friction-driven membrane scission by the human ESCRT-III proteins CHMP1B and IST1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the major classes of RNAs in the cell, tRNAs remain the most difficult to characterize via deep sequencing approaches, as tRNA secondary structure and nucleotide modifications can both interfere with cDNA synthesis by commonly-used reverse transcriptases (RTs). Here, we benchmark a recently-developed RNA cloning protocol, termed Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR), to characterize intact tRNAs and tRNA fragments in budding yeast and in mouse tissues. We find that OTTR robustly captures full-length tRNAs in budding yeast and in mouse testis, with relatively low levels of premature termination at known barriers - 1-methylguanine, N2,N2-dimethylguanine, and 1-methyladenine - to typical reverse transcriptases. Moreover, these and several other nucleotide modifications leave misincorporation signatures in OTTR datasets which enables their detection without any additional protocol steps. Turning to analysis of small RNAs such as tRNA cleavage products, we compare OTTR with several standard small RNA-Seq protocols, finding that OTTR provides the most accurate picture of tRNA fragment levels by comparison to "ground truth" Northern blots. Applying this protocol to mature mouse spermatozoa, our data dramatically alter our understanding of the small RNA cargo of mature mammalian sperm, revealing a far more complex population of tRFs - including both 5 and 3 tRNA halves derived from the majority of tRNAs - than previously appreciated. Taken together, our data confirm the superior performance of OTTR to commercial protocols in analysis of tRNA fragments, and force a reappraisal of potential epigenetic functions of the sperm small RNA payload.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaymak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification of fitness determinants in the Xanthomonas campestris bacterial pathogen during early stages of plant infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant diseases are an important threat to food production. While major pathogenicity determinants required for disease have been extensively studied, less is known on how pathogens thrive during host colonization especially at early infection stages. Here, we used randomly barcoded-transposon insertion site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) to perform a genome-wide screen and identify key bacterial fitness determinants of the vascular pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) during infection of the cauliflower host plant (Brassica oleracea). This high-throughput analysis was conducted in hydathodes, the natural entry site of Xcc, in xylem sap and in synthetic media. Xcc did not face a strong bottleneck during hydathode infection. 183 genes important for fitness were identified in plant-associated environments with functional enrichment in genes involved in metabolism when only few genes known to be involved in virulence were found to be affected. The biological relevance of 13 genes was independently confirmed by phenotyping single mutants. Notably, we show that the XC_3388, a protein with no known function (DUF1631), plays a key role in the adaptation and virulence of Xcc possibly through c-di-GMP-mediated regulation. This study thus revealed yet unsuspected social behaviors adopted by Xcc individuals when confined inside hydathodes at early infection stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luneau, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Monnens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardinaud, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torralba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noël, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification of fitness determinants in the Xanthomonas campestris bacterial pathogen during early stages of plant infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historical contingency drives compensatory evolution and rare reversal of phage resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and lytic viruses (phages) engage in highly dynamic coevolutionary interactions over time, yet we have little idea of how transient selection by phages might shape the future evolutionary trajectories of their host populations. To explore this question, we generated genetically diverse phage-resistant mutants of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. We subjected the panel of mutants to prolonged experimental evolution in the absence of phages. Some populations re-evolved phage sensitivity, while others acquired compensatory mutations that reduced the costs of resistance without altering resistance levels. To ask whether these outcomes were driven by the initial genetic mechanisms of resistance, we next evolved independent replicates of each mutant lineage in the absence of phages. We found a strong signature of historical contingency: some mutations were highly reversible across replicate populations, while others were highly entrenched. Through whole-genome sequencing of bacteria over time, we also found that populations with resistance mutations in the same gene acquired more parallel sets of mutations than populations with resistance mutations in different genes, suggesting that compensatory adaptation is also contingent on how resistance initially evolved. Our study identifies an evolutionary ratchet in bacteria-phage coevolution, and may explain previous observations that resistance persists over time in some bacterial populations but is lost in others. We add to a growing body of work describing the key role of phages in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their host communities. Beyond this specific trait, our study provides new insight into the genetic architecture of historical contingency, a crucial component of interpreting and predicting evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historical contingency drives compensatory evolution and rare reversal of phage resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory neurons in the mouth provide essential information to guide feeding and speech. How classes of oral mechanoreceptors contribute to oral behaviors is not well understood; in particular, the functional properties of lingual mechanoreceptors remain elusive. Previous work identified putative mechanosensory endings in the tongue with novel morphologies; how these fit into current knowledge of mechanosensory neuron classification is not known. To identify functional classes of lingual mechanosensory neurons, we used in vivo calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglia. We first investigated calcium responses of tongue-innervating trigeminal neurons to thermal and mechanical stimulation (e.g., pressure, fluid flow, temperature changes). We found that around 17% of neurons responded to pressure, and that these pressure responders were significantly larger than neurons that only responded to temperature changes. To further investigate the cadre of functionally distinct mechanosensory neurons, we tested responses to brushing and sustained pressures and found that brush-sensitive neurons comprise the majority of tongue-innervating mechanosensory trigeminal neurons. Qualitatively, mechanosensory neurons responded to pressure with distinct kinetics, suggesting the presence of multiple classes of mechanoreceptors. To determine the number of classes, we developed an unbiased multi-layer hierarchical clustering approach to classify calcium response characteristics to pressure stimulation. This approach revealed that mechanosensory neurons displayed five distinct stimulus-response profiles to pressure. Classes include neuronal populations with sustained, transient, high-threshold, and negative responses to force as well as neurons that responded only to brushing. Analysis of cluster representation in transgenic animals with only subsets of labeled neurons reveals molecular markers of clusters and end organ structures. These studies are amongst the first to determine the functional properties of low-threshold mechanosensory neurons innervating the mouse tongue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obayashi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerling, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo calcium imaging identifies functionally and molecularly distinct subsets of tongue-innervating mechanosensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccharibacteria harness light energy using Type-1 rhodopsins that may rely on retinal sourced from microbial hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoreceptive membrane proteins with a wide distribution across the Tree of Life. Within the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), a diverse group of putatively episymbiotic bacteria, the genetic potential to produce rhodopsins appears to be confined to a small clade of organisms from sunlit environments. Here, we characterize the metabolic context and biophysical features of Saccharibacteria Type-1 rhodopsin sequences derived from metagenomic surveys and show that these proteins function as outward proton pumps. This provides one of the only known mechanisms by which CPR can generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Intriguingly, Saccharibacteria do not encode the genetic machinery to produce all-trans-retinal, the chromophore essential for rhodopsin function, but their rhodopsins are able to rapidly uptake this cofactor when provided in experimental assays. We found consistent evidence for the capacity to produce retinal from {beta}-carotene in organisms co-occurring with Saccharibacteria, and this genetic potential was dominated by Actinobacteria, which are known hosts of Saccharibacteria in other habitats. If Actinobacteria serve as hosts for Saccharibacteria in freshwater environments, exchange of retinal for use by rhodopsin may be a feature of their associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccharibacteria harness light energy using Type-1 rhodopsins that may rely on retinal sourced from microbial hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although signaling by the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO) regulates key physiological processes in animals, including contractility1-3, immunity4,5, development6-9 and locomotion10,11, the early evolution of animal NO signaling remains unclear. To reconstruct the role of NO in the animal stem lineage, we set out to study NO signaling in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals12. In animals, NO produced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) canonically signals through cGMP by activating soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs)13,14. We surveyed the distribution of the NO signaling pathway components across the diversity of choanoflagellates and found three species that express NOS, sGCs, and downstream genes previously shown to be involved in the NO/cGMP pathway. One of these, Choanoeca flexa, forms multicellular sheets that undergo collective contractions controlled by cGMP15. We found that treatment with NO induces sustained contractions in C. flexa by signaling through an sGC/cGMP pathway. Biochemical assays show that NO directly binds C. flexa sGC1 and stimulates its cyclase activity. The NO/cGMP pathway acts independently from other inducers of C. flexa contraction, including mechanical stimuli and heat, but sGC activity is required for contractions induced by light-to-dark transitions. The output of NO signaling in C. flexa - contractions resulting in a switch from feeding to swimming - resembles the effect of NO in sponges1-3 and cnidarians11,16,17, where it interrupts feeding and activates contractility. These data provide insights into the biology of the first animals and the evolution of NO signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, B. G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly efficient generation of isogenic pluripotent stem cell models using prime editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent development of prime editing (PE) genome engineering technologies has the potential to significantly simplify the generation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based disease models. PE is a multi-component editing system that uses a Cas9-nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase (nCas9-RT) and an extended PE guide RNA (pegRNA). Once reverse transcribed, the pegRNA extension functions as a repair template to introduce precise designer mutations at the target site. Here, we systematically compared the editing efficiencies of PE to conventional gene editing methods in hPSCs. This analysis revealed that PE is overall more efficient and precise than homology-directed repair (HDR) of site-specific nuclease-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs). Specifically, PE is more effective in generating heterozygous editing events to create autosomal dominant disease-associated mutations. By stably integrating the nCas9-RT into hPSCs we achieved editing efficiencies equal to those reported for cancer cells, suggesting that the expression of the PE components, rather than cell-intrinsic features, limit PE in hPSCs. To improve the efficiency of PE in hPSCs, we optimized the delivery modalities for the PE components. Delivery of the nCas9-RT as mRNA combined with synthetically generated chemically-modified pegRNAs and nicking guide RNAs (ngRNAs) improved editing efficiencies up to 13-fold compared to transfecting the prime editing components as plasmids or ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). Finally, we demonstrated that this mRNA-based delivery approach can be used repeatedly to yield editing efficiencies exceeding 60% and to correct or introduce familial mutations causing Parkinsons disease in hPSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busquets, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutnowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangilinan, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly efficient generation of isogenic pluripotent stem cell models using prime editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoregulation of DSB-1 mediates control of meiotic double-strand break activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the first meiotic cell division, proper segregation of chromosomes in most organisms depends on chiasmata, exchanges of continuity between homologous chromosomes that originate from the repair of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) catalyzed by the Spo11 endonuclease. Since DSBs can lead to irreparable damage in germ cells, while chromosomes lacking DSBs also lack chiasmata, the number of DSBs must be carefully regulated, so as to be neither too high nor too low. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, meiotic DSB levels are controlled by the phosphoregulation of DSB-1, a homolog of the yeast Spo11 cofactor Rec114, by the opposing activities of PP4PPH-4.1 phosphatase and ATRATL-1 kinase. Increased DSB-1 phosphorylation in pph-4.1 mutants correlates with reduction in DSB formation, while prevention of DSB-1 phosphorylation drastically increases the number of meiotic DSBs both in pph-4.1 mutants as well as in the wild type background. C. elegans and its close relatives also possess a diverged paralog of DSB-1, called DSB-2, and loss of dsb-2 is known to reduce DSB formation in oocytes with increasing age. We show that the proportion of the phosphorylated, and thus inactivated, form of DSB-1 increases with age and also upon loss of DSB-2, while non-phosphorylatable DSB-1 rescues the age-dependent decrease in DSBs in dsb-2 mutants. These results suggest that DSB-2 evolved in part to compensate for the inactivation of DSB-1 through phosphorylation, to maintain levels of DSBs in older animals. Our work shows that PP4PPH-4.1, ATRATL-1, and DSB-2 act in concert with DSB-1 to promote optimal DSB levels throughout the reproductive lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato-Carlton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimazoe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoregulation of DSB-1 mediates control of meiotic double-strand break activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noninvasive sampling for comparisons of wildlife microbiomes may be more reliable than sampling trapped animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In ecological and conservation studies, responsible researchers strive to obtain rich data while minimizing disturbance to wildlife and ecosystems. We assessed if samples collected noninvasively can be used for microbiome research, comparing microbiota of noninvasively collected fecal samples to those collected from trapped common cranes at the same sites over the same periods. We found significant differences in microbial composition (alpha and beta diversity), which were not accounted for by noninvasive samples exposure to soil contaminants, as manually assessed by comparing differentially abundant taxa. They could result from trapped birds exposure to sedatives. We conclude that if all samples are collected in the same manner, comparative analyses are valid, and noninvasive sampling may better represent host microbiota because there are no trapping effects. Experiments with fresh and delayed sample collection can elucidate effects of environmental exposures on microbiota. Further, stressing or sedation may unravel how trapping affects wildlife microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turjeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekarsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noninvasive sampling for comparisons of wildlife microbiomes may be more reliable than sampling trapped animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate demographic parameters of mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Close-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) methods have recently been used to infer demographic parameters such as census population size and survival for fish of interest to fisheries and conservation. These methods have advantages over traditional mark-recapture methods as the mark is genetic, removing the need for physical marking and recapturing that may interfere with parameter estimation. For mosquitoes, the spatial distribution of close-kin pairs has been used to estimate mean dispersal distance, of relevance to vector-borne disease transmission and novel biocontrol strategies. Here, we extend CKMR methods to the life history of mosquitoes and comparable insects. We derive kinship probabilities for mother-offspring, father-offspring, full-sibling and half-sibling pairs, where an individual in each pair may be a larva, pupa or adult. A pseudo-likelihood approach is used to combine the marginal probabilities of all kinship pairs. To test the effectiveness of this approach at estimating mosquito demographic parameters, we develop an individual-based model of mosquito life history incorporating egg, larva, pupa and adult life stages. The simulation labels each individual with a unique identification number, enabling close-kin relationships to be inferred for sampled individuals. Using the dengue vector Aedes aegypti as a case study, we find the CKMR approach provides unbiased estimates of adult census population size, adult and larval mortality rates, and larval life stage duration for logistically feasible sampling schemes. Considering a simulated population of 3,000 adult mosquitoes, estimation of adult parameters is accurate when ca. 40 adult females are sampled biweekly over a three month period. Estimation of larval parameters is accurate when adult sampling is supplemented with ca. 120 larvae sampled biweekly over the same period. The methods are also effective at detecting intervention-induced increases in adult mortality and decreases in population size. As the cost of genome sequencing declines, CKMR holds great promise for characterizing the demography of mosquitoes and comparable insects of epidemiological and agricultural significance.

Author summaryClose-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) methods are a genetic analogue of traditional mark-recapture methods in which the frequency of marked individuals in a sample is used to infer demographic parameters such as census population size and mean dispersal distance. In CKMR, the mark is a close-kin relationship between individuals (parents and offspring, siblings, etc.). While CKMR methods have mostly been applied to aquatic species to date, opportunities exist to apply them to insects and other terrestrial species. Here, we explore the application of CKMR to mosquitoes, with Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, as a case study. By analyzing simulated Ae. aegypti populations, we find the CKMR approach provides unbiased estimates of adult census population size, adult and larval mortality rates, and larval life stage duration, and may be informative of intervention impact. Optimal sampling schemes are compatible with Ae. aegypti ecology and field studies. This study represents the first theoretical exploration of the application of CKMR to an insect species, and demonstrates its potential for characterizing the demography of insects of epidemiological and agricultural importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Close-kin mark-recapture methods to estimate demographic parameters of mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cobalamin riboswitches are broadly sensitive to corrinoid cofactors to enable an efficient gene regulatory strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, many essential metabolic processes are controlled by riboswitches, gene regulatory RNAs that directly bind and detect metabolites. Highly specific effector binding enables riboswitches to respond to a single biologically relevant metabolite. Cobalamin riboswitches are a potential exception because over a dozen chemically similar but functionally distinct cobalamin variants (corrinoid cofactors) exist in nature. Here, we measured cobalamin riboswitch activity in vivo using a Bacillus subtilis fluorescent reporter system and found that among 38 tested riboswitches, a subset responded to corrinoids promiscuously, while others were semi-selective. Analyses of chimeric riboswitches and structural models indicate that, unlike other riboswitch classes, cobalamin riboswitches indirectly differentiate among corrinoids by sensing differences in their structural conformation. This regulatory strategy aligns riboswitch-corrinoid specificity with cellular corrinoid requirements in a B. subtilis model. Thus, bacteria can employ broadly sensitive riboswitches to cope with the chemical diversity of essential metabolites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widner, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocent, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procknow, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cobalamin riboswitches are broadly sensitive to corrinoid cofactors to enable an efficient gene regulatory strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple bumps can enhance robustness to noise in continuous attractor networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central function of continuous attractor networks is encoding coordinates and accurately updating their values through path integration. To do so, these networks produce localized bumps of activity that move coherently in response to velocity inputs. In the brain, continuous attractors are believed to underlie grid cells and head direction cells, which maintain periodic representations of position and orientation, respectively. These representations can be achieved with any number of activity bumps, and the consequences of having more or fewer bumps are unclear. We address this knowledge gap by constructing 1D ring attractor networks with different bump numbers and characterizing their responses to three types of noise: fluctuating inputs, spiking noise, and deviations in connectivity away from ideal attractor configurations. Across all three types, networks with more bumps experience less noise-driven deviations in bump motion. This translates to more robust encodings of linear coordinates, like position, assuming that each neuron represents a fixed length no matter the bump number. Alternatively, we consider encoding a circular coordinate, like orientation, such that the network distance between adjacent bumps always maps onto 360 degrees. Under this mapping, bump number does not significantly affect the amount of error in the coordinate readout. Our simulation results are intuitively explained and quantitatively matched by a unified theory for path integration and noise in multi-bump networks. Thus, to suppress the effects of biologically relevant noise, continuous attractor networks can employ more bumps when encoding linear coordinates; this advantage disappears when encoding circular coordinates. Our findings provide motivation for multiple bumps in the mammalian grid network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple bumps can enhance robustness to noise in continuous attractor networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human septins in cells organize as octamer-based filaments mediating actin-membrane anchoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Septins are cytoskeletal proteins conserved from algae and protists to mammals. Septin knock-out animals have established that septins are essential for animal physiology, but their molecular function remains elusive. A unique feature of septins is their presence as heteromeric complexes that polymerize into filaments in solution and on lipid membranes. Although animal septins associate extensively with actin-based structures in cells, whether actin-decorating septins organize as filaments and if septin organization impacts septin function is not known. Customizing a tripartite split-GFP complementation assay for probing the presence and composition of septin filaments in situ in cells, we show that all septins decorating actin stress fibers are present as filaments whose integrity depends on octameric septin protomers. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation measurements on cells confirmed that cell stiffness depends on the presence of octamer-containing septin filaments. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy revealed septin fibers with widths compatible with their organization as paired septin filaments. Nanometer-resolved distance measurements and single-protein tracking further showed that actin-associated septin filaments are membrane-bound and largely immobilized. Finally, reconstitution assays on supported lipid bilayers showed that septin filaments mediate actin-membrane anchoring. We propose that septin organization as octamer-based filaments is essential for septin function in anchoring and stabilizing actin fibers at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taveneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Linares, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baibakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhinsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iv, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouillard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belhabib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdier-Pinard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badache, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasselet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenderink, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabantous, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavrakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human septins in cells organize as octamer-based filaments mediating actin-membrane anchoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma membrane protrusions mediate host cell-cell fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion is important for biological processes including fertilization, development, immunity, and microbial pathogenesis. Bacteria in the pseudomallei group of Burkholderia species, including B. thailandensis, spread between host cells by inducing cell-cell fusion. Previous work showed that B. thailandensis-induced cell-cell fusion requires intracellular bacterial motility and a bacterial protein secretion apparatus called the type VI secretion system-5 (T6SS-5), including the T6SS-5 protein VgrG5. However, the cellular level mechanism and T6SS-5 proteins important for bacteria-induced cell-cell fusion remained incompletely described. Using live cell imaging, we found bacteria used actin-based motility to push on the host cell plasma membrane to form plasma membrane protrusions that extended into neighboring cells. Then, membrane fusion occurred within these membrane protrusions, either proximal to the bacterium at the tip or elsewhere within a protrusion. Expression of VgrG5 by bacteria within membrane protrusions was required to promote cell-cell fusion. Furthermore, a second predicted T6SS-5 protein, TagD5, was also required for cell-cell fusion. In the absence of VgrG5 or TagD5, bacteria in plasma membrane protrusions were engulfed into neighboring cells. Our results suggest that the T6SS-5 effectors VgrG5 and TagD5 are secreted within membrane protrusions and act locally to promote membrane fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma membrane protrusions mediate host cell-cell fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hominoid-specific sulcal variability is related to face perception ability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human perception requires complex cortical networks that function at neuroanatomical scales of microns and temporal scales of milliseconds. Despite this complexity, what if just one morphological feature of the brain could predict perceptual ability? Here, we tested this hypothesis with pre-registered analyses of neuroanatomy and face perception in neurotypical controls (NTs) and individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs). Results show that the length of the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), a hominoid-specific tertiary sulcus in ventral temporal cortex (VTC), was shorter in DPs than NTs. Furthermore, individual differences in MFS length in the right, but not left, hemisphere predicted individual differences in face perception. These results support theories linking brain structure and function to perception, as well as indicate that one feature - variability in MFS length - can predict face perception. Finally, these findings add to growing evidence supporting a role of morphological variability of late developing, tertiary sulci and individual differences in cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furl, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hominoid-specific sulcal variability is related to face perception ability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presence or absence of a prefrontal sulcus is linked to reasoning performance during child development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between structural variability in late-developing association cortices like the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the development of higher-order cognitive skills is not well understood. Recent findings show that the morphology of LPFC sulci predicts reasoning performance; this work led to the observation of substantial individual variability in the morphology of one of these sulci, the para-intermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs). Here, we sought to characterize this variability and assess its behavioral significance. To this end, we identified the pimfs in a developmental cohort of 72 participants, ages 6-18. When controlling for age, the presence or absence of the ventral component of the pimfs was associated with reasoning, as was the total surface area of pimfs. These findings show that multiple features of sulci can support the development of complex cognitive abilities and highlight the importance of considering individual differences in local morphology when exploring the neurodevelopmental basis of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presence or absence of a prefrontal sulcus is linked to reasoning performance during child development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of Potent Pyrazoline-Based Covalent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While vaccines and antivirals are now being deployed for the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we require additional antiviral therapeutics to not only effectively combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, but also future coronaviruses. All coronaviruses have relatively similar genomes that provide a potential exploitable opening to develop antiviral therapies that will be effective against all coronaviruses. Among the various genes and proteins encoded by all coronaviruses, one particularly "druggable" or relatively easy-to-drug target is the coronavirus Main Protease (3CLpro or Mpro), an enzyme that is involved in cleaving a long peptide translated by the viral genome into its individual protein components that are then assembled into the virus to enable viral replication in the cell. Inhibiting Mpro with a small-molecule antiviral would effectively stop the ability of the virus to replicate, providing therapeutic benefit. In this study, we have utilized activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic approaches to discover and further optimize cysteine-reactive pyrazoline-based covalent inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Structure-guided medicinal chemistry and modular synthesis of di- and tri-substituted pyrazolines bearing either chloroacetamide or vinyl sulfonamide cysteine-reactive warheads enabled the expedient exploration of structure-activity relationships (SAR), yielding nanomolar potency inhibitors against Mpro from not only SARS-CoV-2, but across many other coronaviruses. Our studies highlight promising chemical scaffolds that may contribute to future pan-coronavirus inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boike, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolleb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandeske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of Potent Pyrazoline-Based Covalent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering of Sr33 and Sr50 plant immune receptors to alter recognition specificity and autoactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants possess cytoplasmic immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that recognize the presence of a pathogen through a range of mechanisms: direct binding of effectors or indirect recognition of effector actions. The direct binding of effectors has been shown to be mediated through the NLRs leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Accurate prediction of amino acids involved in these direct interactions can greatly enhance understanding of effector recognition and inform efforts to engineer new resistance. In this study, we utilized two homologous NLR resistance genes from wheat, Sr33 and Sr50, that recognize distinct effectors by directly binding to them through their LRR domain. While the effector recognized by Sr50 is known and described as AvrSr50, the effector recognized by Sr33 remains unknown. Through a combination of phylogenetics, allele diversity analysis in the LRR and structural modeling, we identified the amino acids in Sr50 likely to physically interact with its effector. Mutation of these sites helped identify 12 amino acids we hypothesized to be sufficient to mediate effector binding in Sr50. Changing these 12 corresponding amino acids in Sr33, we showed AvrSr50-dependent initiation of cell death in wheat protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, we were able to pinpoint and change amino acid residues that govern autoactivity of Sr50 in the wheat protoplast cell death assay. These findings are a major advance towards the successful engineering of new effector recognition specificities in direct binder NLRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamborski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering of Sr33 and Sr50 plant immune receptors to alter recognition specificity and autoactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bessel-droplet foci enable high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synapses and circulation in the brain in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bessel beam has long been utilized in physics for its ability to maintain lateral confinement during propagation. When used for two-photon fluorescence microscopy, Bessel foci have enabled high-speed volumetric imaging of the brain. At high numeric aperture (NA), however, the substantial energy in the side rings of Bessel foci reduces image contrast. Therefore, a compromise between resolution and contrast has to be made, limiting Bessel foci in microscopy to low NA. Here, we describe a method of generating axially extended Bessel-droplet foci with much suppressed side rings. Shaping the excitation wavefront with novel phase patterns, we generated Bessel-droplet foci of variable NAs at high power throughput and scanned them interferometrically along the axial direction for continuous volume imaging. More resistant to optical aberrations than Bessel foci, Bessel-droplet foci enabled high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synaptic anatomy and function as well as lymphatic circulation in the mouse brain in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bessel-droplet foci enable high-resolution and high-contrast volumetric imaging of synapses and circulation in the brain in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taste quality interactions and transformations in a sensorimotor circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taste detection and hunger state dynamically regulate the decision to initiate feeding. To study how context-appropriate feeding decisions are generated, we combined synaptic resolution circuit reconstruction with targeted genetic access to specific neurons to elucidate a gustatory sensorimotor circuit for feeding initiation in adult Drosophila melanogaster. This circuit connects gustatory sensory neurons to proboscis motor neurons through three intermediate layers. Most neurons in this pathway are necessary and sufficient for proboscis extension, a feeding initiation behavior, and respond selectively to sugar taste detection. Pathway activity is amplified by hunger signals that act at select second-order neurons to promote feeding initiation in food-deprived animals. In contrast, the feeding initiation circuit is inhibited by a bitter taste pathway that impinges on premotor neurons, illuminating a local motif that weighs sugar and bitter taste detection to adjust behavioral outcome. Together, these studies reveal central mechanisms for the integration of external taste detection and internal nutritive state to flexibly execute a critical feeding decision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiu, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taste quality interactions and transformations in a sensorimotor circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular conflicts disrupting centromere assembly contribute to Xenopus hybrid inviability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although central to evolution, the causes of hybrid inviability that drive reproductive isolation are poorly understood. Embryonic lethality occurs when eggs of the frog X. tropicalis are fertilized with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm. We observed that distinct subsets of paternal chromosomes failed to assemble functional centromeres, causing their mis-segregation during embryonic cell divisions. Core centromere DNA sequence analysis revealed little conservation among the three species, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms that normally operate to maintain centromere integrity are disrupted on specific paternal chromosomes in hybrids. In vitro reactions combining X. tropicalis egg extract with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm chromosomes revealed that paternally matched or over-expressed centromeric histone CENP-A and its chaperone HJURP could rescue centromere assembly on affected chromosomes in interphase nuclei. However, whereas the X. laevis chromosomes maintained centromeric CENP-A in metaphase, X. borealis chromosomes did not, and also displayed ultra-thin regions containing ribosomal DNA. Both centromere assembly and morphology of X. borealis mitotic chromosomes could be rescued by inhibiting RNA Polymerase I or by preventing collapse of stalled DNA replication forks. These results indicate that specific paternal centromeres are inactivated in hybrids due to disruption of associated chromatin regions that interfere with CENP-A incorporation, at least in some cases due to conflicts between replication and transcription machineries. Thus, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of centromere maintenance and its susceptibility to disruption in vertebrate interspecies hybrids.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYCentromere incompatibilities in inviable Xenopus hybrids are sequence-independent and result from disruption of epigenetic pathways required for centromere maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular conflicts disrupting centromere assembly contribute to Xenopus hybrid inviability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of Kinetochore and Microtubule Dynamics Reveals a Role for a Kinesin-8 in Establishing End-on Attachments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, individual microtubules make attachments to chromosomes via a specialized protein complex called the kinetochore to faithfully segregate the chromosomes to daughter cells. Translocation of kinetochores on the lateral surface of the microtubule has been proposed to contribute to high fidelity chromosome capture and alignment at the mitotic midzone, but has been difficult to observe in vivo because of spatial and temporal constraints. To overcome these barriers, we used total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to track the interactions between endogenously tagged tubulin, kinetochore proteins, and other microtubule-associated proteins in lysates from metaphase-arrested Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using both TIRF microscopy and cryo-correlative light microscopy and electron tomography, we successfully reconstituted microtubule-bound, intact kinetochores. These kinetochores translocate on the lateral microtubule surface toward the microtubule plus end and transition to end-on attachment, whereupon microtubule depolymerization commences. The directional kinetochore movement is dependent on the highly processive kinesin-8, Kip3. We propose that Kip3 facilitates stable kinetochore attachment to microtubule plus ends through its abilities to move the kinetochore laterally on the surface of the microtubule and to regulate microtubule plus end dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torvi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of Kinetochore and Microtubule Dynamics Reveals a Role for a Kinesin-8 in Establishing End-on Attachments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not optimal, just noisy: the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain represents the world through the activity of neural populations. Correlated variability across simultaneously recorded neurons (noise correlations) has been observed across cortical areas and experimental paradigms. Many studies have shown that correlated variability improves stimulus coding compared to a null model with no correlations. However, such results do not shed light on whether neural populations correlated variability achieves optimal coding. Here, we assess optimality of noise correlations in diverse datasets by developing two novel null models each with a unique biological interpretation: a uniform correlations null model and a factor analysis null model. We show that across datasets, the correlated variability in neural populations leads to highly suboptimal coding performance according to these null models. We demonstrate that biological constraints prevent many subsets of the neural populations from achieving optimality according to these null models, and that subselecting based on biological criteria leaves coding performance suboptimal. Finally, we show that the optimal subpopulation is exponentially small as a function of neural dimensionality. Together, these results show that the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not optimal, just noisy: the geometry of correlated variability leads to highly suboptimal sensory coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulation parameters are distinctly associated with tau and amyloid in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeuronal and circuit level abnormalities of excitation and inhibition are shown to be associated with tau and amyloid-beta (A{beta}) in preclinical models of Alzheimers disease (AD). These relationships remain poorly understood in patients with AD.

MethodsUsing empirical spectra from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and computational modeling (neural mass model; NMM) we examined excitatory and inhibitory parameters of neuronal subpopulations and investigated their specific associations to regional tau and A{beta}, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), in patients with AD.

ResultsPatients with AD showed abnormal excitatory and inhibitory time-constants and neural gains compared to age-matched controls. Increased excitatory time-constants distinctly correlated with higher tau depositions while increased inhibitory time-constants distinctly correlated with higher A{beta} depositions.

ConclusionsOur results provide critical insights about potential mechanistic links between abnormal neural oscillations and cellular correlates of impaired excitatory and inhibitory synaptic functions associated with tau and A{beta} in patients with AD.

FundingThis study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants: K08AG058749 (KGR), F32AG050434-01A1 (KGR), K23 AG038357 (KAV), P50 AG023501, P01 AG19724 (BLM), P50-AG023501 (BLM & GDR), R01 AG045611 (GDR); AG034570, AG062542 (WJ); NS100440 (SSN), DC176960 (SSN), DC017091 (SSN), AG062196 (SSN); a grant from John Douglas French Alzheimers Foundation (KAV); grants from Larry L. Hillblom Foundation: 2015-A-034-FEL and (KGR); 2019-A-013-SUP (KGR); a grant from the Alzheimers Association: (PCTRB-13-288476) (KAV), and made possible by Part the CloudTM, (ETAC-09-133596); a grant from Tau Consortium (GDR & WJJ), and a gift from the S. D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranasinghe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuiri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorno-Tempini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vossel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulation parameters are distinctly associated with tau and amyloid in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting neural computations of the human auditory pathway using deep neural networks for speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human auditory system extracts rich linguistic abstractions from the speech signal. Traditional approaches to understand this complex process have used classical linear feature encoding models, with limited success. Artificial neural networks have recently achieved remarkable speech recognition performance and offer potential alternative computational models of speech processing. We used the speech representations learned by state-of-the-art deep neural network (DNN) models to investigate neural coding across the ascending auditory pathway from the peripheral auditory nerve to auditory speech cortex. We found that representations in hierarchical layers of the DNN correlated well to neural activity throughout the ascending auditory system. Unsupervised speech models achieve the optimal neural correlations among all models evaluated. Deeper DNN layers with context-dependent computations were essential for populations of high order auditory cortex encoding, and the computations were aligned to phonemic and syllabic context structures in speech. Accordingly, DNN models trained on a specific language (English or Mandarin) predicted cortical responses in native speakers of each language. These results reveal convergence between representations learned in DNN models and the biological auditory pathway and provide new approaches to modeling neural coding in the auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anumanchipalli, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting neural computations of the human auditory pathway using deep neural networks for speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decorating chromatin for enhanced genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-associated (Cas) enzymes have revolutionized biology by enabling RNA-guided genome editing. Homology-directed repair (HDR) in the presence of donor templates is currently the most versatile method to introduce precise edits following CRISPR-Cas-induced double-stranded DNA cuts, but HDR efficiency is generally low relative to end-joining pathways that lead to insertions and deletions (indels). We tested the hypothesis that HDR could be increased using a Cas9 construct fused to PRDM9, a chromatin remodeling factor that deposits histone methylations H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 to mediate homologous recombination in human cells. Our results show that the fusion protein contacts chromatin specifically at the Cas9 cut site in the genome to increase the observed HDR efficiency by three-fold and HDR:indel ratio by five-fold compared to that induced by unmodified Cas9. HDR enhancement occurred in multiple cell lines with no increase in off-target genome editing. These findings underscore the importance of chromatin features for the balance between DNA repair mechanisms during CRISPR-Cas genome editing and provide a new strategy to increase HDR efficiency.

Significance StatementCRISPR-Cas-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) enables precision genome editing for diverse research and clinical applications, but HDR efficiency is often low due to competing end-joining pathways. Here, we describe a simple strategy to influence DNA repair pathway choice and improve HDR efficiency by engineering CRISPR-Cas9-methyltransferase fusion proteins. This strategy highlights the impact of histone modifications on DNA repair following CRISPR-Cas-induced double-stranded breaks and adds to the CRISPR genome editing toolbox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin Shiao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decorating chromatin for enhanced genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological action potentials in engineered tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to the nonlinear current-voltage relations of ion channels, an interface between two tissues can have very different bioelectrical properties compared to either tissue on its own. Here we show experimentally that gap junction-coupled interfaces between non-excitable tissues can be electrically excitable. This topologically protected excitability occurs over a far larger range of ion channel expression levels than does excitability in the bulk. Topological excitations at tissue interfaces can cause local elevations in calcium concentration, possibly providing a bioelectrical mechanism for interface sensing. As in condensed matter physics, topological excitations in electrophysiology constitute a distinct class of phenomena which may show exotic and novel properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological action potentials in engineered tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ratiometric Sensing of Redox Environments Inside Individual Carboxysomes Trapped in Solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion of biological nanoparticles in solution impedes our ability to continuously monitor individuals and measure their physical and chemical properties. To overcome this, we previously developed the Interferometric Scattering Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ISABEL) trap, which uses scattering to localize a particle and applies electrokinetic forces which counteract Brownian motion, thus enabling extended observation. Here, we present an improved ISABEL trap that incorporates a near-infrared scatter illumination beam and rapidly interleaves 405 and 488 nm fluorescence excitation reporter beams. With the ISABEL trap, we monitor the internal redox environment of individual carboxysomes labeled with the ratiometric redox reporter roGFP2. Carboxysomes widely vary in scattering contrast (reporting on size) and redox-dependent ratiometric fluorescence. Further, we used redox sensing to explore the chemical kinetics within intact carboxysomes, where bulk measurements may contain unwanted contributions from aggregates or interfering fluorescent proteins. Overall, we demonstrate the ISABEL traps ability to sensitively monitor nanoscale biological objects, enabling new experiments on these systems.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavania, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ratiometric Sensing of Redox Environments Inside Individual Carboxysomes Trapped in Solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial turnover of soil viral populations and genotypes overlain by cohesive responses to moisture in grasslands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although soil viral abundance, diversity, and potential roles in microbial community dynamics and biogeochemical cycling are beginning to be appreciated1-5, little is known about the patterns and drivers of soil viral community composition that underlie their contributions to terrestrial ecology. Here, we analyzed 43 soil viromes from a precipitation manipulation experiment in a Mediterranean grassland in California, USA. We recovered 5,315 viral population sequences (vOTUs), and viral community composition exhibited a highly significant distance-decay relationship within the 18 m long field. This pattern was recapitulated in the microheterogeneity of 130 prevalent vOTUs (detected in >=90% of the viromes), which tended to exhibit significant negative correlations between genomic similarity of their predominant allelic variants and distance. Although spatial turnover was also observed in the bacterial and archaeal communities from the same soils, the signal was dampened relative to the viromes, suggesting differences in assembly drivers at local scales for viruses and their microbial hosts and/or differences in the temporal scales captured by viromes and total DNA. Despite the overwhelming spatial signal, vOTUs responsive to a decrease in soil moisture were significantly enriched in a predicted protein-sharing subnetwork of 326 vOTUs linked to 191 known actinobacteriophages, suggesting a genomically cohesive viral response to soil moisture evocative of environmental filtering, potentially by way of actinobacterial hosts. Overall, soil viral ecological processes appear to be highly constrained in space and tightly coupled to the heterogeneous, dynamic soil environment and thus fundamentally different from those of their well-mixed and more thoroughly studied marine counterparts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos-Medellin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estera-Molina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial turnover of soil viral populations and genotypes overlain by cohesive responses to moisture in grasslands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HPCA1 is required for systemic ROS and calcium cell-to-cell signaling and plant acclimation to stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As multicellular organisms, plants constantly balance and coordinate many metabolic, physiological, and molecular responses between different cell types and tissues. This process is essential for plant development, growth, and response to different environmental cues. Because plants lack a nervous system, they transmit different signals over long distances via cell-to-cell signaling. Recent studies revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) at the apoplast play a key role in cell-to-cell signaling. A state of enhanced ROS production by one cell is thereby sensed by a neighboring cell, causing it to produce ROS, creating a continuous chain of cell-to-cell ROS accumulation termed the  ROS wave. This process was found to mediate systemic signals throughout the plant and is required for plant acclimation to different stresses. Although RBOHs were found to produce ROS essential for this process, the identity of the receptor(s) perceiving the apoplastic ROS signal is currently unknow. Here we reveal that the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase HPCA1 (H2O2-induced Ca2+ increases 1) acts as a central ROS receptor required for the propagation of cell-to-cell ROS signals, systemic signaling in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses, and plant acclimation to stress. We further report that HPCA1 is required for systemic calcium signals, but not systemic membrane depolarization responses, and identify key calcium-dependent signal transduction proteins involved in this process. Our findings reveal that HPCA1 plays a key role in mediating and coordinating systemic cell-to-cell ROS and calcium signals that are required for plant acclimation to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandalinas, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HPCA1 is required for systemic ROS and calcium cell-to-cell signaling and plant acclimation to stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial interactions of Hox genes establish appendage diversity of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hox genes establish regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis in diverse animals. Changes in Hox expression can induce striking homeotic transformations, where one region of the body is transformed into another. Previous work in Drosophila has demonstrated that Hox cross-regulatory interactions are crucial for maintaining proper Hox expression. One major mechanism is the phenomenon of "posterior prevalence", wherein anterior Hox genes are repressed by more posterior Hox genes. Loss of posterior Hox expression under this model would predict posterior-to-anterior transformations, as is frequently observed in Drosophila. While posterior prevalence is thought to occur in many animals, studies of such Hox cross-regulation have focused on a limited number of organisms. In this paper, we examine the cross-regulatory interactions of three Hox genes, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A), and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) in patterning thoracic and abdominal appendages in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Studies of Hox function in Parhyale have previously revealed two striking phenotypes which differed markedly from what a "posterior prevalence" model would predict, including non-contiguous and anterior-to-posterior transformations. We probe the logic of Parhyale Hox cross-regulation by using CRISPR/Cas9 to systematically examine all combinations of Ubx, abd-A, and Abd-B loss of function in Parhyale. By analyzing homeotic phenotypes and examining the expression of additional Hox genes, we reveal Hox cross-regulatory interactions in Parhyale. From these data, we also demonstrate that some Parhyale Hox genes function combinatorially to specify posterior limb identity, rather than abiding by a posterior prevalence mechanism. These results provide evidence that combinatorial Hox interactions may be responsible for the tremendous body plan diversity of crustaceans.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvis Alberstat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial interactions of Hox genes establish appendage diversity of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct regulation of Hox genes by Polycomb Group genes in a crustacean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-insect crustaceans exhibit tremendous body plan diversity. The evolution of diverse patterns of Hox gene expression has been implicated as a primary driver of body plan evolution between crustacean groups, but the mechanisms underlying Hox regulatory evolution remain unknown. We identify Polycomb and Trithorax Group proteins, crucial for proper Hox regulation across bilaterians, in the genome of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, and demonstrate their essential functions in crustacean Hox regulation and embryonic development using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis. Examination of Hox misexpression patterns between individual Hox genes with respect to timing, tissue, and PcG mutant gene in mutant embryos reveals that each crustacean Hox gene follows its own idiosyncratic regulatory mechanism. These results suggest a distinct regulation of Hox genes that may have enabled crustacean body plan evolution.

Primary Findings- The genome of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis contains all core Polycomb Group (PcG) and Trithorax Group (TrxG) proteins

- CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of PcG proteins induces homeotic transformations and misexpression of Hox genes that differ from similar experiments in insects

- PcG knockout embryos show proper initiation of Hox expression boundaries at early developmental stages

- Each of the three posterior Hox genes in Parhyale displays distinct patterns of misexpression in response to PcG knockout

- Hox regulation appears to occur via different mechanisms in the nervous system vs. limbs

- PcG phenotypes reveal the potential for distinct layers of Hox regulation in crustaceans



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct regulation of Hox genes by Polycomb Group genes in a crustacean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic demography of world's ethnic groups and their genomic identity between two individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All current categorizations of human population, such as ethnicity, ancestry and race, are based on various selections and combinations of subjectively- and/or qualitatively-defined characteristics, such as ancestral lineage/location, cultural/societal norm, language, skin color and other phenotypes and traits perceived by the members within or from outside of the categorized group. Yet, such categorization has been broadly used also in the fields of human genetics, health sciences and medical practices (e.g., 1,2,3), where the observed health characteristics are objectively and quantitatively definable, but the population categorization is not yet available. Here we show the feasibility of deriving a whole-genome-based categorization that is objectively definable and quantitatively measurable. We observe that: (a) the worlds ethnic populations form about 14 genomic groups (GGs); (b) each GG consists of multiple ethnic groups (EGs); and (c) at an individual level, approximately 99.8%, on average, of the whole genome contents are identical between any two individuals regardless of their GGs or EGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic demography of world's ethnic groups and their genomic identity between two individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has been shown to be centrally involved in repair of damage to both the plasma and lysosome membranes. ESCRT recruitment to sites of damage occurs on a fast time scale, and Ca2+ has been proposed to play a key signaling role in the process. Here, we show that the Ca2+-binding regulatory protein ALG-2 binds directly to negatively charged membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Next, by monitoring the colocalization of ALIX with ALG-2 on negatively charged membranes, we show that ALG-2 recruits ALIX to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that ALIX recruitment to membrane orchestrates the downstream assembly of late-acting CHMP4B, CHMP3, CHMP2A subunits along with the AAA+ ATPase VPS4B. Finally, we show that ALG-2 can also recruit the ESCRT-III machinery to the membrane via the canonical ESCRT-I/II pathway. Our reconstitution experiments delineate the minimal sets of components needed to assemble the entire membrane repair machinery and open a new avenue for mechanistic understanding of endolysosomal membrane repair.

Significance statementOne of the ways by which protein aggregates can propagate and lead to progression of a neurodegenerative disease is by damaging the membrane that is destined to degrade the misfolded, aggregated protein. ESCRT machinery has been implicated in sealing these damaged membranes, and the nature of the membrane recruitment trigger signal for this machinery is a major open question. Here, we show in vitro that ALG-2 can bring ESCRT machinery to membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Variation in Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly Across a Spectrum of Lifestyles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant microbiome assembly is intensely studied in infants from industrialized nations, but little is known about this process in populations living non-industrialized lifestyles. In this study we deeply sequenced infant stool samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and analyzed them in a global meta-analysis. Infant microbiomes develop along lifestyle-associated trajectories, with over twenty percent of genomes detected in the Hadza infant gut representing phylogenetically diverse novel species. Industrialized infants, even those who are breastfed, have microbiomes characterized by a paucity of Bifidobacterium infantis and gene cassettes involved in human milk utilization. Strains within lifestyle-associated taxonomic groups are shared between mother-infant dyads, consistent with early-life inheritance of lifestyle-shaped microbiomes. The population-specific differences in infant microbiome composition and function underscore the importance of studying microbiomes from people outside of wealthy, industrialized nations.

Recognition of work on indigenous communitiesResearch involving indigenous communities is needed for a variety of reasons including to ensure that scientific discoveries and understanding appropriately represent all populations and do not only benefit those living in industrialized nations. Special considerations must be made to ensure that this research is conducted ethically and in a non-exploitative manner. In this study we performed deep metagenomic sequencing on fecal samples that were collected from Hadza hunter-gatherers in 2013/2014 and were analyzed in previous publications using different methods (1, 2). A material transfer agreement with the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania ensures that stool samples collected are used solely for academic purposes, permission for the study was obtained from the National Institute of Medical Research (MR/53i 100/83, NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/1542) and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, and verbal consent was obtained from the Hadza after the studys intent and scope was described with the help of a translator. The publications that first described these samples included several scientists and Tanzanian field-guides as co-authors for the critical roles they played in sample collection, but as no new samples were collected in this study, only scientists who contributed to the analyses described here were included as co-authors in this publication. It is currently not possible for us to travel to Tanzania and present our results to the Hadza people, however we intend to do so once the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic allow it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wastyk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Variation in Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly Across a Spectrum of Lifestyles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonas pathosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) mediates the induction of defense responses against pathogens in most land plants. However, it has recently been shown that a few species have lost EDS1. It is unknown how defense against disease unfolds and evolves in the absence of EDS1. Here we utilize duckweeds; a collection of aquatic species that lack EDS1, to investigate this question. We successfully established duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystems and were able to characterize pathogen-induced responses in an immune system that lacks the EDS1 signaling pathway. We show that the copy number of infection-associated genes and the infection-induced transcriptional responses of duckweeds differ from that of other model species. Moreover, we show that the conservation of canonical Microbe Triggered Immunity and Effector Triggered Immunity pathways varies between duckweed species. This work shows that pathogen defense has evolved along different trajectories and uncovers alternative genomic and transcriptional reprogramming. Specifically, the miAMP1 domain containing proteins, which are absent in Arabidopsis, show pathogen responsive upregulation in duckweeds. Despite such divergence between Arabidopsis and duckweed species, we find evidence for the conservation of upregulation of certain genes and the role of hormones in response to disease. Our work highlights the importance of expanding the pool of model species to study defense responses that have evolved in the plant kingdom, including those independent of EDS1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiersma, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramsom, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonas pathosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microenvironmental engineering improves the self-organization of patterned microvascular networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The construction of three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks with defined structures remains challenging. Emerging bioprinting strategies provide a means of patterning endothelial cells (ECs) into the geometry of 3D microvascular networks, but the microenvironmental cues necessary to promote their self-organization into cohesive and perfusable microvessels are unknown. To this end, we reconstituted microvessel formation in vitro by patterning thin lines of closely packed ECs fully embedded within a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) and observed how different microenvironmental parameters influenced EC behaviors and their self-organization into microvessels. We found that the inclusion of fibrillar matrices, such as collagen I, into the ECM positively influenced cell condensation into extended geometries such as cords. We also identified the presence of a high molecular weight protein(s) in fetal bovine serum (FBS) that negatively influenced EC condensation. This component destabilized cord structure by promoting cell protrusions and destabilizing cell-cell adhesions. Endothelial cords cultured in the presence of fibrillar collagen and the absence of this protein activity were able to polarize, lumenize, incorporate mural cells, and support fluid flow. These optimized conditions allowed for the construction of branched and perfusable microvascular networks directly from patterned cells in as little as three days. These findings reveal important design principles for future microvascular engineering efforts based on bioprinting techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stashko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microenvironmental engineering improves the self-organization of patterned microvascular networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.481366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EcoFun-MAP: An Ecological Function Oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.481366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Annotating ecological functions of environmental metagenomes is challenging due to a lack of specialized reference databases and computational barriers. Here we present the Ecological Function oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline (EcoFun-MAP) for efficient analysis of shotgun metagenomes in the context of ecological functions. We manually curated a reference database of EcoFun-MAP which is used for GeoChip design. This database included [~]1,500 functional gene families that were catalogued by important ecological functions, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling, metal homeostasis, stress responses, organic contaminant degradation, antibiotic resistance, microbial defense, electron transfer, virulence and plant growth promotion. EcoFun-MAP has five optional workflows from ultra-fast to ultra-conservative, fitting different research needs from functional gene exploration to stringent comparison. The pipeline is deployed on High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure with a highly accessible web-based interface. We showed that EcoFun-MAP is accurate and can process multi-million short reads in a minute. We applied EcoFun-MAP to analyze metagenomes from groundwater samples and revealed interesting insights of microbial functional traits in response to contaminations. EcoFun-MAP is available as a public web server at http://iegst1.rccc.ou.edu:8080/ecofunmap/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.481366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EcoFun-MAP: An Ecological Function Oriented Metagenomic Analysis Pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biochemical basis of FANCI-FANCD2 interdependent ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fanconi Anaemia pathway operates for the repair of interstrand crosslinks and the maintenance of genomic stability upon replication stalling. Di-monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 (ID2) complex is a central and crucial step in this pathway. Evidence suggests that FANCD2 ubiquitination precedes FANCI ubiquitination, and that both the FANCD2-ubiquitinated (ID2Ub) and the di- monoubiquitinated (IUbD2Ub) complex clamp on DNA. However, FANCD2 is deubiquitinated at a faster rate than FANCI, which can result in a FANCI-ubiquitinated ID2 complex (IUbD2). Here, we present a 4.1 [A] cryo-EM structure of IUbD2 complex bound to double-stranded DNA. We show that this complex, like ID2Ub and IUbD2Ub, is also in the closed ID2 conformation and clamps on DNA. While the target lysine of FANCD2 (K561) is partially buried in the non-ubiquitinated ID2-DNA complex, it becomes fully exposed in the IUbD2-DNA structure, and thus can be ubiquitinated at a faster rate. The IUbD2-DNA complex cannot easily revert to the non-ubiquitinated ID2 state, due to USP1-UAF1-resistance, conferred by the presence of DNA and FANCD2. ID2Ub-DNA, on the other hand, can be efficiently deubiquitinated by USP1-UAF1, unless further ubiquitination on FANCI occurs. FANCI ubiquitination also progresses at a faster rate in ID2Ub-DNA over ID2-DNA complex, and results in partial DNA-dependent protection from FANCD2 deubiquitination. Taken together, our results suggest that, while FANCD2 ubiquitination promotes FANCI ubiquitination, FANCI ubiquitination in turn maintains FANCD2 ubiquitination by two mechanisms: it prevents excessive FANCD2 deubiquitination within an IUbD2Ub-DNA complex, and it enables re-ubiquitination of FANCD2 within a transient, closed-on-DNA, IUbD2 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemonidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennie, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaugule, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streetley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biochemical basis of FANCI-FANCD2 interdependent ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of high-sensitivity patterned vision in motion with an engineered light-gated G protein-coupled receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) result in blindness due to apoptotic cell death of rods and cones, but spare other retinal neurons, providing a potential that delivery of a light-activated signaling protein to surviving neurons may restore vision. We previously demonstrated that aspects of vision could be restored by introduction into surviving cells of a G protein-coupled receptor for glutamate (mGluR) bearing a tethered photoswitchable agonist. However, this system, containing one photoswitchable agonist per glutamate binding site, yielded low sensitivity, responding only to visual stimuli at the intensity of bright outdoor light, similar to channelrhodopsins. To increase sensitivity, we designed a multi-branched photoswitch, bearing four light-activatable glutamates for each glutamate binding site. When tethered to a modified mGluR2 expressed in retinal ganglion cells via intravitreal AAV gene delivery, this photoswitch boosted sensitivity by ~100-fold compared to the unbranched (single photo-ligand) photoswitch. This improvement in sensitivity enabled an IRD mouse model (rd1) to perform visually-guided object recognition under incidental room light and pattern recognition using standard LCD computer displays. The restored line pattern differentiation approached the acuity reported for normal mouse vision. Pattern recognition functioned as well as wildtype vision with line patterns moving at speeds of up to 36{degrees}/s. In summary, this two-component chemical-optogenetic approach combines high sensitivity and high acuity with superior motion vision, and, unlike optogenetic gene therapy, can be adjusted for dose, upgraded, as new photoswitches are developed, and discontinued at will.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donthamsetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broichhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of high-sensitivity patterned vision in motion with an engineered light-gated G protein-coupled receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally and structurally distinct fusiform face area(s) in over 1000 participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is a widely studied region causally involved in face perception. Even though cognitive neuroscientists have been studying the FFA for over two decades, answers to foundational questions regarding the structure, function, and connectivity of the FFA from a large (N>1000) group of participants are still lacking. To fill this gap, we quantified structural, functional, and connectivity features of fusiform face-selective regions in 1080 participants in the Human Connectome Project (HCP). After manually defining over 4,000 fusiform face-selective regions, we report five main findings. First, 68.94% of hemispheres have two cortically separate regions (pFus-faces/FFA-1 and mFus-faces/FFA-2). Second, in 26.48% of hemispheres, pFus-faces/FFA-1 and mFus-faces/FFA-2 are spatially contiguous, yet functionally and structurally distinct. Third, pFus-faces/FFA-1 is more face-selective than mFus-faces/FFA-2, and the two regions have distinct functional connectivity fingerprints. Fourth, pFus-faces/FFA-1 is cortically thinner and more heavily myelinated than mFus-faces/FFA-2. Fifth, face-selective patterns and functional connectivity fingerprints of each region were more similar in monozygotic than dizygotic twins and more so than structural gradients. As we share our areal definitions with the field, future studies can explore how structural and functional features of these regions will inform theories regarding how visual categories are represented in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally and structurally distinct fusiform face area(s) in over 1000 participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cross-sectional study of the commercial plant-based landscape across the US, UK and Canada. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As plant-based foods comprise an ever-increasing proportion of the diet, understanding the nutritional composition of these products is critical. In this study we assess the nutritional content of all commercial plant-based products across multiple sectors (supermarkets, fast food & sit down restaurants, food delivery companies and manufacturers) in the US, UK and Canada. We identified 3488 unique products. Across all sectors, 45% of main meals had >15g protein, 60% had <10%kcal from saturated fat; 29% had >10g fibre per meal; 86% had <1000mg sodium. At restaurants, meat-based main meals were significantly higher in protein and sodium compared to vegetarian and vegan meals. The meat-based options were also significantly higher in saturated fat than the vegan but not vegetarian options. We conclude that plant-based items tend to be lower in saturated fat and sodium than their meat-based counterparts but improvements are needed to optimise their nutritional composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulgenalp, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusaslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilidrim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cross-sectional study of the commercial plant-based landscape across the US, UK and Canada.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Specification to Implementation: Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Synthetic Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We provide a new perspective on using formal methods to model specifications and synthesize implementations for the design of biological circuits. In synthetic biology, design objectives are rarely described formally. We present an assume-guarantee contract framework to describe biological circuit design objectives as formal specifications. In our approach, these formal specifications are implemented by circuits modeled by ordinary differential equations, yielding a design framework that can be used to design complex synthetic biological circuits at scale. We describe our approach using the design of a biological AND gate as a motivating, running example.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Specification to Implementation: Assume-Guarantee Contracts for Synthetic Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-RNA interactome between a phage and its satellite virus reveals a small RNA differentially regulates gene expression across both genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage satellites exhibit various regulatory mechanisms to manipulate phage gene expression to the benefit of the satellite. While small RNAs (sRNAs) are well documented as regulators of prokaryotic gene expression, they have not been shown to play a regulatory role in satellite-phage conflicts. Vibrio cholerae encodes the phage inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE), a phage satellite, to defend itself against the lytic phage ICP1. Here we use Hi-GRIL-seq to identify a complex RNA-RNA interactome between PLE and ICP1. Both inter- and intragenome RNA interactions were detected, headlined by the PLE-encoded trans-acting sRNA, SviR. SviR regulates both PLE and ICP1 gene expression uniquely, decreasing translation of ICP1 targets and affecting PLE mRNAs processing. The striking conservation of SviR across all known PLEs suggests the sRNA is deeply rooted in the PLE-ICP1 conflict and implicates sRNAs as unidentified regulators of phage-satellite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunham, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-RNA interactome between a phage and its satellite virus reveals a small RNA differentially regulates gene expression across both genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improvement of Gene Delivery and Mutation Efficiency in the CRISPR-Cas9 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genomics System via Biolistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system revolutionized the field of plant genomics. Despite advantages in ease of designing gRNA and the low cost of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, there are still hurdles to overcome in low mutation efficiencies, specifically in hexaploid wheat. In conjunction with gene delivery and transformation frequency, the mutation rate bottleneck has the potential to slow down advancements in genomic editing of wheat. In this study, nine bombardment parameter combinations using three gold particle sizes and three rupture disk pressures were tested to establish optimal stable transformation frequencies in wheat. Utilizing the best transformation protocol and a knockout cassette of the phytoene desaturase gene, we subjected transformed embryos to four temperature treatments and compared mutation efficiencies. The use of 0.6 m gold particles for bombardment increased transformation frequencies across all delivery pressures. A heat treatment of 34{degrees}C for 24 hours resulted in the highest mutation efficiency with no or minimal reduction in transformation frequency. The 34{degrees}C treatment produced two M0 mutant events with albino phenotypes, requiring biallelic mutations in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat. Utilizing optimal transformation and heat treatment parameters greatly increases mutation efficiency and can help advance research efforts in wheat genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improvement of Gene Delivery and Mutation Efficiency in the CRISPR-Cas9 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genomics System via Biolistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider the problem of predicting a protein sequence from its backbone atom coordinates. Machine learning approaches to this problem to date have been limited by the number of available experimentally determined protein structures. We augment training data by nearly three orders of magnitude by predicting structures for 12M protein sequences using AlphaFold2. Trained with this additional data, a sequence-to-sequence transformer with invariant geometric input processing layers achieves 51% native sequence recovery on structurally held-out backbones with 72% recovery for buried residues, an overall improvement of almost 10 percentage points over existing methods. The model generalizes to a variety of more complex tasks including design of protein complexes, partially masked structures, binding interfaces, and multiple states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkuil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sercu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome stalling during selenoprotein translation exposes a ferroptosis vulnerability in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ferroptosis is a regulated, iron-dependent form of necrosis that is triggered by the accumulation of oxidatively damaged phospholipids1-3. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) prevents ferroptosis by converting phospholipid hydroperoxides into non-toxic lipid alcohols4, 5. Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathology of several degenerative conditions and inhibiting GPX4 activity has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to induce cancer cell death1, 2. However, many cancer cell lines are resistant to GPX4 inhibition6, and the mechanisms that regulate GPX4 activity and ferroptosis resistance remain incompletely understood. Here, employing a synthetic lethal CRISPR-Cas9 screen in a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, we identify LRP8 (also known as ApoER2) as a ferroptosis resistance factor. LRP8 is upregulated in cancer, and we find that it promotes ferroptosis resistance in cancer cells in both 2-dimensional (2-D) cell culture and 3-dimensional (3-D) spheroid models. Mechanistically, loss of LRP8 decreases cellular selenium levels, resulting in the reduced expression of a subset of selenoproteins, including GPX4. Remarkably, the reduction in GPX4 is not due to the classic hierarchical selenoprotein regulatory program7, 8. Instead, our findings demonstrate that the translation of GPX4 is severely impaired in the selenium-deficient LRP8 knockout (KO) cells due to extensive ribosome stalling at the inefficiently decoded GPX4 selenocysteine (SEC) UGA codon, which results in ribosome collisions and early translation termination. Thus, our findings reveal ribosome stalling and collisions during GPX4 translation as targetable ferroptosis vulnerabilities in cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magtanong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome stalling during selenoprotein translation exposes a ferroptosis vulnerability in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting the pervasive observation of U-shaped Site Frequency Spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The standard neutral model of molecular evolution has traditionally been used as the null model for population genomics. We gathered a collection of 45 genome-wide site frequency spectra from a diverse set of species, most of which display an excess of low and high frequency variants compared to the expectation of the standard neutral model, resulting in U-shaped spectra. We show that multiple merger coalescent models often provide a better fit to these observations than the standard Kingman coalescent. Hence, in many circumstances these under-utilized models may serve as the more appropriate reference for genomic analyses. We further discuss the underlying evolutionary processes that may result in the widespread U-shape of frequency spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdoncuff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuszewski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapierre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sackton, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting the pervasive observation of U-shaped Site Frequency Spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similarities and differences in brain structure and function across species is of major interest in systems neuroscience, comparative biology, and brain mapping. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on tertiary sulci, which are shallow indentations of the cerebral cortex that appear last in gestation, continue to develop after birth, and are largely either human- or hominoid-specific. While tertiary sulcal morphology in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has been linked to functional representations and cognition in humans, it is presently unknown if LPFC tertiary sulci also exist in non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged two freely available multimodal datasets to address the following main question: Can LPFC tertiary sulci be defined in chimpanzee cortical surfaces from human predictions? We found that 1-3 components of the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) in the posterior middle frontal gyrus are identifiable in nearly all chimpanzee hemispheres. In stark contrast to the consistency of the pmfs components, we could only identify components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs) in two chimpanzee hemispheres. LPFC tertiary sulci were relatively smaller and shallower in chimpanzees compared to humans. In both species, two of the pmfs components were deeper in the right compared to the left hemisphere. As these results have direct implications for future studies interested in the functional and cognitive role of LPFC tertiary sulci across species, we share probabilistic predictions of the three pmfs components to guide the definitions of these sulci in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assignment of structural transitions during mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes and their disassembly products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosome DNA unwrapping and its disassembly into hexasomes and tetrasomes is necessary for genomic access and plays an important role in transcription regulation. Previous single-molecule mechanical nucleosome unwrapping revealed a low- and a high-force transitions, and force-FRET pulling experiments showed that DNA unwrapping is asymmetrical occurring always first from one side before the other. However, the assignment of DNA segments involved in these transitions remains controversial. Here, using high-resolution optical tweezers with simultaneous single-molecule FRET detection we show that the low-force transition corresponds to the undoing of the outer-wrap of one side of the nucleosome (~27 bp), a process that can occur either cooperatively or non-cooperatively, whereas the high-force transition corresponds to the simultaneous unwrapping of ~76 bp from both sides. This process may give rise stochastically to the disassembly of nucleosomes into hexasomes and tetrasomes whose unwrapping/rewrapping trajectories we establish. In contrast, nucleosome rewrapping does not exhibit asymmetry. To rationalize all previous nucleosome unwrapping experiments, it is necessary to invoke that mechanical unwrapping involves two nucleosome reorientations: one that contributes to the change in extension at the low-force transition, and another that coincides but does not contribute to the high-force transition.

Significance statementNucleosomes, the fundamental structural unit of chromatin, consists of ~147 DNA base pairs wrapped around a histone protein octamer. Determining the forces required to unwrap the DNA from the core particle and the stepwise transitions involved in the process are essential to characterize the strength of the nucleosomal barrier and its contribution as a mechanism of control of gene expression. Here, we performed combined optical tweezers and single-molecule fluorescence measurements to annotate the specific DNA segments unwrapping during the force transitions observed in mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes. Furthermore, we characterize the mechanical signatures of subnucleosomal particles: hexasomes and tetrasomes. The characterization performed in this work is essential for the interpretation of ongoing studies of chromatin remodelers, polymerases, and histone chaperones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assignment of structural transitions during mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomes and their disassembly products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic Nuclear Pore Complex Remodeling Provides Key Insights into Nuclear Basket Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large proteinaceous assemblies that mediate nuclear compartmentalization. NPCs undergo largescale structural rearrangements during mitosis in metazoans and some fungi. However, our understanding of NPC remodeling beyond mitosis remains limited. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, we discovered that NPCs undergo two mechanistically-separable remodeling events during budding yeast meiosis whereby parts or all of the nuclear basket transiently dissociate from the NPC core during meiosis I and II, respectively. Meiosis I detachment, observed for Nup60 and Nup2, is driven by Polo kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Nup60 at its interface with the Y-complex. Subsequent reattachment of Nup60-Nup2 to the NPC core is mediated by a lipid-binding amphipathic helix in Nup60. Preventing Nup60-Nup2 reattachment causes misorganization of the entire nuclear basket in gametes. Strikingly, meiotic nuclear basket remodeling also occurs in the distantly related fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Our study reveals a conserved and developmentally programmed aspect of NPC plasticity, providing key mechanistic insights into nuclear basket organization.

SUMMARYKing and Wettstein et al. reveal that nuclear pore complexes undergo two distinct remodeling events during budding yeast meiosis: partial and full nuclear basket detachment. By dissecting the regulation of these events, the study provides mechanistic insights into NPC organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetlapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Armenta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic Nuclear Pore Complex Remodeling Provides Key Insights into Nuclear Basket Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prescribed fire selects for a pyrophilous soil subcommunity in a northern California mixed conifer forest. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low intensity prescribed fire is a critical strategy for mitigating the effects of catastrophic wildfires. The above-ground response to fire has been well-documented, including many ecosystem benefits associated with prescribed burning, but fewer studies have directly addressed the effect of prescribed fire on soil organisms. We aimed to understand how soil microbial communities respond to prescribed fire and to determine the ecological processes driving their dynamics. We extensively sampled four plots for 17 months in a mixed conifer forest in northern California, USA; immediately following a low-intensity prescribed fire, a higher-intensity prescribed fire, and two no-burn control plots. We found that prescribed fire significantly altered the community structure for both fungi (ITS) and bacteria (16S), which was sustained throughout the time-series. By comparing our community profiling results with a model of neutral community assembly, we found that the presence of most taxa across all experimental conditions could be explained by neutral processes. However, combining threshold indicator taxa analysis and correlation network analysis with the neutral model identified a cohort of taxa that responded deterministically to prescribed fire. The subcommunity identified through this series of analyses includes both known and new pyrophilous taxa. Beyond this, our analyses revealed network modules within postfire communities which were responsive to fire-intensity. Taken together, these results lay the foundation for building a process-driven understanding of microbial community assembly in the context of the classical disturbance regime of fire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lorimier, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prescribed fire selects for a pyrophilous soil subcommunity in a northern California mixed conifer forest.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision-dependent and -independent molecular maturation of mouse retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and connectivity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retinas sole output neurons, are patterned by activity-independent transcriptional programs and activity-dependent remodeling. To inventory the molecular correlates of these influences, we applied high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to mouse RGCs at six embryonic and postnatal ages. We identified temporally regulated modules of genes that correlate with, and likely regulate, multiple phases of RGC development, ranging from differentiation and axon guidance to synaptic recognition and refinement. Some of these genes are expressed broadly while others, including key transcription factors and recognition molecules, are selectively expressed by one or a few of the 45 transcriptomically distinct types defined previously in adult mice. Next, we used these results as a foundation to analyze the transcriptomes of RGCs in mice lacking visual experience due to dark rearing from birth or to mutations that ablate either bipolar or photoreceptor cells. 98.5% of visually deprived (VD) RGCs could be unequivocally assigned to a single RGC type based on their transcriptional profiles, demonstrating that visual activity is dispensable for acquisition and maintenance of RGC type identity. However, visual deprivation significantly reduced the transcriptomic distinctions among RGC types, implying that activity is required for complete RGC maturation or maintenance. Consistent with this notion, transcriptomic alternations in VD RGCs significantly overlapped with gene modules found in developing RGCs. Our results provide a resource for mechanistic analyses of RGC differentiation and maturation, and for investigating the role of activity in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitney, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision-dependent and -independent molecular maturation of mouse retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candidatus Nealsonbacteria (OD1) in a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture is likely an ectosymbiotic biomass recycler 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a very large group of bacteria with no pure culture representatives, first discovered by metagenomic analyses. Within the CPR, candidate phylum Parcubacteria (previously referred to as OD1) within the candidate superphylum Patescibacteria is prevalent in anoxic sediments and groundwater. Previously, we had identified a specific member of the Parcubacteria (referred to as DGGOD1a) as an important member of a methanogenic benzene-degrading consortium. Phylogenetic analyses herein place DGGOD1a within the Candidate clade Nealsonbacteria. Because of its persistence over many years, we hypothesized that Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a must serve an important role in sustaining anaerobic benzene metabolism in the consortium. To try to identify its growth substrate, we amended the culture with a variety of defined compounds (pyruvate, acetate, hydrogen, DNA, phospholipid), as well as crude culture lysate and three subfractions thereof. We observed the greatest (10 fold) increase in the absolute abundance of Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a only when the consortium was amended with crude cell lysate. These results implicate Ca. Nealsonbacteria in biomass recycling. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and cryogenic transmission electron microscope images revealed that Ca. Nealsonbacteria DGGOD1a cells were attached to larger archaeal Methanothrix cells. This apparent epibiont lifestyle was supported by metabolic predictions from a manually curated complete genome. This is one of the first examples of bacterial-archaeal episymbiosis and may be a feature of other Ca. Nealsonbacteria found in anoxic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molenda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, C. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candidatus Nealsonbacteria (OD1) in a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture is likely an ectosymbiotic biomass recycler]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.485668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
McaA and McaB control the dynamic positioning of a bacterial magnetic organelle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.485668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms that use intracellular chains of ferrimagnetic nanocrystals, produced within their magnetosome organelles, to align and navigate along the geomagnetic field. The cell biological and biochemical properties of magnetosomes make them a powerful model for studying the molecular mechanisms of biomineralization and compartmentalization in bacteria. While several conserved magnetosome formation genes have been described, the evolutionary strategies for their species-specific diversification remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the fragmented nature of magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 is controlled by two genes named mcaA and mcaB. McaA recognizes the positive curvature of the inner cell membrane while McaB localises to magnetosomes. Along with the MamK actin-like cytoskeleton, they create space for addition of new magnetosomes in between pre-existing magnetosomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that McaAB homologs are widespread and may represent an ancient strategy for organelle positioning in MTB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteil, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taoka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Cornejo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.485668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[McaA and McaB control the dynamic positioning of a bacterial magnetic organelle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural variation-based screen in mouse cells reveals USF2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response and cellular senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a program of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis resistance, and cytokine release induced by stress exposure in metazoan cells. Landmark studies in laboratory mice have characterized a number of master senescence regulators, including p16INK4a, p21, NF-kB, p53, and C/EBP{beta}. To discover other molecular players in senescence, we developed a screening approach to harness the evolutionary divergence between mouse species. We found that primary cells from the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus, when treated with DNA damage to induce senescence, produced less cytokine and had less-active lysosomes than cells from laboratory M. musculus. We used allele-specific expression profiling to catalog senescence-dependent cis-regulatory variation between the species at thousands of genes. We then tested for correlation between these expression changes and interspecies sequence variants in the binding sites of transcription factors. Among the emergent candidate senescence regulators, we chose a little-studied cell cycle factor, USF2, for molecular validation. In acute irradiation experiments, cells lacking USF2 had compromised DNA damage repair and response. Longer-term senescent cultures without USF2 mounted an exaggerated senescence regulatory program--shutting down cell cycle and DNA repair pathways, and turning up cytokine expression, more avidly than wild-type. We interpret these findings under a model of pro-repair, anti-senescence regulatory function by USF2. Our study affords new insights into the mechanisms by which cells commit to senescence, and serves as a validated proof of concept for natural variation-based regulator screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopania, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural variation-based screen in mouse cells reveals USF2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response and cellular senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tyrosine kinases cannot be expressed readily in E. coli, limiting facile production of these proteins for biochemical experiments. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to generate a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) variant that can be expressed in bacteria and purified in soluble form, unlike the human members of this family (Syk and ZAP-70). The catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and regulation by phosphorylation of this Syk variant are similar to the corresponding properties of human Syk and ZAP-70. Taking advantage of the ability to express this novel Syk-family kinase in bacteria, we developed a two-hybrid assay that couples the growth of E.coli in the presence of an antibiotic to successful phosphorylation of a bait peptide by the kinase. Using this assay, we screened a site-saturation mutagenesis library of the kinase domain of this reconstructed Syk-family kinase. Sites of loss-of-function mutations identified in the screen correlate well with residues established previously as critical to function and/or structure in protein kinases. We also identified activating mutations in the regulatory hydrophobic spine and activation loop, which are within key motifs involved in kinase regulation. Strikingly, one mutation in an ancestral Syk-family variant increases the soluble expression of the protein by 75-fold. Thus, through ancestral sequence reconstruction followed by deep mutational scanning, we have generated Syk-family kinase variants that can be expressed in bacteria with very high yield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amacher, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction promotes astrocyte senescence through albumin-induced TGFβ signaling activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) and accumulation of senescent astrocytes occur during brain aging and contribute to neuroinflammation and disease. Here, we explored the relationship between these two age-related events, hypothesizing that chronic hippocampal exposure to the blood-borne protein serum albumin could induce stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in astrocytes via transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF{beta}) signaling. We found that one week of albumin exposure significantly increased TGF{beta}1 and senescence marker expression in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. These changes were preventable by pharmacological inhibition of the type I TGF{beta} receptor (TGF{beta}R) ALK5. To study these effects in vivo, we utilized an animal model of BBBD in which albumin was continuously infused into the lateral ventricles of adult mice. Consistent with our in vitro results, one week of albumin infusion significantly increased TGF{beta} signaling activation and the burden of senescent astrocytes in hippocampal tissue. Pharmacological inhibition of TGF{beta}R ALK5 or conditional genetic knockdown of astrocytic TGF{beta}R prior to albumin infusion was sufficient to prevent albumin-induced astrocyte senescence. Together, these results establish a link between TGF{beta} signaling activation and astrocyte senescence and suggest that prolonged exposure to serum albumin due to BBBD can trigger these phenotypic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preininger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaytseva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-brain barrier dysfunction promotes astrocyte senescence through albumin-induced TGFβ signaling activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Determinants of Tissue Specificity of Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 1 Interaction with Endothelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the mosquito-borne flavivirus genus such as dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses cause distinct diseases and affect different tissues. We previously found that the secreted flaviviral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) interacts with endothelial cells and disrupts endothelial barrier function in a tissue-specific manner consistent with the disease tropism of the respective viruses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this tissue-specific NS1-endothelial cell interaction is not well understood. To elucidate the distinct role(s) that the domains of NS1 ({beta}-roll, wing, and {beta}-ladder) play in NS1 interactions with endothelial cells, we constructed flavivirus NS1 chimeras that exchanged the wing and {beta}-ladder domains in a pair-wise manner between DENV, WNV, and ZIKV NS1. We found that both the NS1 wing and {beta}-ladder domains conferred NS1 tissue-specific endothelial dysfunction, with the wing conferring cell binding and the {beta}-ladder involved in inducing endothelial hyperpermeability as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance assay. To narrow down the amino acids dictating cell binding specificity, we utilized the DENV-WNV NS1 chimera and identified residues 91 to 93 (GDI) of DENV NS1 as a molecular motif determining binding specificity. Further, using an in vivo mouse model of localized leak, we found that the GDI motif of the wing domain was essential for triggering DENV NS1-induced vascular leak in mouse dermis. Taken together, we identify molecular determinants of flavivirus NS1 that confer NS1 binding and vascular leak and highlight the importance of the NS1 wing domain for flavivirus pathogenesis.

ImportanceFlavivirus NS1 is secreted into the bloodstream from infected cells during a viral infection. Dengue virus NS1 contributes to severe dengue pathology such as endothelial dysfunction and vascular leak independently of the virus. We have shown that multiple flavivirus NS1 proteins result in endothelial dysfunction in a tissue-specific manner consistent with their respective viral tropism. Here, we aimed to identify the molecular determinants that make some, but not other, flavivirus NS1 proteins bind to select endothelial cells in vitro and cause vascular leak in a mouse model. We identified the wing domain of NS1 as a primary determinant conferring differential endothelial dysfunction and vascular leak and narrowed the contributing amino acid residues to a three-residue motif within the wing domain. The insights from this study pave the way for future studies on the effects of flavivirus NS1 on viral dissemination and pathogenesis and offer potential new avenues for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roodsari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Determinants of Tissue Specificity of Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 1 Interaction with Endothelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative computational structural genomics highlights divergent evolution of fungal effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the evolution of pathogen effector molecules is critical to understand infection mechanisms of fungal phytopathogens and ensure crop security. However, rapid diversification that diminishes sequence similarities between homologous effectors has largely concealed the roots of effector evolution. We predicted the folds of 26,653 secreted proteins from 21 species with AlphaFold and performed structure-guided comparative analyses on two aspects of effector evolution: uniquely expanded effector families and common folds present across the fungal species. Extreme expansion of nearly lineage-specific effector families was found only in several obligate biotrophs, Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis. The highly expanded effector families were the source of conserved sequence motifs, such as the Y/F/WxC motif. We identified additional lineage-specific effector families that include known (a)virulence factors, such as AvrSr35, AvrSr50 and Tin2. These families represented new classes of sequence-unrelated structurally similar effectors. Structural comparisons revealed that the expanded structural folds further diversify through domain duplications and fusion with disordered stretches. Sub-and neo-functionalized structurally similar effectors reconverge on regulation, expanding the functional pools of effectors in the pathogen infection cycle. We also found evidence that many effector families could have originated from ancestral folds that have been conserved across fungi. Collectively, our study highlights diverse mechanisms of effector evolution and supports divergent evolution of effectors that leads to emergence of pathogen virulence from ancestral proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative computational structural genomics highlights divergent evolution of fungal effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1-5. To investigate the cross-continental impacts we shotgun-sequenced 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic genomes from across Northern and Western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from >1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a  Great Divide genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the impact of the neolithisation was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacements of HGs in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, while east of the Urals relatedness remained high until [~]4,000 BP, consistent with persistence of localised HG groups. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive but we demonstrate that HGs from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya-groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora Culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a  Neolithic steppe cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refoyo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenderup, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa da Mota, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjellerup Jorkov, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novosolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hede, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trolle Jensen, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannsen, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skorobogatov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encoding models provide a powerful framework to identify the information represented in brain recordings. In this framework, a stimulus representation is expressed within a feature space and is used in a regularized linear regression to predict brain activity. To account for a potential complementarity of different feature spaces, a joint model is fit on multiple feature spaces simultaneously. To adapt regularization strength to each feature space, ridge regression is extended to banded ridge regression, which optimizes a different regularization hyperparameter per feature space. The present paper proposes a method to decompose over feature spaces the variance explained by a banded ridge regression model. It also describes how banded ridge regression performs a feature-space selection, effectively ignoring non-predictive and redundant feature spaces. This feature-space selection leads to better prediction accuracy and to better interpretability. Banded ridge regression is then mathematically linked to a number of other regression methods with similar feature-space selection mechanisms. Finally, several methods are proposed to address the computational challenge of fitting banded ridge regressions on large numbers of voxels and feature spaces. All implementations are released in an open-source Python package called Himalaya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupre la Tour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While resting-state fMRI studies have provided a broad picture of the connectivity between human neocortex and cerebellum, the degree of convergence of cortical inputs onto cerebellar circuits remains unknown. Does each cerebellar region receive input from a single cortical area or convergent inputs from multiple cortical areas? Here we use task-based fMRI data to build a range of cortico-cerebellar connectivity models, each allowing for a different degree of convergence. We compared these models by their ability to predict cerebellar activity patterns for novel Task Sets. Models that allow some degree of convergence provided the best predictions, arguing for convergence of multiple cortical inputs onto single cerebellar voxels. Importantly, the degree of convergence varied across the cerebellum with the highest convergence observed in areas linked to language, working memory, and social cognition. These findings suggest important differences in the way that functional subdivisions of the cerebellum support motor and cognitive function.

HighlightsO_LIModels of cortico-cerebellar connectivity are quantified using task-based fMRI
C_LIO_LIConvergent rather than sparse inputs best characterize cortico-cerebellar connectivity
C_LIO_LICerebellar areas linked to cognition receive high convergence of cortical inputs
C_LIO_LIModels successfully generalize to new tasks and new participants
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahshahani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.490946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution avoids a pathological stabilizing interaction in the immune protein S100A9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.490804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stability constrains evolution. While much is known about constraints on destabilizing mutations, less is known about the constraints on stabilizing mutations. We recently identified a mutation in the innate immune protein S100A9 that provides insight into such constraints. When introduced into human S100A9, M63F simultaneously increases the stability of the protein and disrupts its natural ability to activate Toll-like receptor 4. Using chemical denaturation, we found that M63F stabilizes a calcium-bound conformation of hS100A9. We then used NMR to solve the structure of the mutant protein, revealing that the mutation distorts the hydrophobic binding surface of hS100A9, explaining its deleterious effect on function. Hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments revealed stabilization of the region around M63F in the structure, notably Phe37. In the structure of the M63F mutant, the Phe37 and Phe63 sidechains are in contact, plausibly forming an edge-face {nu}-stack. Mutating Phe37 to Leu abolished the stabilizing effect of M63F as probed by both chemical denaturation and HDX. It also restored the biological activity of S100A9 disrupted by M63F. These findings reveal that Phe63 creates a "molecular staple" with Phe37 that stabilizes a non-functional conformation of the protein, thus disrupting function. Using a bioinformatic analysis, we found that S100A9 proteins from different organisms rarely have Phe at both positions 37 and 63, suggesting that avoiding a pathological stabilizing interaction indeed constrains S100A9 evolution. This work highlights an important evolutionary constraint on stabilizing mutations: they must avoid inappropriately stabilizing non-functional protein conformations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProtein stability constrains protein evolution. While much is known about evolutionary constraints on destabilizing mutations, less is known about the constraints on stabilizing mutations. We recently found a mutation to an innate immune protein that increases its stability but disrupts its function. Here we show, through careful biophysical and functional studies, that this mutation stabilizes a nonfunctional form of the protein through a direct interaction with another amino acid. We find that specific amino acids can be tolerated at each of the interacting positions individually, but not at both simultaneously. This pattern has been conserved over millions of years of evolution. Our work highlights an underappreciated evolutionary constraint on stabilizing mutations: they must avoid inappropriately stabilizing non-functional protein conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reardon, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.490804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution avoids a pathological stabilizing interaction in the immune protein S100A9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains of all animals are plastic, allowing us to form new memories, adapt to new environments, and to learn new tasks. What is less clear is how much plasticity is required to perform these cognitive functions: does learning require widespread plasticity across the brain, or can learning occur with more rigid networks, in which plasticity is highly localized? Here, we use biologically-inspired recurrent neural network (RNN) models to show that rapid multitask learning can be accomplished in reservoir-style networks, in which synaptic plasticity is sparse and highly localized. Crucially, only RNNs initialized with highly specific combinations of network properties, such as topology, normalization and reciprocal connection strength, are capable of such learning. Finally, we show that this rapid learning with localized plasticity can be accomplished with purely local error signals, without backpropagation, using a reinforcement learning setup. This work suggests that rapid learning in artificial (and potentially biological) agents can be accomplished with mostly-rigid networks, in which synaptic plasticity is highly constrained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masse, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JBrowse Jupyter: A Python interface to JBrowse 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSMotivationC_ST_ABSJBrowse Jupyter is a package that aims to close the gap between Python programming and genomic visualization. Web-based genome browsers are routinely used for publishing and inspecting genome annotations. Historically they have been deployed at the end of bioinformatics pipelines, typically decoupled from the analysis itself. However, emerging technologies such as Jupyter notebooks enable a more rapid iterative cycle of development, analysis and visualization.

ResultsWe have developed a package that provides a python interface to JBrowse 2s suite of embeddable components, including the primary Linear Genome View. The package enables users to quickly set up, launch and customize JBrowse views from Jupyter notebooks. In addition, users can share their data via Googles Colab notebooks, providing reproducible interactive views.

AvailabilityJBrowse Jupyter is released under the Apache License and is available for download on PyPI. Source code and demos are available on GitHub at https://github.com/GMOD/jbrowse-jupyter.

Contactihh@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buels, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JBrowse Jupyter: A Python interface to JBrowse 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCONCE2: jointly inferring single cell copy number profiles and tumor evolutionary distances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell whole genome tumor sequencing can yield novel insights into the evolutionary history of somatic copy number alterations. Existing single cell copy number calling methods do not explicitly model the shared evolutionary process of multiple cells, and generally analyze cells independently. Additionally, existing methods for estimating tumor cell phylogenies using copy number profiles are sensitive to profile estimation errors. We present SCONCE2, a method for jointly calling copy number alterations and estimating pairwise distances for single cell sequencing data. Using simulations, we show that SCONCE2 has higher accuracy in copy number calling and phylogeny estimation than competing methods. We apply SCONCE2 to previously published single cell sequencing data to illustrate the utility of the method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCONCE2: jointly inferring single cell copy number profiles and tumor evolutionary distances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human REM sleep controls neural excitability in support of memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep oscillations provide a key substrate to facilitate memory processing, the underlying mechanism of which may involve the overnight homeostatic regulation of plasticity at a synaptic and whole-network level. However, there remains a lack of human data demonstrating if and how sleep enhances memory consolidation and associated neural homeostasis. We combined intracranial recordings and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in humans to reveal a new role for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in promoting the homeostatic recalibration of optimal excitation/inhibition-balance. Moreover, the extent of this REM-sleep homeostatic recalibration predicted the success of overnight memory consolidation, expressly the modulation of hippocampal-- neocortical excitability favoring remembering rather than forgetting. The findings describe a novel, fundamental role of human REM sleep in maintaining neural homeostasis, thereby enhancing long-term memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mander, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuh-Hofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human REM sleep controls neural excitability in support of memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site pleiotropy of a stickleback tooth and fin enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development and regeneration are orchestrated by gene regulatory networks that operate in part through transcriptional enhancers. Although many enhancers are pleiotropic and are active in multiple tissues, little is known about whether enhancer pleiotropy is due to 1) site pleiotropy, in which individual transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are required for activity in multiple tissues, or 2) multiple distinct sites that regulate expression in different tissues. Here, we investigated the pleiotropy of an intronic enhancer of the stickleback Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene. This enhancer was previously shown to regulate evolved changes in tooth number and tooth regeneration, and is highly pleiotropic, with robust activity in both fins and teeth throughout embryonic, larval, and adult life. We tested the hypothesis that the pleiotropy of this enhancer is due to site pleiotropy of an evolutionarily conserved predicted Foxc1 TFBS. Transgenic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis experiments both deleting and scrambling this predicted Foxc1 TFBS revealed that the binding site is required for enhancer activity in both teeth and fins throughout embryonic, larval, and adult development. Collectively these data support a model where the pleiotropy of this Bmp6 enhancer is due to site pleiotropy and this putative binding site is required for enhancer activity in multiple anatomical sites from the embryo to the adult.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site pleiotropy of a stickleback tooth and fin enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.492011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.492011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flagella of mammalian sperm display non-planar, asymmetric beating, in contrast to the planar, symmetric beating of flagella from sea urchin sperm and unicellular organisms. The molecular basis of this difference is unclear. Here, we perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of mouse and human sperm axonemes, providing the highest resolution structural information to date. Our subtomogram averages reveal mammalian sperm- specific protein complexes within the outer microtubule doublets, the radial spokes and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. The locations and structures of these complexes suggest potential roles in enhancing the mechanical strength of mammalian sperm axonemes and regulating dynein-based axonemal bending. Intriguingly, we find that each of the nine outer microtubule doublets is decorated with a distinct combination of sperm- specific complexes. We propose that this asymmetric distribution of proteins differentially regulates the sliding of each microtubule doublet and may underlie the asymmetric beating of mammalian sperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.492011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo detection of cyclic-di-AMP in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic-di-AMP (CDA) is a signaling molecule that controls various cellular functions including antibiotic tolerance and osmoregulation in Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we developed a novel biosensor (bsuO P6-4) for in-vivo detection of CDA in S. aureus. Our study showed that bsuO P6-4 could detect a wide concentration range of CDA in both laboratory and clinical strains making it suitable for use in both basic and clinical research applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukkayyan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair-Nizami, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo detection of cyclic-di-AMP in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borg tandem repeats undergo rapid evolution and are under strong selection to create new intrinsically disordered regions in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borgs are huge, linear extrachromosomal elements associated with anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea. Striking features of Borg genomes are pervasive tandem direct repeat (TR) regions. Here, we present six new Borg genomes and investigate the characteristics of tandem repeats in all ten complete Borg genomes. We find that TR regions are rapidly evolving, recently formed, arise independently and are virtually absent in host Methanoperedens genomes. Flanking partial repeats and A-enriched character constrain the TR formation mechanism. TRs can be in intergenic regions, where they might serve as regulatory RNAs, or in open reading frames (ORFs). TRs in ORFs are under very strong selective pressure, leading to perfect amino acid TRs (aaTRs) that are commonly intrinsically disordered regions. Proteins with aaTRs are often extracellular or membrane proteins, and functionally similar or homologous proteins often have aaTRs composed of the same amino acids. We propose that Borg aaTR-proteins functionally diversify Methanoperedens and all TRs are crucial for specific Borg-host associations and possibly co-speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldburger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borg tandem repeats undergo rapid evolution and are under strong selection to create new intrinsically disordered regions in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomics-Enabled Discovery of a Covalent Molecular Glue Degrader Targeting NF-κB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation using heterobifunctional Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) or molecular glues has arisen as a powerful therapeutic modality for degrading disease targets. While PROTAC design is becoming more modular and straightforward, the discovery of novel molecular glue degraders has been more challenging. While several recent studies have showcased phenotypic screening and counter-screening approaches to discover new molecular glue degraders, mechanistically elucidating the ternary complex induced by the small-molecule that led to the initial phenotype--i.e. identifying the degraded target and relevant components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system--has remained cumbersome and laborious. To overcome these obstacles, we have coupled the screening of a covalent ligand library for anti-proliferative effects in leukemia cells with quantitative proteomic and chemoproteomic approaches to rapidly discover both novel covalent molecular glue degraders and their associated ternary complex components and anti-proliferative mechanisms. We have identified a cysteine-reactive covalent ligand EN450 that impairs leukemia cell viability in a NEDDylation and proteasome-dependent manner. Chemoproteomic profiling revealed covalent interaction of EN450 with an allosteric C111 in the E2 ubiquitin ligase UBE2D. Follow-up quantitative proteomic profiling revealed the proteasome-mediated degradation of the oncogenic transcription factor NFKB1 as a putative degradation target. Subsequent validation studies demonstrated that EN450 induced the ternary complex formation between UBE2D and NFKB1 and that both UBE2D and NFKB1 were important for the anti-proliferative mechanisms of EN450. Our study thus puts forth the discovery of a novel molecular glue degrader that uniquely induced the proximity of an E2 ligase with a transcription factor to induce its degradation and anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells. Taken more broadly, our study showcases a rapid and modular approach for discovering novel covalent molecular glue degraders and their respective ternary complex components in an unbiased fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomics-Enabled Discovery of a Covalent Molecular Glue Degrader Targeting NF-κB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-assembly and structure of a clathrin-independent AP-1:Arf1 tubular membrane coat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The AP adaptor complexes are best known for forming the inner layer of clathrin coats on spherical vesicles. AP complexes also have many clathrin-independent roles in tubulovesicular membrane traffic, whose structural and mechanistic basis has been a mystery. HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-1 complex to sequester MHC-I internally, evading immune detection. We found that AP-1:Arf1:Nef:MHC-I forms a coat on tubulated membranes in the absence of clathrin, and determined its structure by cryo-ET. The coat assembles both laterally and axially via an Arf1 dimer interface not seen before. Nef recruits MHC-I, but is not essential for the underlying AP-1:Arf1 lattice. Consistent with a role for AP-1:Arf1 coated tubules as intermediates in clathrin coated vesicle formation, AP-1 positive tubules are enriched in cells upon clathrin knockdown, with or without Nef. Nef localizes preferentially to AP-1 tubules in cells, explaining how Nef can sequester MHC-I. The coat contact residues are conserved across Arf isoforms and across the Arf-dependent AP adaptors AP-1, 3, and 4. These findings reveal that AP complexes can self-assemble with Arf1 into tubular coats in the absence of clathrin or other scaffolding factors. The AP-1:Arf1 coat defines the structural basis of a broader class of tubulovesicular membrane coats, as an intermediate in clathrin vesicle formation from internal membranes, and as a MHC-I sequestration mechanism in HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudorica, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-assembly and structure of a clathrin-independent AP-1:Arf1 tubular membrane coat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates glucose metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetics has been instrumental in identification of genetic variants linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently a rare, putative loss-of-function mutation in the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 151 (GPR151) was found to be associated with lower odds ratio for T2D, but the mechanism behind this association has remained elusive. Here for the first time we show that Gpr151 is a fasting- and glucagon-responsive hepatic gene which regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis. Gpr151 ablation in mice leads to suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and reduced hepatic glucose production in response to pyruvate. Importantly, the restoration of hepatic Gpr151 levels in the Gpr151 knockout mice reverses the reduced hepatic glucose production. Our findings establish a previously unknown role of Gpr151 in the liver and provides an explanation to the lowered T2D risk in individuals with nonsynonymous mutations in GPR151. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting GPR151 for treatment of metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bielczyk-Maczynska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushin, P.-J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnurr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nallagatla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled receptor 151 regulates glucose metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DLPFC-tDCS unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity nor underlying functional or effective brain connectivity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is conflicting evidence over the ability to modulate mind-wandering propensity with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC-tDCS). Here, 20 participants received 20-minutes of anodal and sham DLPFC-tDCS while in the MRI scanner, in two separate sessions (counterbalanced). In each session, they completed two runs of a sustained attention to response task (before and during tDCS), which included probes recording subjective responses of mind-wandering. We assessed the effects of tDCS on behavioural responses as well as functional and effective dynamics, via dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) and dynamic causal modelling analyses over regions of the default mode, salience and executive control networks. Behavioural results provided substantial evidence in support of no effect of tDCS on task performance nor mind-wandering propensity. Similarly, we found no effect of tDCS on frequency (how often) or dwell time (time spent) of underlying brain states nor effective connectivity. Overall, our results suggest that DLPFC-tDCS is unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity or influence underlying brain function. This expands previous behavioural replication failures in suggesting that DLPFC-tDCS may not lead to even subtle (i.e., under a behavioural threshold) changes in brain activity during self-generated cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulborn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Espejo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DLPFC-tDCS unable to modulate mind-wandering propensity nor underlying functional or effective brain connectivity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Empirical Bayes Method for Differential Expression Analysis of Single Cells with Deep Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDetecting differentially expressed genes is important for characterizing subpopulations of cells. In scRNA-seq data, however, nuisance variation due to technical factors like sequencing depth and RNA capture efficiency obscures the underlying biological signal. Deep generative models have been extensively applied to scRNA-seq data, with a special focus on embedding cells into a low-dimensional latent space and correcting for batch effects. However, little attention has been given to the problem of utilizing the uncertainty from the deep generative model for differential expression. Furthermore, the existing approaches do not allow controlling for the effect size or the false discovery rate. Here, we present lvm-DE, a generic Bayesian approach for performing differential expression from using a fitted deep generative model, while controlling the false discovery rate. We apply the lvm-DE framework to scVI and scSphere, two deep generative models. The resulting approaches outperform the state-of-the-art methods at estimating the log fold change in gene expression levels, as well as detecting differentially expressed genes between subpopulations of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Empirical Bayes Method for Differential Expression Analysis of Single Cells with Deep Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary rescue is promoted in compact cellular populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation-mediated drug resistance is one of the primary causes for the failure of modern antibiotic or chemotherapeutic treatment. Yet, in the absence of treatment many drug resistance mutations are associated with a fitness cost and therefore subject to purifying selection. While, in principle, resistant subclones can escape purifying selection via subsequent compensatory mutations, current models predict such evolutionary rescue events to be exceedingly unlikely. Here, we show that the probability of evolutionary rescue, and the resulting long-term persistence of drug resistant subclones, is dramatically increased in dense microbial populations via an inflation-selection balance that stabilizes the less-fit intermediate state. Tracking the entire evolutionary trajectory of fluorescence-augmented "synthetic mutations" in expanding yeast colonies, we trace the origin of this balance to the opposing forces of radial population growth and a clone-width-dependent weakening of selection pressures, inherent to crowded populations. Additionally conducting agent-based simulations of tumor growth, we corroborate the fundamental nature of the observed effects and demonstrate the potential impact on drug resistance evolution in cancer. The described phenomena should be considered when predicting the evolutionary dynamics of any sufficiently dense cellular populations, including pathogenic microbial biofilms and solid tumors, and their response to therapeutic interventions. Our experimental approach could be extended to systematically study rates of specific evolutionary trajectories, giving quantitative access to the evolution of complex adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary rescue is promoted in compact cellular populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CELL-E: Biological zero-shot text-to-image synthesis for protein localization prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately predicting cellular activities of proteins based on their primary amino acid sequences would greatly improve our understanding of the proteome. In this paper, we present CELL-E, a text-to-image transformer architecture that generates a 2D probability density map of protein distribution within cells. Given a amino acid sequence and a reference image for cell or nucleus morphology, CELL-E offers a more direct representation of protein localization, as opposed to previous in silico methods that rely on pre-defined, discrete class annotations of protein localization to subcellular compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khwaja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CELL-E: Biological zero-shot text-to-image synthesis for protein localization prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Charting a narrow course for direct electron uptake-facilitated electromicrobial production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.28.493842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electromicrobial production (EMP) processes based on CO2-fixing microbes that directly accept electrons from a cathode have received significant attention in the past decade. However, fundamental questions about the performance limits and viability of this strategy remain unanswered. Here, we sought to determine what would be necessary for such a system to compete with alternative sustainable production technologies based on H2-mediated EMP and traditional bioprocessing with crop feedstocks. Using global warming potential as the metric for comparison, we show that each EMP process can outperform sugarcane-based sucrose production. Following a stoichiometric and energetic analysis, direct electron uptake-based EMP would need to achieve a current density >48 mA/cm2 to reach parity with the H2- mediated system. Because this is currently only practical with a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) architecture, we developed a physical model of the proposed bio-GDE and used it to determine the conditions that a microbial catalyst would experience in a reactor. Our analysis demonstrates that unavoidable inefficiencies in the reactor (e.g., kinetic overpotentials and Ohmic losses) require additional energy input, increasing the breakeven current density to [~]91 mA/cm2. At this current density, the microbial catalyst would need to withstand a pH >10.4 and a total salinity >18.8%. Because currently-known electroautotrophs are not adapted to such extreme conditions, we discuss potential improvements to reactor design that may alleviate these challenges, and consider the implications these results have on the engineerability and feasibility of direct electron uptake-based EMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.28.493842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Charting a narrow course for direct electron uptake-facilitated electromicrobial production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis using single-nuclei RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipogenesis is key to maintaining organism-wide energy balance and healthy metabolic phenotype, making it critical to thoroughly comprehend its molecular regulation in humans. By single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of over 20,000 differentiating white and brown preadipocytes, we constructed a high-resolution temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis. White and brown preadipocytes were isolated from a single individuals neck region, thereby eliminating inter-subject variability across two distinct lineages. These preadipocytes were also immortalized to allow for controlled, in vitro differentiation, allowing sampling of distinct cellular states across the spectrum of adipogenic progression. Pseudotemporal cellular ordering revealed the dynamics of ECM remodeling during early adipogenesis, and lipogenic/thermogenic response during late white/brown adipogenesis. Comparison with adipogenic regulation in murine models revealed several targets for potential adipogenic/thermogenic drivers in humans. Key adipogenic and lipogenic markers revealed in our analysis were applied to analyze publicly available scRNA-seq datasets; these confirmed unique cell maturation features in recently discovered murine preadipocytes, and revealed inhibition of adipogenic expansion in humans with obesity. Overall, our study presents a comprehensive molecular description of both white and brown adipogenesis in humans and provides an important resource for future studies of adipose tissue development and function in both health and metabolic disease state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the temporal transcriptional landscape of human white and brown adipogenesis using single-nuclei RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is an AAA+ motor that transports intracellular cargos towards the microtubule minus end. Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) binds to the AAA+ ring and stalk of dyneins motor domain and promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes. Recent studies showed that Lis1 slows motility when it remains bound to dynein, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Using single-molecule and optical trapping assays, we investigated how Lis1 binding affects the motility and force generation of yeast dynein in vitro. We showed that Lis1 does not slow dynein motility by serving as a roadblock or tethering dynein to microtubules. Lis1 binding also does not affect the forces that stall dynein movement, but it induces prolonged stalls and reduces the asymmetry in the force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules. The mutagenesis of the Lis1 binding sites on dyneins stalk partially recovers this asymmetry but does not restore dynein velocity. These results suggest that Lis1s interaction with the AAA+ ring is sufficient to result in slower movement and that Lis1s interaction with dyneins stalk slows force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kusakci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2 (MeCP2) is a nuclear protein expressed in all cell types, especially neurons1. Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT), an incurable neurological disorder that disproportionately affects young girls2. Strategies to restore MeCP2 expression phenotypically reverse RTT-like symptoms in male and female MeCP2-deficient mice3-5, suggesting that direct nuclear delivery of functional MeCP2 could restore MeCP2 activity. We report that ZF-tMeCP2, a conjugate of MeCP2({Delta}aa13-71, 313-484)6 and the cell-permeant mini-protein ZF5.37-11, both binds DNA in a methylation-dependent manner and reaches the nucleus of model cell lines intact at concentrations above 700 nM. When delivered to live cells, ZF-tMeCP2 engages the NCoR/SMRT co-repressor complex and selectively represses transcription from methylated promoters. Efficient nuclear delivery of ZF-tMeCP2 relies on a unique endosomal escape portal provided by HOPS-dependent endosomal fusion. The Tat conjugate of MeCP2 (Tat-tMeCP2), evaluated for comparison, is degraded within the nucleus, is not selective for methylated promoters, and trafficks in a HOPS-independent manner. These results support the feasibility of a HOPS-dependent portal for delivering functional macromolecules to the cell interior using the cell-penetrant mini-protein ZF5.3. Such a strategy could broaden the impact of multiple families of protein-derived therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent Programmable Behavior and Chaos in Dynamically Driven Active Filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHow the behavior of single cells emerges from their constituent sub-cellular biochemical and physical parts is an outstanding challenge at the intersection of biology and physics. A remarkable example of single-cell behavior is seen in the ciliate Lacrymaria olor, which hunts by striking its prey via rapid movements and protrusions of a slender neck, many times the size of the original cell body. This dynamics of the cell neck is powered by active injection of energy into this slender filamentous structure via a coat of cilia across its length and specialized cilia at the tip. How a cell can program this dynamical active filament to produce desirable behaviors like search and homing to a target remains unknown. By constructing a coupled active-elastic and hydrodynamic model of a slender filament with activity at the tip, here we uncover how cell behavior (filament shape dynamics) can be controlled via activity dynamics. Our model captures two key features of this system - dynamic activity patterns (extension and compression cycles) and active stresses that are uniquely aligned with the filament geometry - leading to a so-called "follower force" constraint. We show that active filaments under deterministic, time-varying follower forces display rich behaviors including periodic and aperiodic shape dynamics over long times. We further show that aperiodic dynamics occur due to a transition to chaos in regions of a biologically accessible parameter space. By further dissecting the non-linear dynamics of this active filament system, we discover a simple iterative map of filament shape that predicts long-term behavior. Lastly, using these iterative maps as a design tool, we demonstrate examples of how a cell could "program" filament behaviors by using frequency and amplitude modulated activity patterns. Overall, our results serve as a framework to mechanistically understand behavior in single cells such as L. olor and present a novel chaotic dynamical system in active elastohydrodynamics. Our work also offers a direct framework for designing programmable active matter systems using filament geometries.

Significance statementSingle-celled protozoa display remarkable animal-like behaviors without the aid of neurons. Mechanistically understanding how this dynamic behavior emerges from underlying physical and biochemical components is an outstanding challenge. In this work, using an active filament model, we uncover the fundamental non-linear dynamics and non-variational mechanics that underlie the complex behaviors of single cells like Lacrymaria olor. In doing so we discover a novel route to chaos in active elastohydrodynamic systems and the first-ever description of how chaos can drive single-cell behaviors. Lastly, we present a framework for how filament behaviors can be "programmed" using dynamic, modulated activity patterns. Overall our work provides mechanistic insights into single-cell behaviors and offers a new framework for the design of filamentous active matter systems to achieve diverse functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent Programmable Behavior and Chaos in Dynamically Driven Active Filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage weaponizes a satellite recombinase to subvert viral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can acquire mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to combat infection by viruses (phages). Satellite viruses, including the PLEs (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) in epidemic Vibrio cholerae, are MGEs that restrict phage replication to the benefit of their host bacterium. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, unleashing multiple mechanisms to restrict phage replication and promote their own spread. In the arms race against PLE, ICP1 uses nucleases, including CRISPR-Cas, to destroy PLEs genome during infection. However, through an unknown CRISPR-independent mechanism, specific ICP1 isolates subvert restriction by PLE. Here, we discover ICP1-encoded Adi that counteracts PLE by exploiting the PLEs large serine recombinase (LSR), which normally mobilizes PLE in response to ICP1 infection. Unlike previously characterized ICP1-encoded anti-PLE mechanisms, Adi is not a nuclease itself but instead appears to modulate the activity of the LSR to promote destructive nuclease activity of the LSRs specific attachment site, attP. The PLE LSR, its catalytic activity, and attP are additionally sufficient to sensitize a PLE encoding a resistant variant of the recombination module to Adi activity. This work highlights a unique type of adaptation arising from inter-genome conflicts, in which the intended activity of a protein can be weaponized to overcome the antagonizing genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage weaponizes a satellite recombinase to subvert viral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human sperm TMEM95 binds eggs and facilitates membrane fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tmem95 encodes a sperm acrosomal membrane protein, whose knockout has a male-specific sterility phenotype in mice. How TMEM95 plays a role in membrane fusion of sperm and eggs has remained elusive. Here, we utilize a sperm penetration assay as a model system to investigate the function of human TMEM95. We show that human TMEM95 binds to hamster egg membranes, providing evidence for a TMEM95 receptor on eggs. Using X-ray crystallography, we reveal an evolutionarily conserved, positively charged region of TMEM95 as a putative receptor-binding surface. Amino-acid substitutions within this region of TMEM95 ablate egg-binding activity. We identify monoclonal antibodies against TMEM95 that reduce the number of human sperm fused with hamster eggs in sperm penetration assays. Strikingly, these antibodies do not block binding of sperm to eggs. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for a specific, receptor-mediated interaction of sperm TMEM95 with eggs and suggest that this interaction may have a role in facilitating membrane fusion.

Significance statementMembrane fusion of sperm and eggs is pivotal in sexual reproduction. Tmem95 knockout mice show male-specific sterility, but it was unknown how sperm TMEM95 facilitates membrane fusion with eggs. We show here that human TMEM95 binds eggs. Our crystal structure of TMEM95 suggests a region where this binding may occur. We develop monoclonal antibodies against TMEM95 that impair sperm-egg fusion but do not block sperm-egg binding. Thus, we propose that there is a receptor-mediated interaction of sperm TMEM95 with eggs, and that this interaction may have a direct role in membrane fusion. Our work suggests avenues for the identification of the TMEM95 egg receptor and may enable the development of infertility treatments and contraceptives for humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human sperm TMEM95 binds eggs and facilitates membrane fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics with templated emulsification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing is now a standard method used to reveal the molecular details of cellular heterogeneity, but current approaches have limitations on speed, scale, and ease of use that stem from the complex microfluidic devices or fluid handling steps required for sample processing. We, therefore, developed a method that does not require specialized microfluidic devices, expertise, or hardware. Our approach is based on particle-templated emulsification, which allows single-cell encapsulation and barcoding of cDNA in uniform droplet emulsions with only a vortexer. PIP-seq accommodates a wide range of emulsification formats, including microwell plates and large-volume conical tubes, enabling thousands of samples or millions of cells to be processed in minutes. We demonstrate that PIP-seq produces high-purity transcriptomes in mouse-human mixing studies, is compatible with multi-omics measurements, and can accurately characterize cell types in human breast tissue when compared to a commercial microfluidic platform. Single-cell transcriptional profiling of mixed phenotype acute leukemia using PIP-seq revealed the emergence of heterogeneity within chemotherapy-resistant cell subsets that were hidden by standard immunophenotyping. PIP-seq is a simple, flexible, and scalable next-generation workflow that extends single-cell sequencing to new applications, including screening, diagnostics, and disease monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanez, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettige, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisgerber, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phong, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, C. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics with templated emulsification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 encodes four structural proteins incorporated into virions, spike (S), envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M). M plays an essential role in viral assembly by organizing other structural proteins through physical interactions and directing them to sites of viral budding. As the most abundant protein in the viral envelope and a target of patient antibodies, M is a compelling target for vaccines and therapeutics. Still, the structure of M and molecular basis for its role in virion formation are unknown. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 M in lipid nanodiscs to 3.5 [A] resolution. M forms a 50 kDa homodimer that is structurally related to the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a viroporin, suggesting a shared ancestral origin. Structural comparisons reveal how intersubunit gaps create a small, enclosed pocket in M and large open cavity in ORF3a, consistent with a structural role and ion channel activity, respectively. M displays a strikingly electropositive cytosolic surface that may be important for interactions with N, S, and viral RNA. Molecular dynamics simulations show a high degree of structural rigidity and support a role for M homodimers in scaffolding viral assembly. Together, these results provide insight into roles for M in coronavirus assembly and structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellScape: Protein structure visualization with vector graphics cartoons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIllustrative renderings of proteins are useful aids for scientific communication and education. Nevertheless, few software packages exist to automate the generation of these visualizations.

ResultsWe introduce CellScape, a tool designed to generate 2D molecular cartoons from atomic coordinates and combine them into larger cellular scenes. These illustrations can outline protein regions in different levels of detail. Unlike most molecular visualization tools which use raster image formats, these illustrations are represented as vector graphics, making them easily editable and composable with other graphics.

Availability and ImplementationCellScape is implemented in Python 3 and freely available at https://github.com/jordisr/cellscape. It can be run as a command-line tool or interactively in a Jupyter notebook.

Contactjordisr@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvestre-Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellScape: Protein structure visualization with vector graphics cartoons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chlamydomonas Genome Project, version 6: reference assemblies for mating type plus and minus strains reveal extensive structural mutation in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Five versions of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reference genome have been produced over the last two decades. Here we present version 6, bringing significant advances in assembly quality and structural annotations. PacBio-based chromosome-level assemblies for two laboratory strains, CC-503 and CC-4532, provide resources for the plus and minus mating type alleles. We corrected major misassemblies in previous versions and validated our assemblies via linkage analyses. Contiguity increased over ten-fold and >80% of filled gaps are within genes. We used Iso-Seq and deep RNA-seq datasets to improve structural annotations, and updated gene symbols and textual annotation of functionally characterized genes via extensive curation. We discovered that the cell wall-less classical reference strain CC-503 exhibits genomic instability potentially caused by deletion of RECQ3 helicase, with major structural mutations identified that affect >100 genes. We therefore present the CC-4532 assembly as the primary reference, although this strain also carries unique structural mutations and is experiencing rapid proliferation of a Gypsy retrotransposon. We expect all laboratory strains to harbor gene-disrupting mutations, which should be considered when interpreting and comparing experimental results across laboratories and over time. Collectively, the resources presented here herald a new era of Chlamydomonas genomics and will provide the foundation for continued research in this important reference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomé, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chlamydomonas Genome Project, version 6: reference assemblies for mating type plus and minus strains reveal extensive structural mutation in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating population split times and migration rates from historical effective population sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The estimation of effective population sizes (Ne) through time is of fundamental interest in population genetics, but the interpretation of Ne as the effective number of breeding individuals in the population is challenged by the effect of population structure. In fact, variation in Ne reported in many studies may be a consequence of changes in migration rates between populations rather than changes in actual population size. We address this long-standing problem here by constructing joint models of population size changes, migration, and divergence that can adjust temporal estimates of Ne and estimate the actual Ne of a local deme connected to another population through migration. We also develop a method for estimating divergence times and migration rates taking into account complex scenarios of changing population sizes. We apply the method to previously published data from humans, and show that, when taking migration and changes in Ne into account, the estimated divergence between the San and Dinka populations is approximately 108 kya, and not 255 kya as reported in a previous study. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the previously reported and surprisingly old estimates of divergence between San and Dinka is in fact caused by a quantifiable estimation bias due to changes in Ne through time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshihara Caldeira Brandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating population split times and migration rates from historical effective population sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have suggested that the human germline mutation rate and spectrum evolve rapidly. Variation in generation time has been linked to these changes, though its contribution remains unclear. We develop a framework to characterize temporal changes in polymorphisms within and between populations, while controlling for the effects of natural selection and biased gene conversion. Application to the 1000 Genomes Project dataset reveals multiple independent changes that arose after the split of continental groups, including a previously reported, transient elevation in TCC>TTC mutations in Europeans and novel signals of divergence in C>G and T>A mutation rates among population samples. We also find a significant difference between groups sampled in and outside of Africa, in old T>C polymorphisms that predate the out-of-Africa migration. This surprising signal is driven by TpG>CpG mutations, and stems in part from mis-polarized CpG transitions, which are more likely to undergo recurrent mutations. Finally, by relating the mutation spectrum of polymorphisms to parental age effects on de novo mutations, we show that plausible changes in the generation time cannot explain the patterns observed for different mutation types jointly. Thus, other factors--genetic modifiers or environmental exposures--must have had a non-negligible impact on the human mutation landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing and causes of the evolution of the germline mutation spectrum in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the GOLD-domain seven-transmembrane helix protein family member TMEM87A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM87s are eukaryotic transmembrane proteins with two members (TMEM87A and TMEM87B) in humans. TMEM87s have proposed roles in protein transport to and from the Golgi, as mechanosensitive ion channels, and in developmental signaling. TMEM87 disruption has been implicated in cancers and developmental disorders. To better understand TMEM87 structure and function, we determined a cryo-EM structure of human TMEM87A in lipid nanodiscs. TMEM87A consists of a Golgi-dynamics (GOLD) domain atop a membrane spanning seven-transmembrane helix domain with a large cavity open to solution and the membrane outer leaflet. Structural and functional analyses suggest TMEM87A may not function as an ion channel or G-protein coupled receptor. We find TMEM87A shares its characteristic domain arrangement with seven other proteins in humans; three that had been identified as evolutionary related (TMEM87B, GPR107, and GPR108) and four previously unrecognized homologs (GPR180, TMEM145, TMEM181, and WLS)). Among these structurally related GOLD domain seven-transmembrane helix (GOST) proteins, WLS is best characterized as a membrane trafficking and secretion chaperone for lipidated Wnt signaling proteins. We find key structural determinants for WLS function are conserved in TMEM87A. We propose TMEM87A and structurally homologous GOST proteins could serve a common role in trafficking membrane-associated cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the GOLD-domain seven-transmembrane helix protein family member TMEM87A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient and moisture limitation reveal keystone metabolites that link switchgrass rhizosphere metabolome and microbiome dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants exude large quantities of rhizosphere metabolites that can modulate composition and activity of microbial communities in response to environmental stress. While rhizodeposition dynamics have been associated with rhizosphere microbiome succession, and may be particularly impactful in stressful conditions, specific evidence of these connections has rarely been documented. Here, we grew the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in a marginal soil, under nutrient limited, moisture limited, +nitrogen (N), and +phosphorus (P) conditions, to identify links between rhizosphere chemistry, microbiome dynamics, and abiotic stressors. To characterize links between rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. We measured significant changes in rhizosphere metabolite profiles in response to abiotic stress and linked them to changes in microbial communities using network analysis. N-limitation amplified the abundance of aromatic acids, pentoses, and their derivatives in the rhizosphere, and their enhanced availability was linked to the abundance of diverse bacterial lineages from Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Alphaproteobacteria. Conversely, N-amended conditions enhanced the availability of N-rich rhizosphere compounds, which coincided with proliferation of Actinobacteria. Treatments with contrasting N availability differed greatly in the abundance of potential keystone metabolites; serotonin, ectoine, and acetylcholine were particularly abundant in N-replete soils, while chlorogenic, cinnamic, and glucuronic acids were found in N-limited soils. Serotonin, the keystone metabolite we identified with the largest number of links to microbial taxa, significantly affected root architecture and growth of rhizosphere microorganisms, highlighting its potential to shape microbial community and mediate rhizosphere plant-microbe interactions.

SignificancePlants and microorganisms release metabolites that mediate rhizosphere host-microbe interactions and modulate plant adaptation to environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin rhizosphere metabolite-microbiome dynamics, their functional relationships, and the biological role of plant- or microbial-produced soil metabolites remain largely unknown. Here, we found the abundances of specific classes of rhizosphere soil metabolites were responsive to abiotic stressors, and also connected to specific shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community and plant phenotypes. We propose a suite of understudied rhizosphere compounds as keystone metabolites that may structure the rhizosphere microbiome and influence plant metabolism in response to nutrient availability. These links between rhizosphere metabolites and microbial communities point to research avenues where we might leverage plant-microbe interactions to engineer enhanced rhizosphere microbiome function, plant and ecosystem health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceja-Navarro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient and moisture limitation reveal keystone metabolites that link switchgrass rhizosphere metabolome and microbiome dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual plants can modify the microenvironment within their spatial neighborhood. However, the consequences of microenvironment modification for demography and species interactions remain unclear at the community scale. In a study of co-occurring alpine plants, we (1) determined the extent of species-specific microclimate modification by comparing temperature and soil moisture between vegetated and non-vegetated microsites for several focal species. We (2) determined how vital rates (survival, growth, fecundity) of all species varied in response to aboveground and belowground vegetative overlap with inter- and intraspecific neighbors as proxies for microenvironment modification. For (1), surface temperatures were buffered (lower maximums and higher minimums) and soil moisture was higher below the canopies of most species compared to non-vegetated areas. For (2), vegetative overlap predicted most vital rates, although the effect varied depending on whether aboveground or belowground overlap was considered. Vital rate response to microenvironment-modification proxies (vegetative overlap) was also frequently context dependent with respect to plant size and macroclimate. Microenvironment modification and spatial overlapping of individuals are key drivers of demography and species interactions in this alpine community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapas, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opedal, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blonder, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectories for the evolution of bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria rely on CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that depend on {approx}15 genes to produce two protein complexes: an inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter and a 100+ nm carboxysome compartment that encapsulates rubisco with a carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme. Mutations disrupting CCM components prohibit growth in todays atmosphere (0.04% CO2), indicating that CCMs evolved to cope with declining environmental CO2. Indeed, geochemical data and models indicate that atmospheric CO2 has been generally decreasing from high concentrations over the last {approx}3.5 billion years. We used a synthetic reconstitution of a bacterial CCM in E. coli to study the co-evolution of CCMs with atmospheric CO2. We constructed strains expressing putative ancestors of modern CCMs -- strains lacking one or more CCM components -- and evaluated their growth in a variety of CO2 concentrations. Partial forms expressing CA or Ci uptake genes grew better than controls in intermediate CO2 levels ({approx}1%); we observed similar phenotypes in genetic studies of two autotrophic bacteria, H. neapolitanus and C. necator. To explain how partial CCMs improve growth, we advance a model of co-limitation of autotrophic growth by CO2 and HCO3-, as both are required to produce biomass. Our model and results delineated a viable trajectory for bacterial CCM evolution where decreasing atmospheric CO2 induces an HCO3- deficiency that is alleviated by acquisition of CAs or Ci uptake genes, thereby enabling the emergence of a modern CCM. This work underscores the importance of considering physiology and environmental context when studying the evolution of biological complexity.

SignificanceThe greenhouse gas content of the ancient atmosphere is estimated using models and measurements of geochemical proxies. Some inferred high ancient CO2 levels using models of biological CO2 fixation to interpret the C isotopes found in preserved organic matter. Others argued that elevated CO2 could reconcile a faint young Sun with evidence for liquid water on Earth. We took a complementary "synthetic biological" approach to understanding the composition of the ancient atmosphere by studying present-day bacteria engineered to resemble ancient autotrophs. By showing that it is simpler to rationalize the emergence of modern bacterial autotrophs if CO2 was once high, these investigations provided independent evidence for the view that CO2 concentrations were significantly elevated in the atmosphere of early Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmarais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectories for the evolution of bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transfer proteins mediate the exchange of lipids between closely apposed membranes at organelle contact sites and play key roles in lipid metabolism, membrane homeostasis, and cellular signaling. A recently discovered novel family of lipid transfer proteins, which includes the VPS13 proteins (VPS13A-D), adopt a rod-like bridge conformation with an extended hydrophobic groove that enables the bulk transfer of membrane lipids for membrane growth. Loss of function mutations in VPS13A and VPS13C cause chorea acanthocytosis and Parkinsons disease, respectively. VPS13A and VPS13C localize to multiple organelle contact sites, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - lipid droplet (LD) contact sites, but the functional roles of these proteins in LD regulation remains mostly unexplored. Here, we employ CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate VPS13A and VPS13C knockout cell lines in U-2 OS cells via deletion of exon 2 and introduction of an early frameshift. Analysis of LD content in these cell lines revealed that loss of either VPS13A or VPS13C results in reduced LD abundance under oleate-stimulated conditions. These data implicate VPS13A and VPS13C in LD regulation and raise the intriguing possibility that VPS13A and VPS13C-mediated lipid transfer facilitates LD biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granneman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro-Novick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The history of Earths carbon cycle reflects trends in atmospheric composition convolved with the evolution of photosynthesis. Fortunately, key parts of the carbon cycle have been recorded in the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary rocks. The dominant model used to interpret this record as a proxy for ancient atmospheric CO2 is based on carbon isotope fractionations of modern photoautotrophs, and longstanding questions remain about how their evolution might have impacted the record. We tested the intersection of environment and evolution by measuring both biomass ({varepsilon}p) and enzymatic ({varepsilon}Rubisco) carbon isotope fractionations of a cyanobacterial strain (Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942) solely expressing a putative ancestral Form 1B rubisco dating to >>1 Ga. This strain, nicknamed ANC, grows in ambient pCO2 and displays larger {varepsilon}p values than WT, despite having a much smaller {varepsilon}Rubisco (17.23 {+/-} 0.61{per thousand} vs. 25.18 {+/-} 0.31{per thousand} respectively). Measuring both enzymatic and biomass fractionation revealed a surprising result--ANC {varepsilon}p exceeded ANC {varepsilon}Rubisco in all conditions tested, contradicting prevailing models of cyanobacterial carbon isotope fractionation. However, these models were corrected by accounting for cyanobacterial physiology, notably the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). Our model suggested that additional fractionating processes like powered inorganic carbon uptake systems contribute to {varepsilon}p, and this effect is exacerbated in ANC. Understanding the evolution of rubisco and the CCM is therefore critical for interpreting the carbon isotope record. Large fluctuations in that record may reflect the evolving efficiency of carbon fixing metabolisms in addition to changes in atmospheric CO2.

Significance StatementEarth scientists rely on chemical fossils like the carbon isotope record to derive ancient atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but interpretation of this record is calibrated using modern organisms. We tested this assumption by measuring the carbon isotope fractionation of a reconstructed ancestral rubisco enzyme (>1 billion years old) in vivo and in vitro. Our results contradicted prevailing models of carbon flow in Cyanobacteria, but our data could be rationalized if light-driven uptake of CO2 is taken into account. Our study showed that the carbon isotope record tracks both the evolution of photosynthesis physiology as well as changes in atmospheric CO2, highlighting the value of considering both evolution and physiology for comparative biological approaches to understanding Earths history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiler, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To share or not to share? iEEG evidence for state-dependent inequity encoding in the human OFC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social decision-making requires the integration of reward valuation and social cognition systems, both dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). How these two OFC functions interact is largely unknown. We recorded intracranial activity from the OFC of ten patients making choices in the context of different types of inequity (disadvantageous vs. advantageous). We found that high-frequency activity (70-150 HZ) encoded the amount of self-reward, consistent with previous reports. We also observed novel evidence for encoding in human OFC of the social counterparts reward as well as the type of inequity being experienced. Additionally, we find social context modulates reward encoding: depending on inequity type, reward encoding was switched on and off rapidly within electrodes, across trials. These results provide direct evidence for explicit encoding of self- and other- rewards in the human OFC, and for rapid and reversible changes in encoding schemes driven by socially relevant contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staveland, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To share or not to share? iEEG evidence for state-dependent inequity encoding in the human OFC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel meiotic protein required for homolog pairing and regulation of synapsis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between chromosomes and LINC (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complexes in the nuclear envelope (NE) promote homolog pairing and synapsis during meiosis. By tethering chromosomes to cytoskeletal motors, these connections lead to rapid, processive chromosome movements along the NE. This activity is usually mediated by telomeres, but in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans special chromosome regions called "Pairing Centers" (PCs) have acquired this meiotic function. Through a genetic screen for mutations that cause meiotic nondisjunction, we discovered an uncharacterized meiosis-specific NE protein, MJL-1 (MAJIN-Like-1) that is essential for interactions between PCs and LINC complexes. MJL-1 colocalizes with PCs and LINC complexes during pairing and synapsis. Mutations in MJL-1 disrupt these interactions and eliminate active chromosome movements. mjl-1 mutants display promiscuous nonhomologous synapsis, reduced clustering of PCs, and severely impaired homolog pairing. MJL-1 likely interacts directly with SUN-1 and DNA-binding proteins to connect PCs to the LINC complex. Similarities in the molecular architecture of chromosome-LINC complex attachments between C. elegans and other organisms suggest that these connections may play previously unrecognized roles during meiosis across eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.496392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel meiotic protein required for homolog pairing and regulation of synapsis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A moonlighting function of a chitin polysaccharide monooxygenase, CWR-1, in allorecognition in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms require the ability to differentiate themselves from organisms of different or even the same species. Allorecognition processes in filamentous fungi are essential to ensure identity of an interconnected syncytial colony to protect it from exploitation and disease. Neurospora crassa has three cell fusion checkpoints controlling formation of an interconnected mycelial network. The locus that controls the second checkpoint, which allows for cell wall dissolution and subsequent fusion between cells/hyphae, cwr, encodes two linked genes, cwr-1 and cwr-2. Previously, it was shown that cwr-1 and cwr-2 show severe linkage disequilibrium with six different haplogroups present in N. crassa populations. Isolates from an identical cwr haplogroup show robust fusion, while somatic cell fusion between isolates of different haplogroups is significantly blocked in cell wall dissolution. The cwr-1 gene encodes a putative polysaccharide monooxygenase (PMO). Herein we confirm that CWR-1 is a C1-oxidizing chitin PMO. We show that the PMO domain of CWR-1 was sufficient for checkpoint function and cell fusion blockage; however, through analysis of active-site, histidine-brace mutants, the catalytic activity of CWR-1 was ruled out as a major factor for allorecognition. Swapping a portion of the PMO domain (V86 to T130) did not switch cwr haplogroup specificity, but rather cells containing this chimera exhibited a novel haplogroup specificity. Allorecognition to mediate cell fusion blockage is likely occurring through a protein-protein interaction between CWR-1 with CWR-2. These data highlight a moonlighting role in allorecognition of the CWR1 PMO domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detomasi, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayler, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A moonlighting function of a chitin polysaccharide monooxygenase, CWR-1, in allorecognition in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced CD45 Proximity Potentiates Natural Killer Cell Receptor Antagonism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a major subset of innate immune cells that are essential for host defense against pathogens and cancer. Two main classes of inhibitory NK receptors (NKR), KIR and CD94/NKG2A, play a key role in suppressing NK activity upon engagement with tumor cells or virus infected cells, limiting their antitumor and antiviral activity. Here, we find that single-chain mouse NKR antagonists linked to a VHH that binds the cell surface phosphatase CD45 potentiate NK and T activity to a greater extent than NKR blocking antibodies alone in vitro. We also uncovered crosstalk between mouse NKG2A and Ly49 that collectively inhibit NK cell activation, such that CD45-NKG2A and CD45-Ly49 bispecific molecules show synergistic effects in their ability to enhance NK cell activation. The basis of the activity enhancement by CD45 ligation may reflect greater antagonism of inhibitory signaling from engagement of MHC I on target cells, combined with other mechanisms, including avidity effects, tonic signaling, antagonism of weak inhibition from engagement of MHC I on non-target cells and possibly CD45 segregation within the NK cell-target cell synapse. These engineered ligands uncover a mechanism for enhancing the activity of mouse NK and T cells that merits evaluation in the context of human NKR antagonist cancer immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced CD45 Proximity Potentiates Natural Killer Cell Receptor Antagonism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mTORC1 regulates cell growth and catabolism in response to fluctuations in nutrients through phosphorylation of key substrates. The tumor suppressor FLCN is a RagC GTPase activating protein (GAP) that regulates mTORC1 phosphorylation of TFEB, controlling lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the active FLCN complex (AFC) containing FLCN, FNIP2, the N-terminal tail of SLC38A9, the RagAGDP:RagCGDP.BeFx- GTPase dimer, and the Ragulator scaffold. Relative to the inactive lysosomal FLCN complex (LFC) structure, FLCN reorients by 90{degrees}, breaks its contacts with RagA, and makes new contacts with RagC that position its Arg164 finger for catalysis. Disruption of the AFC-specific interfaces of FLCN and FNIP2 with RagC eliminated GAP activity in vitro and led to nuclear retention of TFE3, with no effect on mTORC1 phosphorylation of S6K or 4E-BP1. The structure thus provides a roadmap to discover TFEB-selective mTORC1 antagonists.

One-Sentence SummaryThe cryo-EM structure of the active FLCN RagC GAP complex provides a structural basis for TFEB/TFE3 substrate-selective targeting of mTORC1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peruzzo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early phyllosphere microbial associations impact plant reproductive success 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe above-ground plant microbiome (the phyllosphere) is increasingly recognized as an important component of plant health. We hypothesized that phyllosphere interactions may be disrupted in a greenhouse setting, where microbial dispersal is limited, and that adding a microbial amendment might yield important benefits to the host plant.
C_LIO_LIUsing a newly developed synthetic phyllosphere microbiome for Tomato, we tested this hypothesis across multiple trials by manipulating microbial colonization of leaves and measuring subsequent plant growth and reproductive success, comparing results from plants grown in both greenhouse and field settings.
C_LIO_LIWe confirmed that greenhouse-grown plants have a depauperate phyllosphere microbiome and that the addition of the synthetic microbial community was responsible for a clear and repeatable increase in fruit production in this setting. We further show that this effect is synergistic with the addition of micronutrient-based soil amendments, with important implications for agriculture.
C_LIO_LIThese results suggest that greenhouse environments have poor phyllosphere microbiome establishment, with negative impacts on the plant. The results also implicate the phyllosphere microbiome as a key component of plant fitness, emphasizing that these communities have a clear role to play in the ecology and evolution of plant communities.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCue, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaulbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, J. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early phyllosphere microbial associations impact plant reproductive success]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HT-SIP: A semi-automated Stable Isotope Probing pipeline identifies interactions in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLinking the identity of wild microbes with their ecophysiological traits and environmental functions is a key ambition for microbial ecologists. Of many techniques that strive to meet this goal, Stable Isotope Probing--SIP--remains the most comprehensive for studying whole microbial communities in situ. In DNA-SIP, active microorganisms that take up an isotopically heavy substrate build heavier DNA, which can be partitioned by density into multiple fractions and sequenced. However, SIP is relatively low throughput and requires significant hands-on labor. We designed and tested a semi-automated DNA-SIP pipeline to support well-replicated, temporally-resolved amplicon or metagenomics experiments that enable studies of dynamic microbial communities over space and time. To test this pipeline, we assembled SIP-metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) from the hyphosphere zone surrounding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), in combination with a 13CO2 plant labelling study.

ResultsOur semi-automated pipeline for DNA fractionation, cleanup, and nucleic acid quantification of SIP density gradients requires six times less hands-on labor compared to manual SIP and allows 16 samples to be processed simultaneously. Automated density fractionation increased the reproducibility of SIP gradients and reduced variation compared to manual fractionation, and we show adding a non-ionic detergent to the gradient buffer improved SIP DNA recovery. We then tested this pipeline on samples from a highly-constrained soil microhabitat with significant ecological importance, the AMF fungal hyphosphere. Processing via our quantitative SIP pipeline confirmed the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices and its associated microbiome were highly 13C enriched, even though the soils overall enrichment was only 1.8 atom% 13C. We assembled 212 13C-enriched hyphosphere MAGs, and the hyphosphere taxa that assimilated the most AMF-derived 13C (range 10-33 atom%) were from the phlya Myxococcota, Fibrobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, and the ammonia oxidizing archaeon genus Nitrososphaeara.

ConclusionsOur semi-automated SIP approach decreases operator time and errors and improves reproducibility by targeting the most labor-intensive steps of SIP--fraction collection and cleanup. Here, we illustrate this approach in a unique and understudied soil microhabitat--generating MAGs of active microbes living in the AMF hyphosphere (without plant roots). Their phylogenetic composition and gene content suggest predation, decomposition, and ammonia oxidation may be key processes in hyphosphere nutrient cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakouridis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyshenska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomatsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hestrin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HT-SIP: A semi-automated Stable Isotope Probing pipeline identifies interactions in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competing constraints shape the non-equilibrium limits of cellular decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation is central to cellular function. Yet, despite decades of work, we lack quantitative models that can predict how transcriptional control emerges from molecular interactions at the gene locus. Thermodynamic models of transcription, which assume that gene circuits operate at equilibrium, have previously been employed with considerable success in the context of bacterial systems. However, the presence of ATP-dependent processes within the eukaryotic transcriptional cycle suggests that equilibrium models may be insufficient to capture how eukaryotic gene circuits sense and respond to input transcription factor concentrations. Here, we employ simple kinetic models of transcription to investigate how energy dissipation within the transcriptional cycle impacts the rate at which genes transmit information and drive cellular decisions. We find that biologically plausible levels of energy input can lead to significant gains in how rapidly gene loci transmit information, but discover that the regulatory mechanisms underlying these gains change depending on the level of interference from non-cognate activator binding. When interference is low, information is maximized by harnessing energy to push the sensitivity of the transcriptional response to input transcription factors beyond its equilibrium limits. Conversely, when interference is high, conditions favor genes that harness energy to increase transcriptional specificity by proofreading activator identity. Our analysis further reveals that equilibrium gene regulatory mechanisms break down as transcriptional interference increases, suggesting that energy dissipation may be indispensable in systems where non-cognate factor interference is sufficiently large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competing constraints shape the non-equilibrium limits of cellular decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebral perfusion in post-stroke aphasia and its relation to residual language abilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stroke alters blood flow to the brain resulting in damaged tissue and cell death. Moreover, the disruption of cerebral blood flow (perfusion) can be observed in areas surrounding and distal to the lesion. These structurally preserved but sub-optimally perfused regions may also affect recovery. Thus, to better understand aphasia recovery the relationship between cerebral perfusion and language needs to be systematically examined. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate 1) how stroke affects perfusion outside of lesioned areas in chronic aphasia, and 2) how perfusion in specific cortical areas and perilesional tissue relates to language outcomes in aphasia. We analyzed perfusion data from a large sample of participants with chronic aphasia due to left hemisphere stroke (n=43) and age-matched healthy controls (n=25). We used anatomically-defined regions of interest that covered the frontal, parietal, and temporal areas of the perisylvian cortex in both hemispheres, areas typically known to support language, along with several control regions not implicated in language processing. For the aphasia group we also looked at three regions of interest in the perilesional tissue. We compared perfusion levels between the two groups and investigated the relationship between perfusion levels and language subtest scores while controlling for demographic and lesion variables. First, we observed that perfusion levels outside the lesioned areas were significantly reduced in frontal and parietal regions in the left hemisphere in people with aphasia compared to the control group, while no differences were observed for the right hemisphere regions. Second, we found that perfusion in the left temporal lobe (and most strongly in the posterior part of both superior and middle temporal gyri) and inferior parietal areas (supramarginal gyrus) was significantly related to residual expressive and receptive language abilities. In contrast, perfusion in the frontal regions did not show such a relationship; no relationship with language was also observed for perfusion levels in control areas and all right hemisphere regions. Third, perilesional perfusion was only marginally related to language production abilities. Cumulatively, the current findings demonstrate that blood flow is reduced beyond the lesion site in chronic aphasia and that hypoperfused neural tissue in critical temporoparietal language areas has a negative impact on behavioral outcomes. These results, using perfusion imaging, underscore the critical and general role that left hemisphere posterior temporal regions play in various expressive and receptive language abilities. Overall, the study highlights the importance of exploring perfusion measures in stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pracar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dronkers, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebral perfusion in post-stroke aphasia and its relation to residual language abilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping protein-DNA interactions with DiMeLo-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently developed Directed Methylation with Long-read sequencing (DiMeLo-seq) to map protein-DNA interactions genome wide. DiMeLo-seq is capable of mapping multiple interaction sites on single DNA molecules, profiling protein binding in the context of endogenous DNA methylation, identifying haplotype specific protein-DNA interactions, and mapping protein-DNA interactions in repetitive regions of the genome that are difficult to study with short-read methods. With DiMeLo-seq, adenines in the vicinity of a protein of interest are methylated in situ by tethering the Hia5 methyltransferase to an antibody using protein A. Protein-DNA interactions are then detected by direct readout of adenine methylation with long-read, single-molecule, DNA sequencing platforms such as Nanopore sequencing. Here, we present a detailed protocol and practical guidance for performing DiMeLo-seq. This protocol can be run on nuclei from fresh, lightly fixed, or frozen cells. The protocol requires 1-2 days for performing in situ targeted methylation, 1-5 days for library preparation depending on desired fragment length, and 1-3 days for Nanopore sequencing depending on desired sequencing depth. The protocol requires basic molecular biology skills and equipment, as well as access to a Nanopore sequencer. We also provide a Python package, dimelo, for analysis of DiMeLo-seq data.

Key papersAltemose, N., Maslan, A., Smith, O.K., Sundararajan, K., Brown, R.R., Mishra, R., Detweiler, A.M., Neff, N., Miga, K.H., Straight, A.F. and Streets, A., 2022. DiMeLo-seq: a long-read, single-molecule method for mapping protein-DNA interactions genome wide. Nature Methods, pp.1-13. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01475-6)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping protein-DNA interactions with DiMeLo-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A parasitic fungus employs mutated eIF4A to survive on rocaglate-synthesizing Aglaia plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants often generate secondary metabolites as defense mechanisms against parasites. Although some fungi may potentially overcome the barrier of antimicrobial compounds, only a limited number of examples and molecular mechanisms of resistance have been reported. Here, we found an Aglaia plant-parasitizing fungus that overcomes the toxicity of rocalgates, which are translation inhibitors synthesized by the plant, through an amino acid substitution in a translation initiation factor (eIF). De novo transcriptome assembly revealed that the fungus belongs to Ophiocordyceps genus and its eIF4A, a molecular target of rocaglates, contains a amino acid substitution critical for rocaglate binding. Ribosome profiling harnessing a cucumber-infecting fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, demonstrated that the translational inhibitory effects of rocaglates were largely attenuated by the mutation found in the Aglaia parasite. The engineered Colletotrichum orbiculare showed a survival advantage on cucumber plants with rocaglates. Our study exemplifies a plant-fungus tug-of-war centered on secondary metabolites produced by host plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumakura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shichino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A parasitic fungus employs mutated eIF4A to survive on rocaglate-synthesizing Aglaia plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF45 stimulates B2 retrotransposon and pre-tRNA activation in a manner dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcribes a variety of noncoding RNAs, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and the B2 family of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). B2 SINEs are noncoding retrotransposons that possess tRNA-like promoters and are normally silenced in healthy somatic tissue. Infection with the murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 induces transcription of both SINEs and tRNAs, in part through the activity of the viral protein kinase encoded by ORF36. Here, we identify the conserved MHV68 tegument protein ORF45 as an additional activator of these RNAPIII loci. MHV68 ORF45 and ORF36 form a complex, resulting in an additive induction RNAPIII and increased ORF45 expression. ORF45-induced RNAPIII transcription is dependent on its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which in turn increases the abundance of the RNAPIII transcription factor Brf1. Other viral and non-viral activators of MAPK/ERK signaling also increase the levels of Brf1 protein, B2 SINE RNA and tRNA, suggesting that this is a common strategy to increase RNAPIII activity.

ImportanceGammaherpesviral infection alters the gene expression landscape of a host cell, including through induction of non-coding RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII). Among these are a class of repetitive genes known as retrotransposons, which are normally silenced elements that can copy and spread throughout the genome, and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are fundamental components of protein translation machinery. How these loci are activated during infection is not well understood. Here, we identify ORF45 from the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 as a novel activator of RNAPIII transcription. To do so, it engages the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is a central regulator of cellular response to environmental stimuli. Activation of this pathway leads to upregulation of a key factor required for RNAPIII activity, Brf1. These findings expand our understanding of the regulation and dysregulation of RNAPIII transcription and highlight how viral co-option of key signaling pathways can impact host gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF45 stimulates B2 retrotransposon and pre-tRNA activation in a manner dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for ATG9A recruitment to the ULK1 complex in mitophagy initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of the autophagy initiation machinery nucleates autophagosome biogenesis, including in the PINK1- and Parkin-dependent mitophagy pathway implicated in Parkinsons disease. The structural interaction between the sole transmembrane autophagy protein, ATG9A, and components of the ULK1 complex is one of the major missing links needed to complete a structural map of autophagy initiation. We determined the 2.4 [A] x-ray crystallographic structure of the ternary structure of ATG9A C-terminal tail bound to the ATG13:ATG101 HORMA dimer, which is part of the ULK1 complex. We term the interacting portion of the extreme C-terminal part of the ATG9A tail the "HORMA dimer interacting region" (HDIR). This structure shows that the HDIR binds to the HORMA domain of ATG101 by {beta}-sheet complementation such that the ATG9A tail resides in a deep cleft at the ATG13:ATG101 interface. Disruption of this complex in cells impairs damage induced PINK1/Parkin mitophagy mediated by the cargo receptor NDP52.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for ATG9A recruitment to the ULK1 complex in mitophagy initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium ions serve as key intracellular signals. Local, transient increases in calcium concentrations can activate calcium sensor proteins that in turn trigger downstream effectors. In neurons, calcium transients play a central role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. However, it is challenging to capture the molecular events associated with these localized and ephemeral calcium signals. Here we present an engineered biotin ligase that combines the power of genetically encoded calcium indicators with protein proximity labeling. The enzyme, Cal-ID, biotinylates nearby proteins within minutes in response to elevated local calcium levels. The biotinylated proteins can be identified via mass spectrometry and visualized using microscopy. In neurons, Cal-ID labeling is triggered by neuronal activity, leading to prominent protein biotinylation that enables transcription-independent activity mapping in the brain. Cal-ID produces a biochemical record of calcium signaling and neuronal activity with high spatial resolution and molecular specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.499945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Archaea Stabilize the Bacterial Ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.499945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomes serve as the universally conserved translators of the genetic code into proteins and must support life across temperatures ranging from below freezing to above the boiling point of water. Ribosomes are capable of functioning across this wide range of temperatures even though the catalytic site for peptide bond formation, the peptidyl transferase center, is nearly universally conserved. Peptide bond formation by the ribosome requires correct positioning of the 3 s-end of the aminoacylated tRNA (aa-tRNA) substrate, which is aided by an RNA hairpin in the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of the large subunit, termed the A loop. Here we find that Thermoproteota, a phylum of thermophilic Archaea, substitute cytidine for uridine at large subunit rRNA positions 2554 and 2555 (Escherichia coli numbering) in the A loop, immediately adjacent to the binding site for the 3'-end of A-site tRNA. We show by cryo-EM that E. coli ribosomes with uridine to cytidine mutations at these positions retain the proper fold and post-transcriptional modification of the A loop. Additionally, these mutations do not exert a dominant negative effect on cellular growth, protect the large ribosomal subunit from thermal denaturation, and increase the mutational robustness of nucleotides in the peptidyl transferase center. This work identifies sequence variation in the peptidyl transferase center of the archaeal ribosome that likely confers stabilization of the ribosome at high temperatures and develops a stable mutant bacterial ribosome that can act as a scaffold for future ribosome engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penev, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.499945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Archaea Stabilize the Bacterial Ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 host factors using Perturb-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and proteomic screens have identified numerous host factors of SARS-CoV-2, but efficient delineation of their molecular roles during infection remains a challenge. Here we use Perturb-seq, combining genetic perturbations with a single-cell readout, to investigate how inactivation of host factors changes the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host response in human lung epithelial cells. Our high-dimensional data resolve complex phenotypes such as shifts in the stages of infection and modulations of the interferon response. However, only a small percentage of host factors showed such phenotypes upon perturbation. We further identified the NF-{kappa}B inhibitor I{kappa}B (NFKBIA), as well as the translation factors EIF4E2 and EIF4H as strong host dependency factors acting early in infection. Overall, our study provides massively parallel functional characterization of host factors of SARS-CoV-2 and quantitatively defines their roles both in virus-infected and bystander cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrum, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 host factors using Perturb-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable impact of geochemical gradients on the functional potential of bacteria, archaea, and phages from the permanently stratified Lac Pavin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Permanently stratified lakes contain diverse microbial communities that vary with depth, and so serve as useful models for studying the relationships between microbial community structure and geochemistry. Recent work has shown that these lakes can also harbor numerous bacteria and archaea from novel lineages, including those from the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). However, the extent to which geochemical stratification differentially impacts carbon metabolism and overall genetic potential in CPR bacteria compared to other organisms is not well defined. Here, we determine the distribution of microbial lineages along an oxygen gradient in Lac Pavin, a deep, stratified lake in central France, and examine the influence of this gradient on their metabolism. Genome-based analyses revealed an enrichment of distinct C1 and CO2 fixation pathways in the oxic lake interface and anoxic zone/sediments, suggesting that oxygen likely plays a role in structuring metabolic strategies in non-CPR bacteria and archaea. Notably, we find that oxidation of methane and its byproducts is largely spatially separated from methane production, which is mediated by diverse communities of sediment methanogens that vary on the centimeter scale. In contrast, we detected evidence for RuBisCO throughout the water column and sediments, including form II/III and form III-related enzymes encoded by CPR bacteria in the water column and DPANN archaea in the sediments. Overall, CPR bacteria and phages did not show strong signals of gene content differentiation by depth, despite the fact that distinct species groups populate different lake and sediment compartments. Thus, environmental gradients in Lac Pavin probably select for the capacities of CPR bacteria and phages to a lesser extent than other bacteria and archaea, possibly because selection on the former groups is indirect and depends on host characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Jeune, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perriere, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehours, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable impact of geochemical gradients on the functional potential of bacteria, archaea, and phages from the permanently stratified Lac Pavin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9+ conditionally immortalized neutrophil progenitors as a tool for genome wide CRISPR screening for neutrophil differentiation and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils are short-lived cells of the innate immune system that play numerous roles in defense against infection, regulation of immune responses, tissue damage and repair, autoimmunity, and other non-communicable diseases. Understanding neutrophil function at a mechanistic level has been hampered by the difficulty of working with primary neutrophils, which die rapidly upon isolation, and the relative paucity of neutrophil cell lines. Murine neutrophil progenitors that are immortalized with estrogen-regulated expression of Hoxb8 differentiate into neutrophils upon withdrawal of estrogen and facilitate the quantitative production of neutrophils in vitro. Here we report the creation of a Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 neutrophil progenitor cell line that enables both forward and reverse genetic analysis of neutrophils for the first time. By editing progenitors via transduction with sgRNAs, and then withdrawing estrogen, Cas9 edited neutrophils are produced with high efficiency. Importantly, neutrophil differentiation of edited progenitors occurs both in vitro in cell culture and when transferred into murine recipients. To demonstrate the utility of Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 progenitors for forward genetics, we performed a pooled CRISPR screen to identify factors required for survival during neutrophil differentiation. This screen identified hundreds of genes both negatively and positively selected under differentiation conditions. One of the top hits from this screen was Cebpe, a transcription factor known to be required for neutrophil differentiation from pre-neutrophils to immature neutrophils. Using the progenitor cell line, we also confirmed that Cepbe is required for neutrophil differentiation in vivo, validating the utility of this cell line both for screening and for studying in vivo phenotypes. The genome-wide screen also identified all components of the WASH complex as being required for neutrophil differentiation, a finding that extends the known role of WASH in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation to later stages of neutrophil development. Taken together, we demonstrate that Cas9+ER-Hoxb8 immortalized neutrophils can be used to study neutrophil function both in vitro and in vivo. This new resource will enable the analysis of the role of neutrophils in numerous disease states using genetics for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jong, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilinskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyenla, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shallow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9+ conditionally immortalized neutrophil progenitors as a tool for genome wide CRISPR screening for neutrophil differentiation and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GO Bench: Shared-hub for Universal Benchmarking of Machine Learning-Based Protein Functional Annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGene annotation is the problem of mapping proteins to their functions represented as Gene Ontology terms, typically inferred based on the primary sequences. Gene annotation is a multi-label multi-class classification problem, which has generated growing interest for its uses in the characterization of millions of proteins with unknown functions. However, there is no standard GO dataset used for benchmarking the newly developed new machine learning models within the bioinformatics community. Thus, the significance of improvements for these models remains unclear.

SummaryThe Gene Benchmarking database is the first effort to provide an easy-to-use and configurable hub for the learning and evaluation of gene annotation models. It provides easy access to pre-specified datasets and takes the non-trivial steps of preprocessing and filtering all data according to custom presets using a web interface. The GO bench web application can also be used to evaluate and display any trained model on leaderboards for annotation tasks.

Availability and ImplementationThe GO Benchmarking dataset is freely available at llp.berkeley.edu/GO_bench/dataset_form, and code is available at http://github.com/amdson/GO_pipeline.

Contactamdickson@berkeley.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GO Bench: Shared-hub for Universal Benchmarking of Machine Learning-Based Protein Functional Annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Superficial white matter (SWM) represents a significantly understudied part of the human brain, despite comprising a large portion of brain volume and making up a majority of cortical structural connections. Using multiple, high-quality, datasets with large sample sizes (N=2421, age range 5-100) in combination with methodological advances in tractography, we quantified features of SWM volume and thickness across the brain and across the lifespan. We address four questions: (1) How does U-fiber volume change with age? (2) What does U-fiber thickness look like across the brain? (3) How does SWM thickness change with age? (4) Are there relationships between SWM thickness and cortical features? Our main findings are that (1) SWM volume shows unique volumetric trajectories with age that are distinct from gray matter and other white matter trajectories; (2) SWM thickness varies across the brain, with patterns robust across individuals and across the population at the region-level and vertex-level; (3) SWM shows nonlinear changes across the lifespan that vary across regions; and (4) SWM thickness is associated with cortical thickness and curvature. For the first time, we show that SWM volume follows a similar trend as overall white matter volume, peaking at a similar time in adolescence, leveling off throughout adulthood, and decreasing with age thereafter. Notably, the relative fraction of total brain volume of SWM continuously increases with age, and consequently takes up a larger proportion of total white matter volume, unlike the other tissue types that decrease with respect to total brain volume. This study represents the first characterization of SWM features across the lifespan and provides the background for characterizing normal aging and insight into the mechanisms associated with SWM development and decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two major groups of maize (Zea mays) specialized metabolites, termed kauralexins and dolabralexins, serve as known or predicted diterpenoid defenses against pathogens, herbivores, and other environmental stressors. To consider physiological roles of the recently discovered dolabralexin pathway, we examined dolabralexin structural diversity, tissue-specificity, and stress-elicited production in a defined biosynthetic pathway mutant. Metabolomics analyses support a larger number of dolabralexin pathway products than previously known. We identified dolabradienol as a previously undetected pathway metabolite and characterized its enzymatic production. Transcript and metabolite profiling showed that dolabralexin biosynthesis and accumulation predominantly occurs in primary roots and shows quantitative variation across genetically diverse inbred lines. Generation and analysis of CRISPR-Cas9-derived loss-of- function Kaurene Synthase-Like 4 (Zmksl4) mutants demonstrated dolabralexin production deficiency, thus supporting ZmKSL4 as the diterpene synthase responsible for the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursors into dolabradiene and downstream pathway products. Zmksl4 mutants further display altered root-to-shoot ratios and root architecture in response to water deficit, consistent with an interactive role of maize dolabralexins in plant vigor during abiotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Char, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endelman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible selection of task-relevant features through across-area population gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains can gracefully weed out irrelevant stimuli to guide behavior. This feat is believed to rely on a progressive selection of task-relevant stimuli across the cortical hierarchy, but the specific across-area interactions enabling stimulus selection are still unclear. Here, we propose that population gating, occurring within A1 but controlled by top-down inputs from mPFC, can support across-area stimulus selection. Examining single-unit activity recorded while rats performed an auditory context-dependent task, we found that A1 encoded relevant and irrelevant stimuli along a common dimension of its neural space. Yet, the relevant stimulus encoding was enhanced along an extra dimension. In turn, mPFC encoded only the stimulus relevant to the ongoing context. To identify candidate mechanisms for stimulus selection within A1, we reverse-engineered low-rank RNNs trained on a similar task. Our analyses predicted that two context-modulated neural populations gated their preferred stimulus in opposite contexts, which we confirmed in further analyses of A1. Finally, we show in a two-region RNN how population gating within A1 could be controlled by top-down inputs from PFC, enabling flexible across-area communication despite fixed inter-areal connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proville, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostojic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible selection of task-relevant features through across-area population gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical surface electrical potentials are composed of multiple bandlimited frequency components, including high-gamma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common challenge in neuroscience is how to decompose noisy, multi-source signals measured in experiments into biophysically interpretable components. Analysis of cortical surface electrical potentials (CSEPs) measured using electrocorticography arrays (ECoG) typifies this problem. We hypothesized that high frequency (70-1,000 Hz) CSEPs are composed of broadband (i.e., power-law) and bandlimited components with potentially differing biophysical origins. In particular, the high-gamma band (70-150 Hz) has been shown to be highly predictive for encoding and decoding behaviors and stimuli. Despite its demonstrated importance, whether high-gamma is composed of a bandlimited signal is poorly understood. To address this gap, we recorded CSEPs from rat auditory cortex and demonstrate that the evoked CSEPs are composed of multiple distinct frequency components, including high-gamma. We then show, using a novel robust regression method, that at fast timescales and on single trials during speech production, human high-gamma amplitude cannot be explained by a modulating power-law component; thus, high-gamma is band-limited. Furthermore, we show that the power-law component is less predictive of produced speech compared to the raw high-gamma amplitude. Finally, we show that the largest variance component of human ECoG signals is low-frequency and band-limited, not broadband. Together these results demonstrate that there are multiple, band-limited components of high frequency power in cortical surface electrical potentials, including the high-gamma band, which may have different biophysical origins.

Significance StatementElectrocortigraphy (ECoG) records cortical surface electrical potentials (CSEPs). ECoG is utilized in both humans and animal models to understand distributed cortical processing and for brain machine interfaces. The spectral structure of evoked CSEPs is greatly debated. To address this issue, we recorded from rat auditory cortex using {micro}ECoG and human ventral sensory-motor cortex during speech production with high-density ECoG. Using novel analytic approaches, we found that evoked CSEPs are composed of multiple band-limited components, including high-gamma. These results contrast with the dominant thinking in the field that the high-frequency power in ECoG is broadband. Our results raise the possibility that distinct frequency components of ECoG are biomarkers of processing in different cortical layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usovich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical surface electrical potentials are composed of multiple bandlimited frequency components, including high-gamma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wireless Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Monitor Fracture Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an unmet need for improved, clinically relevant methods to longitudinally quantify bone healing during fracture care. Here we develop a smart bone plate to wirelessly monitor healing utilizing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide real-time data on tissue com-position within the fracture callus. To validate our technology, we created a 1-mm rabbit tibial defect and fixed the bone with a standard veterinary plate modified with a custom-designed housing that included two impedance sensors capable of wireless transmission. Impedance magnitude and phase measurements were transmitted every 48-hours for up to 10-weeks. Bone healing was assessed by X-ray, CT, and histomorphometry. Our results indicated the sensors successfully incorporated into the fracture callus and did not impede repair. Electrical impedance, resistance, and reactance increased steadily from weeks 3 to 7--corresponding to the transition from hematoma to cartilage to bone within the fracture gap--then plateaued as the bone began to consolidate. These three electrical readings significantly correlated with traditional measurements of bone healing and successfully distinguished between union and not healed fractures, with the strongest relationship found with impedance magnitude. These results suggest that our EIS smart bone plate can provide continuous and highly sensitive quantitative tissue measurements throughout the course of fracture healing to better guide personalized clinical care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukase, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stake, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhart, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herfat, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wireless Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Monitor Fracture Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE Imputation Challenge: A critical assessment of methods for cross-cell type imputation of epigenomic profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics experiments are invaluable for understanding mechanisms of gene regulation. However, comprehensively performing all such experiments, even across a fixed set of sample and assay types, is often infeasible in practice. A promising alternative to performing experiments exhaustively is to, instead, perform a core set of experiments and subsequently use machine learning methods to impute the remaining experiments. However, questions remain as to the quality of the imputations, the best approaches for performing imputations, and even what performance measures meaningfully evaluate performance of such models. In this work, we address these questions by comprehensively analyzing imputations from 23 imputation models submitted to the ENCODE Imputation Challenge. We find that measuring the quality of imputations is significantly more challenging than reported in the literature, and is confounded by three factors: major distributional shifts that arise because of differences in data collection and processing over time, the amount of available data per cell type, and redundancy among performance measures. Our systematic analyses suggest several steps that are necessary, but also simple, for fairly evaluating the performance of such models, as well as promising directions for more robust research in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boix, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Hooker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelkopf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweikert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Carulla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canakoglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masseroli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinoli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.30.502157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE Imputation Challenge: A critical assessment of methods for cross-cell type imputation of epigenomic profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members form volume regulated anion channels activated by hypoosmotic cell swelling. LRRC8 channels are ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate cells as heteromeric assemblies of LRRC8A (Swell1) and LRRC8B-E subunits. Channels of different subunit composition have distinct properties that explain the functional diversity of LRRC8 currents implicated in a broad range of physiology. However, the basis for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly and function is unknown. Here, we leverage a fiducial-tagging strategy to determine single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of heterohexameric LRRC8A:C channels in detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs in three conformations. LRRC8A:C channels show pronounced changes in channel architecture compared to homomeric channels due to heterotypic cytoplasmic LRR interactions that displace LRRs and the LRRC8C subunit away from the conduction axis and poise the channel for activation. The structures and associated functional studies further reveal that lipids embedded in the channel pore block ion conduction in the closed state. Together, our results provide insight into determinants for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly, activity, and gating by lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NF-κB inhibitor alpha has a cross-variant role during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2-overexpressing human airway organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread worldwide, tractable primary airway cell models that accurately recapitulate the cell-intrinsic response to arising viral variants are needed. Here we describe an adult stem cell-derived human airway organoid model overexpressing the ACE2 receptor that supports robust viral replication while maintaining 3D architecture and cellular diversity of the airway epithelium. ACE2-OE organoids were infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants and subjected to single-cell RNA-sequencing. NF-{kappa}B inhibitor alpha was consistently upregulated in infected epithelial cells, and its mRNA expression positively correlated with infection levels. Confocal microscopy showed more I{kappa}B expression in infected than bystander cells, but found concurrent nuclear translocation of NF-{kappa}B that I{kappa}B usually prevents. Overexpressing a nondegradable I{kappa}B mutant reduced NF-{kappa}B translocation and increased viral infection. These data demonstrate the functionality of ACE2-OE organoids in SARS-CoV-2 research and identify an incomplete NF-{kappa}B feedback loop as a rheostat of viral infection that may promote inflammation and severe disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simoneau, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joehnk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maishan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjomandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NF-κB inhibitor alpha has a cross-variant role during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2-overexpressing human airway organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies revealed mechanisms by which the microbiome affects its hosts brain, behavior and wellbeing, and that dysbiosis - persistent microbiome-imbalance - is associated with the onset and progress of various chronic diseases, including addictive behaviors. Yet, understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape the host-microbiome ecosystem and affect the host state, is still limited. Here we propose that competition dynamics within the microbiome, associated with host-microbiome mutual regulation, may promote dysbiosis and aggravate addictive behaviors. We constructed a mathematical framework, modeling the dynamics of the host-microbiome ecosystem in response to alterations. We find that when this ecosystem is exposed to substantial perturbations, the microbiome may shift towards a composition that reinforces the new host state. Such positive feedback loop augments post-perturbation imbalances, hindering attempts to return to the initial equilibrium, thus promoting relapse episodes and prolonged addictions. We also find that the initial microbiome composition is a key factor: a diverse microbiome enhances the ecosystems resilience, whereas lower microbiome diversity is more prone to reach dysbiosis, exacerbating addictions. This framework provides novel evolutionary and ecological perspectives on host-microbiome interactions and their implications for host behavior and health, while offering verifiable predictions with potential relevance to clinical treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaques, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representation of sustained visual experience by time-invariant distributed neural patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Instances of sustained stationary sensory input are ubiquitous. However, previous work focused almost exclusively on the transient onset responses. This presents a critical challenge for neural theories of consciousness, which should account for the full temporal extent of experience. Here we use intracranial recordings from human patients viewing diverse images in multiple durations. In sensory regions, we reveal that despite dramatic changes in activation magnitude, the distributed representation of categories and exemplars remains sustained and stable. In contrast, in frontoparietal regions we find transient content representation at stimulus onset. Our results highlight the connection between the anatomical and temporal correlates of experience. To the extent perception is sustained, it may rely on sensory representations, and to the extent it is discrete, centered on perceptual updating, it may rely on frontoparietal representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representation of sustained visual experience by time-invariant distributed neural patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-areal neural dynamics encode human decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Value-based decision-making involves multiple cortical and subcortical brain areas, but the distributed nature of neurophysiological activity underlying economic choices in the human brain remains largely unexplored. Here, we use intracranial recordings from neurosurgical patients to show that risky choices are reflected in high frequency activity distributed across multiple prefrontal and subcortical brain regions, whereas reward-related computations are less widely represented and more modular. State space modeling reveals sub-second neural dynamics underlying choices during deliberation and allows high-accuracy trial-by-trial decoding of subjects choices robustly across patients despite differences in anatomical coverage. These results shed light into the neural basis of choice across brain areas and open the door to new intracranial approaches for brain state decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moxon, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickle, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-areal neural dynamics encode human decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common mechanism of Sec61 translocon inhibition by small molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sec61 complex forms a protein-conducting channel in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that is required for secretion of soluble proteins and production of many membrane proteins. Several natural and synthetic small molecules specifically inhibit the Sec61 channel, generating cellular effects that are potentially useful for therapeutic purposes, but their inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Here we present near-atomic-resolution structures of the human Sec61 channel inhibited by a comprehensive panel of structurally distinct small molecules-- cotransin, decatransin, apratoxin F, ipomoeassin F, mycolactone, cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) and eeyarestatin I (ESI). Remarkably, all inhibitors bind to a common lipid-exposed pocket formed by the partially open lateral gate and plug domain of the channel. Mutations conferring resistance to the inhibitors are clustered at this binding pocket. The structures indicate that Sec61 inhibitors stabilize the plug domain of Sec61 in a closed state, thereby preventing the protein-translocation pore from opening. Our study reveals molecular interactions between Sec61 and its inhibitors in atomic detail and offers the structural framework for further pharmacological studies and drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itskanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherriff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoepfner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common mechanism of Sec61 translocon inhibition by small molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative modeling of transcriptional dynamics for RNA velocity analysis in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA velocity has been rapidly adopted to guide the interpretation of transcriptional dynamics in snapshot single-cell transcriptomics data. Current approaches for estimating and analyzing RNA velocity can empirically reveal complex dynamics but lack effective strategies for quantifying the uncertainty of the estimate and its overall applicability to the system of interest. Here, we present veloVI (velocity variational inference), a deep generative modeling framework for estimating RNA velocity. veloVI learns a gene-specific dynamical model of RNA metabolism and provides a transcriptome-wide quantification of velocity uncertainty. We show in a series of examples that veloVI compares favorably to previous approaches for inferring RNA velocity with improvements in fit to the data, consistency across transcriptionally similar cells, and stability across preprocessing pipelines for quantifying RNA abundance. Further, we demonstrate that properties unique to veloVI, such as posterior velocity uncertainty, can be used to assess the appropriateness of analysis with velocity to the data at hand. Finally, we highlight veloVI as a flexible framework for modeling transcriptional dynamics by adapting the underlying dynamical model to use time-dependent transcription rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative modeling of transcriptional dynamics for RNA velocity analysis in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cantilever-based in vivo measurements in the early Drosophila embryo reveal adiabatic elastic response on developmentally relevant time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to understand morphogenesis, it is necessary to know the material properties or forces shaping the living tissue. In spite of this need, very few in vivo measurements are currently available. Here, using the early Drosophila embryo as a model, we describe a novel cantilever-based technique which allows for the simultaneous quantification of applied force and tissue displacement in a living embryo. By analyzing data from a series of experiments in which embryonic epithelium is subjected to developmentally relevant perturbations, we conclude that the response to applied force is adiabatic and is dominated by elastic forces and geometric constraints, or system size effects. Crucially, computational modeling of the experimental data indicated that the apical surface of the epithelium must be softer than the basal surface, a result which we confirmed experimentally. Further, we used the combination of experimental data and comprehensive computational model to estimate the elastic modulus of the apical surface and set a lower bound on the elastic modulus of the basal surface. More generally, our investigations revealed important general features that we believe should be more widely addressed when quantitatively modeling tissue mechanics in any system. Specifically, different compartments of the same cell can have very different mechanical properties; when they do, they can contribute differently to different mechanical stimuli and cannot be merely averaged together. Additionally, tissue geometry can play a substantial role in mechanical response, and cannot be neglected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheikh, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchoufag, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubrovinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cantilever-based in vivo measurements in the early Drosophila embryo reveal adiabatic elastic response on developmentally relevant time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous activity is a hallmark of developing neural systems. In the retina, spontaneous activity comes in the form of retinal waves, comprised of three stages persisting from embryonic day 16 (E16) to eye opening at postnatal day 14 (P14). Though postnatal retinal waves have been well characterized, little is known about the spatiotemporal properties or the mechanisms mediating embryonic retinal waves, designated Stage 1 waves. Using a custom-built macroscope to record spontaneous calcium transients from whole embryonic retinas, we show that Stage 1 waves are initiated at several locations across the retina and propagate across finite regions of a broad range of areas. A gap junction antagonist, meclofenamic acid, reduced the frequency and size of Stage 1 waves but did not abolish them. The general nAChR antagonist, hexamethonium blocked Stage 1 waves, while they persisted in the presence of 4{beta}2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-{beta}-erythroidine, indicating that the spatiotemporal properties of Stage 1 waves are mediated by a complex circuitry involving subtypes of nAChRs and gap junctions. Stage 1 waves in mice lacking the {beta}2 subunit of the nAChRs ({beta}2-nAChR-KO) were reduced, but in contrast to WT mice, they persisted in the hexamethonium and were completely blocked by meclofenamic acid. To assay the impact of Stage 1 waves on retinal development, we compared the spatial distribution of a subtype of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice. We found that the developmental decrease of ipRGC density is preserved between WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice, indicating that processes regulating ipRGC distribution are not influenced by spontaneous activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voufo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leaf side determines the relative importance of dispersal versus host filtering in the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leaf surface-associated bacterial communities play a significant role in plant health and have therefore been the focus of increasing interest. Despite this, we currently lack a predictive understanding of how leaf-associated bacterial communities are structured within and across hosts, including how leaf traits shape this variation and how community assembly processes may differ across distinct microbial habitats on a leaf. In this study, we characterize the composition of bacterial phyllosphere communities from the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 66 plants across 24 species grown at a common site using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. By comparing leaves that vary in pH and stomatal densities and analyzing the leaf surfaces separately, we were able to test the key factors shaping the phyllosphere across host plant species from diverse geographical origins. We found a surprisingly large shared/core microbiome across species, as well as a strong effect of plant species and native origin in shaping composition. Importantly, we found the lower leaf side, where pH values are generally lower and stomatal densities higher, to have lower taxonomic richness relative to the upper leaf side. While the upper leaf side community appears to be more strongly influenced by dispersal effects, the lower leaf appears to be more strongly influenced by plant host filtering effects, as supported by higher relative abundance of shared core taxa and higher signatures of endemism. This work highlights important differences in community assembly processes across the upper and lower leaf microbiomes and underscores the importance of considering differences among habitats within a host when explaining microbial community assembly and composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smets, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chock, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderburgh, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leaf side determines the relative importance of dispersal versus host filtering in the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dodecaploid Xenopus longipes provides insight into the emergence of size scaling relationships during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome and cell size are strongly correlated across species1-6 and influence physiological traits like developmental rate7-12. Although size scaling features such as the nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio are precisely maintained in adult tissues13, it is unclear when during embryonic development size scaling relationships are established. Frogs of the genus Xenopus provide a model to investigate this question, since 29 extant Xenopus species vary in ploidy from 2 to 12 copies (n) of the genome, ranging from 20 to 108 chromosomes14,15. The most widely studied species, X. laevis (4n=36) and X. tropicalis (2n=20), scale at all levels from body size to cellular and subcellular16. Paradoxically, the rare, critically endangered dodecaploid (2n=108) X. longipes is a small frog15,17. We observed that despite some morphological differences, X. longipes and X. laevis embryogenesis occurred with similar timing, with genome to cell size scaling emerging at the swimming tadpole stage. Across the three species, cell size was determined primarily by egg size, while nuclear size correlated with genome size during embryogenesis, resulting in different nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios at the mid-blastula transition. At the subcellular level, nuclear size correlated more strongly with genome size, whereas mitotic spindle size scaled with cell size. Our cross-species study indicates that scaling of cell size to ploidy is not due to abrupt changes in cell division timing, that different size scaling regimes occur during embryogenesis, and that the developmental program of Xenopus is remarkably consistent across a wide range of genome and egg sizes.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYComparison of size metrics in embryos from different ploidy Xenopus species, including the dodecaploid X. longipes, reveals distinct size scaling regimes during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dodecaploid Xenopus longipes provides insight into the emergence of size scaling relationships during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, increases food intake by altering tyramine signaling via the GATA transcription factor ELT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Maillard reaction, a chemical reaction between amino acids and sugars, is exploited to produce flavorful food almost everywhere, from the baking industry to our everyday life. However, the Maillard reaction also takes place in all cells, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, leading to the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds resulting from the irreversible reaction between biomolecules and -dicarbonyls (-DCs), including methylglyoxal (MGO), an unavoidable byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis and lipid peroxidation. We previously demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans mutants lacking the glod-4 glyoxalase enzyme displayed enhanced accumulation of -DCs, reduced lifespan, increased neuronal damage, and touch hypersensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that glod-4 mutation increased food intake and identify that MGO-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, is a mediator of the observed increase in food intake. RNA-seq analysis in glod-4 knockdown worms identified upregulation of several neurotransmitters and feeding genes. Suppressor screening of the overfeeding phenotype identified the tdc-1-tyramine-tyra-2/ser-2 signaling as an essential pathway mediating AGEs (MG-H1) induced feeding in glod-4 mutants. We also identified the elt-3 GATA transcription factor as an essential upstream factor for increased feeding upon accumulation of AGEs by partially regulating the expression of tdc-1 and tyra-2 genes. Further, the lack of either tdc-1 or tyra-2/ser-2 receptors suppresses the reduced lifespan and rescues neuronal damage observed in glod-4 mutants. Thus, in C. elegans, we identified an elt-3 regulated tyramine-dependent pathway mediating the toxic effects of MGO and associated AGEs. Understanding this signaling pathway is essential to modulate hedonistic overfeeding behavior observed in modern AGEs rich diets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthaiyan Shanmugam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellegounder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarpong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, increases food intake by altering tyramine signaling via the GATA transcription factor ELT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host adaptation alters priority effects within the phyllosphere microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To predict microbiome composition and function over time, it is essential to understand how evolution alters priority effects between resident and invading species. In an experimental evolution study on tomato plants, an early-colonizing bacterial species rapidly evolved to invade a new niche, altering its ecological interactions with other members of the plant microbiome, as well as its effect on the host. Prevailing models have assumed that adaptation primarily improves the efficiency of resident species within their existing niches, yet we conclude that host habitats can offer alternative evolutionary opportunities, complicating the application of existing theory to the community ecology of microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewald-Wang, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host adaptation alters priority effects within the phyllosphere microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for chain length tailored free fatty acid and oleochemical production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in understanding the metabolism of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a promising bacterial host for producing valuable chemicals from plant-derived feedstocks, a strain capable of producing free fatty acid-derived chemicals has not been developed. Guided by functional genomics, we engineered P. putida to produce medium- and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) to titers of up to 670 mg/L, paving the road for the production of high-value oleochemicals and biofuels from cheap feedstocks, such as plant biomass, using this host. Additionally, by taking advantage of the varying substrate preferences of paralogous native fatty acyl-CoA ligases, we employed a strategy to control FFA chain length that resulted in a P. putida strain specialized in producing medium-chain FFAs. Finally, we demonstrate the production of oleochemicals in these strains by synthesizing medium-chain fatty acid methyl esters, compounds useful as biodiesel blending agents, in various media including sorghum hydrolysate at titers greater than 300 mg/L.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.20.504671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for chain length tailored free fatty acid and oleochemical production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA language models are powerful zero-shot predictors of non-coding variant effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expanding catalog of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provides biological insights across a variety of species, but identifying the causal variants behind these associations remains a significant challenge. Experimental validation is both labor-intensive and costly, highlighting the need for accurate, scalable computational methods to predict the effects of genetic variants across the entire genome. Inspired by recent progress in natural language processing, unsupervised pre-training on large protein sequence databases has proven successful in extracting complex information related to proteins. These models showcase their ability to learn variant effects in coding regions using an unsupervised approach. Expanding on this idea, we here introduce the Genomic Pre-trained Network (GPN), a model designed to learn genome-wide variant effects through unsupervised pre-training on genomic DNA sequences. Our model also successfully learns gene structure and DNA motifs without any supervision. To demonstrate its utility, we train GPN on unaligned reference genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and seven related species within the Brassicales order, and evaluate its ability to predict the functional impact of genetic variants in Arabidopsis thaliana by utilizing allele frequencies from the 1001 Genomes Project and a comprehensive database of GWAS. Notably, GPN outperforms predictors based on popular conservation scores such as phyloP and phastCons. Our predictions for Arabidopsis thaliana can be visualized as sequence logos in the UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu/s/gbenegas/gpn-arabidopsis). We provide code (https://github.com/songlab-cal/gpn) to train GPN for any given species using its DNA sequence alone, enabling unsupervised prediction of variant effects across the entire genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA language models are powerful zero-shot predictors of non-coding variant effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen presentation (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-MHC I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we found that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an IFN-{gamma} producing CD8+ T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP deficient cells. We also observed that ERAAP downregulation during infection led to presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulated effector markers upon MCMV infection and were sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring masses and internal mass distributions of single carboxysomes in free solution using fluorescence and interferometric scattering in an anti-Brownian trap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are self-assembled bacterial microcompartments that facilitate carbon assimilation by co-localizing the enzymes of CO2 fixation within a protein shell. These microcompartments can be highly heterogeneous in their composition and filling, so measuring the mass and loading of an individual carboxysome would allow for better characterization of its assembly and function. To enable detailed and extended characterizations of single nanoparticles in solution, we recently demonstrated an improved Interferometric Scattering Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ISABEL) trap, which tracks the position of a single nanoparticle via its scattering of a near-infrared beam and applies feedback to counteract its Brownian motion. Importantly, the scattering signal can be related to the mass of nanoscale proteinaceous objects, whose refractive indices are well-characterized. We calibrate single-particle scattering cross-section measurements in the ISABEL trap and determine individual carboxysome masses in the 50-400 MDa range by analyzing their scattering cross-sections with a core-shell model. We further investigate carboxysome loading by combining mass measurements with simultaneous fluorescence reporting from labeled internal components. This method may be extended to other biological objects, such as viruses or extracellular vesicles, and can be combined with orthogonal fluorescence reporters to achieve precise physical and chemical characterization of individual nanoscale biological objects.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavania, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.505029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring masses and internal mass distributions of single carboxysomes in free solution using fluorescence and interferometric scattering in an anti-Brownian trap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-programmable genome editing with enveloped delivery vehicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses and virally-derived particles have the intrinsic capacity to deliver molecules to cells, but the difficulty of readily altering cell-type selectivity has hindered their use for therapeutic delivery. Here we show that cell surface marker recognition by antibody fragments displayed on membrane-derived particles encapsulating CRISPR-Cas9 protein and guide RNA can target genome editing tools to specific cells. These Cas9-packaging enveloped delivery vehicles (Cas9-EDVs), programmed with different displayed antibody fragments, confer genome editing in target cells over bystander cells in mixed cell populations both ex vivo and in vivo.

This strategy enabled the generation of genome-edited chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in humanized mice, establishing a new programmable delivery modality with widespread therapeutic utility.

One-Sentence SummaryCell-specific molecular delivery with enveloped delivery vehicles (EDVs) enables genome editing ex vivo and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-programmable genome editing with enveloped delivery vehicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation of the catalytic activity of the tyrosine kinase Btk by the adaptor protein Grb2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tec-family kinase Btk contains a lipid-binding Pleckstrin homology and Tec homology (PH-TH) module connected by a proline-rich linker to a "Src module", an SH2-SH3-kinase unit also found in Src-family kinases and Abl. We showed previously that Btk is activated by PH-TH dimerization, which is triggered on membranes by the phosphatidyl inositol phosphate PIP3, or in solution by hexakisinositol phosphate (IP6) (Wang et al. 2015, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06074). We now report that the ubiquitous adaptor protein growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) binds to and substantially increases the activity of PIP3-bound Btk on membranes. Using reconstitution on supported-lipid bilayers, we find that Grb2 can be recruited to membrane-bound Btk through interaction with the proline-rich linker in Btk. This interaction requires intact Grb2, containing both SH3 domains and the SH2 domain, but does not require that the SH2 domain be able to bind phosphorylated tyrosine residues - thus Grb2 bound to Btk is free to interact with scaffold proteins via the SH2 domain. We show that the Grb2-Btk interaction recruits Btk to scaffold-mediated signaling clusters in reconstituted membranes. Our findings indicate that PIP3-mediated dimerization of Btk does not fully activate Btk, and that Btk adopts an autoinhibited state at the membrane that is released by Grb2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nocka, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation of the catalytic activity of the tyrosine kinase Btk by the adaptor protein Grb2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dosage differences in 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes modulate wheat primary root growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat is an essential crop for global food security and is well adapted to a wide variety of soils1. However, the gene networks regulating different root architectures remain poorly understood. We report here the identification of a cluster of a monocot-specific 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes from subfamily III (OPRIII) that modulate key differences in wheat root architecture associated with grain yield under water-limited conditions. Wheat plants with a loss-of-function mutation in OPRIII showed longer seminal roots, whereas plants with increased OPRIII dosage or transgenic over-expression showed reduced seminal root growth, precocious development of lateral roots and increased jasmonic acid (JA). A JA-biosynthesis inhibitor eliminated the root differences, confirming a JA-mediated mechanism. Multiple transcriptome analysis of transgenic and wild-type lines revealed significant enriched JA-biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways that paralleled changes in ROS distribution. The OPRIII genes provide a useful entry point to engineer root architecture in wheat and other cereals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriconi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukaszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa Maria, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dosage differences in 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes modulate wheat primary root growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal mechanisms of PLIN2 and lipid droplet regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid storage organelles that consist of a central core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer decorated with a unique set of integral and peripheral proteins. Invariably, at least one member of the perilipin family of proteins (PLIN1-5) associates with LDs in all cell types. Despite key roles of PLIN2 in governing hepatic lipid metabolism, the mechanisms that regulate PLIN2 levels remain incompletely understood. Here, we develop a set of genome-edited PLIN2 reporter cell lines that facilitate the analysis of genes that regulate PLIN2 and LD abundance. Leveraging these reporter cells in a series of CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens, we generate a comprehensive inventory of genes that influence PLIN2 levels under different metabolic conditions. Moreover, we uncouple their effects on PLIN2 expression and post-translational stability. Identified genetic modifiers include canonical genes that control LD metabolism (e.g., ACSL3, DGAT2, PNPLA2, ABHD5) as well as genes with less characterized roles in PLIN2 and LD regulation such as ubiquitination machinery (e.g., MARCH6, UBE2J2), transcription regulators (e.g., HNF4A, HDAC3), mitochondrial pathways (e.g., electron transport chain and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis), and others. These CRISPR screens, and several published screens that focus on different aspects of lipid metabolism, provide the foundation for CRISPRlipid (http://crisprlipid.org), a versatile, online data commons for lipid-related functional genomics data. Together, our study uncovers new mechanisms of PLIN2 regulation and provides an extensive, phenotype-rich resource for the exploration of LD biology and lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deol, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leto, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiowetz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopito, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens reveal mechanisms of PLIN2 and lipid droplet regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmentally robust cis-regulatory changes underlie rapid climatic adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene expression are proposed to play a major role in adaptive evolution. While it is known that gene expression is highly sensitive to the environment, very few studies have determined the influence of genetic and environmental effects on adaptive gene regulation in natural populations. Here, we utilize allele-specific expression to characterize cis and trans gene regulatory divergence in temperate and tropical house mice in two metabolic tissues under two thermal conditions. First, we show that gene expression divergence is pervasive between populations and across thermal conditions, with roughly 5-10% of genes exhibiting genotype-by-environment interactions. Second, we found that most expression divergence was due to cis-regulatory changes that were stable across temperatures. In contrast, patterns of expression plasticity were largely attributable to trans-effects, which showed greater sensitivity to temperature. Nonetheless, we discovered a small subset of temperature-dependent cis-regulatory changes, thereby identifying loci underlying expression plasticity. Finally, we performed scans for selection in wild house mice to identify genomic signatures of rapid adaptation. Genomic outliers were enriched in genes with evidence for cis-regulatory divergence. Notably, these genes were associated with phenotypes that affected body weight and metabolism, suggesting that cis-regulatory changes are a possible mechanism for adaptive body size evolution between populations. Our results show that gene expression plasticity, largely controlled in trans, may facilitate the colonization of new environments, but that evolved changes in gene expression are largely controlled in cis, illustrating the genetic and non-genetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of populations in new environments.

Significance StatementGene expression variation is shaped by both genetic and environmental effects, yet these two factors are rarely considered together in the context of adaptive evolution. We studied environmental influences on gene regulatory evolution in temperate and tropical house mice in cold and warm laboratory environments. We discovered that genetic effects in the form of cis-regulatory divergence were pervasive and largely insensitive to the environment. Many of these genetic effects are under selection and are associated with genes that affect body size, suggesting cis-regulatory changes as a possible mechanism for adaptive body size evolution. We also discovered many trans-effects controlling expression plasticity, demonstrating the importance of both genetic and non-genetic changes associated with adaptation over short timescales (a few hundred generations).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmentally robust cis-regulatory changes underlie rapid climatic adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X chromosome dosage drives statin-induced dysglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statin drugs lower blood cholesterol levels for cardiovascular disease prevention. Women are more likely than men to experience adverse statin effects, particularly new-onset diabetes (NOD) and muscle weakness. We determined that female mice are more susceptible than males to glucose intolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness after short-term statin treatment. Lipidomic, transcriptomic, and biochemical analyses identified reduced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, and impaired redox tone and mitochondrial respiration specifically in statin-treated female mice. Statin adverse effects could be prevented in females by complementation with a source of DHA. Statin adverse effects segregated with XX chromosome complement, and specifically dosage of the Kdm5c gene, which regulates fatty acid gene expression and has differential expression levels in females and males. In humans, we found that women experience more severe reductions than men in DHA levels after short-term statin administration, and that DHA reduction was correlated with increases in fasting glucose levels. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from women, but not men, who developed NOD exhibited impaired mitochondrial function when treated with statin. Overall, our studies identify biochemical mechanisms, biomarkers, and a genetic risk factor for susceptibility to statin adverse effects, and point to DHA supplementation as a preventive co-therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiese, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oni-Orisan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhaul, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X chromosome dosage drives statin-induced dysglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rejection of inappropriate synaptic partners mediated by transcellular FLRT2-UNC5 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During nervous system development, neurons choose synaptic partners with remarkable specificity; however, the cell-cell recognition mechanisms governing rejection of inappropriate partners remain enigmatic. Here we show that mouse retinal neurons avoid inappropriate partners using the FLRT2-UNC5 receptor-ligand system. Within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), FLRT2 is expressed by direction-selective (DS) circuit neurons, whereas UNC5C/D are expressed by non-DS neurons projecting to adjacent IPL sublayers. In vivo gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that FLRT2-UNC5 binding eliminates growing DS dendrites that have strayed from the DS circuit IPL sublayers. Abrogation of FLRT2-UNC5 binding allows mistargeted arbors to persist, elaborate, and acquire synapses from inappropriate partners. Conversely, UNC5C misexpression within DS circuit sublayers inhibits dendrite growth and drives arbors into adjacent sublayers. Mechanistically, UNC5s promote dendrite elimination by interfering with FLRT2-mediated adhesion. Based on their broad expression, FLRT-UNC5 recognition is poised to exert widespread effects upon synaptic partner choices across the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Quessny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisley, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Santina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rejection of inappropriate synaptic partners mediated by transcellular FLRT2-UNC5 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coenzyme A governs proinflammatory macrophage metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent macrophage responses rely on acute increases in oxidative mitochondrial glucose metabolism that epigenetically support rapid proinflammatory transcriptional programming via histone acetylation. Subsequent suppression of oxidative metabolism restrains this metabolic-epigenetic support of proinflammatory gene transcription to enforce tolerance, an immunosuppressed state of innate immune memory. Identifying biology that promotes or counters these metabolic-epigenetic changes will inform therapeutic approaches to influence proinflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunosuppressed myeloid cellular states. Here, we demonstrate that Coenzyme A (CoA) is a "metabolic adjuvant", as supplying exogenous CoA to macrophages both enhances the magnitude of TLR-driven proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses, and reverse tolerance, via promotion of oxidative metabolism. Extracellular CoA, which we isotopically trace to show its direct uptake by macrophages, works synergistically with tonic TLR signaling, which we demonstrate is a critical regulator of nutrient uptake, metabolism, histone acetylation, and gene expression in macrophages. Together, TLR signaling and exogenous CoA promote mitochondrial glucose oxidation, acetyl-CoA production, and TLR target gene-specific histone acetylation, enhancing metabolic-epigenetic support of proinflammatory transcriptional programming. Exogenous CoA unlocks tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-dependent TLR agonist anti-tumor activity in an in vivo breast cancer model, and promotes macrophage restriction of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila in vitro via an Irg1-dependent antimicrobial state of CoA-augmented itaconate biosynthesis. Our findings demonstrate direct acquisition of intact extracellular CoA, and the ability of this exogenously supplemented metabolic cofactor to augment a key oxidative metabolic-epigenetic pathway supporting proinflammatory and antimicrobial macrophage phenotypes. This may inform host-targeted metabolic adjuvant therapies to reverse myeloid immunosuppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeve, J. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baydemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khantwal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahzad, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Andres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coenzyme A governs proinflammatory macrophage metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative allosteric modulation of the glucagon receptor by RAMP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) modulate the activity of many Family B heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The glucagon receptor (GCGR), a Family B GPCR responsible for maintenance of proper blood sugar levels, interacts with RAMP2, though the purpose and consequence of this interaction is poorly understood. Using a series of biochemical and cell-based assays, we show that RAMP2 interacts with and broadly inhibits GCGR-induced downstream signaling. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) demonstrates that RAMP2 enhances local flexibility in select locations in and near the receptor extracellular domain (ECD) as well as at a key region in the 6th transmembrane helix, while single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments show that this RAMP2-induced ECD disorder results in inhibition of active and intermediate states of the intracellular face of the receptor. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), we determined the structure of the GCGR-Gs complex at 2.9 [A] resolution in the presence of RAMP2. RAMP2 apparently does not interact with GCGR in an ordered manner, yet the ECD of GCGR is indeed largely disordered in the presence of RAMP2. This disorder is accompanied by rearrangements of several key areas of the receptor, resulting in the formation of a likely unproductive complex. Together, our studies suggest that RAMP2 acts as a negative allosteric modulator of GCGR by enhancing conformational sampling of the ECD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habrian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorraca, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuneew, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiesen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative allosteric modulation of the glucagon receptor by RAMP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Engineering of Virus-Like Particles to Identify Self-Assembly Rules for Shifting Particle Size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising scaffolds for biomaterials as well as diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, there are some key challenges to be solved, such as the ability to engineer alternate sizes for varied use cases. To this end, we created a library of MS2 VLP variants at two key residues in the coat protein which have been implicated as important to controlling VLP size and geometry. By adapting a method for systematic mutagenesis coupled with size-based selections and high-throughput sequencing as a readout, we developed a quantitative assessment of two residues in MS2 coat protein that govern the size shift in MS2 VLPs. We then applied the strategy to the equivalent residues in Q{beta} VLPs, an MS2 homolog, and demonstrate that the analogous pair of residues are also able to impact VLP size and shape. These results underscore the power of fitness landscapes in identifying critical features for assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikwuagwu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Engineering of Virus-Like Particles to Identify Self-Assembly Rules for Shifting Particle Size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral temporal and posteromedial sulcal morphology in autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two recent parallel research tracks link tertiary sulcal morphology--sulci that emerge last in gestation and continue to develop after birth--with functional features of the cerebral cortex and cognition, respectively. The first track identified a relationship between the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS) in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) and cognition in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The second track identified a new tertiary sulcus, the inframarginal sulcus (IFRMS), that serves as a tripartite landmark within the posteromedial cortex (PMC). As VTC and PMC are structurally and functionally different in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical controls (NTs), here, we integrated these two tracks with a twofold approach. First, we tested if there are morphological differences in VTC and PMC sulci between 50 NTs and 50 individuals with ASD. Second, we tested if tertiary sulcal morphology was linked to cognition in ASD individuals. Our twofold approach replicates and extends recent findings in five ways. First, in terms of replication, the standard deviation (STD) of MFS cortical thickness (CT) was increased in ASDs compared to NTs. Second, MFS length was shorter in ASDs compared to NTs. Third, the CT STD effect extended to other VTC and PMC sulci. Fourth, a subset of VTC and PMC morphological features were correlated between regions in ASD. Fifth, IFRMS depth was negatively associated with ADOS-GS score. These results empirically support a relationship between later-developing, tertiary sulci and ASD, providing a novel framework to study the relationship between brain structure and cognition in additional neurodevelopmental disorders in future studies.

Lay SummaryWe observed that some, but not all, morphological features of later-developing tertiary indentations (sulci) in the cerebral cortex differed significantly between neurotypical controls and individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In ASD, a subset of sulcal morphological features also correlated between brain areas and one feature reflected differences in cognition. Thus, studying these structures provides insight into how individual variability in structure is related to individual variability in cognition in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral temporal and posteromedial sulcal morphology in autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Genome Editing by an Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a is an RNA-guided, programmable genome editing enzyme found within bacterial adaptive immune pathways. Unlike CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a uses only a single catalytic site to both cleave target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (cis-activity) and indiscriminately degrade single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (trans-activity). To investigate how the relative potency of cis- versus trans-DNase activity affects Cas12a-mediated genome editing, we first used structure-guided engineering to generate variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a (LbCas12a) that selectively disrupt trans-activity. The resulting engineered mutant with the biggest differential between cis- and trans-DNase activity in vitro showed minimal genome editing activity in human cells, motivating a second set of experiments using directed evolution to generate additional mutants with robust genome editing activity. Notably, these engineered and evolved mutants had enhanced ability to induce homology-directed repair (HDR) editing by 2-18-fold depending on the genomic locus. Finally, we found that a site-specific reversion mutation produced improved Cas12a (iCas12a) variants with superior genome editing efficiency at genomic sites that are difficult to edit using wild-type Cas12a. This strategy of coupled rational engineering and directed evolution establishes a pipeline for creating improved genome editing tools by combining structural insights with randomization and selection. The availability of experimental and predicted structures of other CRISPR-Cas enzymes will enable this strategy to be applied to improve the efficacy of other genome editing proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Genome Editing by an Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chorography and conformational dynamism of the Soluble Human Fibrinogen in solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrinogen is a soluble, multi-subunit and multi-domain dimeric protein, which, upon its proteolytic cleavage by thrombin, is converted to insoluble fibrin initiating polymerization that substantially contributes to clot growth. The consentaneous structural view of the soluble form of fibrinogen is relatively straight and rigid-like. However, fibrinogen contains numerous, transiently-accessible "cryptic" epitopes for hemostatic and immunologic proteins, suggesting that fibrinogen exhibits conformational flexibility, which may play functional roles in its temporal and spatial interactions. Hitherto, there has been limited information on the solution structure and internal flexibility of soluble fibrinogen. Here, utilizing an integrative, biophysical approach involving temperature-dependent hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, small angle X-ray scattering, and negative stain electron microscopy, we present a holistic, conformationally dynamic model of human fibrinogen in solution. Our data reveal a high degree of internal flexibility, accommodated by four major and distinct flexible sites along the central axis of the protein. We propose that the fibrinogen structure in solution consists of a complex, conformational landscape with multiple local minima, rather than a single, rigid topology. This is further supported by the location of numerous point mutations that are linked to dysfibrinogenemia, and post-translational modifications, residing near fibrinogen flexions. This work provides a molecular basis for the structural "dynamism" of fibrinogen that is expected to influence the broad swath of functionally diverse macromolecular interactions and fine-tune the structural and mechanical properties of blood clots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenbacher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manandhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinelo, J. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chorography and conformational dynamism of the Soluble Human Fibrinogen in solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Cone Spectral Classification by Optoretinography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light propagation in photoreceptor outer segments is affected by photopigment absorption and the phototransduction amplification cascade. Photopigment absorption has been studied using retinal densitometry, while recently, optoretinography (ORG) has provided an avenue to probe changes in outer segment optical path length due to phototransduction. With adaptive optics (AO), both densitometry and ORG have been used for cone spectral classification, based on the differential bleaching signatures of the three cone types. Here, we characterize cone classification by ORG, implemented in an AO line-scan OCT and compare it against densitometry. The cone mosaics of five color normal subjects were classified using ORG showing high probability ([~]0.99), low error (<0.22%), high test-retest reliability ([~]97%) and short imaging durations (< 1 hour). Of these, the cone spectral assignments in two subjects were compared against AOSLO densitometry. High agreement (mean: 91%) was observed between the two modalities in these 2 subjects, with measurements conducted 6-7 years apart. Overall, ORG benefits from higher sensitivity and dynamic range to probe cone photopigments compared to densitometry, and thus provides greater fidelity for cone spectral classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandiyan, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleufer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Cone Spectral Classification by Optoretinography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of host resistance to a virus is determined by resources, historical contingency, and time scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hosts can often evolve resistance to parasites (and other stressors), but such resistance is generally thought to be constrained by trade-offs with other traits. These trade-offs determine the hosts optimal resistance strategy and whether resistance cycles, diversifies, and/or is maintained in the absence of parasite. However, trade-offs are often inconsistently measured across experiments and can depend on environmental conditions. Here, we extend a selection experiment evolving resistance to viral infection under variable resource quality in the Plodia interpunctella model system to explore the evolutionary conditions leading to an incongruent earlier measurement of costless resistance. We find that environmental resource quality, historical contingency, and the time scale of selection all affect trade-offs in our long-term selection experiment. Specifically, populations selected for resistance with the dual stressor of low resource quality are slowed, but not prevented, from evolving resistance. Second, variation in starting populations or early sampled adaptations led to contingency towards context-dependent resistance. Finally, some costs to resistance observed at early time points were compensated over longer evolutionary time scales. Our work therefore informs perspectives for the predictability of adaptation and how variation in specific evolutionary conditions can alter the evolutionary trajectories of a population towards costly or costless resistance strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahjoub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soufi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of host resistance to a virus is determined by resources, historical contingency, and time scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulating microtubule growth is not the essential function of the microtubule polymerase Stu2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ch-TOG family proteins, including the budding yeast Stu2, are essential for spindle formation and chromosome segregation. Such functions depend on an array of activities ranging from microtubule nucleation, polymerization and depolymerization, to conferring tension sensitivity to kinetochores. This functional diversity makes it challenging to dissect these various functions and understand their relative importance. Here, we developed separation-of-function mutants and used artificial tethering tools to elucidate several important mechanistic insights into Stu2s essential role. We show that Stu2s microtubule polymerization activity depends on its basic linker region but is surprisingly dispensable for viability; that in fact, Stu2 carries out an essential kinetochore-associated function; and finally, that Stu2s precise location within the kinetochore is critical for its function, suggesting a spatial separation mode of action may underlie its ability to confer tension sensitivity. Our findings highlight the significance of Stu2s kinetochore role and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which it performs its various functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrier, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torvi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagesse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulating microtubule growth is not the essential function of the microtubule polymerase Stu2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein enhances lipid transport by disrupting hydrophobic lipid-membrane contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular distributions of the sphingolipid ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) impact essential biological processes. C1P levels are spatiotemporally regulated by ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), which efficiently shuttles C1P between organelle membranes. Yet, how CPTP rapidly extracts and inserts C1P into a membrane remains unknown. Here, we devise a multiscale simulation approach to elucidate biophysical details of CPTP-mediated C1P transport. We find that CPTP binds a membrane poised to extract and insert C1P and that membrane binding promotes conformational changes in CPTP that facilitate C1P uptake and release. By significantly disrupting a lipids local hydrophobic environment in the membrane, CPTP lowers the activation free energy barrier for passive C1P desorption and enhances C1P extraction from the membrane. Upon uptake of C1P, further conformational changes may aid membrane unbinding in a manner reminiscent of the electrostatic switching mechanism used by other lipid transfer proteins. Insertion of C1P into an acceptor membrane, eased by a decrease in membrane order by CPTP, restarts the transfer cycle. Most notably, we provide molecular evidence for CPTPs ability to catalyze C1P extraction by breaking hydrophobic C1P-membrane contacts with compensatory hydrophobic lipid-protein contacts. Our work, thus, provides biophysical insights into how CPTP efficiently traffics C1P between membranes to maintain sphingolipid homeostasis and, additionally, presents a simulation method aptly suited for uncovering the catalytic mechanisms of other lipid transfer proteins.

Author summaryCritical cellular processes require spatiotemporal regulation of sphingolipid levels among organelle membranes. Programmed cell death and inflammation, for example, are impacted by the distribution of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). C1P levels are specifically altered by ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), which mediates C1P intermembrane transport. Using a multiscale simulation approach tailored to studying lipid transport, we elucidate key steps in the molecular mechanism used by CPTP to rapidly transport C1P between membranes: Through conformational changes that are coupled to membrane binding, CPTP significantly disrupts C1Ps local hydrophobic environment in a membrane and catalyzes its extraction. Since this catalytic mechanism is biophysically related to that of passive lipid transport, it may be ubiquitously used by lipid transport proteins to rapidly traffic lipids between membranes and ensure membrane homeostasis. Our multiscale simulation approach offers a framework to test this hypothesis and, thus, further our molecular knowledge of how lipid transfer proteins function to regulate cellular lipid distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.507427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein enhances lipid transport by disrupting hydrophobic lipid-membrane contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment of prostate cancer with CD46 targeted 225Ac alpha particle radioimmunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiopharmaceutical therapy is changing the standard of care in prostate cancer (PCa) and other malignancies. We previously reported high CD46 expression in PCa and developed an antibody-drug conjugate and immunoPET agent based on the YS5 antibody, which targets a tumor-selective CD46 epitope. Here, we present the preparation, preclinical efficacy, and toxicity evaluation of [225Ac]DOTA-YS5, a radioimmunotherapy agent based on the YS5 antibody. Our radiolabeled antibody retains binding efficacy and shows a high tumor to background ratio in PCa xenografts. Furthermore, we show that radiolabeled antibody was able to suppress the growth of cell-derived and patient-derived xenografts, including PSMA-positive and deficient models. Nephrotoxicity, not seen at low radioactive doses, is evident at higher radioactivity dose levels, likely due to redistribution of daughter isotope 213Bi. Overall, this preclinical study confirms that [225Ac]DOTA-YS5 is a highly effective treatment and suggests feasibility for clinical translation of CD46 targeted radioligand therapy in PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidkar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobba, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidlingmaier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egusa, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhrona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckford-Vera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBrocklin, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment of prostate cancer with CD46 targeted 225Ac alpha particle radioimmunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4, 5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029 base pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, revealing the complete ampliconic structures of TSPY, DAZ, and RBMY gene families; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a prior assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants, and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesharwani, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CherryML: Scalable Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Phylogenetic Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic models of molecular evolution are central to diverse problems in biology, but maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters is a computationally expensive task, in some cases prohibitively so. To address this challenge, we here introduce CherryML, a broadly applicable method that achieves several orders of magnitude speedup. We demonstrate its utility by applying it to estimate a general 400 x 400 rate matrix for amino acid co-evolution at protein contact sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CherryML: Scalable Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Phylogenetic Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, uses its flagellum for movement, cell division, and signaling. The flagellum is anchored to the cell body membrane via the flagellar attachment zone (FAZ), a complex of proteins, filaments, and microtubules that spans two membranes with elements on both flagellum and cell body sides. How FAZ components are carried into place to form this complex is poorly understood. Here, we show that the trypanosome-specific kinesin KIN-E is required for building the FAZ in bloodstream-form parasites. KIN-E is localized along the flagellum with a concentration at its distal tip. Depletion of KIN-E by RNAi rapidly inhibits flagellum attachment and leads to cell death. A detailed analysis reveals that KIN-E depletion phenotypes include failure in cytokinesis completion, kinetoplast DNA mis-segregation, and transport vesicle accumulation. Together with previously published results in procyclic form parasites, these data suggest KIN-E plays a critical role in FAZ assembly in T. brucei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albisetti, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A central helical fulcrum in eIF2B coordinates allosteric regulation of Integrated Stress Response signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) enables cells to survive a variety of acute stresses, but chronic activation of the ISR underlies age-related diseases. ISR signaling down-regulates translation and activates expression of stress-responsive factors that promote return to homeostasis, and is initiated by inhibition of the decameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. Conformational and assembly transitions regulate eIF2B activity, but the allosteric mechanisms controlling these dynamic transitions are unknown. Using hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry and cryo-EM, we identified a single alpha-helix whose orientation allosterically controls eIF2B conformation and assembly. Biochemical and signaling assays show that this "Switch-Helix" controls eIF2B activity and signaling in cells. In sum, the Switch-Helix acts as a fulcrum of eIF2B conformational regulation and is a highly conserved actuator of ISR signal transduction. This work uncovers a novel allosteric mechanism and unlocks new therapeutic possibilities for ISR-linked diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A central helical fulcrum in eIF2B coordinates allosteric regulation of Integrated Stress Response signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Warburg Effect is the result of faster ATP production by glycolysis than respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells metabolize glucose to organism-specific byproducts instead of fully oxidizing it to carbon dioxide and water-a phenomenon referred to as the Warburg Effect. The benefit to a cell has been unclear, given that partial metabolism of glucose yields an order of magnitude less ATP per molecule of glucose than complete oxidation. We show that glycolysis produces ATP faster per gram of pathway protein than respiration in E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cells. A simple mathematical model that uses yield, rate, and proteome occupancy of glycolysis and respiration as the only parameters accurately predicts absolute rates of glycolysis and respiration in all three organisms under diverse conditions. Our study suggests that the Warburg Effect is a consequence of the optimization of the rate of energy generation under the constraint of finite proteome space.

One-Sentence SummaryThe Warburg Effect is a manifestation by which cells across kingdoms of life optimize the rate of energy production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Warburg Effect is the result of faster ATP production by glycolysis than respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Nivolumab therapy on Metastatic Lung Cancer in Human Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nivolumab, a type of immunotherapy, has enhanced the 5-year survival of patients with renal cell cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer which is now mechanistically understood. However, relatively sparse information assesses its relationship with shaping the gut microbiome. We aimed to assess the degree to which nivolumab treatment contributes to alterations in the species composition of the colon in lung cancer patients undergoing nivolumab treatment. Our pilot study utilized stool samples of five lung cancer patients at Inland Hematology Oncology (IHO) before administration of nivolumab and three months after initiation of treatment. 16S and ITS rRNA sequence analysis were used to assess alterations in species abundance and richness of the colon. After sequencing, statistical analysis, specifically a paired t-test, was performed to assess if any significant differences in any microbial species were observed before and after immunotherapy treatment. Although different proportions of microorganisms existed at baseline prior to treatment for each patient, a significant reduction in the Megasphaera elsdenii population was observed (p=.0488; n=4), when comparing before and after treatment. Our findings differ from that of Huang et. al (2022), who has recently posited that a positive association exists between Megasphaera elsdenii and the survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Our conclusions suggest that different cancers may elicit differential effects on Megasphaera elsdenii in the gut microbiome.

ImportanceNivolumab is a relatively new form of cancer therapy called immunotherapy, which enables the body to use its own immune system to effectively fight cancer. Due to advances in microbial sequencing in 16S rRNA, this project explores differences in the abundance of microbial communities before and three months of treatment in patients who have advanced on chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that reduction of Megasphaera elsdenii, a metabolically active bacterium, is associated with positive outcomes, which differs from findings from other literature. Our project advocates for a more robust profiling of the microbiome during lung cancer treatment, and immunotherapy, in particular, to establish a more substantive profile of the changing gut in the midst of treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borneman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Nivolumab therapy on Metastatic Lung Cancer in Human Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.521570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.521570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is classically linked to inhibitory control, emotion regulation and reward processing. Recent perspectives propose that the OFC also generates predictions about perceptual events, actions, and their outcomes. We tested the role of the OFC in detecting violations of prediction at two levels of abstraction (i.e., hierarchical predictive processing) by studying the event-related potentials (ERPs) of patients with focal OFC lesions (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 14) while they detected deviant sequences of tones in a Local-Global paradigm. The structural regularities of the tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) and at a global (i.e., between sequences) level. In OFC patients, ERPs elicited by standard tones were unaffected at both local and global levels compared to controls. However, patients showed an attenuated mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a to local prediction violation, as well as a diminished MMN followed by a delayed P3a to the combined local and global level prediction violation. The subsequent P3b component to conditions involving violations of prediction at the level of global rules was preserved in the OFC group. Comparable effects were absent in patients with lesions restricted to the lateral PFC, which lends a degree of anatomical specificity to the altered predictive processing resulting from OFC lesion. Overall, the altered magnitudes and time courses of MMN/P3a responses after lesions to the OFC indicate that the neural correlates of detection of auditory regularity violation is impacted at two hierarchical levels of rule abstraction.

HighlightsO_LIOrbitofrontal lesions reduce auditory MMN to unpredicted tones at the local level (between tones within sequences) of the rule hierarchy in the Local-Global paradigm.
C_LIO_LIOrbitofrontal lesions also impact combined local and global (between sequences) level auditory deviance response, as manifested by diminished and delayed MMN and delayed P3a.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenkmann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leske, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldal, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funderud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.521570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical assessment of E. coli genome-scale metabolic model with high-throughput mutant fitness data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. coli genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) is a gold standard for the simulation of cellular metabolism. Experimental validation of model predictions is essential to pinpoint model uncertainty and ensure continued development of accurate models. Here we assessed the accuracy of the E. coli GEM using published mutant fitness data for the growth of gene knockout mutants across thousands of genes and 25 different carbon sources. We explored the progress of the E. coli GEM versions over time and further investigated errors in the latest version of the model (iML1515). We observed that model size is increasing while prediction accuracy is decreasing. We identified several adjustments that improve model accuracy - the addition of vitamins/cofactors and re-assignment of reaction reversibility and isoenzyme gene to reaction mapping. Furthermore, we applied a machine learning approach which identified hydrogen ion exchange and central metabolism branch points as important determinants of model accuracy. Continued integration of experimental data to validate GEMs will improve predictive modeling of the mapping from genotype to metabolic phenotype in E. coli and beyond.

Synopsis O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

E. coli genome-scale metabolic model flux balance analysis (FBA) prediction accuracy was quantified with published experimental data assaying gene knockout mutant growth across different carbon sources. Insights into model development trends and sources of inaccuracy were revealed. O_LIModel representational power (size) has been increasing over time, while accuracy has been decreasing.
C_LIO_LIAdding vitamins/cofactors to the model environment and re-assigning reaction reversibility and isoenzyme gene-to-reaction mapping improves correspondence between model predictions and experimental data.
C_LIO_LIMachine learning reveals hydrogen ion exchange and central metabolism branch points as important features in the determination of model accuracy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical assessment of E. coli genome-scale metabolic model with high-throughput mutant fitness data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the globe to cause the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of zoonotic transmissions of coronaviruses (CoV) has become even more evident. As human infections have been caused by alpha- and beta-CoVs, structural characterization and inhibitor design mostly focused on these two genera. However, viruses from the delta and gamma genera also infect mammals and pose potential zoonotic transmission threat. Here, we determined the inhibitor-bound crystal structures of the main protease (Mpro) from the delta-CoV porcine HKU15 and gamma-CoV SW1 from beluga whale. Comparison with the apo structure of SW1 Mpro, which we also present here, enabled identifying structural arrangements upon inhibitor binding at the active site. The binding modes and interactions of two covalent inhibitors, PF-00835231 (lufotrelvir) bound to HKU15 and GC376 bound to SW1 Mpro, reveal features that may be leveraged to target diverse coronaviruses and toward structure-based design of pan-CoV inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OH 89: A newly described ~1.8-million-year-old hominid clavicle from Olduvai Gorge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesHere, we describe the morphology and geologic context of OH 89, a [~]1.8million-year-old partial hominid clavicle from Olduvai (Oldupai) Gorge, Tanzania. We compare the morphology and clavicular curvature of OH 89 to modern humans, extant apes, and a sample of other hominid fossil clavicles.

Materials and MethodsComparative samples include 25 modern human clavicles, 30 Gorilla, 31 Pan, 7 Papio, and five hominid clavicles. Length regression on midshaft size using the extant comparative samples is used to estimate the total length of OH 89. A set of 9 linear measurements are taken from each individual. We also describe a new methodology for measuring clavicular curvature using measurements of sternal and acromial curvature, from which an overall curvature measurement is calculated. A principal component analysis (PCA) and a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) analysis are used to compare the morphology of OH 89 with the extant and fossil comparative samples.

ResultsOur new method of measuring clavicular curvature successfully separates the different genera of the extant clavicles. The length estimate and sternal and acromial curve measurements for OH 89 falls within the larger male humans. The PCA shows OH 89 and most of the fossil hominids falling between the modern human and Pan groups, while the t-SNE suggests that OH 89, KSD-VP-1/1, KNM-ER 1808, and OH 48 are more similar to each other than to any of the other groups. This analysis also plots KNM-WT 15000 with the modern humans and Krapina 158 with the Pan individuals.

DiscussionThe OH 89 clavicle derives from an individual of unknown hominid species with a shoulder breadth similar to that of a large human male. The curvature of OH 89 is relatively human-like relative to its length. Our new methodology for measuring clavicular curvature, combined with the utilization of t-SNE analyses and comparison of t-SNE results to PCA results, provides greater separation of genera than previously used methods, and wider use of t-SNE may be useful in paleoanthropological work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njau, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Songita, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlusko, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OH 89: A newly described ~1.8-million-year-old hominid clavicle from Olduvai Gorge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine: an ancestral Cu binding ligand in green algae? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in zinc (Zn) limited medium leads to disruption of copper (Cu) homeostasis, resulting in up to 40-fold Cu over-accumulation relative to its typical Cu quota. We show that Chlamydomonas controls its Cu quota by balancing Cu import and export, which is disrupted in a Zn deficient cell, thus establishing a mechanistic connection between Cu and Zn homeostasis. Transcriptomics, proteomics and elemental profiling revealed that Zn-limited Chlamydomonas cells up-regulate a subset of genes encoding "first responder" proteins involved in sulfur (S) assimilation and consequently accumulate more intracellular S, which is incorporated into L-cysteine, {gamma}-glutamylcysteine and homocysteine. Most prominently, in the absence of Zn, free L-cysteine is increased ~80-fold, corresponding to ~ 2.8 x 109 molecules/cell. Interestingly, classic S-containing metal binding ligands like glutathione and phytochelatins do not increase. X-ray fluorescence microscopy showed foci of S accumulation in Zn-limited cells that co-localize with Cu, phosphorus and calcium, consistent with Cu-thiol complexes in the acidocalcisome, the site of Cu(I) accumulation. Notably, cells that have been previously starved for Cu do not accumulate S or Cys, causally connecting cysteine synthesis with Cu accumulation. We suggest that cysteine is an in vivo Cu(I) ligand, perhaps ancestral, that buffers cytosolic Cu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strenkert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmollinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine: an ancestral Cu binding ligand in green algae?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe alpha rhythm (7-13 Hz) is the longest studied brain oscillation and has been theorized to play a key role in cognition. Still, substantial uncertainty remains over its physiology. In this study, we used micro and macro electrodes in patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy to measure the intracortical and thalamic generators of the human alpha rhythm. We first found that alpha propagates from higher-order anterosuperior cortex towards the lower-order occipital poles, consistent with alpha effecting top-down processing. This cortical alpha drives thalamic alpha, reversing prevailing theories of a thalamic alpha pacemaker. Finally, alpha is dominated by currents and firing in supragranular cortex, contravening the popular conception of alpha as an infragranular rhythm. Together, these results demonstrate that the alpha rhythm reflects short-range supragranular feedback which propagates from higher-order to lower order cortex and cortex to thalamus. These physiological insights explain how alpha could mediate feedback throughout the thalamocortical system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastuji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak-McCully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A population phylogenetic view of mitochondrial heteroplasmy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrion has recently emerged as an active player in a myriad of cellular processes. Additionally, it was recently shown that more than 200 diseases are known to be linked to variants in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes interacting with mitochondria. This has reinvigorated interest in its biology and population genetics. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy, or genotypic variation of mitochondria within an individual, is now understood to be common in humans and important in human health. However, it is still not possible to make quantitative predictions about the inheritance of heteroplasmy and its proliferation within the body, partly due to the lack of an appropriate model. Here, we present a population-genetic framework for modeling mitochondrial heteroplasmy as a process that occurs on an ontogenetic phylogeny, with genetic drift and mutation changing heteroplasmy frequencies during the various developmental processes represented in the phylogeny. Using this framework, we develop a Bayesian inference method for inferring rates of mitochondrial genetic drift and mutation at different stages of human life. Applying the method to previously published heteroplasmy frequency data, we demonstrate a severe effective germline bottleneck comprised of the cumulative genetic drift occurring between the divergence of germline and somatic cells in the mother and the separation of germ layers in the offspring. Additionally, we find that the two somatic tissues we analyze here undergo tissue-specific bottlenecks during embryogenesis, less severe than the effective germline bottleneck, and that these somatic tissues experience little additional genetic drift during adulthood. We conclude with a discussion of possible extensions of the ontogenetic phylogeny framework and its possible applications to other ontogenetic processes in addition to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A population phylogenetic view of mitochondrial heteroplasmy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable RNA recognition using a CRISPR-associated Argonaute 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute proteins (Agos) are present in all domains of life. While the physiological function of eukaryotic Agos in regulating gene expression is well documented, the biological roles of many of their prokaryotic counterparts remain enigmatic. In some bacteria, Agos are associated with CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) loci and use non-canonical 5-hydroxyled guide RNAs (gRNAs) for nucleic acid targeting. Here we show that using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as the 5 nucleotide of gRNAs stabilizes in vitro reconstituted CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute-gRNA complexes (MpAgo RNPs) and significantly improves their specificity and affinity for RNA targets. Using reconstituted MpAgo RNPs with 5-BrdU modified gRNAs, we mapped the seed region of the gRNA, and identified the nucleotides of the gRNA that play the most significant role in targeting specificity. We also show that these MpAgo RNPs can be programmed to distinguish between substrates that differ by a single nucleotide, using permutations at the 6th and 7th positions in the gRNA. Using these specificity features, we employed MpAgo RNPs to detect specific Adenosine to Inosine edited RNAs in a complex mixture. These findings broaden our mechanistic understanding of the interactions of Argonautes with guide and substrate RNAs, and demonstrate that MpAgo RNPs with 5-BrdU modified gRNAs can be used as a highly-specific RNA-targeting platform to probe RNA biology.nnSIGNIFICANCEArgonaute proteins are present in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. They play an important role in a wide range of biological processes, from transcriptional and translational gene expression regulation to defense against viruses and silencing of mobile genetic elements. Here we present mechanistic insights into the interactions of the CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute (MpAgo) with its guide RNA (gRNA) and RNA substrates. By modifying the 5-nucleotide of the gRNA, we demonstrate that MpAgo-gRNA complexes (RNPs) are easily programmable, have high affinity to fully complementary RNA substrates, and can discriminate by over 300 fold between substrates that differ by only a single nucleotide. These MpAgo RNPs should be useful for probing endogenous RNAs in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapinaite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable RNA recognition using a CRISPR-associated Argonaute]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic and Selective Low-Complexity Domain Interactions Revealed by Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) contain intrinsically disordered low-complexity domains (LCDs) but how they perform transactivation functions remains unclear. Recent studies report that TF-LCDs can undergo hydrogel formation or liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro. Here, live-cell single-molecule imaging reveals that TF-LCDs form local high concentration interaction hubs at synthetic and endogenous genomic loci. TF-LCD hubs stabilize DNA binding, recruit RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and activate transcription. LCD-LCD interactions within hubs are highly dynamic, display selectivity with binding partners, and are differentially sensitive to disruption by hexanediols. These findings suggest that under physiological conditions, rapid reversible and multivalent LCD-LCD interactions occur between TFs and the Pol II machinery, which underpins a central mechanism for transactivation and plays a key role in gene expression and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic and Selective Low-Complexity Domain Interactions Revealed by Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive Factorial Design Untangles Coding Sequences Determinants Of Translation Efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative analyses of natural sequences or variant libraries are often used to infer mechanisms of expression, activity and evolution. Contingent selective histories and small sample sizes can profoundly bias such approaches. Both limitations can be lifted using precise design of large-scale DNA synthesis. Here, we precisely design 5 E. coli genomes worth of synthetic DNA to untangle the relative contributions of 8 interlaced sequence properties described independently as major determinants of translation in Escherichia coli. To expose hierarchical effects, we engineer an inducible translational coupling device enabling epigenetic disruption of mRNA secondary structures. We find that properties commonly believed to modulate translation generally explain less than a third of the variation in protein production. We describe dominant effects of mRNA structures over codon composition on both initiation and elongation, and previously uncharacterized relationships among factors controlling translation. These results advance our understanding of translation efficiency and expose critical design challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cambray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive Factorial Design Untangles Coding Sequences Determinants Of Translation Efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive Phenotypic Measurements Reveal Complex Physiological Consequences Of Differential Translation Efficacies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPControl of protein biosynthesis is at the heart of resource allocation and cell adaptation to fluctuating environments. One genes translation often occurs at the expense of anothers, resulting in global energetic and fitness trade-offs during differential expression of various functions. Patterns of ribosome utilization--as controlled by initiation, elongation and release rates--are central to this balance. To disentangle their respective determinants and physiological impacts, we complemented measurements of protein production with highly parallelized quantifications of transcripts abundance and decay, ribosome loading and cellular growth rate for 244,000 precisely designed sequence variants of an otherwise standard reporter. We find highly constrained, non-monotonic relationships between measured phenotypes. We show that fitness defects derive either from protein overproduction, with efficient translation initiation and heavy ribosome flows; or from unproductive ribosome sequestration by highly structured, slowly initiated and overly stabilized transcripts. These observations demonstrate physiological impacts of key sequence features in natural and designed transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive Phenotypic Measurements Reveal Complex Physiological Consequences Of Differential Translation Efficacies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergism between a simple sugar and a small intrinsically disordered protein mitigate the lethal stresses of severe water loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anhydrobiotes are rare microbes, plants and animals that tolerate severe water loss. Understanding the molecular basis for their desiccation tolerance may provide novel insights into stress biology and critical tools for engineering drought-tolerant crops. Using the anhydrobiote, budding yeast, we show that trehalose and Hsp12, a small intrinsically disordered protein (sIDP) of the hydrophilin family, synergize to mitigate completely the inviability caused by the lethal stresses of desiccation. We show that these two molecules help to stabilize the activity and prevent aggregation of model proteins both in vivo and in vitro. We also identify a novel role for Hsp12 as a membrane remodeler, a protective feature not shared by another yeast hydrophilin, suggesting that sIDPs have distinct biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camdere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergism between a simple sugar and a small intrinsically disordered protein mitigate the lethal stresses of severe water loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 confers elevated resistance to cassava brown streak disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a major constraint on cassava yields in East and Central Africa and threatens production in West Africa. CBSD is caused by two species of positive sense RNA viruses belonging to the family Potyviridae, genus Ipomovirus: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). Diseases caused by the family Potyviridae require the interaction of viral genome-linked protein (VPg) and host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) isoforms. Cassava encodes five eIF4E proteins: eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E-1, eIF(iso)4E-2, novel cap-binding protein-1 (nCBP-1), and nCBP-2. Protein-protein interaction experiments consistently found that VPg proteins associate with cassava nCBPs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was employed to generate ncbp-1, ncbp-2, and ncbp-1/ncbp-2 mutants in cassava cultivar 60444. Challenge with CBSV showed that ncbp-1/ncbp-2 mutants displayed delayed and attenuated CBSD aerial symptoms, as well as reduced severity and incidence of storage root necrosis. Suppressed disease symptoms were correlated with reduced virus titer in storage roots relative to wild-type controls. Our results demonstrate the ability to modify multiple genes simultaneously in cassava to achieve tolerance to CBSD. Future studies will investigate the contribution of remaining eIF4E isoforms on CBSD and translate this knowledge into an optimized strategy for protecting cassava from disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.-J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayaraghavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renninger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 confers elevated resistance to cassava brown streak disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity on Transmission Potential in Vectorial-Contact Networks: A Comparison of Three Aedes aegypti Control Strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue, chikungunya and zika are all transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Despite the strong influence of host spatial distribution and movement patterns on the ability of mosquito vectors to transmit pathogens, there is little understanding how these complex interactions modify the spread of disease in spatially heterogeneous populations. In light of present fears of a worldwide zika epidemic, and failures to eradicate dengue and chikungunya; there is a pressing need to get a better picture of how high-resolution details such as human movement in a small landscape, modify the patterns of transmission of these diseases and how different mosquito-control interventions could be affected by these movements.nnIn this work we use a computational agent-based model (ABM) to simulate mosquito-human interactions in two different levels of spatial heterogeneity, with human movement, and in the presence of three mosquito-control interventions (spatial spraying, the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and release of insects with dominant lethal gene). To analyse the results from each of these experiments we examined mosquito population dynamics and host to host contact networks that emerged from the distribution of consecutive bites across humans. We then compared results across experiments to understand the differential effectiveness of different interventions in both the presence and absence of spatial heterogeneities, and analysed network measures of epidemiological relevance (degree probability distributions, mean path length, network density and small-worldness).nnFrom our experiments we conclude that spatial heterogeneity greatly influences how a pathogen may spread in a host population when mediated by a mosquito vector, and that these important heterogeneities also strongly affect effectiveness of interventions. Finally, we demonstrate that these host to host vectorial-contact networks can provide operationally important information to inform selection of optimal vector-control strategies.nnAuthor SummaryMosquito-borne diseases transmission patterns arise from the complex interactions between hosts and vector. Because these interactions are influenced by host and vector behaviour, spatial constraints, and other factors they are amongst the most difficult to understand. In this work, we use our computational agent-based model: SoNA3BS; to simulate two spatially different settings in the presence and absence of three different mosquito-control interventions: fogging, the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and the release of insects with dominant lethal gene. Throughout these simulations, we record mosquito population dynamics and mosquito bites on persons. We then compare mosquito population dynamics to the vectorial-contact networks (that emerge from subsequent mosquito bites between humans) and, after performing these comparisons, we proceeded to show that even when mosquito population sizes are almost equal in both spatial settings, the resulting vectorial-contact networks are radically different. This has profound implications in our understanding of how mosquito-borne diseases spread in human populations and is relevant to the effective use of resources allocated to stop these pathogens from causing more harm in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity on Transmission Potential in Vectorial-Contact Networks: A Comparison of Three Aedes aegypti Control Strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Drug Discovery in Nanoliter Droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combinatorial drug treatment strategies perturb biological networks synergistically to achieve therapeutic effects and represent major opportunities to develop advanced treatments across a variety of human disease areas. However, the discovery of new combinatorial treatments is challenged by the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical space. Here we report a high-throughput system for nanoliter-scale phenotypic screening that stabilizes a chemical library in nanoliter droplet emulsions and automates the formulation of chemical combinations en mass using parallel droplet processing. We apply this system to predict synergy between more than 4,000 investigational and approved drugs and a panel of 10 antibiotics against E. coli, a model Gram-negative pathogen. We found a range of drugs not previously indicated for infectious disease that synergize with antibiotics. Our validated hits include drugs that synergize with the antibiotics vancomycin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, which are used against Gram-positive bacteria but are not effective by themselves to resolve Gram-negative infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulesa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Drug Discovery in Nanoliter Droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiota are shaped by a combination of ecological and evolutionary forces. While the ecological dynamics have been extensively studied, much less is known about how species of gut bacteria evolve over time. Here we introduce a model-based framework for quantifying evolutionary dynamics within and across hosts using a panel of metagenomic samples. We use this approach to study evolution in [~]30 prevalent species in the human gut. Although the patterns of between-host diversity are consistent with quasi-sexual evolution and purifying selection on long timescales, we identify new genealogical signatures that challenge standard population genetic models of these processes. Within hosts, we find that genetic differences that accumulate over [~]6 month timescales are only rarely attributable to replacement by distantly related strains. Instead, the resident strains more commonly acquire a smaller number of putative evolutionary changes, in which nucleotide variants or gene gains or losses rapidly sweep to high frequency. By comparing these mutations with the typical between-host differences, we find evidence that some sweeps are seeded by recombination, in addition to new mutations. However, comparisons of adult twins suggest that replacement eventually overwhelms evolution over multi-decade timescales, hinting at fundamental limits to the extent of local adaptation. Together, our results suggest that gut bacteria can evolve on human-relevant timescales, and they highlight the connections between these short-term evolutionary dynamics and longer-term evolution across hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of strong purifying selection on genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purifying selection reduces genetic diversity, both at sites under direct selection and at linked neutral sites. This process, known as background selection, is thought to play an important role in shaping genomic diversity in natural populations. Yet despite its importance, the effects of background selection are not fully understood. Previous theoretical analyses of this process have taken a backwards-time approach based on the structured coalescent. While they provide some insight, these methods are either limited to very small samples or are computationally prohibitive. Here, we present a new forward-time analysis of the trajectories of both neutral and deleterious mutations at a nonrecombining locus. We find that strong purifying selection leads to remarkably rich dynamics: neutral mutations can exhibit sweep-like behavior, and deleterious mutations can reach substantial frequencies even when they are guaranteed to eventually go extinct. Our analysis of these dynamics allows us to calculate analytical expressions for the full site frequency spectrum. We find that whenever background selection is strong enough to lead to a reduction in genetic diversity, it also results in substantial distortions to the site frequency spectrum, which can mimic the effects of population expansions or positive selection. Because these distortions are most pronounced in the low and high frequency ends of the spectrum, they become particularly important in larger samples, but may have small effects in smaller samples. We also apply our forward-time framework to calculate other quantities, such as the ultimate fates of polymorphisms or the fitnesses of their ancestral backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cvijovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of strong purifying selection on genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics reveals that Saccharibacteria utilize microbially processed plant derived carbon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe transformation of plant photosynthate into soil organic carbon and its recycling to CO2 by soil microorganisms is one of the central components of the terrestrial carbon cycle. There are currently large knowledge gaps related to which soil-associated microorganisms take up plant carbon in the rhizosphere and the fate of that carbon.nnResultsWe conducted an experiment in which common wild oats (Avena fatua) were grown in a 13CO2 atmosphere and the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil was sampled for genomic analyses. Density gradient centrifugation of DNA extracted from soil samples enabled distinction of microbes that did and did not incorporate the 13C into their DNA. A 1.45 Mbp genome of a Saccharibacteria (TM7) was identified and, despite the microbial complexity of rhizosphere soil, curated to completion. The genome lacks many biosynthetic pathways, including genes required to synthesize DNA de novo. Rather, it requires externally-derived nucleotides for DNA and RNA synthesis. Given this, we conclude that rhizosphere-associated Saccharibacteria recycle DNA from bacteria that live off plant exudates and/or phage that acquired 13C because they preyed upon these bacteria and/or directly from the labelled plant DNA. Isotopic labeling indicates that the population was replicating during the six-week period of plant growth. Interestingly, the genome is ~30% larger than other complete Saccharibacteria genomes from non-soil environments, largely due to more genes for complex carbon utilization and amino acid metabolism. Given the ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch and 1,3-{beta}-glucan, we predict that this Saccharibacteria generates energy by fermentation of soil necromass and plant root exudates to acetate or lactate. The genome encodes a linear electron transport chain featuring a terminal oxidase, suggesting that this Saccharibacteria may respire aerobically. The genome encodes a hydrolase that could breakdown salicylic acid, a plant defense signaling molecule, and genes to make a variety of isoprenoids, including the plant hormone zeatin.nnConclusionsRhizosphere Saccharibacteria likely depend on other bacteria for basic cellular building blocks. We propose that isotopically labeled CO2 is incorporated into plant-derived carbon and then into the DNA of rhizosphere organisms capable of nucleotide synthesis, and the nucleotides are recycled into Saccharibacterial genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazewicz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics reveals that Saccharibacteria utilize microbially processed plant derived carbon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ancestral animal genetic toolkit revealed by diverse choanoflagellate transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals can be reconstructed by comparison with their sister group, the choanoflagellates. However, only two choanoflagellate genomes are currently available, providing poor coverage of their diversity. We sequenced transcriptomes of 19 additional choanoflagellate species to produce a comprehensive reconstruction of the gains and losses that shaped the ancestral animal gene repertoire. We find roughly 1,700 gene families with origins on the animal stem lineage, of which only a core set of 36 are conserved across animals. We find more than 350 gene families that were previously thought to be animal-specific actually evolved before the animal-choanoflagellate divergence, including Notch and Delta, Toll-like receptors, and glycosaminoglycan hydrolases that regulate animal extracellular matrix (ECM). In the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca helianthica, we show that a glycosaminoglycan hydrolase modulates rosette colony size, suggesting a link between ECM regulation and morphogenesis in choanoflagellates and animals.nnData AvailabilityRaw sequencing reads: NCBI BioProject PRJNA419411 (19 choanoflagellate transcriptomes), PRJNA420352 (S. rosetta polyA selection test)nnTranscriptome assemblies, annotations, and gene families: https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5686984nnProtocols: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.kwscxee
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fozouni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ancestral animal genetic toolkit revealed by diverse choanoflagellate transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons from simple marine models on the bacterial regulation of eukaryotic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular cues from environmental bacteria influence important developmental decisions in diverse marine eukaryotes. Yet, relatively little is understood about the mechanisms underlying these interactions, in part because marine ecosystems are dynamic and complex. With the help of simple model systems, including the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, we have begun to uncover the bacterial cues that shape eukaryotic development in the ocean. Here, we review how diverse bacterial cues - from lipids to macromolecules - regulate development in marine eukaryotes. It is becoming clear that there are networks of chemical information circulating in the ocean, with both eukaryotes and bacteria acting as nodes; one eukaryote can precisely respond to cues from several diverse environmental bacteria, and a single environmental bacterium can regulate the development of different eukaryotes.nnHighlightsO_LICues from environmental bacteria influence the development of many marine eukaryotesnC_LIO_LIThe molecular cues produced by environmental bacteria are structurally diversenC_LIO_LIEukaryotes can respond to many different environmental bacterianC_LIO_LISome environmental bacteria act as "information hubs" for diverse eukaryotesnC_LIO_LIExperimentally tractable systems, like the choanoflagellate S. rosetta, promise to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying these interactionsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons from simple marine models on the bacterial regulation of eukaryotic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoe&#x0308;tes using Bayesian model-averaged ancestral state reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the evolution of characters in Isoetes has been problematic, as these plants are morphologically conservative and yet highly variable and homoplasious within that conserved base morphology. However, molecular phylogenies have given us a valuable tool to test hypothesis of character evolution within the genus. One such hypothesis is that extant Isoetes have undergone a morphological reduction from larger arborescent lycophyte ancestors. In this work we examine the reduction in lobe numbers on the underground trunk, or corm, over evolutionary time. Using reversible-jump MCMC and Bayesian inference, our results support the hypothesis of a directional reduction in lobe number in Isoetes, with the best-supported model of character evolution being one of irreversible reduction. Furthermore, the most probable ancestral corm lobe number of extant Isoetes is three, and a reduction to two lobes has occurred at least six times. From our results, we can infer that corm lobation, like many other traits in Isoetes, shows a degree of homoplasy, yet also shows ongoing evolutionary reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoe&#x0308;tes using Bayesian model-averaged ancestral state reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Differentiation at the HLA Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing selection is defined as a class of selective regimes that maintain polymorphism above what is expected under neutrality. Theory predicts that balancing selection reduces population differentiation, as measured by FST. However, balancing selection regimes in which different sets of alleles are maintained in different populations could increase population differentiation. To tackle this issue, we investigated population differentiation at the HLA genes, which constitute the most striking example of balancing selection in humans. We found that population differentiation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the HLA genes is on average lower than that of SNPs in other genomic regions. However, this result depends on accounting for the differences in allele frequency between selected and putatively neutral sites. Our finding of reduced differentiation at SNPs within HLA genes suggests a predominant role of shared selective pressures among populations at a global scale. However, in pairs of closely related populations, where genome-wide differentiation is low, differentiation at HLA is higher than in other genomic regions. This pattern was reproduced in simulations of overdominant selection. We conclude that population differentiation at the HLA genes is generally lower than genome-wide, but it may be higher for recently diverged population pairs, and that this pattern can be explained by a simple overdominance regime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, D. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Differentiation at the HLA Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive measurement of mRNA decay reveals translation initiation as the major determinant of mRNA stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic abundance of mRNAs is strictly controlled through a balance of production and degradation. Whereas the control of mRNA synthesis through transcription has been well characterized, less is known about the regulation of mRNA turnover, and a consensus model explaining the wide variations in mRNA decay rates remains elusive. Here, we combine non-invasive transcriptome-wide mRNA production and stability measurements with selective and acute perturbations to demonstrate that mRNA degradation is tightly coupled to the regulation of translation, and that a competition between translation initiation and mRNA decay -but not codon optimality or elongation- is the major determinant of mRNA stability in yeast. Our refined measurements also reveal a remarkably dynamic transcriptome with an average mRNA half-life of only 4.8 minutes - much shorter than previously thought. Furthermore, global mRNA destabilization by inhibition of translation initiation induces a dose-dependent formation of processing bodies in which mRNAs can decay over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallotton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive measurement of mRNA decay reveals translation initiation as the major determinant of mRNA stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous eye blink rate and dopamine synthesis capacity: Preliminary evidence for an absence of positive correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine is central to a number of cognitive functions and brain disorders. Given the cost of neurochemical imaging in humans, behavioral proxy measures of dopamine have gained in popularity in the past decade, such as spontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR). Increased sEBR is commonly associated with increased dopamine function based on pharmacological evidence and patient studies. Yet, this hypothesis has not been validated using in vivo measures of dopamine function in humans. In order to fill this gap, we measured sEBR and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity using [18F]DOPA PET in 20 participants (9 healthy individuals and 11 pathological gamblers). Our results, based on frequentist and Bayesian statistics, as well as region-of-interest and voxel-wise analyses, argue against a positive relationship between sEBR and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. They show that, if anything, the evidence is in favor of a negative relationship. These results, which complement findings from a recent study that failed to observe a relationship between sEBR and dopamine D2 receptor availability, suggest that caution and nuance are warranted when interpreting sEBR in terms of a proxy measure of striatal dopamine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sescousse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligneul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Holst, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagust, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous eye blink rate and dopamine synthesis capacity: Preliminary evidence for an absence of positive correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal cortex regulates amygdala response to threat in trait anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHighly co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders are associated with aberrant fronto-limbic signalling during emotional processing. Animal models suggest that hypoactive prefrontal cortex weakens top-down control of limbic structures, causing heightened limbic and behavioural reactivity to negative information. Here we tested for this causal mechanism in human trait anxiety. We reasoned that if dorsolateral prefrontal cortex controls amygdala response to affective information, then stimulation of that brain region should reduce the hyperactive amygdala threat responsivity seen in trait anxiety.nnMethodsUsing a within-subjects design, sixteen high-trait anxious females received active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in counterbalanced order, with sessions timed to be at least one month apart. Each session was followed immediately by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan during which participants performed an attentional task with threat-related distractors.nnResultsAs predicted, compared to sham stimulation, active prefrontal cortex stimulation reduced amygdala threat reactivity and simultaneously increased activity in cortical regions associated with attentional control and improved task accuracy.nnConclusionsThese results demonstrate a causal role for impoverished frontal regulation of amygdaloid function in attentional capture by threat in trait anxiety. The finding that prefrontal stimulation reduces amygdala threat reactivity acutely indicates a neurocognitive mechanism that could contribute to tDCS treatment effects in affective disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ironside, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekyi-Djan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal cortex regulates amygdala response to threat in trait anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping for high-resolutionmulti-cell targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterning light at the single-cell level over multiple neurons in the brain is crucial for optogenetic photostimulation that can recapitulate natural activity patterns and, thereby, determine the role of specific components of brain activity in behavior. To this end we have developed a method for projecting three-dimensional, 2-photon excitation patterns that are confined to many individual neurons. The new versatile optical scheme generates multiple extended excitation spots in a large volume with micrometric lateral and axial resolution. Two-dimensional temporally focused shapes are multiplexed several times over selected positions, thanks to the precise spatial phase modulation of the pulsed beam. This permits, under multiple configurations, the generation of tens of axially confined spots in an extended volume, spanning a range in depth of up to 500 m. We demonstrate the potential of the approach by performing multi-cell volumetric excitation of photoactivatable GCaMP in the central nervous system of Drosophila larvae, a challenging structure with densely arrayed and small diameter neurons, and by photoconverting the fluorescent protein Kaede in zebrafish larvae. Our technique paves the way for the optogenetic manipulation of a large number of neurons in intact circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Accanto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanese, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronzitti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiakoumou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiliani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping for high-resolutionmulti-cell targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome-by-ethanol interactions impact Drosophila melanogaster fitness and physiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/217240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethanol is one of the worlds most abused drugs yet the impacts of chronic ethanol consumption are debated. Ethanol is a prevalent component in the diets of diverse animals and can act as a nutritional source, behavior modulator, and a toxin. The source of ethanol is microbes, which can both produce and degrade ethanol, and the gut microbiome has been associated with differential health outcomes in chronic alcoholism. To disentangle the various and potentially interacting roles of bacteria and ethanol on host health, we developed a model for chronic ethanol ingestion in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which naturally consumes a diet between 0 and 5% ethanol. We took advantage of the tractability of the fly microbiome, which can be experimentally removed to separate the direct and indirect effects of commensal microbes. We found that moderate to heavy ethanol ingestion decreased lifespan and reproduction, without causing inebriation. These effects were more pronounced in flies lacking a microbiome, but could not be explained by simple bacterial degradation of ethanol. However, moderate ethanol ingestion increased reproduction in bacterially-colonized flies, relative to bacteria-free flies. Ethanol decreased intestinal stem cell turnover in bacterially-colonized flies and decreased intestinal barrier failure and increased fat content in all flies, regardless of microbiome status. Analysis of host gene expression finds that ethanol triggers the innate immune response, but only in flies colonized with bacteria. Taken together we show that, chronic ethanol ingestion negatively impacts fly health in a microbiome-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocent, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome-by-ethanol interactions impact Drosophila melanogaster fitness and physiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/218164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To defend against their adversaries, bacteria and phage engage in cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation that shape their mutual evolution1-3. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is antagonized by phages in the environment as well as in human hosts4,5. The lytic phage ICP1 has been recovered from cholera patient stool and water samples over at least 12 years in Bangladesh6-8 and is consequently considered a persistent predator of epidemic V. cholerae in this region. In previous work, we demonstrated that mobile genetic elements called phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) protect V. cholerae from ICP1 infection7,9. PLEs initiate their anti-phage response by excising from the chromosome, however, the mechanism and molecular specificity underlying this response are not known. Here, we show that PLE 1 encodes a large serine recombinase, Int, that exploits an ICP1-specific protein, PexA, as a recombination directionality factor (RDF) to sense and excise in response to ICP1 infection. We validate the functionality and specificity of this unique recombination system, in which the recombinase and RDF are encoded in separate genomes. Additionally, we show that PexA is also hijacked to trigger excision in PLEs found in V. cholerae isolates recovered decades ago. Our results uncover an aspect of the molecular specificity underlying the longstanding conflict between a single predatory phage and V. cholerae PLE and contribute to our understanding of the molecular arms race that drives long-term evolution between combatting phage and their bacterial hosts in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a highly heritable complex phenotype, demonstrates sexual dimorphism in age of onset and clinical presentation, suggesting a possible sex difference in underlying genetic architecture. We present the first genome-wide characterization of the sex-specific genetic architecture of OCD, utilizing the largest set of OCD cases and controls available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We assessed evidence for several mechanisms that may contribute to sexual-dimorphism including a sexually dimorphic liability threshold, the presence of individual sex-specific risk variants on the autosomes and the X chromosome, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and sex-specific pleiotropic effects. We observed a strong genetic correlation between male and female OCD and no evidence for a sexually dimorphic liability threshold model. While we did not detect any sex-specific genome-wide associations, we observed that the SNPs with sexually dimorphic effects showed an enrichment of regulatory variants influencing expression of genes in immune tissues. Furthermore, top sex-specific genome-wide associations were enriched for regulatory variants in different tissues, suggesting evidence for potential sex difference in the biology underlying risk for OCD. These findings suggest that future studies with larger sample sizes hold great promise for the identification of sex-specific risk factors for OCD, significantly advancing our understanding of the differences in the genetic basis of sexually dimorphic neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TS/OCD Psychiatric Genomics Disorders Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal eye movements for seeing fine details 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human eyes are never stable, even during attempts of maintaining gaze on a visual target. Considering transient response characteristics of retinal ganglion cells, a certain amount of motion of the eyes is required to efficiently encode information and to prevent neural adaptation. However, excessive motion of the eyes leads to insufficient exposure to the stimuli which creates blur and reduces visual acuity. Normal miniature eye movements fall in between these extremes but it is unclear if they are optimally tuned for seeing fine spatial details. We used a state-of-the-art retinal imaging technique with eye tracking to address this question. We sought to determine the optimal gain (stimulus/eye motion ratio) that corresponds to maximum performance in an orientation discrimination task performed at the fovea. We found that miniature eye movements are tuned, but may not be optimal, for seeing fine spatial details.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agaoglu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehy, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal eye movements for seeing fine details]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small signaling molecule auxin controls numerous developmental processes in land plants, acting mostly by regulating gene expression. Auxin response proteins are represented by large families of diverse functions, but neither their origin nor their evolution is understood. Here we use a deep phylogenomics approach to reconstruct both the origin and the evolutionary trajectory of all nuclear auxin response protein families. We found that, while all subdomains are ancient, a complete auxin response mechanism is limited to land plants. Functional phylogenomics predicts defined steps in the evolution of response system properties, and comparative transcriptomics across six ancient lineages revealed how these innovations shaped a sophisticated response mechanism. Genetic analysis in a basal land plant revealed unexpected contributions of ancient non-canonical proteins in auxin response as well as auxin-unrelated function of core transcription factors. Our study provides a functional evolutionary framework for understanding diverse functions of the auxin signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melkonian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weijers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The polygenic basis of an ancient divergence in yeast thermotolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/220913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some of the most unique and compelling survival strategies in the natural world are fixed in isolated species. To date, molecular insight into these ancient adaptations has been limited, as classic experimental genetics has focused on interfertile individuals in populations. Here we use a new mapping approach, which screens mutants in a sterile interspecific hybrid, to identify eight housekeeping genes that underlie the growth advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae over its distant relative S. paradoxus at high temperature. Pro-thermotolerance alleles at these mapped loci were required for the adaptive trait in S. cerevisiae and sufficient for its partial reconstruction in S. paradoxus. The emerging picture is one in which S. cerevisiae improved the heat resistance of multiple components of the fundamental growth machinery in response to selective pressure. This study lays the groundwork for the mapping of genotype to phenotype in clades of sister species across Eukarya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roop, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The polygenic basis of an ancient divergence in yeast thermotolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computationally modeling changes in binding free energies upon mutation (interface {Delta}{Delta}G) allows large-scale prediction and perturbation of protein-protein interactions. Additionally, methods that consider and sample relevant conformational plasticity should be able to achieve higher prediction accuracy over methods that do not. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method within the Rosetta macromolecular modeling suite (flex ddG) that samples conformational diversity using "backrub" to generate an ensemble of models, then applying torsion minimization, side chain repacking and averaging across this ensemble to estimate interface {Delta}{Delta}G values. We tested our method on a curated benchmark set of 1240 mutants, and found the method outperformed existing methods that sampled conformational space to a lesser degree. We observed considerable improvements with flex ddG over existing methods on the subset of small side chain to large side chain mutations, as well as for multiple simultaneous non-alanine mutations, stabilizing mutations, and mutations in antibody-antigen interfaces. Finally, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) approach to the Rosetta energy function; the resulting non-linear reweighting model improved agreement with experimentally determined interface DDG values, but also highlights the necessity of future energy function improvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanochemical Coupling and Bi-Phasic Force-Velocity Dependence in the Ultra-Fast Ring ATPase SpoIIIE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-subunit ring-shaped ATPases are molecular motors that harness chemical free energy to perform vital mechanical tasks such as polypeptide translocation, DNA unwinding, and chromosome segregation. Previously we reported the intersubunit coordination and stepping behavior of the hexameric ring-shaped ATPase SpoIIIE (Liu et al., 2015). Here we use optical tweezers to characterize the motors mechanochemistry. Analysis of the motor response to external force at various nucleotide concentrations identifies phosphate release as the likely force-generating step. Analysis of SpoIIIE pausing indicates that pauses are off-pathway events. Characterization of SpoIIIE slipping behavior reveals that individual motor subunits engage DNA upon ATP binding. Furthermore, we find that SpolIIEs velocity exhibits an intriguing bi-phasic dependence on force. We hypothesize that this behavior is an adaptation of ultra-fast motors tasked with translocating DNA from which they must also remove DNA-bound protein roadblocks. Based on these results, we formulate a comprehensive mechanochemical model for SpoIIIE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanochemical Coupling and Bi-Phasic Force-Velocity Dependence in the Ultra-Fast Ring ATPase SpoIIIE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New genes originated relatively recently and are only present in a subset of species in a phylogeny. Accumulated evidence suggests that new genes, like old genes that are conserved across species, can also take on important functions and be essential for the survival and reproductive success of organisms. While there are detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying gained fertility functions by new genes, how new genes rapidly became essential for viability remains unclear. We focused on a young retro-duplicated gene (CG7804, which we named Cocoon) in Drosophila that originated three million years ago. We found that, unlike its evolutionarily conserved and broadly expressed parental gene, Cocoon has evolved rapidly under positive selection since its birth and accumulates many amino acid divergences at functional sites from the parental gene. Despite its young age, Cocoon is essential for the survival of D. melanogaster at multiple developmental stages, including the critical embryonic stage, and its expression is essential in different tissues from its parental gene. Functional genomic analyses found that Cocoon gained multiple DNA binding targets, which regulates the expression of genes that have other essential functions and/or have multiple gene-gene interactions. Our observations suggest that Cocoon acquired essential function to survival through forming interactions that have large impacts on the gene interaction network. Our study is an important step towards deciphering the evolutionary trajectory by which new genes functionally diverge from the parental gene and become essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes single-stranded DNase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a (Cpf1) proteins are RNA-guided DNA targeting enzymes that bind and cut DNA as components of bacterial adaptive immune systems. Like CRISPR-Cas9, Cas12a can be used as a powerful genome editing tool based on its ability to induce genetic changes in cells at sites of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) cuts. Here we show that RNA-guided DNA binding unleashes robust, non-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cleavage activity in Cas12a sufficient to completely degrade both linear and circular ssDNA molecules within minutes. This activity, catalyzed by the same active site responsible for site-specific dsDNA cutting, indiscriminately shreds ssDNA with rapid multiple-turnover cleavage kinetics. Activation of ssDNA cutting requires faithful recognition of a DNA target sequence matching the 20-nucleotide guide RNA sequence with specificity sufficient to distinguish between closely related viral serotypes. We find that target-dependent ssDNA degradation, not observed for CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes, is a fundamental property of type V CRISPR-Cas12 proteins, revealing a fascinating parallel with the RNA-triggered general RNase activity of the type VI CRISPR-Cas13 enzymes.nnOne Sentence SummaryCas12a (Cpf1) and related type V CRISPR interference proteins possess non-specific, single-stranded DNase activity upon activation by guide RNA-dependent DNA binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes single-stranded DNase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence has revealed that the ancestors of modern human populations outside of Africa and their hominin sister groups, notably the Neanderthals, exchanged genetic material in the past. The distribution of these introgressed sequence-tracts along modern-day human genomes provides insight into the ancient structure and migration patterns of these archaic populations. Furthermore, it facilitates studying the selective processes that lead to the accumulation or depletion of introgressed genetic variation. Recent studies have developed methods to localize these introgressed regions, reporting long regions that are depleted of Neanderthal introgression and enriched in genes, suggesting negative selection against the Neanderthal variants. On the other hand, enriched Neanderthal ancestry in hair- and skin-related genes suggests that some introgressed variants facilitated adaptation to new environments. Here, we present a model-based method called diCal-admix and apply it to detect tracts of Neanderthal introgression in modern humans. We demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy through extensive simulations. We use our method to detect introgressed regions in modern human individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, using a high coverage genome from a Neanderthal individual from the Altai mountains as reference. Our introgression detection results and findings concerning their functional implications are largely concordant with previous studies, and are consistent with weak selection against Neanderthal ancestry. We find some evidence that selection against Neanderthal ancestry was due to higher genetic load in Neanderthals, resulting from small effective population size, rather than Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. Finally, we investigate the role of the X-chromosome in the divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate Determination of Bacterial Abundances in Human Metagenomes Using Full-length 16S Sequencing Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified marker genes, especially but not limited to the 16S rRNA gene, is perhaps the most common approach for profiling microbial communities. Due to technological constraints of commonly available DNA sequencing, these approaches usually take the form of short reads sequenced from a narrow, targeted variable region, with a corresponding loss of taxonomic resolution relative to the full length marker gene. We use Pacific Biosciences single-molecule, real-time circular consensus sequencing to sequence amplicons spanning the entire length of the 16S rRNA gene. However, this sequencing technology suffers from high sequencing error rate that needs to be addressed in order to take full advantage of the longer sequence. Here, we present a method to model the sequencing error process using a generalized pair hidden Markov chain model and estimate bacterial abundances in microbial samples. We demonstrate, with simulated and real data, that our model and its associated estimation procedure are able to give accurate estimates at the species (or subspecies) level, and is more flexible than existing methods like SImple Non-Bayesian TAXonomy (SINTAX).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullard, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate Determination of Bacterial Abundances in Human Metagenomes Using Full-length 16S Sequencing Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of next generation sequencing methods has led to an increasing availability of large, multi-tissue datasets which contain gene expression measurements across different tissues and individuals. In this setting, variation in expression levels arises due to contributions specific to genes, tissues, individuals, and interactions thereof. Classical clustering methods are illsuited to explore these three-way interactions, and struggle to fully extract the insights into transcriptome complexity and regulation contained in the data. Thus, to exploit the multi-mode structure of the data, new methods are required. To this end, we propose a new method, called MultiCluster, based on constrained tensor decomposition which permits the investigation of transcriptome variation across individuals and tissues simultaneously. Through simulation and application to the GTEx RNA-seq data, we show that our tensor decomposition identifies three-way clusters with higher accuracy, while being 11x faster, than the competing Bayesian method. For several age-, race-, or gender-related genes, the tensor projection approach achieves increased significance over single-tissue analysis by two orders of magnitude. Our analysis finds gene modules consistent with existing knowledge while further detecting novel candidate genes exhibiting either tissue-, individual-, or tissue-by-individual specificity. These identified genes and gene modules offer bases for future study, and the uncovered multi-way specificities provide a finer, more nuanced snapshot of transcriptome variation than previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exquisite spatiotemporal precision of human intracranial EEG recordings (iEEG) permits characterizing neural processing with a level of detail that is inaccessible to scalp-EEG, MEG, or fMRI. However, the same qualities that make iEEG an exceptionally powerful tool also present unique challenges. Until now, the fusion of anatomical data (MRI and CT images) with the electrophysiological data and its subsequent analysis has relied on technologically and conceptually challenging combinations of software. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that addresses the complexities associated with human iEEG, providing complete transparency and flexibility in the evolution of raw data into illustrative representations. The protocol is directly integrated with an open source toolbox for electrophysiological data analysis (FieldTrip). This allows iEEG researchers to build on a continuously growing body of scriptable and reproducible analysis methods that, over the past decade, have been developed and employed by a large research community. We demonstrate the protocol for an example complex iEEG data set to provide an intuitive and rapid approach to dealing with both neuroanatomical information and large electrophysiological data sets. We explain how the protocol can be largely automated, taking under an hour to complete, and readily adjusted to iEEG data sets with other characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostenveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competing accounts propose that working memory (WM) is subserved either by persistent activity in single neurons or by dynamic (time-varying) activity across a neural population. Here we compare these hypotheses across four regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a spatial WM task, where an intervening distractor indicated the reward available for a correct saccade. WM representations were strongest in ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) neurons with higher intrinsic temporal stability (time-constant). At the population-level, although a stable mnemonic state was reached during the delay, this tuning geometry was reversed relative to cue-period selectivity, and was disrupted by the distractor. Single-neuron analysis revealed many neurons switched to coding reward, rather than maintaining task-relevant spatial selectivity until saccade. These results imply WM is fulfilled by dynamic, population-level activity within high time-constant neurons. Rather than persistent activity supporting stable mnemonic representations that bridge distraction, PFC neurons may stabilise a dynamic population-level process that supports WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennerley, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fungal pathogen that robustly manipulates the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microbes induce striking behavioral changes in their animal hosts, but how they achieve this is poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. Mechanistic understanding has been largely constrained by the lack of a model system with advanced tools for molecular manipulation. We recently discovered a strain of the behavior-manipulating fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae infecting wild Drosophila, and established methods to infect D. melanogaster in the lab. Lab-infected flies manifest the moribund behaviors characteristic of E. muscae infection: hours before death, they climb upward, extend their proboscides and affix in place, then raise their wings, clearing a path for infectious spores to launch from their abdomens. We found that E. muscae invades the fly nervous system, suggesting a direct means by which the fungus could induce behavioral changes. Given the vast molecular toolkit available for D. melanogaster, we believe this new system will enable rapid progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of E. muscaes behavioral manipulation in the fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lok, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, Q. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fungal pathogen that robustly manipulates the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin structures required for transcriptional silencing of the HML and HMR loci are duplicated in coordination with passing DNA replication forks. Despite major reorganization of chromatin structure, the heterochromatic, transcriptionally-silent states of HML and HMR are successfully maintained throughout S-phase. Mutations of specific components of the replisome diminish the capacity to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through replication. Similarly, mutations in histone chaperones involved in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly reduce gene silencing. Bridging these observations, we determined that the PCNA unloading activity of Elg1 was important for coordinating DNA replication forks with the process of replication-coupled nucleosome assembly to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through S-phase. Collectively these data identified a mechanism by which chromatin reassembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silencing through S-phase.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDNA replication poses a unique logistical challenge for the cell in that structural features of chromatin and their regulatory functions must be carefully coordinated with passage of replication machinery so faithful duplication of both the genome and its chromatin structures may be achieved. Nucleosome assembly is fundamental to reestablishment of chromatin in the wake of DNA replication, and here a mechanism by which nucleosome assembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silenced chromatin is described.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On negative heritability and negative estimates of heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe consider the problem of interpreting negative maximum likelihood estimates of heritability that sometimes arise from popular statistical models of additive genetic variation. These may result from random noise acting on estimates of genuinely positive heritability, but we argue that they may also arise from misspecification of the standard additive mechanism that is supposed to justify the statistical procedure. Researchers should be open to the possibility that negative heritability estimates could reflect a real physical feature of the biological process from which the data were sampled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinsaltz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On negative heritability and negative estimates of heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), which describes the distribution of mutant alleles in a sample of DNA sequences, is a widely used summary statistic in population genetics. The expected SFS has a strong dependence on the historical population demography and this property is exploited by popular statistical methods to infer complex demographic histories from DNA sequence data. Most, if not all, of these inference methods exhibit pathological behavior, however. Specifically, they often display runaway behavior in optimization, where the inferred population sizes and epoch durations can degenerate to 0 or diverge to infinity, and show undesirable sensitivity of the inferred demography to perturbations in the data. The goal of this paper is to provide theoretical insights into why such problems arise. To this end, we characterize the geometry of the expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographic histories and use our results to show that the aforementioned pathological behavior of popular inference methods is intrinsic to the geometry of the expected SFS. We provide explicit descriptions and visualizations for a toy model with sample size 4, and generalize our intuition to arbitrary sample sizes n using tools from convex and algebraic geometry. We also develop a universal characterization result which shows that the expected SFS of a sample of size n under an arbitrary population history can be recapitulated by a piecewise-constant demography with only{kappa} n epochs, where{kappa} n is between n/2 and 2n - 1. The set of expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographies with fewer than{kappa} n epochs is open and non-convex, which causes the above phenomena for inference from data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tortoise and the hare: interactions between reinforcement learning and working memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to make rewarding choices in response to stimuli depends on a slow but steady process, reinforcement learning, and a fast and flexible, but capacity limited process, working memory. Using both systems in parallel, with their contributions weighted based on performance, should allow us to leverage the best of each system: rapid early learning, supplemented by long term robust acquisition. However, this assumes that using one process does not interfere with the other. We use computational modeling to investigate the interactions between the two processes in a behavioral experiment, and show that working memory interferes with reinforcement learning. Previous research showed that neural representations of reward prediction errors, a key marker of reinforcement learning, were blunted when working memory was used for learning. We thus predicted that arbitrating in favor of working memory to learn faster in simple problems would weaken the reinforcement learning process. We tested this by measuring performance in a delayed testing phase where the use of working memory was impossible, and thus subject choices depended on reinforcement learning. Counter-intuitively, but confirming our predictions, we observed that associations learned most easily were retained worse than associations learned slower: using working memory to learn quickly came at the cost of long-term retention. Computational modeling confirmed that this could only be accounted for by working memory interference in reinforcement learning computations. These results further our understanding of how multiple systems contribute in parallel to human learning, and may have important applications for education and computational psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tortoise and the hare: interactions between reinforcement learning and working memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic measurement biases make data normalization an essential preprocessing step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. There may be multiple, competing considerations behind the assessment of normalization performance, some of them study-specific. Because normalization can have a large impact on downstream results (e.g., clustering and differential expression), it is critically important that practitioners assess the performance of competing methods.nnWe have developed scone -- a flexible framework for assessing normalization performance based on a comprehensive panel of data-driven metrics. Through graphical summaries and quantitative reports, scone summarizes performance trade-offs and ranks large numbers of normalization methods by aggregate panel performance. The method is implemented in the open-source Bioconductor R software package scone. We demonstrate the effectiveness of scone on a collection of scRNA-seq datasets, generated with different protocols, including Fluidigm C1 and 10x platforms. We show that top-performing normalization methods lead to better agreement with independent validation data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general method to predict the effect of single amino acid substitutions on enzyme catalytic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/236265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past thirty years, site-directed mutagenesis has become established as one of the most powerful techniques to probe enzyme reaction mechanisms1-3. Substitutions of active site residues are most likely to yield significant perturbations in kinetic parameters, but there are many examples of profound changes in these values elicited by remote mutations4-6. Ortholog comparisons of extant sequences show that many mutations do not have profound influence on enzyme function. As the number of potential single natural amino acid substitutions that can be introduced in a protein of N amino acids in length by directed mutation is very large (19 * N), it would be useful to have a method to predict which amino acid substitutions are more likely to introduce significant changes in kinetic parameters in order to design meaningful probes into enzyme function. What is especially desirable is the identification of critical residues that do not contact the substrate directly, and may be remote from the active site.nnWe collected literature data reflecting the effects of 2,804 mutations on kinetic properties for 12 enzymes. These data along with characteristic predictors were used in a machine-learning scheme to train a classifier to predict the effect of mutation. Use of this algorithm allows one to predict with a 2.5-fold increase in precision, if a given mutation, made anywhere in the enzyme, will cause a decrease in kcat/Km value of [&ge;] 95%. The improved precision allows the experimentalist to reduce the number of mutations necessary to probe the enzyme reaction mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general method to predict the effect of single amino acid substitutions on enzyme catalytic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying biases in test-negative studies of vaccine effectiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Test-negative designs have become commonplace in assessments of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine effectiveness is measured from the exposure odds ratio (OR) of vaccination among individuals seeking treatment for acute respiratory illness and receiving a laboratory test for influenza infection. This approach is widely believed to correct for differential healthcare-seeking behavior among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. However, the relation of the measured OR to true vaccine effectiveness is poorly understood. We derive the OR under circumstances of real-world test-negative studies. The OR recovers the true vaccine direct effect when two conditions are met: (1) that individuals vaccination decisions are uncorrelated with exposure or susceptibility to infection, and (2) that vaccination confers "all-or-nothing" protection (whereby certain individuals have no protection while others are perfectly protected). Biased effect size estimates arise if either condition is unmet. Such bias may suggest misleading associations of the OR with time since vaccination or the force of infection of influenza. The test-negative design may also fail to correct for differential healthcare-seeking behavior among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons without stringent criteria for enrollment and testing. Our findings demonstrate a need to reassess how data from test-negative studies are interpreted for policy decisions conventionally based on causal inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedijanto, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying biases in test-negative studies of vaccine effectiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
50 Hz volumetric functional imaging with continuously adjustable depth of focus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neural circuits control behavior requires monitoring a large population of neurons with high spatial resolution and volume rate. Here we report an axicon-based Bessel beam module with continuously adjustable depth of focus (CADoF), which turns frame rate into volume rate by extending the excitation focus in axial direction while maintaining high lateral resolutions. Cost-effective and compact, this CADoF Bessel module can be easily integrated into existing two-photon fluorescence microscopes. Simply translating one of the relay lenses along its optical axis enabled continuous adjustment of the focal length. We used this module to simultaneously monitor activity of spinal projection neurons extending over 60 m depth in larval zebrafish at 50 Hz volume rate with adjustable imaging thickness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taminoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[50 Hz volumetric functional imaging with continuously adjustable depth of focus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi’s iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back 40 Myr ago. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesis fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification, and that much of the its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric data sets derived from Sulawesis three largest mammals: the Babirusa, Anoa, and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Myr ago to 2-3 Myr ago), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that recent emergence of land on Sulawesi (~1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicates that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frantz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudzinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansyursyah Surya Nugraha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme-Beaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving-Pease, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shephard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillemot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Hurk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atofanei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damayanti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiryadi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obbles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Rintelen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbusera, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi’s iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of an arabinopyranosyltransferase from Physcomitrella patens involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hemicellulose xyloglucan consists of a backbone of a {beta}-1,4 glucan substituted with xylosyl moieties and many other, diverse sidechains that are important for its proper function. Many, but not all glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan have been identified. Here, we report the identification of an hitherto elusive xyloglucan:arabinopyranosyltransferase. This glycosyltransferase was isolated from the moss Physcomitrella patens, where it acts as a Xyloglucan "D"-side-chain Transferase (XDT). Heterologous expression of XDT in the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant mur3.1 xlt2, where xyloglucan consists of a xylosylated glucan without further glycosyl substituents, results in the production of the arabinopyranose-containing "D" side chain as characterized by oligosaccharide mass profiling, glycosidic linkage analysis, and NMR analysis. In addition, expression of a related Physcomitrella glycosyltransferase hortholog of XLT2 leads to the production of the galactose-containing "L" side chain. The presence of the "D" and "L" xyloglucan side chains in PpXDT mur3.1 xlt2 and PpXLT2 mur3.1 xlt2 transgenic plants, respectively, rescue the dwarfed phenotype of untransformed mur3.1 xlt2 mutants to nearly wild-type height. Expression of PpXDT and PpXLT2 in the Arabidopsis mur3.1 xlt2 mutant also enhanced root growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of an arabinopyranosyltransferase from Physcomitrella patens involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The place cell activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been described as the cognitive map substrate of spatial memory. Replay is observed during hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated population burst events and is critical for consolidation and recall-guided behaviors. To present, population burst event (PBE) activity has been analyzed as a phenomenon subordinate to the place code. Here, we use hidden Markov models to study PBEs observed during exploration of both linear mazes and open fields. We demonstrate that estimated models are consistent with temporal replay sequences and that the latent states correspond to a spatial map of the environment. Moreover, we demonstrate the identification of hippocampal replay without recourse to the place code, using only PBE model congruence. These results suggest that downstream regions may rely on PBEs to form a substrate for memory. Additionally, by forming models independent of animal behavior, we lay the groundwork for studies of non-spatial memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maboudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observing the Cell in Its Native State: Imaging Subcellular Dynamics in Multicellular Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
True physiological imaging of subcellular dynamics requires studying cells within their parent organisms, where all the environmental cues that drive gene expression, and hence the phenotypes we actually observe, are present. A complete understanding also requires volumetric imaging of the cell and its surroundings at high spatiotemporal resolution without inducing undue stress on either. We combined lattice light sheet microscopy with two-channel adaptive optics to achieve, across large multicellular volumes, noninvasive aberration-free imaging of subcellular processes, including endocytosis, organelle remodeling during mitosis, and the migration of axons, immune cells, and metastatic cancer cells in vivo. The technology reveals the phenotypic diversity within cells across different organisms and developmental stages, and may offer insights into how cells harness their intrinsic variability to adapt to different physiological environments.nnOne Sentence SummaryCombining lattice light sheet microscopy with adaptive optics enables high speed, high resolution in vivo 3D imaging of dynamic processes inside cells under physiological conditions within their parent organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinburne, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaliganti, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiscock, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrman, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dambournet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunniff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yashiro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholpp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observing the Cell in Its Native State: Imaging Subcellular Dynamics in Multicellular Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial gradient in activity within the insula reflects dissociable neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent advantageous and disadvantageous inequity aversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are capable of integrating social contextual information into decision-making processes to adjust their attitudes towards inequity. This context-dependency emerges both when individual is better off (i.e. advantageous inequity) and worse off (i.e. disadvantageous inequity) than others. It is not clear however, whether the context-dependent processing of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity rely on dissociable or shared neural mechanisms. Here, by combining an interpersonal interactive game that gave rise to interpersonal guilt and different versions of the dictator games that enabled us to characterize individual weights on aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the two forms of inequity aversion in the interpersonal guilt context. In each round, participants played a dot-estimation task with an anonymous co-player. The co-players received pain stimulation with 50% probability when anyone responded incorrectly. At the end of each round, participants completed a dictator game, which determined payoffs of him/herself and the co-player. Both computational model-based and model-free analyses demonstrated that when inflicting pain upon co-players (i.e., the guilt context), participants cared more about advantageous inequity and became less sensitive to disadvantageous inequity, compared with other social contexts. The contextual effects on two forms of inequity aversion are uncorrelated with each other at the behavioral level. Neuroimaging results revealed that the context-dependent representation of inequity aversion exhibited a spatial gradient in activity within the insula, with anterior parts predominantly involved in the aversion to advantageous inequity and posterior parts predominantly involved in the aversion to disadvantageous inequity. The dissociable mechanisms underlying the two forms of inequity aversion are further supported by the involvement of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in advantageous inequity processing, and the involvement of right amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in disadvantageous inequity processing. These results extended our understanding of decision-making processes involving inequity and the social functions of inequity aversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial gradient in activity within the insula reflects dissociable neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent advantageous and disadvantageous inequity aversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualization of PRC2-Dinucleosome Interactions Leading to Epigenetic Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation is mediated by protein complexes that couple recognition of chromatin marks to activity or recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a gene silencer that methylates lysine 27 of histone H3, is stimulated upon recognition of its own catalytic product, and has been shown to be more active on dinucleosomes than H3 tails or single nucleosomes. These properties likely facilitate local H3K27me2/3 spreading causing heterochromatin formation and gene repression. Here, cryo-EM reconstructions of human PRC2 bound to dinucleosomes show how a single PRC2, interacting with nucleosomal DNA, precisely positions the H3 tails to recognize a H3K27me3 mark in one nucleosome and is stimulated to modify a neighboring nucleosome. The geometry of the PRC2-DNA interactions allow PRC2 to tolerate different dinucleosome geometries due to varying lengths of the linker DNA. Our structures are the first to illustrate how an epigenetic regulator engages with a complex chromatin substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualization of PRC2-Dinucleosome Interactions Leading to Epigenetic Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantum chemistry reveals the thermodynamic principles of redoxbiochemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermodynamics dictates the structure and function of metabolism. Redox reactions drive cellular energy and material flow. Hence, accurately quantifying the thermodynamics of redox reactions should reveal key design principles that shape cellular metabolism. However, only a limited number of redox potentials have been measured experimentally, and mostly with inconsistent, poorly-reported experimental setups. Here, we develop a quantum chemistry approach for the calculation of redox potentials of biochemical reactions. We demonstrate that our method predicts experimentally measured potentials with unparalleled accuracy. We calculate the reduction potentials of all redox pairs that can be generated from biochemically relevant compounds and highlight fundamental thermodynamic trends that define cellular redox biochemistry. We further use the calculated potentials to address the question of why NAD/NADP are used as the primary cellular electron carriers, demonstrating how their physiological redox range specifically fits the reactions of central metabolism and minimizes the concentration of reactive carbonyls. The use of quantum chemistry tools, as demonstrated in this study, can revolutionize our understanding of key biochemical phenomena by enabling fast and accurate calculation of large datasets of thermodynamic values.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jinich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Lengeling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, C. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspuru-Guzik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantum chemistry reveals the thermodynamic principles of redoxbiochemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loop Assembly: a simple and open system for recursive fabrication of DNA circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High efficiency methods for DNA assembly are based on sequence overlap between fragments or Type IIS restriction endonuclease cleavage and ligation. These have enabled routine assembly of synthetic DNAs of increased size and complexity. However, these techniques require customisation, elaborate vector sets and serial manipulations for the different stages of assembly. We present Loop assembly, based on a recursive approach to DNA fabrication. Alternate use of two Type IIS restriction endonucleases and corresponding vector sets allows efficient and parallel assembly of large DNA circuits. Plasmids containing standard Level 0 parts can be assembled into circuits containing 1, 4, 16 or more genes by looping between the two vector sets. The vectors also contain modular sites for hybrid assembly using sequence overlap methods. Loop assembly provides a simple generalised solution for DNA construction with standardised parts. The cloning system is provided under an OpenMTA license for unrestricted sharing and open access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haseloff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loop Assembly: a simple and open system for recursive fabrication of DNA circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baculovirus AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein that is crucial for nuclear actin polymerization and nucleocapsid morphogensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/248278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the type species of alphabaculoviruses, is an enveloped DNA virus that infects lepidopteran insects and is commonly known as a vector for protein expression and cell transduction. AcMNPV belongs to a diverse group of viral and bacterial pathogens that target the host cell actin cytoskeleton during infection. AcMNPV is unusual, however, in that it absolutely requires actin translocation into the nucleus early in infection, and actin polymerization within the nucleus late in infection coincident with viral replication. Of the six viral factors that are sufficient, when coexpressed, to induce the nuclear localization of actin, only AC102 is essential for viral replication and the nuclear accumulation of actin. We therefore sought to better understand the role of AC102 in actin mobilization in the nucleus early and late in infection. Although AC102 was thought to function early in infection, we found that AC102 is predominantly expressed as a late protein. In addition, we observed that AC102 is required for F-actin assembly in the nucleus during late infection, as well as for proper formation of viral replication structures and nucleocapsid morphogenesis. Finally, we found that AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein and a newly recognized member of a complex consisting of the viral proteins EC27, C42, and the actin polymerization protein P78/83. Taken together, our findings suggest that AC102 is necessary for nucleocapsid morphogenesis and actin assembly during late infection through its role as a component of the P78/83-C42-EC27-AC102 protein complex.nnIMPORTANCEThe baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an important biotechnological tool for protein expression and cell transduction, and related nucleopolyhedroviruses are also employed as environmentally benign insecticides. One impact of our work is to better understand the fundamental mechanisms through which AcMNPV exploits the cellular machinery of the host for replication, which may aid in the development of improved baculovirus-based research and industrial tools. Moreover, AcMNPVs ability to mobilize the host actin cytoskeleton within the cells nucleus during infection makes it a powerful cell biological tool. It is becoming increasingly clear that actin plays important roles in the cells nucleus, yet the regulation and function of nuclear actin is poorly understood. Our work to better understand how AcMNPV relocalizes and polymerizes actin within the nucleus may reveal fundamental mechanisms that govern nuclear actin regulation and function, even in the absence of viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepp, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baculovirus AC102 is a nucleocapsid protein that is crucial for nuclear actin polymerization and nucleocapsid morphogensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homologous recombination and transposon propagation shapes the population structure of an organism from the deep subsurface with minimal metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN archaea are primarily known based on genomes from metagenomes and single cells. We reconstructed a complete population genome for Candidatus "Forterrea", a Diapherotrite with a predicted symbiotic lifestyle probably centered around nucleotide metabolism and RuBisCO. Genome-wide analysis of sequence variation provided insights into the processes that shape its population structure in the deep subsurface. The genome contains many transposons, yet reconstruction of a complete genome from a short-read insert dataset was possible because most occurred only in some individuals. Accuracy of the final reconstruction could be verified because the genome displays the pattern of cumulative GC skew known for some archaea but more typically associated with bacteria. Sequence variation is highly localized, and most pronounced around transposons and relatively close to the origin of replication. Patterns of variation are best explained by homologous recombination, a process previously not described for DPANN archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homologous recombination and transposon propagation shapes the population structure of an organism from the deep subsurface with minimal metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observation weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq tools for zero inflation and single-cell applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dropout events in single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) cause many transcripts to go undetected and induce an excess of zero read counts, leading to power issues in differential expression (DE) analysis. This has triggered the development of bespoke scRNA-seq DE methods to cope with zero inflation. Recent evaluations, however, have shown that dedicated scRNA-seq tools provide no advantage compared to traditional bulk RNA-seq tools. We introduce a weighting strategy, based on a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model, that identifies excess zero counts and generates gene and cell-specific weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq DE pipelines for zero-inflated data, boosting performance for scRNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraudeau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soneson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observation weights to unlock bulk RNA-seq tools for zero inflation and single-cell applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting regulatory heterogeneity to systematically identify enhancers with high accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functional enhancers elements in metazoan systems is a major challenge. For example, large-scale validation of enhancers predicted by ENCODE reveal false positive rates of at least 70%. Here we use the pregrastrula patterning network of Drosophila melanogaster to demonstrate that loss in accuracy in held out data results from heterogeneity of functional signatures in enhancer elements. We show that two classes of enhancer are active during early Drosophila embryogenesis and that by focusing on a single, relatively homogeneous class of elements, over 98% prediction accuracy can be achieved in a balanced, completely held-out test set. The class of well predicted elements is composed predominantly of enhancers driving multi-stage, segmentation patterns, which we designate segmentation driving enhancers (SDE). Prediction is driven by the DNA occupancy of early developmental transcription factors, with almost no additional power derived from histone modifications. We further show that improved accuracy is not a property of a particular prediction method: after conditioning on the SDE set, naive Bayes and logistic regression perform as well as more sophisticated tools. Applying this method to a genome-wide scan, we predict 1,640 SDEs that cover 1.6% of the genome, 916 of which are novel. An analysis of 32 novel SDEs using wholemount embryonic imaging of stably integrated reporter constructs chosen throughout our prediction rank-list showed >90% drove expression patterns. We achieved 86.7% precision on a genome-wide scan, with an estimated recall of at least 98%, indicating high accuracy and completeness in annotating this class of functional elements.nnSignificance StatementWe demonstrate a high accuracy method for predicting enhancers genome wide with > 85% precision as validated by transgenic reporter assays in Drosophila embryos. This is the first time such accuracy has been achieved in a metazoan system, allowing us to predict with high-confidence 1640 enhancers, 916 of which are novel. The predicted enhancers are demarcated by heterogeneous collections of epigenetic marks; many strong enhancers are free from classical indicators of activity, including H3K27ac, but are bound by key transcription factors. H3K27ac, often used as a one-dimensional predictor of enhancer activity, is an uninformative parameter in our data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arbel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammonds, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiszmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keranen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting regulatory heterogeneity to systematically identify enhancers with high accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering antibody-dependent phagocytosis than others. Here we quantitatively define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Increasing antigen height allows for co-localization of Fc receptors and the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 at the cell-cell interface, which reduces Fc receptor phosphorylation, and inhibits phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target cell is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning of substrate preferences of the Src-family kinase Lck revealed through a high-throughput specificity screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/250753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To obtain a comprehensive map of the intrinsic specificities of tyrosine kinase domains, we developed a high-throughput method that uses bacterial surface-display and next-generation sequencing to analyze the specificity of any tyrosine kinase against a library of thousands of peptides derived from human tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Using this approach, we identified a difference in the electrostatic recognition of substrates between the cytoplasmic Src-family tyrosine kinases Lck and c-Src. This divergence likely reflects the specialization of Lck to act in concert with the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 in T cell receptor signaling. The current understanding of substrate recognition by tyrosine kinases emphasizes the role of localization by non-catalytic domains, but our results point to the importance of direct recognition at the kinase active site in fine-tuning specificity. Our method provides a simple approach that leverages next-generation sequencing to readily map the specificity of any tyrosine kinase at the proteome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Löbel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning of substrate preferences of the Src-family kinase Lck revealed through a high-throughput specificity screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Juicebox Assembly Tools module facilitates de novo assembly of mammalian genomes with chromosome-length scaffolds for under $1000 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C contact maps are valuable for genome assembly (Lieberman-Aiden, van Berkum et al. 2009; Burton et al. 2013; Dudchenko et al. 2017). Recently, we developed Juicebox, a system for the visual exploration of Hi-C data (Durand, Robinson et al. 2016), and 3D-DNA, an automated pipeline for using Hi-C data to assemble genomes (Dudchenko et al. 2017). Here, we introduce "Assembly Tools," a new module for Juicebox, which provides a point-and-click interface for using Hi-C heatmaps to identify and correct errors in a genome assembly. Together, 3D-DNA and the Juicebox Assembly Tools greatly reduce the cost of accurately assembling complex eukaryotic genomes. To illustrate, we generated de novo assemblies with chromosome-length scaffolds for three mammals: the wombat, Vombatus ursinus (3.3Gb), the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana (3.3Gb), and the raccoon, Procyon lotor (2.5Gb). The only inputs for each assembly were Illumina reads from a short insert DNA-Seq library (300 million Illumina reads, maximum length 2x150 bases) and an in situ Hi-C library (100 million Illumina reads, maximum read length 2x150 bases), which cost <$1000.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musial, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn St Hilaire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaszewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAloose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Estrada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Juicebox Assembly Tools module facilitates de novo assembly of mammalian genomes with chromosome-length scaffolds for under $1000]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spindle assembly in egg extracts of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Egg extracts of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis have provided a cell-free system instrumental in elucidating events of the cell cycle, including mechanisms of spindle assembly. Comparison with extracts from the diploid Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, which is smaller at the organism, cellular and subcellular levels, has enabled the identification of spindle size scaling factors. We set out to characterize the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis, which is intermediate in size between the two species, but more recently diverged in evolution from X. laevis than X. tropicalis. X. borealis eggs were slightly smaller than those of X. laevis, and slightly smaller spindles were assembled in egg extracts. Interestingly, microtubule distribution across the length of the X. borealis spindles differed from both X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Extract mixing experiments revealed common scaling phenomena among Xenopus species, while characterization of spindle factors katanin, TPX2, and Ran indicate that X. borealis spindles possess both X. laevis and X. tropicalis features. Thus, X. borealis egg extract provides a third in vitro system to investigate interspecies scaling and spindle morphometric variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spindle assembly in egg extracts of the Marsabit clawed frog, Xenopus borealis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroPheno: Predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a k-mer based representation of shallow sub-samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMicrobial communities play important roles in the function and maintenance of various biosystems, ranging from the human body to the environment. A major challenge in microbiome research is the classification of microbial communities of different environments or host phenotypes. The most common and cost-effective approach for such studies to date is 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Recent falls in sequencing costs have increased the demand for simple, efficient, and accurate methods for rapid detection or diagnosis with proved applications in medicine, agriculture, and forensic science. We describe a reference- and alignment-free approach for predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on k-mer representations that benefits from a bootstrapping framework for investigating the sufficiency of shallow sub-samples. Deep learning methods as well as classical approaches were explored for predicting environments and host phenotypes.nnResultsk-mer distribution of shallow sub-samples outperformed the computationally costly Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) features in the tasks of body-site identification and Crohn's disease prediction. Aside from being more accurate, using k-mer features in shallow sub-samples allows (i) skipping computationally costly sequence alignments required in OTU-picking, and (ii) provided a proof of concept for the sufficiency of shallow and short-length 16S rRNA sequencing for phenotype prediction. In addition, k-mer features predicted representative 16S rRNA gene sequences of 18 ecological environments, and 5 organismal environments with high macro-F1 scores of 0.88 and 0.87. For large datasets, deep learning outperformed classical methods such as Random Forest and SVM.nnAvailabilityThe software and datasets are available at https://llp.berkeley.edu/micropheno.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garakani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroPheno: Predicting environments and host phenotypes from 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a k-mer based representation of shallow sub-samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of transcriptional signatures for cell types from single-cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Seq makes it possible to characterize the transcriptomes of cell types and identify their transcriptional signatures via differential analysis. We present a fast and accurate method for discriminating cell types that takes advantage of the large numbers of cells that are assayed. When applied to transcript compatibility counts obtained via pseudoalignment, our approach provides a quantification-free analysis of 3 single-cell RNA-Seq that can identify previously undetectable marker genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melsted, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of transcriptional signatures for cell types from single-cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in developmental gene regulatory networks enable evolved changes in morphology. These changes can be in cis regulatory elements that act in an allele-specific manner, or changes to the overall trans regulatory environment that interacts with cis regulatory sequences. Here we address several questions about the evolution of gene expression accompanying a convergently evolved constructive morphological trait, increases in tooth number in two independently derived freshwater populations of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Are convergently evolved cis and/or trans changes in gene expression associated with convergently evolved morphological evolution? Do cis or trans regulatory changes contribute more to the evolutionary gain of a morphological trait? Transcriptome data from dental tissue of ancestral low-toothed and two independently derived high-toothed stickleback populations revealed significantly shared gene expression changes that have convergently evolved in the two high-toothed populations. Comparing cis and trans regulatory changes using phased gene expression data from F1 hybrids, we found that trans regulatory changes were predominant and more likely to be shared among both high-toothed populations. In contrast, while cis regulatory changes have evolved in both high-toothed populations, overall these changes were distinct and not shared among high-toothed populations. Together these data suggest that a convergently evolved trait can occur through genetically distinct regulatory changes that converge on similar trans regulatory environments.nnAuthor SummaryConvergent evolution, where a similar trait evolves in different lineages, provides an opportunity to study the repeatability of evolution. Convergent morphological evolution has been well studied at multiple evolutionary time scales ranging from ancient, to recent, such as the gain in tooth number in freshwater stickleback fish. However, much less is known about the accompanying evolved changes in gene regulation during convergent evolution. Here we compared evolved changes in gene expression in dental tissue of ancestral low-toothed marine fish to fish from two independently derived high-toothed freshwater populations. We also partitioned gene expression changes into those affecting a genes regulatory elements (cis), and those affecting the overall regulatory environment (trans). Both freshwater populations have evolved similar gene expression changes, including a gain of expression of putative dental genes. These similar gene expression changes are due mainly to shared changes to the trans regulatory environment, while the cis changes are largely population specific. Thus, during convergent evolution, overall similar and perhaps predictable transcriptome changes can evolve despite largely different underlying genetic bases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA expression-mediated gene repression in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described an unconventional mode of gene regulation in budding yeast by which transcriptional and translational interference were used in an integrated manner to down-regulate protein expression. Developmentally timed transcriptional interference inhibited production of a well translated mRNA isoform and resulted in the production of an mRNA isoform containing inhibitory upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that blocked translation of the ORF. Transcriptional interference and uORF-based translational repression are established mechanisms outside of yeast, but whether this type of integrated regulation was conserved was unknown. Here we find that, indeed, a similar type of regulation occurs at the locus for the human oncogene MDM2. We observe evidence of transcriptional interference between the two MDM2 promoters, which produce a poorly translated distal promoter-derived uORF-containing mRNA isoform and a well-translated proximal promoter-derived transcript. Down-regulation of distal promoter activity markedly up-regulates proximal promoter-driven expression and results in local reduction of histone H3K36 trimethylation. Moreover, we observe that this transcript toggling between the two MDM2 isoforms naturally occurs during human embryonic stem cell differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollerer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresenrider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA expression-mediated gene repression in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MethCP: Differentially Methylated Region Detection with Change Point Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) provides a precise measure of methylation across the genome, yet presents a challenge in identifying regions that are differentially methylated (DMRs) between different conditions. A number of methods have been proposed which mainly focusing on the setting of two-group comparison. We develop a DMR detecting method MethCP for WGBS data, which is applicable for a wide range of experimental designs beyond the two-group comparisons, such as time-course data. MethCP identifies DMRs based on change point detection, which naturally segments the genome and provides region-level differential analysis. For simple two-group comparison, we show that our method outperforms developed methods in accurately detecting the complete DM region on a simulated dataset and an Arabidopsis dataset. Moreover, we show that MethCP is capable of detecting wide regions with small effect sizes, which can be common in some settings but existing techniques are poor in detecting such DMRs. We also demonstrate the use of MethCP for time-course data on another dataset following methylation throughout seed germination in Arabidopsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MethCP: Differentially Methylated Region Detection with Change Point Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective activation of alternative MYC core promoters by Wnt-responsive enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Metazoans, transcription of most genes is driven through the use of multiple alternative promoters. Although the precise spatio-temporal regulation of alternative promoters is important for proper gene expression, the mechanism that mediates their differential utilization remains unclear. Here, we investigate how the two alternative promoters (P1, P2) that drive MYC expression are regulated. We find that P1 and P2 can be differentially regulated across cell-types, and that their selective usage is largely mediated by distal regulatory sequences. Moreover, we show that in the colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116, Wnt-responsive enhancers preferentially upregulate transcription from the P1 promoter using both transgenic reporter assays and in the context of the endogenous Myc locus upon Wnt induction. In addition, multiple enhancer deletions using CRISPR/Cas9 corroborate the regulatory specificity of P1. Finally, we show that preferential activation between Wnt-responsive enhancers and the P1 promoter is influenced by distinct core promoter elements present in the two MYC promoters. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how enhancers can specifically target alternative promoters and suggest that formation of these selective interactions could allow more diverse combinatorial regulation of transcription initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bardales, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective activation of alternative MYC core promoters by Wnt-responsive enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An explosion of high-throughput DNA sequencing in the past decade has led to a surge of interest in population-scale inference with whole-genome data. Recent work in population genetics has centered on designing inference methods for relatively simple model classes, and few scalable general-purpose inference techniques exist for more realistic, complex models. To achieve this, two inferential challenges need to be addressed: (1) population data are exchangeable, calling for methods that efficiently exploit the symmetries of the data, and (2) computing likelihoods is intractable as it requires integrating over a set of correlated, extremely high-dimensional latent variables. These challenges are traditionally tackled by likelihood-free methods that use scientific simulators to generate datasets and reduce them to hand-designed, permutation-invariant summary statistics, often leading to inaccurate inference. In this work, we develop an exchangeable neural network that performs summary statistic-free, likelihood-free inference. Our frame-work can be applied in a black-box fashion across a variety of simulation-based tasks, both within and outside biology. We demonstrate the power of our approach on the recombination hotspot testing problem, outperforming the state-of-the-art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective motion conceals fitness differences in crowded cellular populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cellular populations are tightly-packed, for example microbial colonies and biofilms [39, 10, 41], or tissues and tumors in multi-cellular organisms [11, 29]. Movement of one cell inside such crowded assemblages requires movement of others, so that cell displacements are correlated over many cell diameters [28, 6, 31]. Whenever movement is important for survival or growth [15, 34, 38, 9], such correlated rearrangements could couple the evolutionary fate of different lineages. Yet, little is known about the interplay between mechanical stresses and evolution in dense cellular populations. Here, by tracking deleterious mutations at the expanding edge of yeast colonies, we show that crowding-induced collective motion prevents costly mutations from being weeded out rapidly. Joint pushing by neighboring cells generates correlated movements that suppress the differential displacements required for selection to act. Such mechanical screening of fitness differences allows the mutants to leave more descendants than expected under non-mechanical models, thereby increasing their chance for evolutionary rescue [2, 5]. Our work suggests that mechanical interactions generally influence evolutionary outcomes in crowded cellular populations, which has to be considered when modeling drug resistance or cancer evolution [1, 22, 34, 30, 36, 42].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective motion conceals fitness differences in crowded cellular populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ion channels control sperm fertilizing ability by triggering hyperactivated motility, which is regulated by membrane potential, intracellular pH, and cytosolic calcium. Previous studies unraveled three essential ion channels that regulate these parameters: 1) the Ca2+ channel CatSper, 2) the K+ channel KSper, and 3) the H+ channel Hv1. However, the molecular identity of an additional sperm Na+ conductance that mediates initial membrane depolarization and, thus, triggers downstream signaling events is yet to be defined. Here, we functionally characterize DSper, the Depolarizing Channel of Sperm, as the temperature-activated channel TRPV4. It is functionally expressed at both mRNA and protein levels, while other temperature-sensitive TRPV channels are not functional in human sperm. DSper currents are activated by warm temperatures and mediate cation conductance, that shares a pharmacological profile reminiscent of TRPV4. Together, these results suggest that TRPV4 activation triggers initial membrane depolarization, facilitating both CatSper and Hv1 gating and, consequently, sperm hyperactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spehr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal on-axis platform for all-optical electrophysiology with near-infrared probes in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combined optogenetic stimulation and optical imaging permits scalable, high-throughput probing of cellular electrophysiology and optimization of stem-cell derived excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. We report a new "on-axis" configuration of OptoDyCE, our all-optical platform for studying human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and other cell types, optically driven by Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). This solid-state system integrates optogenetic stimulation with temporally-multiplexed simultaneous recording of membrane voltage (Vm) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) dynamics using a single photodetector. We demonstrate the capacity for combining multiple spectrally-compatible actuators and sensors, including newer high-performance near-infrared (NIR) voltage probes BeRST1 and Di-4-ANBDQBS, to record complex spatiotemporal responses of hiPSC-CMs to drugs in a high-throughput manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal on-axis platform for all-optical electrophysiology with near-infrared probes in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrin-Independent Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host receptor usage by KSHV has been best studied using primary microvascular endothelial and fibroblast cells, although the virus infects a wide variety of cell types in culture and in natural infections. In these two infection models, KSHV adheres to the cell though heparan sulfate (HS) binding, then interacts with a complex of EphA2, xct, and integrins 3{beta}1, V{beta}3, V{beta}5 to catalyze viral entry. We dissected this receptor complex at the genetic level with CRISPR-Cas9 to precisely determine receptor usage in two epithelial cell lines. Surprisingly, we discovered an infection mechanism that requires HS and EphA2 but is independent of V- and {beta}1-family integrin expression. Furthermore, infection appears to be independent of the EphA2 intracellular domain. We also demonstrated while two other endogenous Eph receptors were dispensable for KSHV infection, transduced EphA4 and EphA5 significantly enhanced infection of cells lacking EphA2.nnIMPORTANCEOur data reveals an integrin-independent route of KSHV infection and suggests that multiple Eph receptors besides EphA2 can promote and regulate infection. Since integrins and Eph receptors are large protein families with diverse expression patterns across cells and tissues, we propose that KSHV may engage with several proteins from both families in different combinations to negotiate successful entry into diverse cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TerBush, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafkamp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrin-Independent Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial Dependence in Position Perception Occurs at the Time of Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/270272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observers perceive objects in the world as stable over space and time, even though the visual experience of those objects is often discontinuous and distorted due to masking, occlusion, camouflage, noise, etc. How are we able to easily and quickly achieve stable perception in spite of this constantly changing visual input? It was previously shown that observers experience serial dependence in the perception of features and objects, an effect that extends up to 15 seconds back in time. Here, we asked whether the visual system utilizes an objects prior physical location to inform future position assignments in order to maximize location stability of an object over time. To test this, we presented subjects with small targets at random angular locations relative to central fixation in the peripheral visual field. Subjects reported the perceived location of the target on each trial by adjusting a cursors position to match its location. Subjects made consistent errors when reporting the perceived position of the target on the current trial, mislocalizing it toward the position of the target in the preceding two trials (Experiment 1). This pull in position perception occurred even when a response was not required on the previous trial (Experiment 2). In addition, we show that serial dependence in perceived position occurs immediately after stimulus presentation, and is a fast stabilization mechanism that does not require a delay (Experiment 3). This indicates that serial dependence occurs for position representations and facilitates the stable perception of objects in space. Taken together with previous work, our results show that serial dependence occurs at many stages of visual processing, from initial position assignment to object categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovicheva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial Dependence in Position Perception Occurs at the Time of Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational analysis reveals functional trade-offs in the sequences of EGFR autophosphorylation sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon activation, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylates tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic tail, which triggers the binding of Src Homology 2 (SH2) and Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) domains and initiates downstream signaling. The sequences flanking the tyrosine residues (referred to as phosphosites) must be compatible with phosphorylation by the EGFR kinase domain and the recruitment of adapter proteins, while minimizing phosphorylation that would reduce the fidelity of signal transmission. In order to understand how phosphosite sequences encode these functions within a small set of residues, we carried out high-throughput mutational analysis of three phosphosite sequences in the EGFR tail. We used bacterial surface-display of peptides, coupled with deep sequencing, to monitor phosphorylation efficiency and the binding of the SH2 and PTB domains of the adapter proteins Grb2 and Shc1, respectively. We found that the sequences of phosphosites in the EGFR tail are restricted to a subset of the range of sequences that can be phosphorylated efficiently by EGFR. Although efficient phosphorylation by EGFR can occur with either acidic or large hydrophobic residues at the -1 position with respect to the tyrosine, hydrophobic residues are generally excluded from this position in tail sequences. The mutational data suggest that this restriction results in weaker binding to adapter proteins, but also disfavors phosphorylation by the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases c-Src and c-Abl. Our results show how EGFR-family phosphosites achieve a trade-off between minimizing off-pathway phosphorylation while maintaining the ability to recruit the diverse complement of effectors required for downstream pathway activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantor, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational analysis reveals functional trade-offs in the sequences of EGFR autophosphorylation sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ecology of the Drosophila-yeast mutualism in wineries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is preferentially found on fermenting fruits. The yeasts that dominate the microbial communities of these substrates are the primary food source for developing D. melanogaster larvae, and adult flies manifest a strong olfactory system-mediated attraction for the volatile compounds produced by these yeasts during fermentation. Although most work on this interaction has focused on the standard laboratory yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a wide variety of other yeasts naturally ferment fallen fruit. Here we address the open question of whether D. melanogaster preferentially associates with distinct yeasts in different, closely-related environments. We characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of Drosophila-associated fungi in Northern California wineries that use organic grapes and natural fermentation using high-throughput, short-amplicon sequencing. We found that there is nonrandom structure in the fungal communities that are vectored by flies both between and within vineyards. Within wineries, the fungal communities associated with flies in cellars, fermentation tanks, and pomace piles are distinguished by varying abundances of a small number of yeast species. To investigate the origins of this structure, we assayed Drosophila attraction to, oviposition on, larval development in, and longevity when consuming the yeasts that distinguish vineyard microhabitats from each other. We found that wild fly lines did not respond differentially to the yeast species that distinguish winery habitats in habitat specific manner. Instead, this subset of yeast shares traits that make them attractive to and ensure their close association with Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ecology of the Drosophila-yeast mutualism in wineries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlastins mediate selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selective lysosomal degradation (autophagy) of entire organelles is required for cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation is involved in degenerative disorders such as Parkinsons Disease. While autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) is becoming better understood, other forms of organelle autophagy are relatively unexplored. Here we develope multiple quantitative assays to measure organelle autophagy using flow cytometry, microscopy, and Western blotting. Focusing on autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy), we show that these assays allow facile measurement of ER-phagy, and that ER-phagy is inhibited by knockdown of either core autophagy components or the recently reported FAM134B ER-phagy receptor. Using these assays, we further identify that Atlastins, the ER-resident GTPases involved in ER membrane morphology, are key positive effectors of ER-phagy. Atlastin-depleted cells have decreased ER-phagy under starvation conditions, and Atlastins role in ER-phagy requires both a functional GTPase domain and proper ER localization. The three Atlastin family members functionally compensate for one another during ER-phagy and may form heteromeric complexes with one another. We also find that Atlastins act downstream of the FAM134B ER-phagy receptor. We propose that during ER-phagy, Atlastins remodel ER membrane to separate pieces of FAM134B-marked ER for efficient autophagosomal engulfment. Human mutations in Atlastins led to hereditary spastic paraplegia, and our results suggest that this disease may be linked to deficiencies in ER-phagy rather than ER morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlastins mediate selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via the RIG-I pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is revolutionizing fundamental research and has great potential for the treatment of many diseases. While editing of immortalized cell lines has become relatively easy, editing of therapeutically relevant primary cells and tissues can remain challenging. One recent advancement is the delivery of a Cas9 protein and an in vitro transcribed (IVT) guide RNA (gRNA) as a precomplexed ribonucleoprotein (RNP). This approach allows editing of primary cells such as T cells and hematopoietic stem cells, but the consequences beyond genome editing of introducing foreign Cas9 RNPs into mammalian cells are not fully understood. Here we show that the IVT gRNAs commonly used by many laboratories for RNP editing trigger a potent innate immune response that can be several thousand times stronger than benchmark immune stimulating ligands. IVT gRNAs are recognized in the cytosol through the RIG-I pathway but not the MDA5 pathway, thereby triggering a type I interferon response. Removal of the 5-triphosphate from gRNAs ameliorates inflammatory signaling and prevents the loss of viability associated with genome editing in hematopoietic stem cells. The potential for Cas9 RNP editing to induce a potent antiviral response indicates that care must be taken when designing therapeutic strategies to edit primary cells.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via the RIG-I pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that impact infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rickettsiae are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that exhibit a complex infectious life cycle in both arthropod and mammalian hosts. As obligate intracellular bacteria, Rickettsia are highly adapted to living inside a variety of host cells, including vascular endothelial cells during mammalian infection. Although it is assumed that the rickettsiae produce numerous virulence factors that usurp or disrupt various host cell pathways, they have been challenging to genetically manipulate to identify the key bacterial factors that contribute to infection. Motivated to overcome this challenge, we sought to expand the repertoire of available rickettsial loss-of-function mutants, using an improved mariner-based transposon mutagenesis scheme. Here, we present the isolation of over 100 transposon mutants in the spotted fever group species Rickettsia parkeri. These mutants targeted genes implicated in a variety of pathways, including bacterial replication and metabolism, hypothetical proteins, the type IV secretion system, as well as factors with previously established roles in host cell interactions and pathogenesis. Given the need to identify critical virulence factors, forward genetic screens such as this will provide an excellent platform to more directly investigate rickettsial biology and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamason, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafai, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that impact infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing diverse microbial sequence with comprehensive and scalable probe design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing has the potential to transform microbial detection and characteri zation, but new tools are needed to improve its sensitivity. We developed CATCH (Compact Aggregation of Targets for Comprehensive Hybridization), a computational method to enhance nucleic acid capture for enrichment of diverse microbial taxa. CATCH designs compact probe sets that achieve full coverage of known sequence diversity and that scale well with this diversity. To illustrate applications of CATCH, we focused on capturing viral genomes. We designed, synthesized, and validated multiple probe sets, including one that targets whole genomes of the 356 viral species known to infect humans. Capture with these probe sets enriched unique viral content on average 18x and allowed us to assemble genomes that we could not otherwise recover, while accurately preserving within-sample diversity. We used this approach to recover genomes from the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria and to improve detection of viral infections in samples with unknown content. Together, this work demonstrates a path toward more sensitive, cost-effective metagenomic sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddle, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metsky, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden-Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tully, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennigan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa-Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eromon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folarin, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runstadler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozza, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnirke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing diverse microbial sequence with comprehensive and scalable probe design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
clusterExperiment and RSEC: A Bioconductor package and framework for clustering of single-cell and other large gene expression datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of genes and/or samples is a common task in gene expression analysis. The goals in clustering can vary, but an important scenario is that of finding biologically meaningful subtypes within the samples. This is an application that is particularly appropriate when there are large numbers of samples, as in many human disease studies. With the increasing popularity of single-cell transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), many more controlled experiments on model organisms are similarly creating large gene expression datasets with the goal of detecting previously unknown heterogeneity within cells.nnIt is common in the detection of novel subtypes to run many clustering algorithms, as well as rely on subsampling and ensemble methods to improve robustness. We introduce a Bioconductor R package, clusterExperiment, that implements a general and flexible strategy we entitle Resampling-based Sequential Ensemble Clustering (RSEC). RSEC enables the user to easily create multiple, competing clusterings of the data based on different techniques and associated tuning parameters, including easy integration of resampling and sequential clustering, and then provides methods for consolidating the multiple clusterings into a final consensus clustering. The package is modular and allows the user to separately apply the individual components of the RSEC procedure, i.e., apply multiple clustering algorithms, create a consensus clustering or choose tuning parameters, and merge clusters. Additionally, clusterExperimentprovides a variety of visualization tools for the clustering process, as well as methods for the identification of possible cluster signatures or biomarkers.nnThe package clusterExperimentis publicly available through the Bioconductor Project, with a detailed manual (vignette) as well as well documented help pages for each function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[clusterExperiment and RSEC: A Bioconductor package and framework for clustering of single-cell and other large gene expression datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial summation in the human fovea: the effect of optical aberrations and fixational eye movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychophysical inferences about the neural mechanisms supporting spatial vision can be undermined by uncertainties introduced by optical aberrations and fixational eye movements, particularly in fovea where the neuronal grain of the visual system is fine. We examined the effect of these pre-neural factors on photopic spatial summation in the human fovea using a custom adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope that provided control over optical aberrations and retinal stimulus motion. Consistent with previous results, Riccos area of complete summation encompassed multiple photoreceptors when measured with ordinary amounts of ocular aberrations and retinal stimulus motion. When both factors were minimized experimentally, summation areas were essentially unchanged, suggesting that foveal spatial summation is limited by post-receptoral neural pooling. We compared our behavioral data to predictions generated with a physiologically-inspired front-end model of the visual system, and were able to capture the shape of the summation curves obtained with and without pre-retinal factors using a single post-receptoral summing filter of fixed spatial extent. Given our data and modeling, neurons in the magnocellular visual pathway, such as parasol ganglion cells, provide a candidate neural correlate of Riccos area in the central fovea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottaris, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brainard, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial summation in the human fovea: the effect of optical aberrations and fixational eye movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrent pattern of light and darkness generated by Earths axial rotation has profoundly influenced the evolution of organisms, selecting for both biological mechanisms that respond acutely to environmental changes and circadian clocks that program physiology in anticipation of daily variations. The necessity to integrate environmental responsiveness and circadian programming is exemplified in photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, which depend on light-driven photochemical processes. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is an excellent model system for dissecting these entwined mechanisms. Its core circadian oscillator, consisting of three proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, transmits time-of-day signals to clock-output proteins, which reciprocally regulate global transcription. Research performed under constant light facilitates analysis of intrinsic cycles separately from direct environmental responses, but does not provide insight into how these regulatory systems are integrated during light-dark cycles. Thus, we sought to identify genes that are specifically necessary in a day-night environment. We screened a dense bar-coded transposon library in both continuous light and daily cycling conditions and compared the fitness consequences of loss of each nonessential gene in the genome. Although the clock itself is not essential for viability in light-dark cycles, the most detrimental mutations revealed by the screen were those that disrupt KaiA. The screen broadened our understanding of light-dark survival in photosynthetic organisms, identified unforeseen clock-protein interaction dynamics, and reinforced the role of the clock as a negative regulator of a night-time metabolic program that is essential for S. elongatus to survive in the dark.nnSignificanceUnderstanding how photosynthetic bacteria respond to and anticipate natural light-dark cycles is necessary for predictive modeling, bioengineering, and elucidating metabolic strategies for diurnal growth. Here, we identify the genetic components that are important specifically under light-dark cycling conditions and determine how a properly functioning circadian clock prepares metabolism for darkness, a starvation period for photoautotrophs. This study establishes that the core circadian clock protein KaiA is necessary to enable rhythmic de-repression of a night-time circadian program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welkie, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NRG1 is required for the function of the TIR-NLR immune receptors Roq1 and RPP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plant immune system involves a large family of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) intracellular immune receptors. These immune receptors often function to directly or indirectly mediate the perception of specific pathogen effector proteins secreted into the cell. Activation of these immune receptors typically results in activation of the immune system and subsequent suppression of pathogen proliferation. Although many examples of NLR receptors are known, a mechanistic understanding of how receptor activation ultimately leads to an immune response is not well understood. A subset of the NLR proteins contain a TIR domain at their N terminus (TNL). One such TNL, the N gene, was previously shown to depend on a non-TIR NLR protein, N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) for immune function. We tested additional NLR proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana for dependency on NRG1. We found that two additional TIR-NLR proteins, Roq1 and RPP1, also require NRG1 but that two coiled-coil NLR proteins, Bs2 and Rps2, do not. This finding suggests that NRG1 may be a conserved component of TNL signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NRG1 is required for the function of the TIR-NLR immune receptors Roq1 and RPP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus represent the magnitude of event saliency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two primary functions attributed to the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex network are retaining the temporal and spatial associations of events and detecting deviant events. It is, however, unclear how these two functions converge onto one mechanism. Here, we tested whether increased activity with perceiving salient events is a deviant detection signal or contains information about the event associations by reflecting the magnitude of deviance (i.e., event saliency). We also tested how the deviant detection signal is affected by the degree of anticipation. We studied regional neural activity when people watched a movie that had varying saliency of a novel or an anticipated flow of salient events. Using intracranial electroencephalography from ten patients, we observed that high-frequency activity (50-150 Hz) in the hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral PFC), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) tracked event saliency. We also observed that medial OFC activity was stronger when the salient events were anticipated than when they were novel. These results suggest that dorsolateral PFC and medial OFC, as well as the hippocampus, signify the saliency magnitude of events, reflecting the hierarchical structure of event associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafarpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus represent the magnitude of event saliency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/287268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), or histogram of allele counts, is an important summary statistic in evolutionary biology, and is often used to infer the history of population size changes, migrations, and other demographic events affecting a set of populations. The expected multipopulation SFS under a given demographic model can be efficiently computed when the populations in the model are related by a tree, scaling to hundreds of populations. Admixture, back-migration, and introgression are common natural processes that violate the assumption of a tree-like population history, however, and until now the expected SFS could be computed for only a handful of populations when the demographic history is not a tree. In this article, we present a new method for efficiently computing the expected SFS and linear functionals of it, for demographies described by general directed acyclic graphs. This method can scale to more populations than previously possible for complex demographic histories including admixture. We apply our method to an 8-population SFS to estimate the timing and strength of a proposed "basal Eurasian" admixture event in human history. We implement and release our method in a new open-source software package momi2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of sperm to fertilize an egg is controlled by ion channels, one of which is the pH-dependent calcium channel of sperm CatSper. For CatSper to be fully activated, the cytoplasmic pH must be alkaline, which is accomplished by either proton transporters, or a faster mechanism, such as the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1. To ensure effective regulation, these channels and regulatory proteins must be tightly compartmentalized. Here, we characterize human sperm nanodomains that are comprised of Hv1, CatSper and regulatory protein ABHD2. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that Hv1 forms asymmetrically positioned bilaterally distributed longitudinal lines that span the entire length of the sperm tail. Such a distribution provides a direct structural basis for the selective activation of CatSper, and subsequent flagellar rotation along the long axis that, together with hyperactivated motility, enhances sperm fertility. Indeed, Hv1 inhibition leads to a decrease in sperm rotation. Thus, sperm ion channels are organized in distinct regulatory nanodomains that control hyperactivated motility and rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannowetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alkyne functionality has attracted much interest due to its diverse chemical and biological applications. We recently elucidated an acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent alkyne biosynthetic pathway, however, little is known about ACP interactions with the alkyne biosynthetic enzymes, an acyl-ACP ligase (JamA) and a membrane-bound bi-functional desaturase/acetylenase (JamB). Here, we showed that JamB has a more stringent interaction with ACP than JamA. In addition, site directed mutagenesis of a non-cognate ACP significantly improved its compatibility with JamB, suggesting a possible electrostatic interaction at the ACP-JamB interface. Finally, error-prone PCR and screening of a second non-cognate ACP identified hot spots on the ACP that are important for interacting with JamB and yielded mutants which were better recognized by JamB. Our data thus not only provide insights into the ACP interactions in alkyne biosynthesis, but it also potentially aids in future combinatorial biosynthesis of alkyne-tagged metabolites for chemical and biological applications.nnTopical HeadingBiomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Biochemicals, Biofuels, and Food
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry-dependent instabilities in electrically excitable tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about how individual cells sense the macroscopic geometry of their tissue environment. Here we explore whether long-range electrical signaling can convey information on tissue geometry to influence electrical dynamics of individual cells. First, we studied an engineered electrically excitable cell line where all voltage-gated channels were well characterized. Cells grown in patterned islands of different shapes showed remarkably diverse firing patterns under otherwise identical conditions, including regular spiking, period-doubling alternans, and arrhythmic firing. A Hodgkin-Huxley numerical model quantitatively reproduced these effects, showing how the macroscopic geometry affected the single-cell electrophysiology via the influence of gap junction-mediated electrical coupling. Qualitatively similar geometry dependent dynamics were experimentally observed in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes. The cardiac results urge caution in translating observations of arrhythmia in vitro to predictions in vivo where the tissue geometry is very different. We present simulation results and scaling arguments which explore how to extrapolate electrophysiological measurements between tissues with different geometries and different gap junction couplings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNamara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstede, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry-dependent instabilities in electrically excitable tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a System’s Equilibrium Behavior to Reduce Its Energy Dissipation in Non-Equilibrium Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must operate far from equilibrium1, utilizing and dissipating energy continuously to maintain their organization and to avoid stasis and death. However, they must also avoid unnecessary waste of energy2. Recent studies have revealed that molecular machines are extremely efficient thermodynamically when compared to their macroscopic counterparts3,4. There are also tantalizing hints of molecular machines conserving energy while operating out of equilibrium5,6. However, the principles governing the efficient out-of-equilibrium operation of molecular machines remain a mystery. A theoretical framework has been recently formulated in which a generalized friction coefficient quantifies the energetic efficiency in non-equilibrium processes7,8. Moreover, it posits that to minimize energy dissipation, external control should drive the system along the reaction coordinate with a speed inversely proportional to the square root of that friction coefficient. Here, we test and validate the predictions of this theory by probing the non-equilibrium energetic efficiency of a single DNA hairpin subjected to unfolding and refolding protocols using a dual-trap optical tweezers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tafoya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Large, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a System’s Equilibrium Behavior to Reduce Its Energy Dissipation in Non-Equilibrium Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiles of individual cells reflect true and often unexplored biological diversity, but are also affected by noise of biological and technical nature. This raises the need to explicitly model the resulting uncertainty and take it into account in any downstream analysis, such as dimensionality reduction, clustering, and differential expression. Here, we introduce Single-cell Variational Inference (scVI), a scalable framework for probabilistic representation and analysis of gene expression in single cells. Our model uses variational inference, stochastic optimization and deep neural networks to approximate the parameters that govern the distribution of expression values of each gene in every cell, using a non-linear mapping between the observations and a low-dimensional latent space.nnBy doing so, scVI pools information between similar cells or genes while taking nuisance factors of variation such as batch effects and limited sensitivity into account. To evaluate scVI, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis to existing methods for distributional modeling and dimensionality reduction, all of which rely on generalized linear models. We first show that scVI scales to over one million cells, whereas competing algorithms can process at most tens of thousands of cells. Next, we show that scVI fits unseen data more closely and can impute missing data more accurately, both indicative of a better generalization capacity. We then utilize scVI to conduct a set of fundamental analysis tasks - including batch correction, visualization, clustering and differential expression - and demonstrate its accuracy in comparison to the state-of-the-art tools in each task. scVI is publicly available, and can be readily used as a principled and inclusive solution for multiple tasks of single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic formation of Central and South Asian populations has been unclear because of an absence of ancient DNA. To address this gap, we generated genome-wide data from 362 ancient individuals, including the first from eastern Iran, Turan (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan), Bronze Age Kazakhstan, and South Asia. Our data reveal a complex set of genetic sources that ultimately combined to form the ancestry of South Asians today. We document a southward spread of genetic ancestry from the Eurasian Steppe, correlating with the archaeologically known expansion of pastoralist sites from the Steppe to Turan in the Middle Bronze Age (2300-1500 BCE). These Steppe communities mixed genetically with peoples of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) whom they encountered in Turan (primarily descendants of earlier agriculturalists of Iran), but there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians. Instead, Steppe communities integrated farther south throughout the 2nd millennium BCE, and we show that they mixed with a more southern population that we document at multiple sites as outlier individuals exhibiting a distinctive mixture of ancestry related to Iranian agriculturalists and South Asian hunter-gathers. We call this group Indus Periphery because they were found at sites in cultural contact with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and along its northern fringe, and also because they were genetically similar to post-IVC groups in the Swat Valley of Pakistan. By co-analyzing ancient DNA and genomic data from diverse present-day South Asians, we show that Indus Periphery-related people are the single most important source of ancestry in South Asia--consistent with the idea that the Indus Periphery individuals are providing us with the first direct look at the ancestry of peoples of the IVC--and we develop a model for the formation of present-day South Asians in terms of the temporally and geographically proximate sources of Indus Periphery-related, Steppe, and local South Asian hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. Our results show how ancestry from the Steppe genetically linked Europe and South Asia in the Bronze Age, and identifies the populations that almost certainly were responsible for spreading Indo-European languages across much of Eurasia.nnOne Sentence SummaryGenome wide ancient DNA from 357 individuals from Central and South Asia sheds new light on the spread of Indo-European languages and parallels between the genetic history of two sub-continents, Europe and South Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatsuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moiseyev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdinjak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhatov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagashev, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baitanayev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonora, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikisheva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directional selection limits ecological diversification and promotes ecological tinkering during the competition for substitutable resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities can evade competitive exclusion by diversifying into distinct ecological niches. This spontaneous diversification often occurs amid a backdrop of directional selection on other microbial traits, where competitive exclusion would normally apply. Yet despite their empirical relevance, little is known about how diversification and directional selection combine to determine the ecological and evolutionary dynamics within a community. To address this gap, we introduce a simple, empirically motivated model of eco-evolutionary feedback based on the competition for substitutable resources. Individuals acquire heritable mutations that alter resource uptake rates, either by shifting metabolic effort between resources or by increasing overall fitness. While these constitutively beneficial mutations are trivially favored to invade, we show that the accumulated fitness differences can dramatically influence the ecological structure and evolutionary dynamics that emerge within the community. Competition between ecological diversification and ongoing fitness evolution leads to a state of diversification-selection balance, in which the number of extant ecotypes can be pinned below the maximum capacity of the ecosystem, while the ecotype frequencies and genealogies are constantly in flux. Interestingly, we find that fitness differences generate emergent selection pressures to shift metabolic effort toward resources with lower effective competition, even in saturated ecosystems. We argue that similar dynamical features should emerge in a wide range of models with a mixture of directional and diversifying selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directional selection limits ecological diversification and promotes ecological tinkering during the competition for substitutable resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial diversity and metabolic potential in cyanotoxin producing cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial mats formed by Cyanobacteria of the genus Phormidium produce the neurotoxin anatoxin-a that has been linked to animal deaths. Blooms of planktonic Cyanobacteria have long been of concern in lakes, but recognition of potential harmful impacts of riverine benthic cyanobacterial mats is more recent. Consequently little is known about the diversity of the biosynthetic capacities of cyanobacterial species and associated microbes in mats throughout river networks. Here we performed metagenomic sequencing for 22 Phormidium-dominated microbial mats collected across the Eel River network in Northern California to investigate cyanobacterial and co-occurring microbial assemblage diversity, probe their metabolic potential and evaluate their capacities for toxin production. We genomically defined four Cyanobacterial species clusters that occur throughout the river network, three of which have not been described previously. From the genomes of seven strains from one species group we describe the first anatoxin-a operon from the genus Phormidium. Community composition within the mat appears to be associated with the presence of Cyanobacteria capable of producing anatoxin-a. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and novel Verrucomicrobia dominated the microbial assemblages. Interestingly, some mats also contained organisms from candidate phyla such as Canditatus Kapabacteria, as well as Absconditabacteria (SR1), Parcubacteria (OD1) and Peregrinibacteria (PER) within the Candidate Phyla Radiation. Oxygenic photosynthesis and carbon respiration were the most common metabolisms detected in mats but other metabolic capacities include aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, sulfur compound oxidation and breakdown of urea. The results reveal the diversity of metabolisms fueling the growth of mats, and a relationship between microbial assemblage composition and the distribution of anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria within freshwater Phormidium mats in river networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial diversity and metabolic potential in cyanotoxin producing cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of Helicobacter pylori that cause ulcer or gastric cancer typically express a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). CagY is an ortholog of VirB10 that, unlike other VirB10 orthologs, has a large middle repeat region (MRR) with extensive repetitive sequence motifs, which undergo CD4+ T cell-dependent recombination during infection of mice. Recombination in the CagY MRR reduces T4SS function, diminishes the host inflammatory response, and enables the bacteria to colonize at a higher density. Since CagY is known to bind human 5{beta}1 integrin, we tested the hypothesis that recombination in the CagY MRR regulates T4SS function by modulating binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Using a cell-free microfluidic assay, we found that H. pylori binding to 5{beta}1 integrin under shear flow is dependent on the CagY MRR, but independent of the presence of the T4SS pili, which are only formed when H. pylori is in contact with host cells. Similarly, expression of CagY in the absence of other T4SS genes was necessary and sufficient for whole bacterial cell binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Bacteria with variant cagY alleles that reduced T4SS function showed comparable reduction in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, though CagY was still expressed on the bacterial surface. We speculate that cagY-dependent modulation of H. pylori T4SS function is mediated by alterations in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, which in turn regulates the host inflammatory response so as to maximize persistent infection.nnIMPORTANCEInfection with H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers, and is the most important risk factor for gastric cancer, the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The major H. pylori virulence factor that determines whether infection causes disease or asymptomatic colonization is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), a sort of molecular syringe that injects bacterial products into gastric epithelial cells and alters host cell physiology. We previously showed that recombination in CagY, an essential T4SS component, modulates the function of the T4SS. Here we found that these recombination events produce parallel changes in specific binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, a host cell receptor that is essential for T4SS-dependent translocation of bacterial effectors. We propose that CagY-dependent binding to 5{beta}1 integrin acts like a molecular rheostat that alters T4SS function and modulates the host immune response to promote persistent infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skoog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikis, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere length set point regulation in human pluripotent stem cells critically depends on the shelterin protein TPP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere maintenance is essential for the long-term proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells, while their telomere length set point determines the proliferative capacity of their differentiated progeny. The shelterin protein TPP1 is required for telomere stability and elongation, but its role in set point establishment remains elusive. Here, we characterize the contribution of TPP1 isoforms and residues outside the TEL patch, TPP1s telomerase interaction domain, to telomere length control. We demonstrate that TPP1L, the longer minor isoform of TPP1, can partially compensate for loss of the more abundant shorter isoform, TPP1S. Both TPP1S knockout and complete TPP1 knockout cell lines (TPP1 KO) show telomere shortening. However, TPP1S KO cells are able to stabilize short telomeres while TPP1 KO cells do not and die. We compare these phenotypes with that of TPP1L104A/L104A mutant cells that like the TPP1S KO have short stable telomeres. In contrast to TPP1S KO, TPP1L104A/L104A cells respond to increased telomerase. However, TPP1L104A/L104As sensitivity to shelterin-mediated feedback is altered, revealing TPP1L104A/L104A as a new type of shelterin mutant with aberrant set point regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere length set point regulation in human pluripotent stem cells critically depends on the shelterin protein TPP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial soft sweeps: patterns of adaptation in populations with long-range dispersal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation in extended populations often occurs through multiple independent mutations responding in parallel to a common selection pressure. As the mutations spread concurrently through the population, they leave behind characteristic patterns of polymorphism near selected loci--so-called soft sweeps--which remain visible after adaptation is complete. These patterns are well-understood in two limits of the spreading dynamics of beneficial mutations: the panmictic case with complete absence of spatial structure, and spreading via short-ranged or diffusive dispersal events, which tessellates space into distinct compact regions each descended from a unique mutation. However, spreading behaviour in most natural populations is not exclusively panmictic or diffusive, but incorporates both short-range and long-range dispersal events. Here, we characterize the spatial patterns of soft sweeps driven by dispersal events whose jump distances are broadly distributed, using lattice-based simulations and scaling arguments. We find that mutant clones adopt a distinctive structure consisting of compact cores surrounded by fragmented "haloes" which mingle with haloes from other clones. As long-range dispersal becomes more prominent, the progression from diffusive to panmictic behaviour is marked by two transitions separating regimes with differing relative sizes of halo to core. We analyze the implications of the core-halo structure for the statistics of soft sweep detection in small genomic samples from the population, and find opposing effects of long-range dispersal on the expected diversity in global samples compared to local samples from geographic subregions of the range. We also discuss consequences of the standing genetic variation induced by the soft sweep on future adaptation and mixing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial soft sweeps: patterns of adaptation in populations with long-range dispersal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parameterizing neural power spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological signals across species and recording scales exhibit both periodic and aperiodic features. Periodic oscillations have been widely studied and linked to numerous physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and disease states, while the aperiodic "background" 1/f component of neural power spectra has received far less attention. Most analyses of oscillations are conducted on a priori, canonically-defined frequency bands without consideration of the underlying aperiodic structure, or verification that a periodic signal even exists in addition to the aperiodic signal. This is problematic, as recent evidence shows that the aperiodic signal is dynamic, changing with age, task demands, and cognitive state. It has also been linked to the relative excitation/inhibition of the underlying neuronal population. This means that standard analytic approaches easily conflate changes in the periodic and aperiodic signals with one another because the aperiodic parameters--along with oscillation center frequency, power, and bandwidth--are all dynamic in physiologically meaningful, but likely different, ways. In order to overcome the limitations of traditional narrowband analyses and to reduce the potentially deleterious effects of conflating these features, we introduce a novel algorithm for automatic parameterization of neural power spectral densities (PSDs) as a combination of the aperiodic signal and putative periodic oscillations. Notably, this algorithm requires no a priori specification of band limits and accounts for potentially-overlapping oscillations while minimizing the degree to which they are confounded with one another. This algorithm is amenable to large-scale data exploration and analysis, providing researchers with a tool to quickly and accurately parameterize neural power spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shestyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parameterizing neural power spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in IFT, cell division, and motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, has a flagellum that is crucial for motility, pathogenicity, and viability. In most eukaryotes, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery drives flagellum biogenesis, and anterograde IFT requires kinesin-2 motor proteins. In this study, we investigated the function of the two T. brucei kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b, in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We found that compared to other kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b show greater variation in neck, stalk, and tail domain sequences. Both kinesins contributed additively to flagellar lengthening. Surprisingly, silencing TbKin2a inhibited cell proliferation, cytokinesis and motility, whereas silencing TbKin2b did not. TbKin2a was localized on the flagellum and colocalized with IFT components near the basal body, consistent with it performing a role in IFT. TbKin2a was also detected on the flagellar attachment zone, a specialized structure in trypanosome cells that connects the flagellum to the cell body. Our results indicate that kinesin-2 proteins in trypanosomes play conserved roles in IFT and exhibit a specialized localization, emphasizing the evolutionary flexibility of motor protein function in an organism with a large complement of kinesins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haltiwanger, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeng, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cande, W. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in IFT, cell division, and motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled cycling and quiescence enables homology directed repair in engraftment-enriched adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the source of all blood components, and genetic defects in these cells are causative of disorders ranging from severe combined immunodeficiency to sickle cell disease. However, genome editing of long-term repopulating HSCs to correct mutated alleles has been challenging. HSCs have the ability to either be quiescent or cycle, with the former linked to stemness and the latter involved in differentiation. Here we investigate the link between cell cycle status and genome editing outcomes at the causative codon for sickle cell disease in adult human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We show that quiescent HSPCs that are immunophenotypically enriched for engrafting stem cells predominantly repair Cas9-induced double strand breaks (DSBs) through an error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway and exhibit almost no homology directed repair (HDR). By contrast, non-quiescent cycling stem-enriched cells repair Cas9 DSBs through both error-prone NHEJ and fidelitous HDR. Pre-treating bulk CD34+ HSPCs with a combination of mTOR and GSK-3 inhibitors to induce quiescence results in complete loss of HDR in all cell subtypes. We used these compounds, which were initially developed to maintain HSCs in culture, to create a new strategy for editing adult human HSCs. CD34+ HSPCs are edited, allowed to briefly cycle to accumulate HDR alleles, and then placed back in quiescence to maintain stemness, resulting in 6-fold increase in HDR/NHEJ ratio in quiescent, stem-enriched cells. Our results reveal the fundamental tension between quiescence and editing in human HSPCs and suggests strategies to manipulate HSCs during therapeutic genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled cycling and quiescence enables homology directed repair in engraftment-enriched adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retracing the Hawaiian silversword radiation despite phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleogeographic uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) is an iconic adaptive radiation of 33 species. However, like many island plant lineages, no fossils have been assigned to the clade. As a result, the clades age and diversification rate are not known precisely, making it difficult to test biogeographic hypotheses about the radiation. In lieu of fossils, paleo-geographically structured biogeographic processes may inform species divergence times; for example, an island must first exist for a clade to radiate upon it. We date the silversword clade and test biogeographic hypotheses about its radiation across the Hawaiian Archipelago by modeling interactions between species relationships, molecular evolution, biogeographic scenarios, divergence times, and island origination times using the Bayesian phylogenetic framework, RevBayes. The ancestor of living silverswords most likely colonized the modern Hawaiian Islands once from the mainland approximately 5.1 Ma, with early surviving silversword lineages first appearing approximately 3.5 Ma. In testing the progression rule of island biogeography, we found strong positive evidence of the dispersal process preferring old-to-young directionality, but strong negative evidence for speciation occurring on islands during their young growth phase. This work serves as a general example for how diversification studies benefit from incorporating biogeographic and paleogeographic components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retracing the Hawaiian silversword radiation despite phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleogeographic uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of cells to regulate their function through feedback control is a fundamental underpinning of life. The capability to engineer de novo feedback control with biological molecules is ushering in an era of robust functionality for many applications in biotechnology and medicine. To fulfill their potential, feedback control strategies implemented with biological molecules need to be generalizable, modular and operationally predictable. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control fulfills this role for technological systems and is a commonly used strategy in engineering. Integral feedback control allows a system to return to an invariant steady-state value after step disturbances, hence enabling its robust operation. Proportional and derivative feedback control used with integral control help sculpt the dynamics of the return to steady-state following perturbation. Recently, a biomolecular implementation of integral control was proposed based on an antithetic motif in which two molecules interact stoichiometrically to annihilate each others function. In this work, we report how proportional and derivative implementations can be layered on top of this integral architecture to achieve a biochemical PID control design. We illustrate through computational and analytical treatments that the addition of proportional and derivative control improves performance, and discuss practical biomolecular implementations of these control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Schiavon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous myelinated axons traverse the human neocortex. In a previous paper (Micheva et al., 2016) we showed that in mouse many of these axons belong to local inhibitory neurons, the parvalbumin-positive basket cells. Here, using samples of neurosurgically-excised cortex, we confirm the presence of myelinated inhibitory axons in all layers of human neocortex. As in mouse, these axons have distinctive features, including high neurofilament content, short nodes of Ranvier, and high content of myelin basic protein in their myelin sheath. We further show that, consistent with the known high-energy demands of parvalbumin interneurons, the inhibitory myelinated axons have more mitochondria, as well more 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (a protein enriched in the myelin cytoplasmic channels thought to provide access for trophic support from oligodendrocytes). The distinctive features of myelinated inhibitory axons in human cortical grey matter may have important implications for neurological disorders that involve pathologies of myelinated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Micheva, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nana, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madison, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electron-rich isonitrile is an important functionality in bioactive natural products, but its biosynthesis has been restricted to the IsnA family of isonitrile synthases. We here provide the first structural and biochemical evidence of an alternative mechanism for isonitrile formation. ScoE, a putative non-heme iron(II)-dependent enzyme from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, was shown to catalyze the conversion of (R)-3-((carboxymethyl)amino)butanoic acid to (R)-3-isocyanobutanoic acid through an oxidative decarboxylation mechanism. This work further provides a revised scheme for the biosynthesis of a unique class of isonitrile lipopeptides, members of which are critical for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disturbance macroecology: integrating disturbance ecology and macroecology in different-age post-fire stands of a closed-cone pine forest as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroecological studies have generally restricted their scope to relatively steady-state systems, and as a result, how biodiversity and abundance metrics are expected to scale in disturbance-dependent ecosystems is unknown. We examine macroecological patterns in a fire-dependent forest of Bishop pine (Pinus muricata). We target two different-aged stands in a stand-replacing fire regime, one a characteristically mature stand with a diverse understory, and one more recently disturbed by a stand-replacing fire (17 years prior to measurement). We compare the stands using macroecological metrics of species richness, abundance and spatial distributions that are predicted by the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE), an information-entropy based theory that has proven highly successful in predicting macroecological metrics across a wide variety of systems and taxa. Ecological patterns in the mature stand more closely match METE predictions than do data from the recently disturbed stand. This suggests METEs predictions are more robust in late-successional, slowly changing, or steady-state systems than those in rapid flux with respect to species composition, abundances, and organisms sizes. Our findings highlight the need for a macroecological theory that incorporates natural disturbance and other ecological perturbations into its predictive capabilities, because most natural systems are not in a steady state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopper, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disturbance macroecology: integrating disturbance ecology and macroecology in different-age post-fire stands of a closed-cone pine forest as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting. We find that reconstituted claudin-4 is sufficient to form adhesive interfaces between unilamellar vesicles without accessory proteins present in vivo. By controlling the molecular composition of the inner and outer leaflets of jetted membranes, we show that claudin-4-mediated interfaces can drive partitioning of extracellular membrane proteins but not of inner or outer leaflet lipids. Our findings indicate that homotypic interactions of claudins and their small size can contribute to the polarization of epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox fluctuations control the coupled cycling of iron and carbon in tropical forest soils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillating redox conditions are the norm in tropical soils; driven by an ample supply of reductants, high moisture, microbial oxygen consumption, and finely textured clays that limit diffusion. Yet the net result of variable soil redox regimes on iron-organic matter (Fe-OM) associations in tropical soils owing to changing climate is poorly understood. Using a 44-day redox incubation experiment with humid tropical soils from Puerto Rico, we examined patterns of Fe and C transformation under four redox regimes: static anoxic, flux 4-day (4d oxic, 4d anoxic), flux 8-day (8d oxic, 4d anoxic) and static anoxic. Prolonged anoxia promoted reductive dissolution of Fe-oxides and an increase in short-range ordered (SRO) Fe oxides. Preferential dissolution of this less-crystalline Fe pool was evident immediately following a shift in bulk redox status (oxic to anoxic), and coincided with increased dissolved organic carbon, presumably due to acidification or direct release of OM from dissolving Fe(III) mineral phases. Average nominal oxidation state of water-soluble carbon was lowest under persistent anoxic conditions, suggesting more reduced OC is microbially preserved under reducing conditions. Anoxic soil compounds had high H/C values (similar to lignin-like metabolites) whereas oxic soil compounds had higher O/C values, akin to tannin- and cellulose-like components. Cumulative respiration derived from native soil organic carbon was highest in static oxic soils. These results highlight the volatility of mineral-OM interactions in tropical soils, and suggest that short-term impacts of shifting soil O2 availability control exchanges of C between mineral-sorbed and aqueous pools, implying that the periodicity of low-redox moments may control the fate of C in wet tropical soils.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/312108_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (23K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@add07borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15269bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ca034org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9d793_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Toc Art C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tfaily, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox fluctuations control the coupled cycling of iron and carbon in tropical forest soils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of brain structure and function through the high resolution and large penetration depth it offers. Investigating neural structures in vivo requires gaining optical access to the brain, which is typically achieved by replacing a part of the skull with one or several layers of cover glass windows. To compensate for the spherical aberrations caused by the presence of these layers of glass, collar-correction objectives are typically used. However, the efficiency of this correction has been shown to depend significantly on the tilt angle between the glass window surface and the optical axis of the imaging system. Here we expand these observations and characterize the effect of the tilt angle on the collected fluorescence signal with thicker windows (double cover glass) and compare these results with an objective devoid of collar-correction. Finally, we present a simple optical alignment device designed to rapidly minimize the tilt angle in vivo and align the optical axis of the microscope perpendicularly to the glass window, thereby significantly improving the imaging quality. The performance of the device is demonstrated in an in vivo setting and a tilt-correction procedure is described, enabling the accurate alignment (<0.2{degrees}) of the cover glass with the imaging plane in only few iterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galinanes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential contributions of subthalamic beta rhythms and neural noise to Parkinson motor symptoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExcessive beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is linked to Parkinsons disease and associated motor symptoms. However, the relationship between beta activity and motor symptoms has been inconsistent, which may influence the efficacy of closed-loop deep brain stimulation.nnHypothesisWe hypothesized that this variability is due to the degree of neural noise in STN recordings. Recent evidence has shown that neural noise is influenced by multiple factors, such as development, aging and disease, and could confound measures of beta activity. In this work, we propose a model that disentangles beta oscillatory activity and neural noise in the STN power spectrum.nnMethodsWe investigated the impact of neural noise on estimations of beta activity and motor symptoms from data recorded bilaterally from the subthalamic nuclei of thirteen Parkinsonian patients.nnResultsResults showed that the relationship between beta oscillatory amplitude and motor symptoms (bradykinesia and rigidity) significantly improved when neural noise was removed from the estimation of beta activity.nnConclusionThese findings emphasize the importance of modeling neural components independently for understanding physiological processes associated with Parkinsons disease, and identifying better biomarkers for characterizing symptom severity. Subsequently, we predict that our findings can have a direct application for closed-loop deep brain stimulation on Parkinsons Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturrate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarriaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaldivar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peciu-Florianu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pralong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vingerhoets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, J. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential contributions of subthalamic beta rhythms and neural noise to Parkinson motor symptoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/313346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Vibrio cholerae biotype  El Tor is responsible for all current epidemic and endemic cholera outbreaks worldwide. These outbreaks are clonal and are hypothesized to originate from the coastal areas near the Bay of Bengal where the lytic bacteriophage ICP1 specifically preys upon these pathogenic outbreak strains. ICP1 has also been the dominant bacteriophage found in cholera patient stool since 2001. However, little is known about its genomic differences between ICP1 strains collected over time. Here we elucidate the pan-genome and phylogeny of ICP1 strains by aligning, annotating and analyzing the genomes of 19 distinct isolates collected between 2001 and 2012. Our results reveal that ICP1 isolates are highly conserved and possess a large core-genome as well as a smaller, somewhat flexible accessory-genome. Despite its overall conservation, ICP1 strains have managed to acquire a number of unknown genes as well as a CRISPR-Cas system, which is known to be critical for its ongoing struggle for co-evolutionary dominance over its host. This study describes a foundation on which to construct future molecular and bioinformatic studies of this V. cholerae-associated bacteriophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral promising live attenuated virus (LAV) dengue vaccines are in development, but information about innate immune responses and early correlates of protection are lacking.nnMethodsWe characterized human genome-wide transcripts in whole blood from 10 volunteers at 11 time-points after immunization with the dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) component of the NIH dengue vaccine candidate TV003 and from 30 hospitalized children with acute primary DENV-3 infection. We compared day-specific gene expression patterns with subsequent neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers.nnResultsThe transcriptional response to vaccination was largely confined to days 5-20 and was dominated by an interferon-associated signature and a cell cycle signature that peaked on days 8 and 14, respectively. Changes in transcript abundance were much greater in magnitude and scope in symptomatic natural infection than following vaccination (maximum fold-change >200 versus 21 post-vaccination; 3,210 versus 286 transcripts with significant fold-change), but shared gene modules were induced in the same sequence. The abundance of 131 transcripts on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination was strongly correlated with NAb titers measured 6 weeks post-vaccination.nnConclusionsLAV dengue vaccination elicits early transcriptional responses that mirror those found in symptomatic natural infection and provide candidate early markers of protection against DENV infection.nnClinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00831012 (available at clinicaltrials.gov)nnSummary: Interferon- and cell cycle-associated gene transcript abundance levels in the peripheral blood of dengue vaccine recipients on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination were associated with dengue neutralizing antibody titers on day 42, and mirrored responses in primary dengue infection, suggesting the possibility of predicting protective immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popper, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouts, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of a Novel Vitivirus in Grapevine cv Riesling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitivirus are ssRNA(+) viruses in the family Betaflexiviridae (subfamily Trivirinae). There are currently ten ICTV recognized virus species in the genus; nevertheless, the extended use of NGS technologies is rapidly expanding their diversity and six more have been proposed recently. Here, we present the characterization of a novel virus from grapevines, which fits the genomic architecture and evolutionary constraints to be classifiable within the Vitivirus genus. The detected virus sequence is 7,607 nt long, including a typical genome organization of ORFs encoding a replicase (RP), a 22 kDa protein, a movement protein, a coat protein (CP) and a nucleic acid binding protein. Here, we present the characterization of a novel virus from grapevines. Phylogenetic analyses based on the predicted RP and CP protein unequivocally places the new virus within the Vitivirus genus. Multiple independent RNAseq data confirmed the presence of the detected virus in berries at diverse developmental stages. Additionally, we detected, confirmed, and assembled virus sequences from grapevine samples of distinct cultivars from America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, sharing 74.9%-97.9% nt identity, suggesting that the identified virus is widely distributed and diverse. We propose the name grapevine virus L (GVL) to the detected Vitivirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debat, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Talquenca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asurmendi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of a Novel Vitivirus in Grapevine cv Riesling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estrogen Signaling in Arcuate Kiss1 Neurons Suppresses a Sex-Dependent Circuit That Promotes Dense Strong Bones in Female Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central estrogen signaling coordinates energy expenditure, reproduction, and in concert with peripheral estrogen impacts skeletal homeostasis in female rodents. Here, we ablate estrogen receptor alpha (ER) in the medial basal hypothalamus and find a robust bone phenotype only in female mice that results in exceptionally strong trabecular and cortical bones, whose density surpasses other reported mouse models. Stereotaxic guided deletion of ER in the arcuate nucleus increases bone mass in both intact and estrogen-depleted females, confirming the central role of estrogen signaling in this sex-dependent bone phenotype. Loss of ER activity in kisspeptin (Kiss1)-expressing cells is sufficient to recapitulate the bone phenotype, identifying Kiss1 neurons as a critical node in this powerful neuroskeletal circuit. We propose that this newly identified female brain-to-bone pathway exists as a homeostatic regulator to divert calcium and energy stores from bone building when energetic demands are high. Our work reveals a previously unknown target for the treatment of age-related bone disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herber, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayrer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissenson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingraham, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estrogen Signaling in Arcuate Kiss1 Neurons Suppresses a Sex-Dependent Circuit That Promotes Dense Strong Bones in Female Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for selective stalling of human ribosome nascent chain complexes by a drug-like molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecules that target the ribosome generally have a global impact on protein synthesis. However, the drug-like molecule PF-06446846 (PF846) binds the human ribosome and selectively blocks the translation of a small subset of proteins by an unknown mechanism. In high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human ribosome nascent chain complexes stalled by PF846, PF846 binds in the ribosome exit tunnel in a newly-identified and eukaryotic-specific pocket formed by the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and redirects the path of the nascent polypeptide chain. PF846 arrests the translating ribosome in the rotated state that precedes mRNA and tRNA translocation, with peptidyl-tRNA occupying a mixture of A/A and hybrid A/P sites, in which the tRNA 3-CCA end is improperly docked in the peptidyl transferase center. Using mRNA libraries, selections of PF846-dependent translation elongation stalling sequences reveal sequence preferences near the peptidyl transferase center, and uncover a newly-identified mechanism by which PF846 selectively blocks translation termination. These results illuminate how a small molecule selectively stalls the translation of the human ribosome, and provides a structural foundation for developing small molecules that inhibit the production of proteins of therapeutic interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dullea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for selective stalling of human ribosome nascent chain complexes by a drug-like molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-seq for Defining Cell Population and Transcriptional Spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a universal sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq in which cells are chemically labeled with identifying DNA oligonucleotides. Analysis of a 96-plex perturbation experiment revealed changes in cell population structure and transcriptional states that cannot be discerned from bulk measurements, establishing a cost effective means to survey cell populations from large experiments and clinical samples with the depth and resolution of single-cell RNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gehring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-seq for Defining Cell Population and Transcriptional Spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal regulation of ferritin translation by human eIF3 and the iron response proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central problem in human biology remains the discovery of causal molecular links between mutations identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their corresponding disease traits. This challenge is magnified for variants residing in non-coding regions of the genome. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5 untranslated region (5-UTR) of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene that cause hyperferritinemia are thought to disrupt translation repression by altering iron regulatory protein (IRP) interactions with the FTL mRNA 5-UTR. Here, we show that human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) acts as a distinct repressor of FTL mRNA translation, and eIF3-mediated FTL repression is disrupted by a subset of SNPs in FTL that cause hyperferritinemia. These results identify a direct role for eIF3-mediated translational control in a specific human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pulos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srole, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSwiggen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal regulation of ferritin translation by human eIF3 and the iron response proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional degradation: a mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are multi-protein platforms that initiate innate immunity by recruitment and activation of Caspase-1. The NLRP1B inflammasome is activated upon direct cleavage by the anthrax lethal toxin protease. However, the mechanism by which cleavage results in NLRP1B activation is unknown. Here we find that cleavage results in proteasome-mediated degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B, liberating a C-terminal fragment that is a potent Caspase-1 activator. Proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B is both necessary and sufficient for NLRP1B activation. Consistent with our new  functional degradation model, we identify IpaH7.8, a Shigella flexneri ubiquitin ligase secreted effector, as an enzyme that induces NLRP1B degradation and activation. Our results provide a unified mechanism for NLRP1B activation by diverse pathogen-encoded enzymatic activities.nnOne Sentence SummaryTwo distinct pathogen enzymes activate an innate immune sensor called NLRP1B by a mechanism that requires proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional degradation: a mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site specific target binding controls RNA cleavage efficiency by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus endonuclease SOX 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During lytic replication of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the gene expression landscape of a cell is remodeled to evade the immune response and create an environment favorable to viral replication. A major driver of these gene expression changes is a virally encoded, messenger RNA (mRNA)-specific endonuclease termed SOX. SOX cleaves the majority of cytoplasmic mRNAs, but does so at specific internal sites loosely defined by a degenerate sequence motif. If and how RNA sequence directs SOX targeting remained unknown. To address these questions, we used recombinant, highly purified SOX endonuclease in a series of biochemical assays to reconstitute the cleavage reaction in vitro and gain significant insight into the biochemical mechanism of both SOX target recognition and endonucleolytic cleavage. Using this system, we determined that cut site specificity is preserved with purified SOX and a validated target RNA and thus does not require additional cellular cofactors. Furthermore, we showed that SOX displays robust, sequence-specific RNA binding to residues proximal to the cleavage site, which must be presented in a particular structural context. The strength of SOX binding dictates cleavage efficiency, providing an explanation for the breadth of target RNA susceptibility observed in cells.nnSignificance StatementKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human virus that causes Kaposis sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. During viral replication, KSHV expresses an enzyme called SOX that cuts and inactivates the majority of cellular messenger RNAs, preventing their translation into proteins. Some mRNAs are efficiently cleaved by SOX, while others are poorly cleaved, but the mechanistic basis underlying this selectivity has remained largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the efficiency of RNA cleavage is heavily impacted by RNA sequences proximal to the cleavage site, which serve as a SOX binding platform. This helps explain both the range of RNA cleavage efficiency observed in SOX-expressing cells as well as the sequence specificity underlying SOX targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site specific target binding controls RNA cleavage efficiency by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus endonuclease SOX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.Objective: Microwire and Utah-style neural recording arrays are the predominant devices used for cortical neural recording, but the implanted electrodes cause a significant adverse biological response and suffer from well-studied performance degradation. Recent work has demonstrated that carbon fiber electrodes do not elicit this same adverse response, but these existing designs are not practically scalable to hundreds or thousands of recording sites. We present technology that overcomes these issues while additionally providing fine electrode pitch for spatial oversampling.nnApproach: We present a 32-channel carbon fiber monofilament-based intracortical neural recording array fabricated through a combination of bulk silicon microfabrication processing and microassembly. This device represents the first truly two-dimensional carbon fiber neural recording array. The density, channel count, and size scale of this array are enabled by an out-of-plane microassembly technique in which individual fibers are inserted through metallized and isotropically conductive adhesive-filled holes in an oxide-passivated microfabricated silicon substrate.nnMain results: Five-micron diameter fibers are spaced at a pitch of 38 microns, four times denser than state of the art one-dimensional arrays. The fine diameter of the carbon fibers affords both minimal cross-section and nearly three orders of magnitude greater lateral compliance than standard tungsten microwires. Typical 1 kHz impedances are on the order of hundreds of kiloohms, and successful in vivo recording is demonstrated in the motor cortex of a rat. 22 total units are recorded on 20 channels, with unit SNR ranging from 0.85 to 4.2.nnSignificance: This is the highest density microwire-style electrode array to date, and this fabrication technique is scalable to a larger number of electrodes and allows for the potential future integration of microelectronics. Large-scale carbon fiber neural recording arrays are a promising technology for reducing the inflammatory response and increasing the information density, particularly in neural recording applications where microwire arrays are already used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF68 is a DNA binding protein required for viral genome cleavage and packaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpesviral DNA packaging into nascent capsids requires multiple conserved viral proteins that coordinate genome encapsidation. Here, we investigated the role of the ORF68 protein of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a protein required for viral DNA encapsidation whose function remains largely unresolved across the herpesviridae. We found that KSHV ORF68 is expressed with early kinetics and localizes predominantly to viral replication compartments, although it is dispensable for viral DNA replication and gene expression. However, in agreement with its proposed role in viral DNA packaging, KSHV-infected cells lacking ORF68 failed to cleave viral DNA concatemers, accumulated exclusively immature B-capsids, and released no infectious progeny virions. ORF68 has no predicted domains aside from a series of putative zinc finger motifs. However, in vitro biochemical analyses of purified ORF68 protein revealed that it robustly binds DNA and is associated with nuclease activity. These activities provide new insights into the role of KSHV ORF68 in viral genome encapsidation.nnImportanceKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposis sarcoma and several B-cell cancers, causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. A critical step in the production of infectious viral progeny is the packaging of the newly replicated viral DNA genome into the capsid, which involves coordination between at least seven herpesviral proteins. While the majority of these packaging factors have been well studied in related herpesviruses, the role of the KSHV ORF68 protein and its homologs remains unresolved. Here, using a KSHV mutant lacking ORF68, we confirm its requirement for viral DNA processing and packaging in infected cells. Furthermore, we show that the purified ORF68 protein directly binds DNA and is associated with a metal-dependent cleavage activity on double stranded DNA in vitro. These activities suggest a novel role for ORF68 in herpesviral genome processing and encapsidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF68 is a DNA binding protein required for viral genome cleavage and packaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rampant cryptic sex chromosome drive in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts that selfish genetic elements that increase their transmission are prone to originate on sex chromosomes but create strong selective pressure to evolve suppressors due to reduced fertility and distorted population sex ratios. Here we show that recurrent genetic conflict over sex chromosome transmission appears to be an important evolutionary force that has shaped gene content evolution of sex chromosomes in Drosophila. We demonstrate that convergent acquisition and amplification of spermatid expressed gene families are common on Drosophila sex chromosomes, and especially on recently formed ones, and harbor characteristics typical of meiotic drivers. We carefully characterize one putative novel cryptic sex chromosome distortion system that arose independently several times in members of the Drosophila obscura group. Co-amplification of the S-Lap1/GAPsec gene pair on both the X and the Y chromosome occurred independently several times in members of the D. obscura group, where this normally autosomal gene pair is sex-linked due to a sex chromosome - autosome fusion. Investigation of gene expression and short RNA profiles at the S-Lap1/GAPsec system suggest that meiotic drive and suppression likely involves RNAi mechanisms. Our finding suggests that recurrent conflict over sex chromosome transmission has shaped widespread genomic and evolutionary patterns, including the epigenetic regulation of sex chromosomes, the distribution of sex-biased genes, and the evolution of hybrid sterility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rampant cryptic sex chromosome drive in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When parasites are selected to kill the young 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of infectious disease is often very different in juveniles and adults, but theory has focused on the drivers of stage-dependent defense in hosts rather than the potential for stage-dependent virulence evolution. Stage-structure has the potential to be important to the evolution of pathogens because it exposes parasites to heterogeneous environments in terms of both host characteristics and transmission routes. We develop a stage-structured (juvenile-adult) epidemiological model and examine the evolutionary outcomes of stage-specific virulence under the classic assumption of a transmission-virulence trade-off. We show that selection on virulence against adults remains consistent with the classic theory. However, the evolution of juvenile virulence is sensitive to both demography and transmission pathway with higher virulence against juveniles being favored either when the transmission pathway is assortative (juveniles preferentially interact together) and the juvenile stage is short, or in contrast when the transmission pathway is disassortative and the juvenile stage is long. These results highlight the potentially profound effects of host stage-structure on determining parasite virulence in nature. This new perspective may have broad implications for both understanding and managing disease severity.

Impact summaryUnderstanding the evolution of parasite virulence remains one of the most important questions in evolutionary ecology. Virulence is often very different in young and old hosts, but previous theory has presumed that these differences are attributed to adaptation in host defense rather than parasite adaptation. However, stage-structure within host populations can expose parasites to heterogeneous environments, which may lead to differential selection on parasite virulence (stage-specific virulence). Surprisingly, no study has investigated the effects of hosts stage-structure on the evolution of stage-specific virulence. We present a theoretical analysis to examine when selection can favor higher virulence against juveniles (juvenile-virulence) versus adults (adult-virulence). Our key result is that higher juvenile-virulence is selected for either when the transmission is assortative within age classes and maturation is slow, or when the transmission is disassortative (occurring predominantly between-classes) and maturation is relatively fast. These at first sight contrasting outcomes can be understood as adaptation to the exploitation of the more available host stage. Although the data on assortativity in infectious disease systems is limited, empirical studies for the virulence of Great Island Virus in guillemots (Uria aalge) and for salmon louse in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are consistent with our predictions. Our work provides testable predictions for stage-specific virulence and presents a novel mechanism that may explain variation in virulence in nature. There are also management implications for conservation, public health, vaccination programs, and farming to understanding the drivers of stage dependent virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iritani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When parasites are selected to kill the young]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive acquisition of information is critical for goal-directed behavior. Popular theories posit that information acquisition is driven by intrinsic motives (curiosity or exploration bonus) and mediated by valuation system. However, they are insufficient when agents need to evaluate instrumental benefit of new information in a forward-looking manner. We tested whether human brain computes value of information (VOI) on a scale common with more basic rewards to acquire information. In an fMRI task, subjects purchased information for choices on monetary lotteries. Behaviorally, subjective VOI was largely driven by instrumental benefit, as normatively predicted, but additionally affected by non-instrumental motive, particularly the utility of anticipation. Neurally, VOI was represented in striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cross-categorical decoding revealed that these regions use a common scale for VOI and another type of value, expected utility of the lotteries. These provide new insight on neurocognitive mechanism of forward-looking, value-based information acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common Neural Code for Reward and Information Value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo assembly of a young Drosophila Y chromosome using Single-Molecule sequencing and Chromatin Conformation capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While short-read sequencing technology has resulted in a sharp increase in the number of species with genome assemblies, these assemblies are typically highly fragmented. Repeats pose the largest challenge for reference genome assembly, and pericentromeric regions and the repeat-rich Y chromosome are typically ignored from sequencing projects. Here, we assemble the genome of Drosophila miranda using long reads for contig formation, chromatin interaction maps for scaffolding and short reads, optical mapping and BAC clone sequencing for consensus validation. Our assembly recovers entire chromosomes and contains large fractions of repetitive DNA, including ~41.5 Mb of pericentromeric and telomeric regions, and >100Mb of the recently formed highly repetitive neo-Y chromosome. While Y chromosome evolution is typically characterized by global sequence loss and shrinkage, the neo-Y increased in size by almost 3-fold, due to the accumulation of repetitive sequences. Our high-quality assembly allows us to reconstruct the chromosomal events that have led to the unusual sex chromosome karyotype in D. miranda, including the independent de novo formation of a pair of sex chromosomes at two distinct time points, or the reversion of a former Y chromosome to an autosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibilisco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo assembly of a young Drosophila Y chromosome using Single-Molecule sequencing and Chromatin Conformation capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the textbook view is that most germline mutations arise from replication errors, when analyzing large de novo mutation datasets in humans, we find multiple lines of evidence that call that understanding into question. Notably, despite the drastic increase in the ratio of male to female germ cell divisions after the onset of spermatogenesis, even young fathers contribute three times more mutations than young mothers, and this ratio barely increases with parental ages. This surprising finding points to a substantial contribution of damage-induced mutations. Indeed, C to G transversions and CpG transitions, which together constitute one third of all mutations, show genomic distributions and sex-specific age dependencies indicative of doublestrand break repair and methylation-associated damage, respectively. Moreover, the data indicate that maternal age at conception influences the mutation rate both because of the accumulation of damage in oocytes and potentially through an influence on the number of postzygotic mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlooked roles of DNA damage and maternal age in generating human germline mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic machinery from which microbial aerobic respiration evolved is tightly linked to the origins of oxygenic Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria). Even though the majority of Oxyphotobacteria are photoautotrophs and can use carbohydrates with oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor, all are fermenters under dark anoxic conditions. Studies suggest that the ancestor of Oxyphotobacteria may have used hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and that two types of NiFe hydrogenases are essential for its oxidation. Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, close phylogenetic neighbors to Oxyphotobacteria comprise fermentative and aerobic representatives, or organisms capable of both. Margulisbacteria (candidate divisions RBX-1 and ZB3) and Saganbacteria (candidate division WOR-1), a novel cluster of bacteria phylogenetically related to Melainabacteria, Sericytochromatia and Oxyphotobacteria may further constrain the metabolic platform in which oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration arose. Here, we predict the metabolisms of Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria from new and published metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs), and compare them to their phylogenetic neighbors. Sediment-associated Margulisbacteria are predicted to have a fermentation-based metabolism featuring a variety of hydrogenases, a nitrogenase for nitrogen (N2) fixation, and electron bifurcating complexes involved in cycling of ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Overall, the genomic features suggest the capacity for metabolic fine-tuning under strictly anoxic conditions. In contrast, the genomes of Margulisbacteria from the ocean ecosystem encode an electron transport chain that supports aerobic growth. Similarly, some Saganbacteria genomes encode various hydrogenases, and others may have the ability to use O2 under certain conditions via a putative novel type of heme copper O2 reductase. Like Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria have diverse energy metabolisms capable of fermentation, and aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In summary, our findings support the hypothesis that the ancestor of these groups was an anaerobe in which fermentation and H2 metabolism were central metabolic features. Our genomic data also suggests that contemporary lineages sibling to the Oxyphotobacteria may have acquired the ability to use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor under certain environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becraft, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/332650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses inhabit a wide range of host environments using a limited repertoire of protein components. Unlike viruses with stereotyped shapes, influenza produces virions with significant morphological variability even within clonal populations. Whether this tendency to form pleiomorphic virions is coupled to compositional heterogeneity and whether it affects replicative fitness remains unclear. Here we address these questions by developing live strains of influenza A virus amenable to rapid compositional characterization through quantitative, site-specific labeling of viral proteins. Using these strains, we find that influenza A produces virions with broad variations in size and composition from even single infected cells. The virus leverages this phenotypic variability to survive environmental challenges including temperature changes and anti-virals. Complimenting genetic adaptations that act over larger populations and longer times, this  low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus allows small populations to survive environments that fluctuate over individual replication cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing a proteins folding pathway over evolutionary time using ancestral sequence reconstruction and hydrogen exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conformations populated during protein folding have been studied for decades; yet, their evolutionary importance remains largely unexplored. Ancestral sequence reconstruction allows access to proteins across evolutionary time, and new methods such as pulsed-labeling hydrogen exchange coupled with mass spectrometry allow determination of folding intermediate structures at near amino-acid resolution. Here, we combine these techniques to monitor the folding of the ribonuclease H family along the evolutionary lineages of T. thermophilus and E. coli RNase H. All homologs and ancestral proteins studied populate a similar folding intermediate despite being separated by billions of years of evolution. Even though this conformation is conserved, the pathway leading to it has diverged over evolutionary time, and rational mutations can alter this trajectory. Our results demonstrate that evolutionary processes can affect the energy landscape to preserve or alter specific features of a proteins folding pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing a proteins folding pathway over evolutionary time using ancestral sequence reconstruction and hydrogen exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide-pair encoding of 16S rRNA sequences for host phenotype and biomarker detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying combinations of taxa distinctive for microbiome-associated diseases is considered key to the establishment of diagnosis and therapy options in precision medicine and imposes high demands on accuracy of microbiome analysis techniques. We propose subsequence based 16S rRNA data analysis, as a new paradigm for microbiome phenotype classification and biomarker detection. This method and software called DiTaxa substitutes standard OTU-clustering or sequence-level analysis by segmenting 16S rRNA reads into the most frequent variable-length subsequences. These subsequences are then used as data representation for downstream phenotype prediction, biomarker detection and taxonomic analysis. Our proposed sequence segmentation called nucleotide-pair encoding (NPE) is an unsupervised data-driven segmentation inspired by Byte-pair encoding, a data compression algorithm. The identified subsequences represent commonly occurring sequence portions, which we found to be distinctive for taxa at varying evolutionary distances and highly informative for predicting host phenotypes. We compared the performance of DiTaxa to the state-of-the-art methods in disease phenotype prediction and biomarker detection, using human-associated 16S rRNA samples for periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as a synthetic benchmark dataset. DiTaxa identified 17 out of 29 taxa with confirmed links to periodontitis (recall= 0.59), relative to 3 out of 29 taxa (recall= 0.10) by the state-of-the-art method. On synthetic benchmark data, DiTaxa obtained full precision and recall in biomarker detection, compared to 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. In addition, machine-learning classifiers trained to predict host disease phenotypes based on the NPE representation performed competitively to the state-of-the art using OTUs or k-mers. For the rheumatoid arthritis dataset, DiTaxa substantially outperformed OTU features with a macro-F1 score of 0.76 compared to 0.65. Due to the alignment- and reference free nature, DiTaxa can efficiently run on large datasets. The full analysis of a large 16S rRNA dataset of 1359 samples required {approx}1.5 hours on 20 cores, while the standard pipeline needed {approx}6.5 hours in the same setting.nnAvailabilityAn implementation of our method called DiTaxa is available under the Apache 2 licence at http://llp.berkeley.edu/ditaxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Münch, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesker, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide-pair encoding of 16S rRNA sequences for host phenotype and biomarker detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting developmental outcomes from regulatory DNA sequence and transcription factor patterns remains an open challenge in physical biology. Using stripe 2 of the even-skipped gene in Drosophila embryos as a case study, we dissect the regulatory forces underpinning a key step along the developmental decision-making cascade: the generation of cytoplasmic mRNA patterns via the control of transcription in individual cells. Using live imaging and computational approaches, we found that the transcriptional burst frequency is modulated across the stripe to control the mRNA production rate. However, we discovered that bursting alone cannot quantitatively recapitulate the formation of the stripe, and that control of the window of time over which each nucleus transcribes even-skipped plays a critical role in stripe formation. Theoretical modeling revealed that these regulatory strategies--bursting and the time window--obey different kinds of regulatory logic, suggesting that the stripe is shaped by the interplay of two distinct underlying molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galstyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binary transcriptional control of pattern formation in development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A geometric attractor mechanism for self-organization of entorhinal grid modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) respond when an animal occupies a periodic lattice of "grid fields" in the environment. The grids are organized in modules with spatial periods clustered around discrete values separated by constant ratios reported in the range 1.3-1.8. We propose a mechanism for dynamical self-organization in the mEC that can produce this modular structure. In attractor network models of grid formation, the period of a single module is set by the length scale of recurrent inhibition between neurons. We show that grid cells will instead form a hierarchy of discrete modules if a continuous increase in inhibition distance along the dorso-ventral axis of the mEC is accompanied by excitatory interactions along this axis. Moreover, constant scale ratios between successive modules arise through geometric relationships between triangular grids, whose lattice constants are separated by [Formula], or other ratios. We discuss how the interactions required by our model might be tested experimentally and realized by circuits in the mEC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A geometric attractor mechanism for self-organization of entorhinal grid modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uneven distribution of cobamide biosynthesis and dependence in bacteria predicted by comparative genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vitamin B12 family of cofactors known as cobamides are essential for a variety of microbial metabolisms. We used comparative genomics of 11,000 bacterial species to analyze the extent and distribution of cobamide production and use across bacteria. We find that 86% of bacteria in this data set have at least one of 15 cobamide-dependent enzyme families, yet only 37% are predicted to synthesize cobamides de novo. The distribution of cobamide biosynthesis varies at the phylum level, with 57% of Actinobacteria, 45% of Proteobacteria, and 30% of Firmicutes, and less than 1% of Bacteroidetes containing the complete biosynthetic pathway. Cobamide structure could be predicted for 58% of cobamide-producing species, based on the presence of signature lower ligand biosynthesis and attachment genes. Our predictions also revealed that 17% of bacteria that have partial biosynthetic pathways, yet have the potential to salvage cobamide precursors. These include a newly defined, experimentally verified category of bacteria lacking the first step in the biosynthesis pathway. These predictions highlight the importance of cobamide and cobamide precursor crossfeeding as examples of nutritional dependencies in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haft, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uneven distribution of cobamide biosynthesis and dependence in bacteria predicted by comparative genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust method for transfection in choanoflagellates illuminates their cell biology and the ancestry of animal septins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates offer unique insights into animal origins and core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology. However, unlike traditional model organisms, such as yeast, flies and worms, choanoflagellates have been refractory to DNA delivery methods for expressing foreign genes. Here we report the establishment of a robust method for expressing transgenes in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, overcoming barriers that have previously hampered DNA delivery and expression. To demonstrate how this method accelerates the study of S. rosetta cell biology, we engineered a panel of fluorescent protein markers that illuminate key features of choanoflagellate cells. We then investigated the localization of choanoflagellate septins, a family of GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins that are hypothesized to regulate the multicellular rosette development in S. rosetta. Fluorescently tagged septins localized to the basal pole of S. rosetta single cells and rosettes in a pattern resembling septin localization in animal epithelia. The establishment of transfection in S. rosetta and its application to the study of septins represent critical advances in the growth of S. rosetta as an experimental model for investigating choanoflagellate cell biology, core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology, and the origin of animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust method for transfection in choanoflagellates illuminates their cell biology and the ancestry of animal septins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome analysis of introgression between the spotted owl and barred owl (Strix occidentalis and Strix varia, respectively; Aves: Strigidae) in western North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the barred owl (Strix varia; Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) expands throughout western North America, hybridization between barred and spotted owls (Strix varia and S. occidentalis, respectively), if abundant, may lead to genetic swamping of the endangered spotted owl. We analyzed low-coverage, whole-genome sequence data from fifty-one barred and spotted owls to investigate recent introgression between these two species. Although we obtained genomic confirmation that these species can and do hybridize and backcross, we found no evidence of widespread introgression. Plumage characteristics of western S. varia that suggested admixture with S. occidentalis appear unrelated to S. occidentalis ancestry and may instead reflect local selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome analysis of introgression between the spotted owl and barred owl (Strix occidentalis and Strix varia, respectively; Aves: Strigidae) in western North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequences suggest long term declines of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) populations in California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyzed whole-genome data of four spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) to provide a broad-scale assessment of the genome-wide nucleotide diversity across S. occidentalis populations in California. We assumed that each of the four samples was representative of its population and we estimated effective population sizes through time for each corresponding population. Our estimates provided evidence of long-term population declines in all California S. occidentalis populations. We found no evidence of genetic differentiation between northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina) populations in the counties of Marin and Humboldt in California. We estimated greater differentiation between populations at the northern and southern extremes of the range of the California spotted owl (S. o. occidentalis) than between populations of S. o. occidentalis and S. o. caurina in northern California. The San Diego County S. o. occidentalis population was substantially diverged from the other three S. occidentalis populations. These whole-genome data support a pattern of isolation-by-distance across spotted owl populations in California, rather than elevated differentiation between currently recognized subspecies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequences suggest long term declines of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) populations in California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic variable-length segmentation of protein sequences for discriminative motif mining (DiMotif)and sequence embedding (ProtVecX) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we present peptide-pair encoding (PPE), a general-purpose probabilistic segmentation of protein sequences into commonly occurring variable-length sub-sequences. The idea of PPE segmentation is inspired by the byte-pair encoding (BPE) text compression algorithm, which has recently gained popularity in subword neural machine translation. We modify this algorithm by adding a sampling framework allowing for multiple ways of segmenting a sequence. PPE segmentation steps can be learned over a large set of protein sequences (Swiss-Prot) or even a domain-specific dataset and then applied to a set of unseen sequences. This representation can be widely used as the input to any downstream machine learning tasks in protein bioinformatics. In particular, here, we introduce this representation through protein motif discovery and protein sequence embedding. (i) DiMotif: we present DiMotif as an alignment-free discriminative motif discovery method and evaluate the method for finding protein motifs in three different settings: (1) comparison of DiMotif with two existing approaches on 20 distinct motif discovery problems which are experimentally verified, (2) classification-based approach for the motifs extracted for integrins, integrin-binding proteins, and biofilm formation, and (3) in sequence pattern searching for nuclear localization signal. The DiMotif, in general, obtained high recall scores, while having a comparable F1 score with other methods in the discovery of experimentally verified motifs. Having high recall suggests that the DiMotif can be used for short-list creation for further experimental investigations on motifs. In the classification-based evaluation, the extracted motifs could reliably detect the integrins, integrin-binding, and biofilm formation-related proteins on a reserved set of sequences with high F1 scores. (ii) ProtVecX: we extend k-mer based protein vector (ProtVec) embedding to variable-length protein embedding using PPE sub-sequences. We show that the new method of embedding can marginally outperform ProtVec in enzyme prediction as well as toxin prediction tasks. In addition, we conclude that the embeddings are beneficial in protein classification tasks when they are combined with raw k-mer features.nnAvailabilityImplementations of our method will be available under the Apache 2 licence at http://llp.berkeley.edu/dimotif and http://llp.berkeley.edu/protvecx.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic variable-length segmentation of protein sequences for discriminative motif mining (DiMotif)and sequence embedding (ProtVecX)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons recorded in behaving animals often do not discernibly respond to sensory input and are not overtly task-modulated. These nominally non-responsive neurons are difficult to interpret and are typically neglected from analysis, confounding attempts to connect neural activity to perception and behavior. Here we describe a trial-by-trial, spike-timing-based algorithm to reveal the hidden coding capacities of these neurons in auditory and frontal cortex of behaving rats. Responsive and nominally non-responsive cells contained significant information about sensory stimuli and behavioral decisions, and network modeling indicated that nominally non-responsive cells are important for task performance. Sensory input was more accurately represented in frontal cortex than auditory cortex, via ensembles of nominally non-responsive cells coordinating the behavioral meaning of spike timings on correct but not error trials. This unbiased approach allows the contribution of all recorded neurons - particularly those without obvious task-modulation - to be assessed for behavioral relevance on single trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insanally, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nominally non-responsive frontal and sensory cortical cells encode task-relevant variables via ensemble consensus-building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small single-domain protein folds through the same pathway on- and off- the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo, proteins fold and function in a complex environment where they are subject to many stresses that can modulate protein energy landscapes. One aspect of the environment pertinent to protein folding is the ribosome, since proteins have the opportunity to fold while still bound to the ribosome during translation. We use a combination of force and chemical denaturant (chemo-mechanical unfolding), as well as point mutations, to characterize the folding mechanism of the src SH3 domain both as a stalled ribosome nascent chain and free in solution. Our results indicate that src SH3 folds through the same pathway on and off the ribosome. Molecular simulations also indicate that the ribosome does not affect the folding pathway for this small protein. Taken together, we conclude that the ribosome does not alter the folding mechanism of this small protein, which appears to fold at the mouth of the ribosome as the protein emerges from the exit tunnel. These results, if general, suggest the ribosome may exert a bigger influence on the folding of multi-domain proteins or protein domains that can partially fold before the entire domain sequence is outside the ribosome exit tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guinn, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small single-domain protein folds through the same pathway on- and off- the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGDrivE: A modular simulation framework for the spread of gene drives through spatially-explicit mosquito populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria, dengue, Zika, and other mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a major global health burden through much of the world, despite the widespread distribution of insecticide-based tools and antimalarial drugs. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and its demonstrated ability to streamline the development of gene drive systems has reignited interest in the application of this technology to the control of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit. The versatility of this technology has also enabled a wide range of gene drive architectures to be realized, creating a need for their population-level and spatial dynamics to be explored. To this end, we present MGDrivE (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer): a simulation framework designed to investigate the population dynamics of a variety of gene drive architectures and their spread through spatially-explicit mosquito populations. A key strength of the MGDrivE framework is its modularity: a) a genetic inheritance module accommodates the dynamics of gene drive systems displaying user-defined inheritance patterns, b) a population dynamic module accommodates the life history of a variety of mosquito disease vectors and insect agricultural pest species, and c) a landscape module accommodates the distribution of insect metapopulations connected by migration in space. Example MGDrivE simulations are presented to demonstrate the application of the framework to CRISPR/Cas9-based homing gene drive for: a) driving a disease-refractory gene into a population (i.e. population replacement), and b) disrupting a gene required for female fertility (i.e. population suppression), incorporating homing-resistant alleles in both cases. We compare MGDrivE with other genetic simulation packages, and conclude with a discussion of future directions in gene drive modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGDrivE: A modular simulation framework for the spread of gene drives through spatially-explicit mosquito populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating long-range energetics via helix stabilization: a case study using T4 lysozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperative protein folding requires distant regions of a protein to interact and provide mutual stabilization. The mechanism of this long-distance coupling remains poorly understood. Here, we use T4 lysozyme (T4L*) as a model to investigate long-range communications across a globular protein. T4L* is composed of two structurally distinct subdomains, although it behaves in a two-state manner at equilibrium. The subdomains of T4L* are connected via two topological connections: the N-terminal helix that is structurally part of the C-terminal subdomain (the A-helix) and a long helix that spans both subdomains (the C-helix). To understand the role that the C-helix plays in cooperative folding, we analyzed a circularly permuted version of T4L* (CP13*), whose subdomains are connected only by the C-helix. We demonstrate that when isolated as individual fragments, both subdomains of CP13* can fold autonomously into marginally stable conformations. The energetics of the N-terminal subdomain depend on the formation of a salt bridge known to be important for stability in the full-length protein. We show that the energetic contribution of the salt bridge to the stability of the N-terminal fragment increases when the C-helix is stabilized, such as occurs upon folding of the C-terminal subdomain. These results suggest a model where long-range energetic coupling is mediated by helix stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosemond, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamadani, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating long-range energetics via helix stabilization: a case study using T4 lysozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kluyveromyces marxianus as a robust synthetic biology platform host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout history, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a central role in human society due to its use in food production and more recently as a major industrial and model microorganism, because of the many genetic and genomic tools available to probe its biology. However S. cerevisiae has proven difficult to engineer to expand the carbon sources it can utilize, the products it can make, and the harsh conditions it can tolerate in industrial applications. Other yeasts that could solve many of these problems remain difficult to manipulate genetically. Here, we engineer the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus to create a new synthetic biology platform. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing, we show that wild isolates of K. marxianus can be made heterothallic for sexual crossing. By breeding two of these mating-type engineered K. marxianus strains, we combined three complex traits- thermotolerance, lipid production, and facile transformation with exogenous DNA-into a single host. The ability to cross K. marxianus strains with relative ease, together with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, should enable engineering of K. marxianus isolates with promising lipid production at temperatures far exceeding those of other fungi under development for industrial applications. These results establish K. marxianus as a synthetic biology platform comparable to S. cerevisiae, with naturally more robust traits that hold potential for the industrial production of renewable chemicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cernak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glynn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kluyveromyces marxianus as a robust synthetic biology platform host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in single-cell transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing has become a widely used, powerful approach for studying cell populations. However, these methods often generate multiplet artifacts, where two or more cells receive the same barcode, resulting in a hybrid transcriptome. In most experiments, multiplets account for several percent of transcriptomes and can confound downstream data analysis. Here, we present Scrublet (Single-Cell Remover of Doublets), a framework for predicting the impact of multiplets in a given analysis and identifying problematic multiplets. Scrublet avoids the need for expert knowledge or cell clustering by simulating multiplets from the data and building a nearest neighbor classifier. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we test Scrublet on several datasets that include independent knowledge of cell multiplets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in single-cell transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in biological imaging have led to a surge of fine-resolution structures of the ribosome from diverse organisms. Comparing these structures, especially the exit tunnel, to characterize the key similarities and differences across species is essential for various important applications, such as designing antibiotic drugs and understanding the intricate details of translation dynamics. Here, we compile and compare 20 fine-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography structures of the ribosome recently obtained from all three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukarya). We first show that a hierarchical clustering of tunnel shapes closely reflects the species phylogeny. Then, by analyzing the ribosomal RNAs and proteins localized near the tunnel, we explain the observed geometric variations and show direct association between the conservations of the geometry, structure, and sequence. We find that the tunnel is more conserved in its upper part, from the polypeptide transferase center to the constriction site. In the lower part, tunnels are significantly narrower in eukaryotes than in bacteria, and we provide evidence for the existence of a second constriction site in eukaryotic tunnels. We also show that ribosomal RNA and protein sequences are more likely to be conserved closer to the tunnel, as is the presence of positively charged amino acids. Overall, our comparative analysis shows how the geometric and biophysical properties of the exit tunnel play an important role in ensuring proper transit of the nascent polypeptide chain, and may explain the differences observed in several co-translational processes across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing of long ribosomal DNA amplicons enables portable and simple biodiversity assessments with high phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn light of the current biodiversity crisis, DNA barcoding is developing into an essential tool to quantify state shifts in global ecosystems. Current barcoding protocols often rely on short amplicon sequences, which yield accurate identification of biological entities in a community, but provide limited phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scales. However, the phylogenetic structure of communities is an essential component of biodiversity. Consequently, a barcoding approach is required that unites robust taxonomic assignment power and high phylogenetic utility. A possible solution is offered by sequencing long ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicons on the MinION platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies).nnResultsUsing a dataset of various animal and plant species, with a focus on arthropods, we assemble a pipeline for long rDNA barcode analysis and introduce a new software (MiniBar) to demultiplex dual indexed nanopore reads. We find excellent phylogenetic and taxonomic resolution offered by long rDNA sequences across broad taxonomic scales. We highlight the simplicity of our approach by field barcoding with a miniaturized, mobile laboratory in a remote rainforest. We also test the utility of long rDNA amplicons for analysis of community diversity through metabarcoding and find that they recover highly skewed diversity estimates.nnConclusionsSequencing dual indexed, long rDNA amplicons on the MinION platform is a straightforward, cost effective, portable and universal approach for eukaryote DNA barcoding. Long rDNA amplicons scale up DNA barcoding by enabling the accurate recovery of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. However, bulk community analyses using long-read approaches may introduce biases and will require further exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krehenwinkel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoobridge, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing of long ribosomal DNA amplicons enables portable and simple biodiversity assessments with high phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fst between archaic and present-day samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing abundance of DNA sequences obtained from fossils calls for new population genetics theory that takes account of both the temporal and spatial separation of samples. Here we exploit the relationship between Wrights FST and average coalescence times to develop an analytic theory describing how FST depends on both the distance and time separating pairs of sampled genomes. We apply this theory to several simple models of population history. If there is a time series of samples, partial population replacement creates a discontinuity in pairwise FST values. The magnitude of the discontinuity depends on the extent of replacement. In stepping-stone models, pairwise FST values between archaic and present-day samples reflect both the spatial and temporal separation. At long distances, an isolation by distance pattern dominates. At short distances, the time separation dominates. Analytic predictions fit patterns generated by simulations. We illustrate our results with applications to archaic samples from European human populations. We compare present-day samples with a pair of archaic samples taken before and after a replacement event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fst between archaic and present-day samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic rewards modulate sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have demonstrated that task success signals can modulate behavioral changes during sensorimotor adaptation tasks, primarily through the engagement of explicit processes. In a series of reaching experiments with human participants, we explore a potential interaction between reward-based learning and implicit adaptation, using a method in which feedback is not contingent on task performance. We varied the size of the target to compare conditions in which visual feedback indicated an invariant angular error that either hit or missed the target. Hitting the target attenuated the behavioral changes from adaptation, an effect we attribute to the generation of an intrinsic reward signal. We evaluated two models, one in which reward and adaptation systems operate in parallel, and a second in which reward acts directly on the adaptation system. The results favor the latter, consistent with evidence showing communication, and possible overlap, between neural substrates underlying reward-based learning and sensorimotor adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic rewards modulate sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryElectrical impedance measurements using microscale sensors implanted in two mouse fracture models tracked longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing, laying the groundwork for translation to the clinic through integration into fracture fixation implants (i.e. instrumented bone plates).nnAbstractThere are currently no standardized methods for monitoring fracture healing. While histological studies can clearly identify the tissues found in the four stages of repair, in practice surgeons rely on X-ray, which is only useful at later stages of healing after mineralization has occurred. As electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has previously been used to distinguish tissue types during healing, we hypothesized that microscale sensors embedded in the fracture callus could track the changing tissue with high sensitivity. Using in vivo mouse fracture models, we present the first evidence that microscale instrumented implants provide a route for post-operative fracture monitoring. In this study, we implanted sensors in mouse long bone fractures fixed with either external fixators or bone plates. EIS measurements taken across two electrodes implanted in the fracture gap were able to track longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing. We additionally present an equivalent circuit model that combines the EIS data in order to classify healing states of fractures. Lastly, we show that EIS measures are strongly correlated with standard {micro}CT measures of healing and that these correlations validate clinically-relevant operating frequencies for implementation of this technique. The data from these two models demonstrate that this technique can be translated to the clinic through integration into current fracture management strategies such as bone plating, providing physicians with quantitative information about the state of a fracture to guide clinical decision-making for patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herfat, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inversion and computational maturation of drug response using human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stems cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise for drug screening, the electrophys-iological properties of these cells can be variable and immature, producing results that are significantly different from their human adult counterparts. Here, we describe a computational framework to address this limitation, and show how in silico methods, applied to measurements on immature cardiomyocytes, can be used to both identify drug action and to predict its effect in mature cells. Our synthetic and experimental results indicate that optically obtained waveforms of voltage and calcium from microphysiological systems can be inverted into information on drug ion channel blockage, and then, through assuming functional invariance of proteins during maturation, this data can be used to predict drug induced changes in mature ventricular cells. Together, this pipeline of measurements and computational analysis could significantly improve the ability of hiPSC derived cardiomycocytes to predict dangerous drug side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inversion and computational maturation of drug response using human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility of Functional MRI at Ultralow Magnetic Field via Changes in Cerebral Blood Volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigate the feasibility of performing functional MRI (fMRI) at ultralow field (ULF) with a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID), as used for detecting magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals from the human head. While there is negligible magnetic susceptibility variation to produce blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast at ULF, changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) may be a sensitive mechanism for fMRI given the five-fold spread in spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) values across the constituents of the human brain. We undertook simulations of functional signal strength for a simplified brain model involving activation of a primary cortical region in a manner consistent with a blocked task experiment. Our simulations involve measured values of T1 at ULF and experimental parameters for the performance of an upgraded ULFMRI scanner. Under ideal experimental conditions we predict a functional signal-to-noise ratio of between 3.1 and 7.1 for an imaging time of 30 minutes, or between 1.5 and 3.5 for a blocked task experiment lasting 7.5 minutes. Our simulations suggest it may be feasible to perform fMRI using a ULFMRI system designed to perform MRI and MEG in situ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckenmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SanGiorgio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility of Functional MRI at Ultralow Magnetic Field via Changes in Cerebral Blood Volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apparent thinning of visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination, not pruning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microstructural mechanisms underlying apparent cortical thinning during childhood development are unknown. Using functional, quantitative, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in children and adults, we tested if tissue growth (lower T1 relaxation time and mean diffusivity (MD)) or pruning (higher T1 and MD) underlies cortical thinning in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). After age 5, T1 and MD decreased in mid and deep cortex of functionally-defined regions in lateral VTC, and in their adjacent white matter. T1 and MD decreases were (i) consistent with tissue growth related to myelin proliferation, which we verified with adult postmortem histology and (ii) correlated with apparent cortical thinning. Thus, contrary to prevailing theories, cortical tissue does not thin during childhood, it becomes more myelinated, shifting the gray-white matter boundary deeper into cortex. As tissue growth is prominent in regions with protracted functional development, our data suggest an intriguing hypothesis that functional development and myelination are interlinked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirilina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apparent thinning of visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination, not pruning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FleN contributes to heterogeneous swimming at high temperatures in Pseudomonas syringae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motility is generally conserved among many animal and plant pathogens. Environmental conditions, however, significantly impact expression of the motile phenotype. In this study, we describe a novel heterogeneous motility phenotype in Pseudomonas syringae, where under normally suppressive incubation conditions (30{degrees}C) punctate colonies arise that are spatially isolated from the point of inoculation, giving rise to a motility pattern we term constellation swimming (CS). We demonstrate that this phenotype is reproducible, reversible, and dependent on a functioning flagellum. Mirroring the heterogeneous motility phenotype, we demonstrate the existence of a sub-population of cells under non-permissive conditions that express flagellin (fliC) at levels similar to cells incubated under permissive conditions using both quantitative single cell microscopy and flow cytometry. To understand the genetics underlying the CS phenotype, we selected for naturally arising mutants that exhibited a normal swimming phenotype at the warmer incubation temperature. Sequencing these mutants recovered several independent non-synonymous mutations within FleN (also known as FlhG) as well as mutations within the promoter region of FleQ, the master flagellum regulator in Pseudomonas. We further show that nutrient depletion is the likely underlying cause of CS, as reduced nutrients will stimulate both fliC expression and a normal swimming phenotype at 30 {degrees}C.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockett, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FleN contributes to heterogeneous swimming at high temperatures in Pseudomonas syringae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While current single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) methods often rely on the target-specific alteration of the point spread function (PSF) to encode the multidimensional contents of single fluorophores, we argue that the details of the PSF in an unmodified microscope already contain rich, multidimensional information. We introduce a data-driven approach in which artificial neural networks (ANNs) are trained to make a direct link between an experimental PSF image and its underlying parameters. To demonstrate this concept in real systems, we decipher in fixed cells both the colors and the axial positions of single molecules in regular SMLM data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical and electron microscopy have made tremendous inroads in understanding the complexity of the brain, but the former offers insufficient resolution to reveal subcellular details and the latter lacks the throughput and molecular contrast to visualize specific molecular constituents over mm-scale or larger dimensions. We combined expansion microscopy and lattice light sheet microscopy to image the nanoscale spatial relationships between proteins across the thickness of the mouse cortex or the entire Drosophila brain, including synaptic proteins at dendritic spines, myelination along axons, and presynaptic densities at dopaminergic neurons in every fly neuropil domain. The technology should enable statistically rich, large scale studies of neural development, sexual dimorphism, degree of stereotypy, and structural correlations to behavior or neural activity, all with molecular contrast.nnOne Sentence SummaryCombined expansion and lattice light sheet microscopy enables high speed, nanoscale molecular imaging of neural circuits over large volumes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisarev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zugates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosaliganti, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Column and Whole Brain Imaging of Neural Circuits with Molecular Contrast and Nanoscale Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for genome editing in the anaerobic magnetotactic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTMagnetosomes are complex bacterial organelles that serve as model systems for studying cell biology, biomineralization, and global iron cycling. Magnetosome biogenesis is primarily studied in two closely related Alphaproteobacterial Magnetospirillum spp. that form cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals within a lipid membrane. However, chemically and structurally distinct magnetic particles have also been found in physiologically and phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Due to a lack of molecular genetic tools, the mechanistic diversity of magnetosome formation remains poorly understood. Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1 is an anaerobic sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacterium that forms bullet-shaped magnetite crystals. A recent forward genetic screen identified ten genes in the conserved magnetosome gene island of D. magneticus that are essential for its magnetic phenotype. However, this screen likely missed many interesting mutants with defects in crystal size, shape, and arrangement. Reverse genetics to target the remaining putative magnetosome genes using standard genetic methods of suicide vector integration has not been feasible due to low transconjugation efficiency. Here, we present a reverse genetic method for targeted mutagenesis in D. magneticus using a replicative plasmid. To test this method, we generated a mutant resistant to 5-fluorouracil by making a markerless deletion of the upp gene that encodes uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. We also used this method for targeted marker exchange mutagenesis by replacing kupM, a gene identified in our previous screen as a magnetosome formation factor, with a streptomycin resistance cassette. Overall, our results show that targeted mutagenesis using a replicative plasmid is effective in D. magneticus and may also be applied to other genetically recalcitrant bacteria.nnIMPORTANCEMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of organisms that form small, intracellular magnetic crystals though a complex process involving lipid and protein scaffolds. These magnetic crystals and their lipid membrane, termed magnetosomes, are model systems for studying bacterial cell biology and biomineralization as well as potential platforms for biotechnological applications. Due to a lack of genetic tools and unculturable representatives, the mechanisms of magnetosome formation in phylogenetically deeply-branching MTB remain unknown. These MTB contain elongated bullet-/tooth-shaped magnetite and greigite crystals that likely form in a manner distinct from the cubooctahedral-shaped magnetite crystals of the genetically tractable Alphaproteobacteria MTB. Here, we present a method for genome editing in the anaerobic Deltaproteobacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1, the first cultured representative of the deeply-branching MTB. This marks a crucial step in developing D. magneticus as a model for studying diverse mechanisms of magnetic particle formation by MTB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahn-Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for genome editing in the anaerobic magnetotactic bacterium Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human posterior parietal cortex responds to visual stimuli as early as peristriate occipital cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of what is known about the timing of visual processing in the brain is inferred from intracranial studies in monkeys, with human data limited to mainly non-invasive methods with lower spatial resolution. Here, we estimated visual onset latencies from electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in a patient who was implanted with 112 sub-dural electrodes, distributed across the posterior cortex of the right hemisphere, for pre-surgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy. Functional MRI prior to surgery was used to determine boundaries of visual areas. The patient was presented with images of objects from several categories. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were calculated across all categories excluding targets, and statistically reliable onset latencies were determined using a bootstrapping procedure over the single trial baseline activity in individual electrodes. The distribution of onset latencies broadly reflected the known hierarchy of visual areas, with the earliest cortical responses in primary visual cortex, and higher areas showing later responses. A clear exception to this pattern was robust, statistically reliable and spatially localized, very early responses on the bank of the posterior intra-parietal sulcus (IPS). The response in the IPS started nearly simultaneously with responses detected in peristriate visual areas, around 60 milliseconds post-stimulus onset. Our results support the notion of early visual processing in the posterior parietal lobe, not respecting traditional hierarchies, and give direct evidence for the upper limit of onset times of visual responses across the human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deouell, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human posterior parietal cortex responds to visual stimuli as early as peristriate occipital cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking Time-Series Data Discretization on Inference Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/378620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development in quantitatively measuring DNA, RNA, and protein has generated a great interest in the development of reverse-engineering methods, that is, data-driven approaches to infer the network structure or dynamical model of the system. Many reverse-engineering methods require discrete quantitative data as input, while many experimental data are continuous. Some studies have started to reveal the impact that the choice of data discretization has on the performance of reverse-engineering methods. However, more comprehensive studies are still greatly needed to systematically and quantitatively understand the impact that discretization methods have on inference methods. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for systematic comparative methods that can help select between discretization methods. In this work, we consider 4 published intracellular networks inferred with their respective time-series datasets. We discretized the data using different discretization methods. Across all datasets, changing the data discretization to a more appropriate one improved the reverse-engineering methods performance. We observed no universal best discretization method across different time-series datasets. Thus, we propose DiscreeTest, a two-step evaluation metric for ranking discretization methods for time-series data. The underlying assumption of DiscreeTest is that an optimal discretization method should preserve the dynamic patterns observed in the original data across all variables. We used the same datasets and networks to show that DiscreeTest is able to identify an appropriate discretization among several candidate methods. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a method for benchmarking and selecting an appropriate discretization method for time-series data has been proposed.nnAvailabilityAll the datasets, reverse-engineering methods and source code used in this paper are available in Vera-Liconas lab Github repository: https://github.com/VeraLiconaResearchGroup/Benchmarking_TSDiscretizations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera-Licona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking Time-Series Data Discretization on Inference Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial encapsulation of chronically implanted neural probes inhibits recording and stimulation, and this signal loss is a significant factor limiting the clinical viability of most neural implant topologies for decades-long implantation. We demonstrate a mechanical proof of concept for silicon shank-style neural probes intended to minimize gliosis near the recording sites. Compliant whiskers on the edges of the probe fold inward to minimize tissue damage during insertion. Once implanted to the target depth and retracted slightly, these whiskers splay outward. The splayed tips, on which recording sites could be patterned, extend beyond the typical 50-100 micron radius of a glial scar. The whiskers are micron-scale to minimize or avoid glial scarring. Electrically inactive devices with whiskers of varying widths and curvature were designed and monolithically fabricated from a five-micron silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and their mechanical functionality was demonstrated in a 0.6% agar brain phantom. Deflection was plotted versus deflection speed, and those that were most compliant actuated successfully. This probe requires no preparation for use beyond what is typical for a shank-style silicon probe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems function as adaptive immune systems by acquiring nucleotide sequences called spacers that mediate sequence-specific defense against competitors. Uniquely, the phage ICP1 encodes a Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system that is deployed to target and overcome PLE, a mobile genetic element with anti-phage activity in Vibrio cholerae. Here, we exploit the arms race between ICP1 and PLE to examine spacer acquisition and interference under laboratory conditions to reconcile findings from wild populations. Natural ICP1 isolates encode multiple spacers directed against PLE, but we find that single spacers do not equally interfere with PLE mobilization. High-throughput sequencing to assay spacer acquisition reveals that ICP1 can also acquire spacers that target the V. cholerae chromosome. We find that targeting the V. cholerae chromosome proximal to PLE is sufficient to block PLE and propose a model in which indirect chromosomal spacers are able to circumvent PLE by Cas2-3-mediated processive degradation of the V. cholerae chromosome before PLE mobilization. Generally, laboratory acquired spacers are much more diverse than the subset of spacers maintained by ICP1 in nature, showing how evolutionary pressures can constrain CRISPR-Cas targeting in ways that are often not appreciated through in vitro analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbon monoxide, a retrograde messenger generated in post-synaptic mushroom body neurons evokes local dopamine release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons innervate extensive areas of the brain and release dopamine (DA) onto a wide range of target neurons. However, DA release is also precisely regulated, and in Drosophila, DA is released specifically onto mushroom body (MB) neurons, which have been coincidentally activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs. The mechanism for this precise release has been unclear. Here we found that coincidentally activated MB neurons generate carbon monoxide (CO) which functions as a retrograde signal evoking local DA release from presynaptic terminals. CO production depends on activity of heme oxygenase in post-synaptic MB neurons, and CO-evoked DA release requires Ca2+ efflux through ryanodine receptors in DA terminals. CO is only produced in MB areas receiving coincident activation, and removal of CO using scavengers blocks DA release. We propose that DA neurons utilize two distinct modes of transmission to produce global and local DA signaling.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDopamine (DA) is needed for various higher brain functions including memory formation. However, DA neurons form extensive synaptic connections, while memory formation requires highly specific and localized DA release. Here we identify a mechanism through which DA release from presynaptic terminals is controlled by postsynaptic activity. Postsynaptic neurons activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs generate carbon monoxide, which acts as a retrograde messenger inducing presynaptic DA release. Released DA is required for memory-associated plasticity. Our work identifies a novel mechanism that restricts DA release to the specific postsynaptic sites that require DA during memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ueno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofusa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naganos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki-Sawano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitagishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horiuchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitoe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbon monoxide, a retrograde messenger generated in post-synaptic mushroom body neurons evokes local dopamine release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging, one empirical (Study 1: N=144 males and females across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2: N=307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize associations between individual differences in DA and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different ages. Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals, but suggested that associations between individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were characterized by negative correlations between DA and discounting but other clinical conditions like Parkinsons Disease, obesity, and ADHD were characterized by positive correlations between DA and discounting. Together the results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strongly associated with individual differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls and individuals with psychopathology suggests that individual difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably generalized to healthy controls, and vice-versa.nnSignificance StatementDecisions to forgo large rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays, uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology also extend to explaining associations between DA function and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the relationship between measures of dopamine function and reward discounting behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Tissue elongation via ECM stiffness-cued junctional remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organs are sculpted by extracellular as well as cell-intrinsic forces, but how collective cell dynamics are orchestrated in response to microenvironmental cues is poorly understood. Here we apply advanced image analysis to reveal ECM-responsive cell behaviors that drive elongation of the Drosophila follicle, a model 3D system in which basement membrane stiffness instructs tissue morphogenesis. Through in toto morphometric analyses of WT and  round egg mutants, we find that neither changes in average cell shape nor oriented cell division are required for appropriate organ shape. Instead, a major element is a reorientation of elongated cells at the follicle anterior. Polarized reorientation is regulated by mechanical cues from the basement membrane, which are transduced by the Src tyrosine kinase to alter junctional E-cadherin trafficking. This mechanosensitive cellular behavior represents a conserved mechanism that can elongate  edgeless tubular epithelia in a process distinct from those that elongate bounded, planar epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streichan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Tissue elongation via ECM stiffness-cued junctional remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin controls mitotic chromosome stiffness and stability without forming a structurally contiguous scaffold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, chromosomes must be folded into their compact mitotic form to ensure their segregation. This process is thought to be largely controlled by the action of condensin SMC protein complexes on chromatin fibers. However, how condensins organize metaphase chromosomes is not understood. We have combined micromanipulation of single human mitotic chromosomes, sub-nanonewton force measurement, siRNA interference of condensin subunit expression, and fluorescence microscopy, to analyze the role of condensin in large-scale chromosome organization. Condensin depletion leads to a dramatic (~10 fold) reduction in chromosome elastic stiffness relative to the native, non-depleted case. We also find that prolonged metaphase stalling of cells leads to overloading of chromosomes with condensin, with abnormally high chromosome stiffness. These results demonstrate that condensin is a main element controlling the stiffness of mitotic chromosomes. Isolated, slightly stretched chromosomes display a discontinuous condensing staining pattern, suggesting that condensins organize mitotic chromosomes by forming isolated compaction centers that do not form a continuous scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin controls mitotic chromosome stiffness and stability without forming a structurally contiguous scaffold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEMS-Actuated Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Neural Recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microwire and microelectrode arrays used for cortical neural recording typically consist of tens to hundreds of recording sites, but often only a fraction of these sites are in close enough proximity to firing neurons to record single-unit activity. Recent work has demonstrated precise, depth-controllable mechanisms for the insertion of single neural recording electrodes, but these methods are mostly only capable of inserting electrodes which elicit adverse biological response. We present an electrostatic-based actuator capable of inserting individual carbon fiber microelectrodes which elicit minimal to no adverse biological response. The device is shown to insert a carbon fiber recording electrode into an agar brain phantom and can record an artificial neural signal in saline. This technique provides a platform generalizable to many microwire-style recording electrodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoll, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drew, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, K. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEMS-Actuated Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Neural Recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is considered to be the most abundant enzyme on Earth. Despite this, its full diversity and distribution across the domains of life remain to be determined. Here, we leverage a large set of bacterial, archaeal, and viral genomes recovered from the environment to expand our understanding of existing RuBisCO diversity and the evolutionary processes responsible for its distribution. Specifically, we report a new type of RuBisCO present in Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that is related to the archaeal Form III enzyme and contains the amino acid residues necessary for catalytic activity. Genome-level metabolic analyses supported the inference that these RuBisCO function in a nucleotide-based, CO2-incorporating pathway. Importantly, some Gottesmanbacteria (CPR) also encode a phosphoribulokinase that may augment carbon metabolism through a partial Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle. Based on the scattered distribution of RuBisCO and its discordant evolutionary history, we conclude that this enzyme has been extensively laterally transferred across the CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea. We also report RuBisCO-like proteins in phage genomes from diverse environments. These sequences cluster with proteins in the Beckwithbacteria (CPR), implicating phage as a possible mechanism of RuBisCO transfer. Finally, we synthesize our metabolic and evolutionary analyses to suggest that lateral gene transfer of RuBisCO may have facilitated major shifts in carbon metabolism in several important bacterial and archaeal lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AICM: A Genuine Framework for Correcting Inconsistency Between Large Pharmacogenomics Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inconsistency of open pharmacogenomics datasets produced by different studies limits the usage of pharmacogenomics in biomarker discovery. Investigation of multiple pharmacogenomics datasets confirmed that the pairwise sensitivity data correlation between drugs, or rows, across different studies (drug-wise) is relatively low, while the pairwise sensitivity data correlation between cell-lines, or columns, across different studies (cell-wise) is considerably strong. This common interesting observation across multiple pharmacogenomics datasets suggests the existence of subtle consistency among the different studies (i.e., strong cell-wise correlation). However, significant noises are also shown (i.e., weak drug-wise correlation) and have prevented researchers from comfortably using the data directly. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel framework for addressing the inconsistency between large-scale pharmacogenomics data sets. Our method can significantly boost the drug-wise correlation and can be easily applied to re-summarized and normalized datasets proposed by others. We also investigate our algorithm based on many different criteria to demonstrate that the corrected datasets are not only consistent, but also biologically meaningful. Eventually, we propose to extend our main algorithm into a framework, so that in the future when more data-sets become publicly available, our framework can hopefully offer a "ground-truth" guidance for references.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AICM: A Genuine Framework for Correcting Inconsistency Between Large Pharmacogenomics Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-adaptive pipeline for filtering and normalizing metabolomics data. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionUntargeted metabolomics datasets contain large proportions of uninformative features and are affected by a variety of nuisance technical effects that can bias subsequent statistical analyses. Thus, there is a need for versatile and data-adaptive methods for filtering and normalizing data prior to investigating the underlying biological phenomena.nnObjectivesHere, we propose and evaluate a data-adaptive pipeline for metabolomics data that are generated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platforms.nnMethodsOur data-adaptive pipeline includes novel methods for filtering features based on blank samples, proportions of missing values, and estimated intra-class correlation coefficients. It also incorporates a variant of k-nearest-neighbor imputation of missing values. Finally, we adapted an RNA-Seq approach and R package, scone, to select an appropriate normalization scheme for removing unwanted variation from metabolomics datasets.nnResultsUsing two metabolomics datasets that were generated in our laboratory from samples of human blood serum and neonatal blood spots, we compared our data-adaptive pipeline with a traditional filtering and normalization scheme. The data-adaptive approach outperformed the traditional pipeline in almost all metrics related to removal of unwanted variation and maintenance of biologically relevant signatures. The R code for running the data-adaptive pipeline is provided with an example dataset at https://github.com/courtneyschiffman/Data-adaptive-metabolomics.nnConclusionOur proposed data-adaptive pipeline is intuitive and effectively reduces technical noise from untargeted metabolomics datasets. It is particularly relevant for interrogation of biological phenomena in data derived from complex matrices associated with biospecimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiffman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perttula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmands, W. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-adaptive pipeline for filtering and normalizing metabolomics data.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dub-seq: dual-barcoded shotgun expression library sequencing for high-throughput characterization of functional traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in genomics is the knowledge gap between sequence and its encoded function. Gain-of-function methods based on gene overexpression are attractive avenues for phenotype-based functional screens, but are not easily applied in high-throughput across many experimental conditions. Here, we present Dual Barcoded Shotgun Expression Library Sequencing (Dub-seq), a method that greatly increases the throughput of genome-wide overexpression assays. In Dub-seq, a shotgun expression library is cloned between dual random DNA barcodes and the precise breakpoints of DNA fragments are associated to the barcode sequences prior to performing assays. To assess the fitness of individual strains carrying these plasmids, we use DNA barcode sequencing (BarSeq), which is amenable to large-scale sample multiplexing. As a demonstration of this approach, we constructed a Dub-seq library with total Escherichia coli genomic DNA, performed 155 genome-wide fitness assays in 52 experimental conditions, and identified 813 genes with high-confidence overexpression phenotypes across 4,151 genes assayed. We show that Dub-seq data is reproducible, accurately recapitulates known biology, and identifies hundreds of novel gain-of-function phenotypes for E. coli genes, a subset of which we verified with assays of individual strains. Dub-seq provides complementary information to loss-of-function approaches such as transposon site sequencing or CRISPRi and will facilitate rapid and systematic functional characterization of microbial genomes.nnImportanceMeasuring the phenotypic consequences of overexpressing genes is a classic genetic approach for understanding protein function; for identifying drug targets, antibiotic and metal resistance mechanisms; and for optimizing strains for metabolic engineering. In microorganisms, these gain-of-function assays are typically done using laborious protocols with individually archived strains or in low-throughput following qualitative selection for a phenotype of interest, such as antibiotic resistance. However, many microbial genes are poorly characterized and the importance of a given gene may only be apparent under certain conditions. Therefore, more scalable approaches for gain-of-function assays are needed. Here, we present Dual Barcoded Shotgun Expression Library Sequencing (Dub-seq), a strategy that couples systematic gene overexpression with DNA barcode sequencing for large-scale interrogation of gene fitness under many experimental conditions at low cost. Dub-seq can be applied to many microorganisms and is a valuable new tool for large-scale gene function characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novichkov, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dub-seq: dual-barcoded shotgun expression library sequencing for high-throughput characterization of functional traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring Illumina Size Bias Using REcount: A Novel Method for Highly Accurate Quantification of Engineered Genetic Constructs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of DNA sequence tags associated with engineered genetic constructs underlies many genomics measurements. Typically, such measurements are done using PCR to enrich sequence tags and add adapters, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, PCR amplification can introduce significant quantitative error into these measurements. Here we describe REcount, a novel PCR-free direct counting method for NGS-based quantification of engineered genetic constructs. By comparing measurements of defined plasmid pools to droplet digital PCR data, we demonstrate that this method is highly accurate and reproducible. We further demonstrate that the REcount approach is amenable to multiplexing through the use of orthogonal restriction enzymes. Finally, we use REcount to provide new insights into clustering biases due to molecule length across different Illumina sequencing platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gohl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring Illumina Size Bias Using REcount: A Novel Method for Highly Accurate Quantification of Engineered Genetic Constructs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior temporal gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeners use the slow amplitude modulations of speech, known as the envelope, to segment continuous speech into syllables. However, the underlying neural computations are heavily debated. We used high-density intracranial cortical recordings while participants listened to natural and synthesized control speech stimuli to determine how the envelope is represented in the human superior temporal gyrus (STG), a critical auditory brain area for speech processing. We found that the STG does not encode the instantaneous, moment-by-moment amplitude envelope of speech. Rather, a zone of the middle STG detects discrete acoustic onset edges, defined by local maxima in the rate-of-change of the envelope. Acoustic analysis demonstrated that acoustic onset edges reliably cue the information-rich transition between the consonant-onset and vowel-nucleus of syllables. Furthermore, the steepness of the acoustic edge cued whether a syllable was stressed. Synthesized amplitude-modulated tone stimuli showed that steeper edges elicited monotonically greater cortical responses, confirming the encoding of relative but not absolute amplitude. Overall, encoding of the timing and magnitude of acoustic onset edges in STG underlies our perception of the syllabic rhythm of speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oganian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior temporal gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mediates type I interferon-driven susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis (TB) and is responsible for more human mortality than any other single pathogen1. Although ~1.7 billion people are infected with Mtb2, most infections are asymptomatic. Progression to active disease occurs in ~10% of infected individuals and is predicted by an elevated type I interferon (IFN) response3-8. Type I IFNs are vital for antiviral immunity, but whether or how they mediate susceptibility to Mtb has been difficult to study, in part because the standard C57BL/6 (B6) mouse model does not recapitulate the IFN-driven disease that appears to occur in humans3-5,8. Here we examined B6. Sst1S congenic mice that carry the C3H "sensitive" allele of the Sst1 locus that renders them highly susceptible to Mtb infections9,10. We found that B6.Sst1S mice exhibit markedly increased type I IFN signaling, and that type I IFNs were required for the enhanced susceptibility of B6. Sst1S mice to Mtb. Type I IFNs affect the expression of hundreds of genes, several of which have previously been implicated in susceptibility to bacterial infections11,12. Nevertheless, we found that heterozygous deficiency in just a single IFN target gene, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), is sufficient to reverse IFN-driven susceptibility to Mtb. As even a partial reduction in IL-1Ra levels led to significant protection, we hypothesized that IL-1Ra may be a plausible target for host-directed anti-TB therapy. Indeed, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-1Ra provided therapeutic benefit to Mtb-infected B6. Sst1S mice. Our results illustrate how the diversity of inbred mouse strains can be exploited to better model human TB, and demonstrate that IL-1Ra is an important mediator of type I IFN-driven susceptibility to Mtb infections in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukaida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist mediates type I interferon-driven susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the substrate-engaged 26S proteasome reveal the mechanisms for ATP hydrolysis-driven translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the primary eukaryotic degradation machine and thus critically involved in numerous cellular processes. The hetero-hexameric ATPase motor of the proteasome unfolds and translocates targeted protein substrates into the open gate of a proteolytic core, while a proteasomal deubiquitinase concomitantly removes substrate-attached ubiquitin chains. However, the mechanisms by which ATP hydrolysis drives the conformational changes responsible for these processes have remained elusive. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of four distinct conformational states of the actively ATP-hydrolyzing, substrate-engaged 26S proteasome. These structures reveal how mechanical substrate translocation accelerates deubiquitination, and how ATP-binding, hydrolysis, and phosphate-release events are coordinated within the AAA+ motor to induce conformational changes and propel the substrate through the central pore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Pena, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the substrate-engaged 26S proteasome reveal the mechanisms for ATP hydrolysis-driven translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock, and wildlife 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium responsible for anthrax, an acute and commonly lethal infection that most significantly affects grazing livestock, wild ungulates and other herbivorous mammals, but also poses a serious threat to human health1, 2. The geographic extent of B. anthracis endemism is still poorly understood, despite multi-decade research on anthrax epizootic and epidemic dynamics around the world3, 4. Several biogeographic studies have focused on modeling environmental suitability for anthrax at local or national scales5-9, but many countries have limited or inadequate surveillance systems, even within known endemic regions. Here we compile an extensive global occurrence dataset for B. anthracis, drawing on confirmed human, livestock, and wildlife anthrax outbreaks. With these records, we use boosted regression trees10, 11 to produce the first map of the global distribution of B. anthracis as a proxy for anthrax risk. Variable contributions to the model support pre-existing hypotheses that environmental suitability for B. anthracis depends most strongly on soil characteristics such as pH that affect spore persistence, and the extent of seasonal fluctuations in vegetation, which plays a key role in transmission for herbivores12, 13. We apply the global model to estimate that 1.83 billion people (95% credible interval: 0.59--4.16 billion) live within regions of anthrax risk, but most of that population faces little occupational exposure to anthrax. More informatively, a global total of 63.8 million rural poor livestock keepers (95% CI: 17.5--168.6 million) and 1.1 billion livestock (95% CI: 0.4--2.3 billion) live within vulnerable regions. Human risk is concentrated in rural areas, and human and livestock vulnerability are both concentrated in rainfed systems throughout arid and temperate land across Eurasia, Africa, and North America. We conclude by mapping where anthrax risk overlaps with vulnerable wild ungulate populations, and therefore could disrupt sensitive conservation efforts for species like bison, pronghorn, and saiga that coincide with anthrax-prone, mixed-agricultural landscapes. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a generalist soil-transmitted pathogen found on every inhabited continent14, and several islands including Haiti and parts of the Philippines and Indonesia. Worldwide, an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 cases of anthrax occur annually, mostly in poor rural areas15. In clinical presentations of anthrax, case fatality rates are a function of exposure pathway. Respiratory exposure from spore inhalation is important the context of bioterrorism, but is highly uncommon, and accounts for a negligible fraction of the global burden of anthrax cases. Cutaneous exposure to B. anthracis accounts for the majority of human cases worldwide, and typically presents with low mortality; gastrointestinal exposure accounts for the remainder and presents with intermediate to high fatality rates. Cutaneous and gastrointestinal cases of anthrax are most commonly caused by handling and slaughtering infected livestock, or butchering and eating contaminated meat; untreated gastrointestinal cases likely account for most human mortality from anthrax.14-16
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kracalik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh-Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fegan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shury, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagirova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/394023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock, and wildlife]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Automated Behavioral Apparatus to Assess Distal Forelimb Function in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrimate distal forelimb behaviors are commonly assessed using reach-to-grasp tasks. While these tasks are widely recognized as sensitive assays for forelimb function, they often require experimenter input, lack precise temporal cues for physiological monitoring, and can be expensive.nnNew MethodUsing components developed by open-source electronics platforms, we have designed and tested a low-cost system to measure distal forelimb function in non-human primates. Our system is inexpensive; it is made primarily of acrylic and 3D printed plastic parts. Our control software, developed in MATLAB, was also used to control two cameras in order to capture and process video during behavior. The system was equipped with sensors, motors and microcontrollers to control the timing of the task and facilitate synchronization between behavior and neurophysiology with high temporal precision.nnResultsWe demonstrate that this system can be used to monitor motor recovery after stroke and investigate neurophysiological correlates of motor control.nnComparison with Existing MethodsCompared to a previous version of this task, our setup reduces experimenter input while providing unbiased delivery of behavioral cues and behavioral measurements with the temporal precision necessary for electrophysiological studies.nnConclusionsIn summary, our system will allow unbiased monitoring of forelimb function in both healthy and injured animals that is compatible with electrophysiological studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Totten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoy, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morecraft, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Automated Behavioral Apparatus to Assess Distal Forelimb Function in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speaker-normalized vowel representations in the human auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans identify speech sounds, the fundamental building blocks of spoken language, using the same cues, or acoustic dimensions, as those that differentiate the voices of different speakers. The correct interpretation of speech cues is hence uncertain, and requires normalizing to the specific speaker. Here we assess how the human brain uses speaker-related contextual information to constrain the processing of speech cues. Using high-density electrocorticography, we recorded local neural activity from the cortical surface of participants who were engaged in a speech sound identification task. The speech sounds were preceded by speech from different speakers whose voices differed along the same acoustic dimension that differentiated the target speech sounds (the first formant; the lowest resonance frequency of the vocal tract). We found that the same acoustic speech sound tokens were perceived differently, and evoked different neural responses in auditory cortex, when they were heard in the context of different speakers. Such normalization involved the rescaling of acoustic-phonetic representations of speech, demonstrating a form of recoding before the signal is mapped onto phonemes or higher level linguistic units. This process is the result of auditory cortex sensitivity to the contrast between the dominant frequencies in speech sounds and those in their just preceding context. These findings provide important insights into the mechanistic implementation of normalization in human listeners. Moreover, they provide the first direct evidence of speaker-normalized speech sound representations in human parabelt auditory cortex, highlighting its critical role in resolving variability in sensory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sjerps, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speaker-normalized vowel representations in the human auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the central nervous system (CNS) and analyzing CSF aids the diagnosis of CNS diseases, but our understanding of CSF leukocytes remains superficial. Here, we firstly provide a transcriptional map of single leukocytes in CSF compared to blood. Leukocyte composition and transcriptome were compartment-specific with CSF-enrichment of myeloid dendritic cells and a border-associated phenotype of monocytes.nnWe secondly tested how multiple sclerosis (MS) - an autoimmune disease of the CNS - affected both compartments. MS increased transcriptional diversity in blood, while it preferentially increased cell type diversity in CSF. In addition to the known expansion of B lineage cells, we identified an increase of cytotoxic-phenotype and follicular T helper (TFH) cells in the CSF. In mice, TFH cells accordingly promoted B cell infiltration into the CNS and severity of MS animal models. Immune mechanisms in MS are thus highly compartmentalized and indicate local T/B cell interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafflick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlehnert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautwein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buscher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuth, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stettner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinschnitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiendl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Horste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of periodic pigment spots by the reaction-diffusion mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms exhibit visually striking spotted or striped pigmentation patterns. Turings reaction-diffusion model postulates that such periodic pigmentation patterns form when a local autocatalytic feedback loop and a long-range inhibitory feedback loop interact. At its simplest, this network only requires one self-activating activator that also activates a repressor, which inhibits the activator and diffuses to neighboring cells. However, the molecular activators and repressors fully fitting this versatile model remain elusive. Here, we characterize an R2R3-MYB activator and an R3-MYB repressor in monkeyflowers that correspond to Turings model and explain how periodic anthocyanin spots form. Notably, disrupting this pattern impacts pollinator visitation. Thus, subtle changes in simple reaction-diffusion networks are likely essential contributors to the evolution of the remarkable diversity of periodic pigmentation patterns in flowers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holalu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of periodic pigment spots by the reaction-diffusion mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep and Motor Control by a Basal Ganglia Circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From invertebrates to humans, a defining feature of sleep is behavioral immobility(Campbell and Tobler, 1984; Hendricks et al., 2000; Shaw et al., 2000). In mammals, diminished electromyographic (EMG) activity is a major criterion for both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. However, the relationship between sleep and motor control at the neuronal level remains poorly understood. Here we show that regions of the basal ganglia long known to be essential for motor suppression also play a key role in sleep generation. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of GABAergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) strongly increased both REM and NREM sleep, whereas their inactivation suppressed sleep and increased wakefulness. Analysis of natural home-cage behavior showed that mice transition sequentially through several behavioral states: locomotion, non-locomotor movement, quiet wakefulness, and sleep. Activation/inactivation of SNr neurons promoted/suppressed sleep by biasing the direction of progression through the natural behavioral sequence. Virus-mediated circuit tracing showed that SNr GABAergic neurons project to multiple wake-promoting monoaminergic cell groups in addition to the thalamus and mesencephalic locomotor region, and activating each projection promoted sleep. Within the thalamus, direct optogenetic inactivation of glutamatergic neurons is sufficient to enhance sleep, but the effect is largely restricted to the regions receiving SNr projection. Furthermore, a major source of excitatory inputs to the SNr is the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and activation of neurotensin-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the STN also promoted sleep. Together, these results demonstrate a key role of the STN-SNr basal ganglia pathway in sleep generation and reveal a novel circuit mechanism linking sleep and motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep and Motor Control by a Basal Ganglia Circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TANGO1 and SEC12 are co-packaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large COPII-coated vesicles serve to convey the large cargo procollagen I (PC1) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The link between large cargo in the lumen of the ER and modulation of the COPII machinery remains unresolved. TANGO1 is required for procollagen (PC) secretion and interacts with PC and COPII on opposite sides of the ER membrane, but evidence suggests that TANGO1 is retained in the ER, and not included in normal size (<100nm) COPII vesicles. Here we show that TANGO1 is exported out of the ER in large COPII-coated PC1 carriers, and retrieved back to the ER by the retrograde coat, COPI, mediated by the C-terminal RDEL retrieval sequence of HSP47. TANGO1 is known to target the COPII initiation factor SEC12 to ER exit sites through an interacting protein, cTAGE5. SEC12 is important for the growth of COPII vesicles, but it is not sorted into small budded vesicles. We found both cTAGE5 and SEC12 were exported with TANGO1 in large COPII carriers. In contrast to its exclusion from small transport vesicles, SEC12 was particularly enriched around ER membranes and large COPII carriers that contained PC1. We constructed a split GFP system to recapitulate the targeting of SEC12 to PC1 via the luminal domain of TANGO1. The minimal targeting system enriched SEC12 around PC1 and generated large PC1 carriers. We conclude that TANGO1, cTAGE5, and SEC12 are co-packed with PC1 into COPII carriers to increase the size of COPII thus ensuring the capture of large cargo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TANGO1 and SEC12 are co-packaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature-responsive competitive inhibition of CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/407718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas immune systems utilize RNA-guided nucleases to protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection. Bacteriophages have in turn evolved inhibitory  anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins, including six inhibitors (AcrIIA1-6) that can block DNA cutting and genome editing by type II-A CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes. We show here that AcrIIA2 and its homologue, AcrIIA2b, prevent Cas9 binding to DNA by occluding protein residues required for DNA binding. Cryo-EM-determined structures of AcrIIA2 or AcrIIA2b bound to S. pyogenes Cas9 reveal a mode of competitive inhibition of DNA binding that is distinct from other known Acrs. Differences in the temperature dependence of Cas9 inhibition by AcrIIA2 and AcrIIA2b arise from differences in both inhibitor structure and the local inhibitor-binding environment on Cas9. These findings expand the natural toolbox for regulating CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing temporally, spatially and conditionally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature-responsive competitive inhibition of CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many social mammals, social adversity predicts compromised health and reduced fitness. These effects are thought to be driven in part by chronic social stress, but their molecular underpinnings are not well understood. Recent work suggests that chronic stress can affect mitochondrial copy number, heteroplasmy rates, and function. Here, we tested the first two possibilities, for the first time in nonhuman primates. We manipulated dominance rank in captive female rhesus macaques (n=45), where low rank induces chronic social stress, and measured mitochondrial DNA copy number and heteroplasmy in five peripheral blood mononuclear cell types from each study subject. We found no effect of dominance rank on either mtDNA copy number or heteroplasmy rates. However, grooming rates, a measure of affiliative social behavior predicted by high social status, was positively associated with mtDNA copy number in B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes. Our results suggest that social interactions can influence mtDNA regulation in immune cells. Further, they indicate the importance of considering both affiliative and competitive interactions in investigating this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1 to dampen TLR7 signaling and prevent autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition of nucleic acids enables detection of diverse pathogens by a limited number of innate immune receptors but also exposes the host to potential autoimmunity. At least two members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, TLR7 and TLR9, can recognize self RNA or DNA, respectively. Despite the structural and functional similarities between these receptors, their contribution to autoimmune diseases such as SLE can be quite different. However, mechanisms of negative regulation that differentiate between TLR7 and TLR9 have not been described. Here we report a new function for the TLR trafficking chaperone Unc93b1 that specifically limits TLR7 signaling and prevents TLR7-dependent autoimmunity. Unc93b1 is known to traffic TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes, but this new regulatory function does not affect TLR7 localization. Instead, Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1, which inhibits TLR7, but not TLR9, signaling. Syntenin-1 binding requires phosphorylation of two serine residues on Unc93b1, providing a mechanism for dynamic regulation of the activation threshold of TLR7. Disruption of the Unc93b1/Syntenin-1 interaction in mice results in TLR7-dependent autoimmunity. Thus, Unc93b1 not only enables proper trafficking of nucleic acid sensing TLRs but also sets the activation threshold of these potentially self-reactive receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unc93b1 recruits Syntenin-1 to dampen TLR7 signaling and prevent autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An essential checkpoint for TLR9 signaling is release from 1 Unc93b1 in endosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractNucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are subject to complex regulation to facilitate recognition of microbial DNA and RNA while limiting recognition of self-nucleic acids1. Failure to properly regulate nucleic acid-sensing TLRs can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease2-6. Intracellular localization of these receptors is thought to be critical for self vs. non-self discrimination7, yet the molecular mechanisms that reinforce compartmentalized activation of intracellular TLRs remain poorly understood. Here we describe a new mechanism that prevents TLR9 activation from locations other than endosomes. This control is achieved through the regulated release of TLR9 from its trafficking chaperone Unc93b1, which only occurs within endosomes and is required for ligand binding and signal transduction. Mutations in Unc93b1 that increase affinity for TLR9 impair release and result in defective signaling. The release is specific to TLR9, as TLR7 does not dissociate from Unc93b1 in endosomes. This work defines a novel checkpoint that reinforces self vs. non-self discrimination by TLR9 and provides a mechanism by which TLR9 and TLR7 activation can be distinctly regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An essential checkpoint for TLR9 signaling is release from 1 Unc93b1 in endosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recordings with a large number of intracranial electrodes in eight neurosurgical subjects offered a unique opportunity to examine the fast temporal dynamics of face processing simultaneously across a relatively large extent of the human temporal cortex (TC). Measuring the power of slow oscillatory bands of activity ({theta}, , {beta}, and {gamma}) as well as High-Frequency Broadband (HFB, 70-177 Hz) signal, we found that the HFB showed the strongest univariate and multivariate changes in response to face compared to non-face stimuli. Using the HFB signal as a surrogate marker for local cortical engagement, we identified recording sites with selective responses to faces that were anatomically consistent across subjects and responded with graded strength to human, mammal, bird, and marine animal faces. Importantly, the most face selective sites were located more posteriorly and responded earlier than those with less selective responses to faces. Using machine learning based methods, we demonstrated that a sparse model focusing on information from the human face selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models of face processing when discriminating faces from non-faces stimuli. Lastly, we identified the posterior fusiform (pFUS) site as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of face perception by direct electrical stimulation. Our findings support the notion of face information being processed first in the most selective sites - that are anatomically discrete and localizable within individual brains and anatomically consistent across subjects - which is then distributed in time to less selective anterior temporal sites within a time window that is too fast to be detected by current neuroimaging methods. The new information about the fast spatio-temporal dynamics of face processing across multiple sites of the human brain provides a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed models of face processing in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrouff, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raccah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salehi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourao-Miranda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helili, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvizi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different capsid-binding patterns of the β-herpesvirus-specific tegument protein pp150 (pM32/pUL32) in murine and human cytomegaloviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphoprotein pp150 is a structurally, immunogenically, and regulatorily important capsid-associated tegument protein abundant in {beta}-herpesviruses including cytomegaloviruses (CMV), but absent in -herpesviruses and {Gamma}-herpesviruses. In human CMV (HCMV), bridging across each triplex and three adjacent major capsid proteins (MCPs) is a group of three pp150 subunits in a "{bigtriangleup}"-shaped fortifying configuration, 320 of which encase and stabilize the genome-containing capsid. Because murine CMV (MCMV) has been used as a model for HCMV pathogenesis and therapeutic studies, one might expect that pp150 and the capsid in MCMV and HCMV have similar structures. Here, by cryoEM and sub-particle reconstructions, we have obtained structures of MCMV capsid and pp150 at near atomic resolutions and built their atomic models. Surprisingly, the capsid-binding patterns of pp150 differ between HCMV and MCMV despite their highly similar capsid structures. In MCMV, pp150 is absent on triplex Tc and exists as a "{Lambda}"-shaped dimer on other triplexes, leading to only 260 groups of two pp150 subunits per capsid in contrast to 320 groups of three pp150 subunits encasing each HCMV capsid. Many more amino acids contribute to pp150-pp150 interactions in MCMV than in HCMV, making MCMV pp150 dimer inflexible thus incompatible to instigate triplex Tc-binding as observed in HCMV. While pp150 is essential in HCMV, pp150-deleted MCMV mutants remained viable though with attenuated infectivity and exhibiting defects in retaining viral genome. These results support targeting capsid proteins, but invalidate targeting pp150, when using MCMV as a model for HCMV pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.nnImportanceCMV infection is a leading viral cause of congenital birth defects and often responsible for life-threating complications in immunocompromised individuals like AIDS and post-organ transplantation patients. Absence of effective vaccines and potent drugs against CMV infections has motivated animal-based studies, mostly based on the mouse model with MCMV, both for understanding pathogenesis of CMV infections and for developing therapeutic strategies. Here, we present the first atomic structures of MCMV and show that the organization patterns of capsid-associated tegument protein pp150 between human and mouse CMV are different despite their highly similar capsid structures. Our functional studies demonstrate that deleting pp150 does not eliminate MCMV infection in contrast to pp150s essential role in HCMV infections. These results thus establish the validity to target capsid proteins, but raise concerns to target pp150, when using MCMV as HCMV model for pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different capsid-binding patterns of the β-herpesvirus-specific tegument protein pp150 (pM32/pUL32) in murine and human cytomegaloviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotype association with neonatal invasive potential, disease manifestation, and clinical outcome in group B Streptococcus: A Bayesian analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCase-carrier ratios quantifying the relative pathogenicity of serotypes can inform vaccine formulations for antigenically-diverse pathogens. However, sparse serotype-specific counts in epidemiologic datasets may undermine such analyses, most notably for rare serotypes that pose emergence risks in vaccinated populations. This challenge is well-illustrated in Group B streptococcus (GBS), where serotype III dominates in both carriage and disease.nnMethodsWe develop an empirical Bayes random-effects model based on conjugate Dirichlet-multinomial distributions of serotype frequencies in carriage and disease states. We validate the model using simulated datasets, and apply it to data from 15 paired sets of GBS isolates from intrapartum rectovaginal colonization (n=3403) and neonatal invasive disease (NID; n=1088), 16 from blood (n=2352) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=780) neonatal specimens, and 3 from fatal (n=173) and non-fatal (n=1684) neonatal invasive infections.nnResultsOur method accurately recovers parameters in simulated datasets. Using this approach, we confirm that GBS serotype III exhibits the greatest invasiveness, followed by serotype Ia with a 75.3% (95%CrI: 43.7-93.8%) lower estimate. Enhanced invasiveness of serotypes III and Ia is most evident in late-onset disease. Non-hexavalent-vaccine serotypes, which are rare in carriage and disease, generally show lower invasiveness; serotype IX/non-typeable GBS, the most prevalent cause of non-vaccine-preventable disease, is 98.7% (81.7-99.9%) and 94.2% (13.9-99.6%) less invasive than serotypes III and Ia, respectively.nnConclusionsWe present a strategy for measuring associations of serotype with carrier and disease states in the presence of sparse counts, avoiding biases that exist in common ad-hoc approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotype association with neonatal invasive potential, disease manifestation, and clinical outcome in group B Streptococcus: A Bayesian analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Watersheds are important suppliers of freshwater for human societies. Within mountainous watersheds, microbial communities impact water chemistry and element fluxes as water from precipitation events discharges through soils and underlying weathered rock, yet there is limited information regarding the structure and function of these communities. Within the East River, CO watershed, we conducted a depth-resolved, hillslope to riparian zone transect study to identify factors that control how microorganisms are distributed and their functions. Metagenomic and geochemical analyses indicate that distance from the East River and proximity to groundwater and underlying weathered shale strongly impact microbial community structure and metabolic potential. Riparian zone microbial communities are compositionally distinct from all hillslope communities. Bacteria from phyla lacking isolated representatives consistently increase in abundance with increasing depth, but only in the riparian zone saturated sediments did we find Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria. Riparian zone microbial communities are functionally differentiated from hillslope communities based on their capacities for carbon and nitrogen fixation and sulfate reduction. Selenium reduction is prominent at depth in weathered shale and saturated riparian zone sediments. We anticipate that the drivers of community composition and metabolic potential identified throughout the studied transect will predict patterns across the larger watershed hillslope system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller McGrath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional sub-regions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery, designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery, we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex, and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional sub-regions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. This multi-domain task approach offers novel insights into the functional heterogeneity of the cerebellar cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Castillo, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of human asparagine synthetase inhibitor specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of the enzyme human asparagine synthetase (ASNS) promotes metastatic progression in breast cancer, which affects L-asparagine levels and tumor cell invasiveness. Human ASNS has therefore emerged as a bona fide drug target for cancer therapy. We have reported a slow-onset, tight binding ASNS inhibitor with nanomolar affinity, but our compound exhibits poor cell permeability. On the other hand, we show here that this inhibitor exhibits remarkable selectivity for the human ASNS in HCT-116 cell lysates. By determining the first high-resolution (1.85 [A]) X-ray crystal structure for human ASNS, we have built a computational model of the enzyme complexed to our inhibitor, which provides the first insights into the intermolecular interactions mediating specificity. These findings should facilitate the development of a second generation of ASNS inhibitors, leading to the discovery of drugs to prevent metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radadiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedelnikova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomanbhoy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozarich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of human asparagine synthetase inhibitor specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Industrial bees: when agricultural intensification doesn’t impact local disease prevalence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAlthough it is generally thought that the intensification of farming will result in higher disease prevalences there is little specific modelling testing this idea. We build multi-colony models to inform how  apicultural intensification is predicted to impact honeybee pathogen epidemiology at the apiary scale.nC_LIO_LICounter to the prevailing view, our models predict that intensification, captured though increased population sizes, changes in population network structure, and increased between-colony transmission, is likely to have little effect on disease prevalence within an apiary.nC_LIO_LIThe greatest impacts of intensification are found for diseases with relatively low R0 (basic reproduction number), however, such diseases cause little overall disease prevalence and therefore the impacts of intensification are minor. Furthermore, the smallest impacts of intensification are found for diseases with high R0 values, which we argue are typical of important honeybee diseases.nC_LIO_LIPolicy Implications: Our findings highlight a lack of support for the hypothesis that current and ongoing intensification leads to notably higher disease prevalences. More broadly, our work demonstrates the need for informative models of agricultural systems and management practices in order to understand the implications of management changes on diseases.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosi, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaplane, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Roode, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Industrial bees: when agricultural intensification doesn’t impact local disease prevalence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution map of non-crossover events in mice reveals impacts of genetic diversity on meiotic recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiotic recombination in most mammals, hundreds of programmed DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) occur across all chromosomes in each cell at sites bound by the protein PRDM9. Faithful DSB repair using the homologous chromosome is essential for fertility, yielding either non-crossovers, which are frequent but difficult to detect, or crossovers. In certain hybrid mice, high sequence divergence causes PRDM9 to bind each homologue at different sites, "asymmetrically", and these mice exhibit meiotic failure and infertility, by unknown mechanisms. To investigate the impact of local sequence divergence on recombination, we intercrossed two mouse subspecies over five generations and deep-sequenced 119 offspring, whose high heterozygosity allowed detection of thousands of crossover and non-crossover events with unprecedented power and spatial resolution. Both crossovers and non-crossovers are strongly depleted at individual asymmetric sites, revealing that PRDM9 not only positions DSBs but also promotes their homologous repair by binding to the unbroken homologue at each site. Unexpectedly, we found that non-crossovers containing multiple mismatches repair by a different mechanism than single-mismatch sites, which undergo GC-biased gene conversion. These results demonstrate that local genetic diversity profoundly alters meiotic repair pathway decisions via at least two distinct mechanisms, impacting genome evolution and Prdm9-related hybrid infertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution map of non-crossover events in mice reveals impacts of genetic diversity on meiotic recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Managing Marek’s disease in the egg industry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/431304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The industrialization of farming has had an enormous impact. To most, this impact is viewed solely in the context of productivity, but the denser living conditions and shorter rearing periods of industrial livestock farms provide pathogens with an ideal opportunity to spread and evolve. For example, the industrialization of poultry farms drove the Mareks disease virus (MDV) to evolve from causing a mild paralytic syndrome to causing a highly contagious, globally prevalent, disease that can have up to a 100% mortality rate. Fortunately, the economic catastrophe that would occur from MDV evolution has been prevented through widespread use of live imperfect vaccines that limit disease symptoms, but fail to prevent transmission. Unfortunately, the continued rollout of such imperfect vaccines is steering the evolution of MDV towards an even greater virulence and an ability to evade vaccine protection. Thus, there is a need to investigate alternative economically viable control measures for their ability to inhibit MDV spread and evolution. In what follows we examine the economic viability of standard husbandry practices for their ability to inhibit the spread of both virulent MDV and very virulent MDV throughout an industrialized egg farm. To do this, we parameterized a dynamic MDV transmission model and calculate the loss in egg production due to disease. We find that the MDV strain as well as the cohort duration had the greatest influence on disease burden and hence egg production. Additionally, we find that the standard husbandry practice involving conventional cages, often referred to as "battery cages", results in the least per capita loss in egg production due to MDV infection when compared to alternative enriched or aviary (free-run) systems for virulent MDV, but not very virulent MDV, in which case the Aviary system performs the best. These results highlight an important cost that managers will face when implementing new hen husbandry practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhalgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/431304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Managing Marek’s disease in the egg industry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue antigenic relationships predict evolutionary dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) exists as four genetically distinct serotypes, each of which is historically assumed to be antigenically uniform. However, recent analyses suggest that antigenic heterogeneity may exist within each serotype, but its source, extent and impact remain unclear. Here, we construct a sequence-based model to directly map antigenic change to underlying genetic divergence. We identify 49 specific substitutions and four colinear substitution clusters that contribute to dengue antigenic diversity. We report moderate antigenic diversity within each serotype, resulting in variation in genotype-specific patterns of heterotypic cross-neutralization. We also quantify the impact of this antigenic heterogeneity on real-world DENV population dynamics. We find that antigenic fitness mediates fluctuations in DENV clade frequencies, although this appears to be primarily explained by coarser serotype-level antigenic differences. These results provide a more nuanced understanding of dengue antigenic evolution, with important ramifications for vaccine design and epidemic preparedness.nnAuthor SummaryDengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue hemorrhagic fever, exists as four genetically distinct serotypes, DENV1 to DENV4. These serotypes are antigenically distinct: symptomatic reinfection with a homotypic virus is very rare, while reinfection with a heterotypic virus is sometimes associated with severe disease. Until recently, it has been assumed that viruses within each serotype are antigenically uniform. However, specific genotypes within each serotype have been anecdotally associated with varying severity of patient outcomes and epidemic magnitude. One hypothesis is that each serotype contains overlooked, meaningful antigenic diversity. While antigenic cartography conducted on neutralization titers suggests that heterogeneity may exist within each serotype, its source, extent and impact is unclear. Here, we analyze a previously published titer dataset to quantify and characterize the extent of DENV intraserotype antigenic diversity. We map antigenic changes to specific mutations in E, the dengue envelope protein, and interpolate across the alignment to estimate the antigenic distance between pairs of viruses based on their genetic differences. We identify 49 specific substitutions and four colinear substitution clusters that contribute to dengue antigenic evolution. We find that DENV antigenic divergence is tightly coupled to DENV genetic divergence, and is likely a gradual, ongoing process. We report modest but significant antigenic diversity within each serotype of DENV, which may have important ramifications for vaccine design. To understand the impact of this antigenic heterogeneity on real-world DENV population dynamics, we also quantify the extent to which population immunity--accumulated through recent circulation of antigenically similar genotypes--determines the success and decline of DENV clades in a hyperendemic population. We find that antigenic fitness is a key determinant of DENV population turnover, although this appears to be driven by coarser serotype-level antigenic differences. By leveraging both molecular data and real-world population dynamics, these results provide a more nuanced understanding of dengue antigenic evolution, with important ramifications for improving vaccine design and epidemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzelnick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue antigenic relationships predict evolutionary dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo selection for corrected β-globin alleles after CRISPR/Cas9 editing in human sickle hematopoietic stem cells enhances therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), one of the worlds most common genetic disorders, causes anemia and progressive multiorgan damage that typically shortens lifespan by decades; currently there is no broadly applicable curative therapy. Here we show that Cas9 RNP-mediated gene editing with an ssDNA oligonucleotide donor yields markerless correction of the sickle mutation in more than 30% of long-term engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), using a selection-free protocol that is directly applicable to a clinical setting. We further find that in vivo erythroid differentiation markedly enriches for corrected {beta}-globin alleles. Adoption of a high-fidelity Cas9 variant demonstrates that this approach can yield efficient editing with almost no off-target events. These findings indicate that the sickle mutation can be corrected in human HSCs at curative levels with a streamlined protocol that is ready to be translated into a therapy.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYCas9-mediated correction of the sickle mutation in human hematopoietic stem cells can be accomplished at curative levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennig, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo-Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettig, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behlke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo selection for corrected β-globin alleles after CRISPR/Cas9 editing in human sickle hematopoietic stem cells enhances therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fronto-temporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and b) occur in an order licensed by the languages grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network as long as the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total N=47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the BOLD response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input as long as composition can take place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Natural Product Nimbolide for Targeted Protein Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nimbolide, a terpenoid natural product derived from the Neem tree, impairs cancer pathogenicity across many types of human cancers; however, the direct targets and mechanisms by which nimbolide exerts its effects are poorly understood. Here, we used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) chemoproteomic platforms to discover that nimbolide reacts with a novel functional cysteine crucial for substrate recognition in the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114. Nimbolide impairs breast cancer cell proliferation by disrupting RNF114 substrate recognition, leading to inhibition of ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor-suppressor p21, resulting in its rapid stabilization. We further demonstrate that nimbolide can be harnessed to recruit RNF114 as an E3 ligase in targeted protein degradation applications and show that synthetically simpler scaffolds are also capable of accessing this unique reactive site. Our study highlights the utility of ABPP platforms in uncovering unique druggable modalities accessed by natural products for cancer therapy and drug discovery applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spradlin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussiere, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Natural Product Nimbolide for Targeted Protein Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Ligand Screening Uncovers a RNF4 E3 Ligase Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation has arisen as a powerful strategy for drug discovery allowing the targeting of undruggable proteins for proteasomal degradation. This approach most often employs heterobifunctional degraders consisting of a protein-targeting ligand linked to an E3 ligase recruiter to ubiquitinate and mark proteins of interest for proteasomal degradation. One challenge with this approach, however, is that only few E3 ligase recruiters currently exist for targeted protein degradation applications, despite the hundreds of known E3 ligases in the human genome. Here, we utilized activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based covalent ligand screening approaches to identify cysteine-reactive small-molecules that react with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF4 and provide chemical starting points for the design of RNF4-based degraders. The hit covalent ligand from this screen reacted with either of two zinc-coordinating cysteines in the RING domain, C132 and C135, with no effect on RNF4 activity. We further optimized the potency of this hit and incorporated this potential RNF4 recruiter into a bifunctional degrader linked to JQ1, an inhibitor of the BET family of bromodomain proteins. We demonstrate that the resulting compound CCW 28-3 is capable of degrading BRD4 in a proteasome- and RNF4-dependent manner. In this study, we have shown the feasibility of using chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand screening platforms to expand the scope of E3 ligase recruiters that can be exploited for targeted protein degradation applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Ligand Screening Uncovers a RNF4 E3 Ligase Recruiter for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The key parameters that govern translation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of mRNA into protein is a fundamental yet complex biological process with multiple factors that can potentially affect its efficiency. In particular, different genes can have quite different initiation rates, while site-specific elongation rates can vary substantially along a given transcript. Here, we analyze a stochastic model of translation dynamics to identify the key parameters that govern the overall rate of protein synthesis and the efficiency of ribosome usage. The mathematical model we study is an interacting particle system that generalizes the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP), where particles correspond to ribosomes. While the TASEP and its variants have been studied for the past several decades through simulations and mean field approximations, a general analytic solution has remained challenging to obtain. By analyzing the so-called hydrodynamic limit, we here obtain exact closed-form expressions for stationary currents and particle densities that agree well with Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we provide a complete characterization of phase transitions in the system. Surprisingly, phase boundaries depend on only four parameters: the particle size, and the first, last and minimum particle jump rates. Relating these theoretical results to translation, we formulate four design principles that detail how to tune these parameters to optimize translation efficiency in terms of protein production rate and resource usage. We then analyze ribosome profiling data of S. cerevisiae and demonstrate that its translation system is generally efficient, consistent with the design principles we found. We discuss implications of our findings on evolutionary constraints and codon usage bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The key parameters that govern translation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis gene expression promotes melanoma cell survival and drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) is a hallmark adaptation in many cancers that supports survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Here we elucidate previously unexplored aspects of transcription regulation and clinical relevance of DNFA in melanomas. We show that elevated expression of DNFA genes is characteristic of many tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis. Elevated DNFA gene expression depends on transcription factor SREBP1 in multiple melanoma cell lines. SREBP1 predominantly binds to the transcription start sites of DNFA genes, directly regulating transcription via RNA polymerase II recruitment and productive elongation. We find that SREBP1-regulated DNFA represents an intrinsic survival mechanism in melanoma cells, regardless of proliferative state and oncogenic mutation status. Indeed, malignant melanoma cells exhibit elevated DNFA gene expression after pro-survival signaling pathways are blocked (e.g. by the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib). Altogether, these results implicate SREBP1 and DNFA enzymes as enticing therapeutic targets in melanomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated de novo fatty acid biosynthesis gene expression promotes melanoma cell survival and drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B nexus controls autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to nutrient deprivation, the cell needs to mobilize an extensive amount of membrane to form and grow the autophagosome, allowing the progression of autophagy. By providing membranes and a source for LC3 lipidation, COPII (Coat Protein Complex II) localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and promotes autophagosome biogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms that, in response to starvation, divert COPII from the secretory pathway to the autophagic pathway are largely unknown. Here, we show that the F-box protein FBXW5 targets SEC23B, a component of COPII, for proteasomal degradation and that this event limits the autophagic flux in the presence of nutrients. In response to starvation, ULK1 phosphorylates SEC23B on Serine 186, preventing the interaction of SEC23B with FBXW5 and, therefore, inhibiting its degradation. Phosphorylated and stabilized SEC23B associates with SEC24A and SEC24B, but not SEC24C and SEC24D, and they re-localize to the ERGIC, promoting autophagic flux. Induction of autophagy and localization of both SEC23B and SEC24B to the ERGIC in response to nutrient deprivation are significantly reduced in SEC23B(S186A) knock-in cells. We propose that, in the presence of nutrients, FBXW5 limits COPII-mediated autophagosome biogenesis. Inhibition of this event by ULK1 ensures efficient execution of the autophagic cascade in response to nutrient starvation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoneschi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavasotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyö, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B nexus controls autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of the DCPIB-inhibited volume-regulated anion channel LRRC8A in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoosmotic conditions activate volume-regulated anion channels in vertebrate cells. These channels are formed by leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members and contain LRRC8A in homo- or hetero-hexameric assemblies. Here we present single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of LRRC8A in complex with the inhibitor DCPIB reconstituted in lipid nanodiscs. DCPIB plugs the channel like a cork in a bottle - binding in the extracellular selectivity filter and sterically occluding ion conduction. Constricted and expanded structures reveal coupled dilation of cytoplasmic LRRs and the channel pore, suggesting a mechanism for channel gating by internal stimuli. Conformational and symmetry differences between LRRC8A structures determined in detergent micelles and lipid bilayers related to reorganization of intersubunit lipid binding sites demonstrate a critical role for the membrane in determining channel structure. These results provide insight into LRRC8 gating and inhibition and the role of lipids in the structure of an ionic-strength sensing ion channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hite, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of the DCPIB-inhibited volume-regulated anion channel LRRC8A in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hopanoid composition mediates bacterial ethanol tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hopanoids are abundant membrane lipids found in diverse bacterial lineages, but their physiological roles are not well understood. The ethanol fermenter Zymomonas mobilis features the highest measured concentration of hopanoids, leading to the hypothesis that these lipids can protect against bacterial solvent toxicity. However, the lack of genetic tools for manipulating hopanoid composition in vivo has limited their further functional analysis. Because of polyploidy (> 50 genome copies per cell), we found that disruptions of essential hopanoid biosynthesis (hpn) genes in Z. mobilis act as genetic knockdowns, reliably modulating the abundance of different hopanoid species. Using a set of hpn transposon mutants, we demonstrate that both reduced hopanoid content and modified hopanoid head group composition mediate growth and survival in ethanol. In contrast, the amount of hopanoids, but not their polar group composition, contributes to fitness at low pH. Spectroscopic analysis of model membranes showed that hopanoids protect against several ethanol-driven phase transitions in membrane structure, including lipid interdigitation and bilayer dissolution. We propose that hopanoids act through a combination of hydrophobic and inter-lipid hydrogen bonding interactions to stabilize bacterial membranes against solvent stress.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443473v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (57K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119f9adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5701bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@330bfaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1574d44_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hopanoid composition mediates bacterial ethanol tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A normalized template matching method for improving spike detection in extracellular voltage recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is the process of detecting and clustering action potential waveforms from extracellular voltage recordings to identify spikes of putative single neurons. Typically, spike detection is done using a fixed voltage threshold and shadow period, but this approach can lead to missed spikes during high firing rate epochs or noisy conditions. We developed a novel spike detection method utilizing a computationally simple form of template matching that efficiently detects spikes from candidate single units and is tolerant of high firing rates and electrical noise without a whitening filter. Template matching was based on a sliding cosine similarity between mean spike waveforms of candidate single units and the extracellular voltage signal. Performance was tested in whisker somatosensory cortex (S1) of anesthetized mice in vivo. The method consistently detected whisker-evoked spikes that were missed by a standard fixed voltage threshold. Detection was most improved for spikes evoked by strong stimuli (40-70% increase), less improved for weaker stimuli, and unchanged for spontaneous spiking. This reflected the failure of standard detection during spatiotemporally dense spiking. Template-based detection revealed higher signal-to-noise ratio for sensory responses and sharper sensory tuning. Thus, this template matching method (and other model-based spike detection methods) critically improve the quantification of single-unit spiking activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laboy-Juarez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A normalized template matching method for improving spike detection in extracellular voltage recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processing of grassland soil C-N compounds into soluble and volatile molecules is depth stratified and mediated by genomically novel bacteria and archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial activity drives the carbon and nitrogen cycles and is an important determinant of atmospheric trace gas turnover, yet most soils are dominated by organisms with unknown metabolic capacities. Even Acidobacteria, among the most abundant bacteria in soil, remain poorly characterized, and functions across groups such as Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria are understudied. Here, we resolved sixty metagenomic, and twenty proteomic datasets from a grassland soil ecosystem and recovered 793 near-complete microbial genomes from 18 phyla, representing around one third of all organisms detected. Importantly, this enabled extensive genomics-based metabolic predictions for these understudied communities. Acidobacteria from multiple previously unstudied classes have genomes that encode large enzyme complements for complex carbohydrate degradation. Alternatively, most organisms we detected encode carbohydrate esterases that strip readily accessible methyl and acetyl groups from polymers like pectin and xylan, forming methanol and acetate, the availability of which could explain high prevalences of C1 metabolism and acetate utilization in genomes. Organism abundances among samples collected at three soil depths and under natural and amended rainfall regimes indicate statistically higher associations of inorganic nitrogen metabolism and carbon degradation in deep and shallow soils, respectively. This partitioning decreased in samples under extended spring rainfall indicating long term climate alteration can affect both carbon and nitrogen cycling. Overall, by leveraging natural and experimental gradients with genome-resolved metabolic profiles, we link organisms lacking prior genomic characterization to specific roles in complex carbon, C1, nitrate, and ammonia transformations and constrain factors that impact their distributions in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processing of grassland soil C-N compounds into soluble and volatile molecules is depth stratified and mediated by genomically novel bacteria and archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Glypican5 facilitates long range Shh signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a morphogen, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mediates signaling at a distance from its sites of synthesis. After secretion, Shh must traverse a distance through the extracellular matrix (ECM) to reach the target cells and activate the Hh response. Extracellular matrix proteins, in particular the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the Glypican family have both negative and positive effects on non-cell autonomous Shh signaling, all attributed to their ability to bind Shh. Using mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mosaic tissues with compartments that lack the glycosyltransferases Exostosin1 (Ext1) and Exostosin2 (Ext2), or the HSPG core protein Glypican5 we show that cells surrounded by a mutated extracellular matrix are highly proficient distributing Shh. In contrast, cells that lack Ext1 function poorly secrete Shh. Our results confirm earlier observations that HSPGs can have both positive (Shh export) and negative influences (Shh distribution), and are supporting a model in which Shh presented on the cell surface in the context of HSPGs preferentially distributes into ECM that lacks HSPGs, possibly due to the absence of Shh sequestering molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Glypican5 facilitates long range Shh signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation Roizmanbacteria from hot springs have novel, unexpectedly abundant, and potentially alternatively functioning CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) comprises a huge group of bacteria that have small genomes that rarely encode CRISPR-Cas systems for phage defense. Consequently, questions remain about their mechanisms of phage resistance and the nature of phage that infect them. The compact CRISPR-CasY system (Cas12d) with potential value in genome editing was first discovered in these organisms. Relatively few CasY sequences have been reported to date, and little is known about the function and activity of these systems in the natural environment. Here, we conducted a genome-resolved metagenomic investigation of hot spring microbiomes and recovered CRISPR systems mostly from Roizmanbacteria that involve CasY proteins that are divergent from published sequences. Within population diversity in the spacer set indicates current in situ diversification of most of the loci. In addition to CasY, some Roizmanbacteria genomes also encode large type I-B and/or III-A systems that, based on spacer targeting, are used in phage defense. CRISPR targeting identified three phage represented by complete genomes and a prophage, which are the first reported for bacteria of the Microgenomates superphylum. Interestingly, one phage encodes a Cas4-like protein, a scenario that has been suggested to drive acquisition of self-targeting spacers. Consistent with this, the Roizmanbacteria population that it infects has a CRISPR locus that includes self-targeting spacers and a fragmented CasY gene (fCasY). Despite gene fragmentation, the PAM sequence is the same as that of other CasY reported in this study. Fragmentation of CasY may avoid the lethality of self-targeting spacers. However, the spacers may still have some biological role, possibly in genome regulation. The findings expand our understanding of CasY diversity, and more broadly, CRISPR-Cas systems and phage of CPR bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candidate Phyla Radiation Roizmanbacteria from hot springs have novel, unexpectedly abundant, and potentially alternatively functioning CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Far northeastern Siberia has been occupied by humans for more than 40 thousand years. Yet, owing to a scarcity of early archaeological sites and human remains, its population history and relationship to ancient and modern populations across Eurasia and the Americas are poorly understood. Here, we analyze 34 ancient genome sequences, including two from fragmented milk teeth found at the ~31.6 thousand-year-old (kya) Yana RHS site, the earliest and northernmost Pleistocene human remains found. These genomes reveal complex patterns of past population admixture and replacement events throughout northeastern Siberia, with evidence for at least three large-scale human migrations into the region. The first inhabitants, a previously unknown population of "Ancient North Siberians" (ANS), represented by Yana RHS, diverged ~38 kya from Western Eurasians, soon after the latter split from East Asians. Between 20 and 11 kya, the ANS population was largely replaced by peoples with ancestry related to present-day East Asians, giving rise to ancestral Native Americans and "Ancient Paleosiberians" (AP), represented by a 9.8 kya skeleton from Kolyma River. AP are closely related to the Siberian ancestors of Native Americans, and ancestral to contemporary communities such as Koryaks and Itelmen. Paleoclimatic modelling shows evidence for a refuge during the last glacial maximum (LGM) in southeastern Beringia, suggesting Beringia as a possible location for the admixture forming both ancestral Native Americans and AP. Between 11 and 4 kya, AP were in turn largely replaced by another group of peoples with ancestry from East Asia, the "Neosiberians" from which many contemporary Siberians derive. We detect gene flow events in both directions across the Bering Strait during this time, influencing the genetic composition of Inuit, as well as Na Dene-speaking Northern Native Americans, whose Siberian-related ancestry components is closely related to AP. Our analyses reveal that the population history of northeastern Siberia was highly dynamic throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The pattern observed in northeastern Siberia, with earlier, once widespread populations being replaced by distinct peoples, seems to have taken place across northern Eurasia, as far west as Scandinavia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitulko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Barros Damgaard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente Castro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupanloup, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giampoudakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo Nogues, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroonen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyrot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McColl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselovskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasnyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolskiy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grebenyuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedintsev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malyarchuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meldgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arppe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannermaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putkonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandersen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjögren, K.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/448829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of visual features used by humans and machines to classify wildlife 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our quest to develop more intelligent machines, knowledge of the visual features used by machines to classify objects shall be helpful. The current state of the art in training machines to classify wildlife species from camera-trap data is to employ convolutional neural networks (CNN) encoded within deep learning algorithms. Here we report on results obtained in training a CNN to classify 20 African wildlife species with an overall accuracy of 87.5% from a dataset containing 111,467 images. We then used a gradient-weighted class-activation-mapping (Grad-CAM) procedure to extract the most salient pixels in the final convolution layer. We show that these pixels highlight features in particular images that are in most, but not all, cases similar to those used to train humans to identify these species. Further, we used mutual information methods to identify the neurons in the final convolution layer that consistently respond most strongly across a set of images of one particular species, and we then interpret the features in the image where the strongest responses occur. We also used hierarchical clustering of feature vectors (i.e., the state of the final fully-connected layer in the CNN) associated with each image to produce a visual similarity dendrogram of identified species. Finally, we evaluated how images that were not part of the training set fell within our dendrogram when these images were one of the 20 species "known" to our CNN in contrast to where they fell when these images were "unknown" to our CNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzzadeh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInturff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of visual features used by humans and machines to classify wildlife]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel fitness profiling reveals multiple novel enzymes in Pseudomonas putida lysine metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysine metabolism of Pseudomonas putida can produce multiple important commodity chemicals and is implicated in rhizosphere colonization. However, despite intensive study, the biochemical and genetic links between lysine metabolism and central metabolism remain unresolved in P. putida. Here, we leverage Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq), a genome-wide assay measuring the fitness of thousands of genes in parallel, to identify multiple novel enzymes in both L- and D-lysine metabolism. We first describe three pathway enzymes that catabolize 2-aminoadipate (2AA) to 2-ketoglutarate (2KG) connecting D-lysine to the TCA cycle. One of these enzymes, PP_5260, contains a DUF1338 domain, a family without a previously described biological function. We demonstrate PP_5260 converts 2-oxoadipate (2OA) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), a novel biochemical reaction. We expand on recent work showing that the glutarate hydroxylase, CsiD, can co-utilize both 2OA and 2KG as a co-substrate in the hydroxylation of glutarate. Finally we demonstrate that the cellular abundance of D- and L-lysine pathway proteins are highly sensitive to pathway specific substrates. This work demonstrates the utility of RB-TnSeq for discovering novel metabolic pathways in even well-studied bacteria.nnImportanceO_LIP. putida is an attractive host for metabolic engineering as its lysine metabolism can be utilized for the production of multiple important commodity chemicals.nC_LIO_LIWe demonstrate the first biochemical evidence of a bacterial 2OA catabolic pathway to central metabolites.nC_LIO_LIDUF1338 proteins are widely dispersed across many kingdoms of life. Here we demonstrate the first biochemical evidence of function for a member of this protein family.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benites, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiben, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel fitness profiling reveals multiple novel enzymes in Pseudomonas putida lysine metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Accessible Continuous-Culture Turbidostat for Pooled Analysis of Complex Libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an accessible, robust continuous-culture turbidostat system that enables biologists to generate and phenotypically analyze highly complex libraries in yeast and bacteria. Our system has many applications in genomics and systems biology; here, we demonstrate three of these uses. We first measure how the growth rate of budding yeast responds to limiting nitrogen at steady state and in a dynamically varying environment. We also demonstrate the direct selection of a diverse, genome-scale protein fusion library in liquid culture. Finally, we perform a comprehensive mutational analysis of the essential gene RPL28 in budding yeast, mapping sequence constraints on its wild-type function and delineating the binding site of the drug cycloheximide through resistance mutations. Our system can be constructed and operated with no specialized skills or equipment and applied to study genome-wide mutant pools and diverse libraries of sequence variants under well-defined growth conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeachy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Accessible Continuous-Culture Turbidostat for Pooled Analysis of Complex Libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive gene amplification on a recently formed Drosophila Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread loss of genes on the Y is considered a hallmark of sex chromosome differentiation. Here we show that the initial stages of Y evolution are driven by massive amplification of distinct classes of genes. The neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda initially contained about 3000 protein-coding genes, but has gained over 3200 genes since its formation about 1.5 MY ago, primarily by tandem amplification of protein-coding genes ancestrally present on this chromosome. We show that distinct evolutionary processes may account for this drastic increase in gene number on the Y. Testis-specific and dosage sensitive genes appear to have amplified on the Y to increase male fitness. A distinct class of meiosis-related multi-copy Y genes independently co-amplified on the X, and their expansion is likely driven by conflicts over segregation. Co-amplified X/Y genes are highly expressed in testis, enriched for meiosis and RNAi functions, and are frequently targeted by small RNAs in testis. This suggests that their amplification is driven by X vs. Y antagonism for increased transmission, where sex chromosome drive suppression is likely mediated by sequence homology between the suppressor and distorter, through RNAi mechanism. Thus, our analysis suggests that newly emerged sex chromosomes are a battleground for sexual and meiotic conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive gene amplification on a recently formed Drosophila Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable Transcriptional Interference at the Endogenous Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Locus in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neighboring sequences of a gene can influence its expression. In the phenomenon known as transcriptional interference, transcription at one region in the genome can repress transcription at a nearby region in cis. Transcriptional interference occurs at a number of eukaryotic loci, including the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Adh is regulated by two promoters, which are distinct in their developmental timing of activation. It has been shown using transgene insertion that when the promoter distal from the Adh start codon is deleted, transcription from the proximal promoter becomes de-regulated. As a result, the Adh proximal promoter, which is normally active only during the early larval stages, becomes abnormally activated in adults. Whether this type of regulation occurs in the endogenous Adh context, however, remains unclear. Here, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the endogenous Adh locus and found that removal of the distal promoter does also result in the untimely expression of the proximal promoter-driven mRNA isoform in adults, albeit at lower levels than previously reported. Importantly, we show that transcription from the distal promoter is sufficient to repress proximal transcription in larvae and that the degree of this repression depends on the degree of distal promoter activity. Finally, repression of the endogenous Adh proximal promoter is associated with the enrichment of histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), a chromatin mark necessary for transcription-coupled gene repression in yeast. We conclude that the endogenous Adh locus is developmentally regulated by transcriptional interference in a tunable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wende, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Deyrup, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable Transcriptional Interference at the Endogenous Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Locus in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiling of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells identifies T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 as an important regulator of Th17 differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One sentence summaryOur study revealed that DCs shape distinct pathogen-specific CD4 T cell transcriptome and from which, we discovered an unexpected role for T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 in promoting Th17 differentiation.nnABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) are critical for priming and differentiation of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells. However, to what extent innate cues from DCs dictate transcriptional changes in T cells leading to effector heterogeneity remains elusive. Here we have used an in vitro approach to prime naive CD4 T cells by DCs stimulated with distinct pathogens. We have found that such pathogen-primed CD4 T cells express unique transcriptional profiles dictated by the nature of the priming pathogen. In contrast to cytokine-polarized Th17 cells that display signatures of terminal differentiation, pathogen-primed Th17 cells maintain a high degree of heterogeneity and plasticity. Further analysis identified caspase-1 as one of the genes upregulated only in pathogen-primed Th17 cells but not in cytokine-polarized Th17 cells. T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1, independent of its function in inflammasome, is critical for inducing optimal pathogen-driven Th17 responses. More importantly, T cells lacking caspase-1 fail to induce colitis following transfer into RAG-deficient mice, further demonstrating the importance of caspase-1 for the development of pathogenic Th17 cells in vivo. This study underlines the importance of DC-mediated priming in identifying novel regulators of T cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizarry-Caro, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozmorov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakeland, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome profiling of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells identifies T-cell-intrinsic caspase-1 as an important regulator of Th17 differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity RNA labeling by APEX-Seq Reveals the Organization of Translation Initiation Complexes and Repressive RNA Granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse ribonucleoprotein complexes control messenger RNA processing, translation, and decay. Transcripts in these complexes localize to specific regions of the cell and can condense into non-membrane-bound structures such as stress granules. It has proven challenging to map the RNA composition of these large and dynamic structures, however. We therefore developed an RNA proximity labeling technique, APEX-Seq, which uses the ascorbate peroxidase APEX2 to probe the spatial organization of the transcriptome. We show that APEX-Seq can resolve the localization of RNAs within the cell and determine their enrichment or depletion near key RNA-binding proteins. Matching the spatial transcriptome, as revealed by APEX-Seq, with the spatial proteome determined by APEX-mass spectrometry (APEX-MS) provides new insights into the organization of translation initiation complexes on active mRNAs, as well as exposing unanticipated complexity in stress granule composition, and provides a powerful and general approach to explore the spatial environment of macromolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity RNA labeling by APEX-Seq Reveals the Organization of Translation Initiation Complexes and Repressive RNA Granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic evolutionary history and gene content of sex chromosomes across diverse songbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Songbirds have a species number almost equivalent to that of mammals, and are classic models for studying mechanisms of speciation and sexual selection. Sex chromosomes are hotspots of both processes, yet their evolutionary history in songbirds remains unclear. To elucidate that, we characterize female genomes of 11 songbird species having ZW sex chromosomes, with 5 genomes of bird-of-paradise species newly produced in this work. We conclude that songbird sex chromosomes have undergone at least four steps of recombination suppression before their species radiation, producing a gradient pattern of pairwise sequence divergence termed  evolutionary strata. Interestingly, the latest stratum probably emerged due to a songbird-specific burst of retrotransposon CR1-E1 elements at its boundary, or chromosome inversion on the W chromosome. The formation of evolutionary strata has reshaped the genomic architecture of both sex chromosomes. We find stepwise variations of Z-linked inversions, repeat and GC contents, as well as W-linked gene loss rate that are associated with the age of strata. Over 30 W-linked genes have been preserved for their essential functions, indicated by their higher and broader expression of orthologs in lizard than those of other sex-linked genes. We also find a different degree of accelerated evolution of Z-linked genes vs. autosomal genes among different species, potentially reflecting their diversified intensity of sexual selection. Our results uncover the dynamic evolutionary history of songbird sex chromosomes, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of recombination suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peona, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christidis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irestedt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic evolutionary history and gene content of sex chromosomes across diverse songbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The more you know: Investigating why adults get a bigger memory boost from semantic congruency than children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans possess the capacity to employ prior knowledge in the service of our ability to remember; thus, memory is oftentimes superior for information that is semantically congruent with our prior knowledge. This congruency benefit grows during development, but little is understood about neurodevelopmental differences that underlie this growth. Here, we sought to explore the brain mechanisms underlying these phenomena. To this end, we examined the neural substrates of semantically congruent vs. incongruent item-context associations in 116 children and 25 young adults who performed encoding and retrieval tasks during functional MRI data collection. Participants encoded item-context pairs by judging whether an item belonged in a scene. Episodic memory was then tested with a source memory task. Consistent with prior work, source memory accuracy improved with age, and was greater for congruent than incongruent pairs; further, this congruency benefit was greater in adults than children. Age-related differences were observed across univariate, functional connectivity, and multivariate analyses, particularly in lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). In sum, our results revealed two general age differences. First, left ventrolateral/rostrolateral PFC exhibited age-related increases in univariate activity, as well as greater functional connectivity with temporal regions during the processing of congruency. Second, right rostrolateral PFC activation was associated with successfully encoded congruent associations in adults, but not children. Finally, multivariate analyses provided evidence for stronger veridical memory in adults than children in right ventrolateral PFC. These effects in right lateral PFC were significantly correlated with memory performance, implicating them in the process of remembering congruent associations. These results connect brain regions associated with top-down control in the congruency benefit and age-related improvements therein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brod, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The more you know: Investigating why adults get a bigger memory boost from semantic congruency than children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human APOBEC3G prevents emergence of infectious endogenous retrovirus in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are found throughout vertebrate genomes and failure to silence their activation can have deleterious consequences on the host. Introduction of mutations that subsequently prevent transcription of ERV loci is therefore an indispensable cell-intrinsic defense mechanism that maintains the integrity of the host genome. Abundant in vitro and in silico evidence have revealed that APOBEC3 cytidine-deaminases, including human APOBEC3G (hA3G) can potently restrict retrotransposition; yet in vivo data demonstrating such activity is lacking, particularly since no replication competent human ERV has been identified. In mice deficient for Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), transcribed ERV loci can recombine and generate infectious ERV. In this study, we show that mice deficient in the only copy of Apobec3 in the genome did not have spontaneous reactivation of ERVs, nor elevated ERV reactivation when crossed to Tlr7-/- mice. In contrast, expression of a human APOBEC3G transgene abrogated emergence of infectious ERV in the Tlr7-/- background. No ERV RNA was detected in the plasma of hA3G+Apobec3-/-Tlr7-/- mice, and infectious ERV virions could not be amplified through co-culture with permissive cells. These data reveal that hA3G can potently restrict active ERV in vivo, and suggest that the expansion of the APOBEC3 locus in primates has helped restrict ERV reactivation in the human genome.nnImportanceAlthough APOBEC3 proteins are known to be important antiviral restriction factors in both mice and humans, their roles in the restriction of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) have been limited to in vitro studies. Here, we report that human APOBEC3G expressed as a transgene in mice prevents the emergence of infectious ERV from endogenous loci. This study reveals that APOBEC3G can powerfully restrict active retrotransposons in vivo and demonstrates how ectopic expression of human factors in transgenic mouse models can be used to investigate host mechanisms that inhibit retrotransposons and reinforce genomic integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human APOBEC3G prevents emergence of infectious endogenous retrovirus in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling neural tuning in human ventral temporal cortex predicts the perception of visual ambiguity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have an amazing ability to categorize objects in the world around us. Nevertheless, how cortical regions in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC), which is critical for categorization, support this behavioral ability, is largely unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between neural responses and behavioral performance during the categorization of morphed silhouettes of faces and hands, which are animate categories processed in cortically adjacent regions in VTC. Our results reveal that the combination of neural responses from VTC face- and body-selective regions more accurately explains behavioral categorization than neural responses from either region alone. Furthermore, we built a model that predicts a persons behavioral performance using estimated parameters of brain-behavioral relationships from a different group of people. We further show that this brain-behavioral model generalizes to adjacent face- and body-selective regions in lateral occipito-temporal cortex. Thus, while face- and body-selective regions are located within functionally-distinct domain-specific networks, cortically adjacent regions from both networks likely integrate neural responses to resolve competing and perceptually ambiguous information from both categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill-Spector, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling neural tuning in human ventral temporal cortex predicts the perception of visual ambiguity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prey’s traits mediate a neotropical toad diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B.O_LIDespite the widespread occurrence of myrmecophagy in anurans it is generally unclear whether ant-specialists feed on ants opportunistically or whether they preferentially select for certain species, potentially favoring specific morphological, ecological, or nutritional traits.nC_LIO_LIWe flushed 105 stomachs of a lowland neotropical toad, Rhinella alata, and identified each consumed ant to species level. We used linear selectivity to calculate predator preference by comparing the abundances of consumed species to their abundances in the leaf litter community on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We conducted multiple regression models to test whether linear selectivity or general predator preference related to seven morphological characteristics and two measurements of nutritional content.nC_LIO_LIRhinella alata preferentially harvested 24 ant species. Other species were either avoided (n=34) or were eaten opportunistically (n=26). We found that R. alata predominantly preys upon large ants that are textured with hair and/or rugosity and preference for prey did not relate to nutrition content. Rhinella alata avoided small ants even if they were hyper abundant in the environment, and preferentially ate chemically-defended and aggressive ants if they were large enough.nC_LIO_LIWe propose that R. alata prefers large ants because they represent a more efficient prey item in terms of predator handling time and because they are easier to see than are smaller ants. Furthermore, we hypothesize that R. alata predation attempts are more successful when prey are textured because microstructures on the tongue and prey surface may increase prey adhesion.nC_LIO_LIThe ant specialist R. alata is not specializing on any particular ant species but rather maximizing prey quantity over quality by only eating the largest ants, despite their scarcity in the environment.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McElroy, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoso, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prey’s traits mediate a neotropical toad diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prawn aquaculture as a method for schistosomiasis control and poverty alleviation: a win-win approach to address a critical infectious disease of poverty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence suggests crustacean snail predators may aid schistosomiasis control programs by targeting the environmental component of the parasites life cycle through predation of the snail species that serve as intermediate hosts of the parasite. We evaluate costs, benefits, and potential synergies between schistosomiasis control and aquaculture of giant prawns using an integrated bio-economic-epidemiologic model. We identified combinations of stocking density and aquaculture cycle length that maximize profit and offer disease control benefits for sustainable schistosomiasis control. We consider two prawn species in sub-Saharan Africa: the endemic, non-domesticated Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, and the non-native, domesticated Macrobrachium rosenbergii. We find that, at profit-optimal densities, both M. rosenbergii and M. vollenhovenii can complement conventional control approaches (mass drug treatment of people) and lead to sustainable schistosomiasis control. We conclude that integrated aquaculture strategies can be a win-win strategy in terms of health and sustainable development in schistosomiasis endemic regions of the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolow, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchirico, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riveau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savaya-Alkalay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casagrandi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Saez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remais, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prawn aquaculture as a method for schistosomiasis control and poverty alleviation: a win-win approach to address a critical infectious disease of poverty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DeepTune framework for modeling and characterizing neurons in visual cortex area V4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural network models have recently been shown to be effective in predicting single neuron responses in primate visual cortex areas V4. Despite their high predictive accuracy, these models are generally difficult to interpret. This limits their applicability in characterizing V4 neuron function. Here, we propose the DeepTune framework as a way to elicit interpretations of deep neural network-based models of single neurons in area V4. V4 is a midtier visual cortical area in the ventral visual pathway. Its functional role is not yet well understood. Using a dataset of recordings of 71 V4 neurons stimulated with thousands of static natural images, we build an ensemble of 18 neural network-based models per neuron that accurately predict its response given a stimulus image. To interpret and visualize these models, we use a stability criterion to form optimal stimuli (DeepTune images) by pooling the 18 models together. These DeepTune images not only confirm previous findings on the presence of diverse shape and texture tuning in area V4, but also provide rich, concrete and naturalistic characterization of receptive fields of individual V4 neurons. The population analysis of DeepTune images for 71 neurons reveals how different types of curvature tuning are distributed in V4. In addition, it also suggests strong suppressive tuning for nearly half of the V4 neurons. Though we focus exclusively on the area V4, the DeepTune framework could be applied more generally to enhance the understanding of other visual cortex areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbasi-Asl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloniarz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmore, B. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DeepTune framework for modeling and characterizing neurons in visual cortex area V4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sediment-hosted CO2-rich aquifers deep below the Colorado Plateau (USA) contain a remarkable diversity of uncultivated microorganisms, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that are putative symbionts unable to synthesize membrane lipids. The origin of organic carbon in these ecosystems is unknown and the source of CPR membrane lipids remains elusive. We collected cells from deep groundwater brought to the surface by eruptions of Crystal Geyser, sequenced the community, and analyzed the whole community lipidome over time. Characteristic stable carbon isotopic compositions of microbial lipids suggest that bacterial and archaeal CO2 fixation ongoing in the deep subsurface provides organic carbon for the complex communities that reside there. Coupled lipidomic-metagenomic analysis indicates that CPR bacteria lack complete lipid biosynthesis pathways but still possess regular lipid membranes. These lipids may therefore originate from other community members, which also adapt to high in situ pressure by increasing fatty acid unsaturation. An unusually high abundance of lysolipids attributed to CPR bacteria may represent an adaptation to membrane curvature stress induced by their small cell sizes. Our findings provide new insights into the carbon cycle in the deep subsurface and suggest the redistribution of lipids into putative symbionts within this community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elling, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birarda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, K.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally-stabilized holoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmunity to membrane proteins in the central nervous system has been increasingly recognized as a cause of neuropsychiatric disease. A key recent development was the discovery of antibodies to NMDA receptors in limbic encephalitis, characterized by cognitive changes, memory loss, seizures and sometimes long-term morbidity or mortality. Treatment approaches and experimental studies have largely focused on the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies. Passive antibody transfer to mice has provided useful insights, but does not produce the full spectrum of the human disease. Here we describe a de novo autoimmune mouse model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Active immunization of immune competent mice with conformationally-stabilized, native-like NMDA receptors induced a fulminant encephalitis that was strikingly similar to the behavioral and pathologic characteristics of human cases. Our results provide evidence of neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration as early and robust features of the autoimmune response. Use of transgenic mice indicated that mature T cells as well as antibody-producing cells were required for disease induction. Our results provide new insights into disease pathogenesis as well as a platform for testing mechanisms of disease initiation and therapeutic approaches.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report an active immunization model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice that recapitulates the features of the clinical disease, provides new insights into the pathophysiology, and offers a platform for investigation of new therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally-stabilized holoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open Humans: A platform for participant-centered research and personal data exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMany aspects of our lives are now digitized and connected to the internet. As a result, individuals are now creating and collecting more personal data than ever before. This offers an unprecedented chance for human-participant research ranging from the social sciences to precision medicine. With this potential wealth of data come practical problems (such as how to merge data streams from various sources), as well as ethical problems (such as how to best balance risks and benefits when enabling personal data sharing by individuals).nnResultsTo begin to address these problems in real time, we present Open Humans, a community-based platform that enables personal data collections across data streams, giving individuals more personal data access and control of sharing authorizations, and enabling academic research as well as patient-led projects. We showcase data streams that Open Humans combines (e.g. personal genetic data, wearable activity monitors, GPS location records and continuous glucose monitor data), along with use cases of how the data facilitates various projects.nnConclusionsOpen Humans highlights how a community-centric ecosystem can be used to aggregate personal data from various sources as well as how these data can be used by academic and citizen scientists through practical, iterative approaches to sharing that strive to balance considerations with participant autonomy, inclusion, and privacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greshake Tzovaras, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulaney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Galinanes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price Ball, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open Humans: A platform for participant-centered research and personal data exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased detection of CRISPR off-targets in vivo using DISCOVER-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/469635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing using nucleases such as CRISPR-Cas induces programmable DNA damage at a target genomic site but can also affect off-target sites. Here, we develop a powerful, sensitive assay for the unbiased identification of off-target sites that we term DISCOVER-Seq. This approach takes advantage of the recruitment of endogenous DNA repair factors for genome-wide identification of Cas-induced double-strand breaks. One such factor, MRE11, is recruited precisely to double-strand breaks, enabling molecular characterization of nuclease cut sites with single-base resolution. DISCOVER-Seq detects off-targets in cellular models and in vivo upon adenoviral gene editing of mouse livers, paving the way for real-time off-target discovery during therapeutic gene editing. DISCOVER-Seq is furthermore applicable to multiple types of Cas nucleases and provides an unprecedented view of events that precede repair of the affected sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wienert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcakaya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porritt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watry, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased detection of CRISPR off-targets in vivo using DISCOVER-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme in the biosphere and one of the best-characterized enzymes. Based on correlations between Rubisco kinetic parameters, it is widely posited that tradeoffs embedded in the catalytic mechanism constrain its specificity and maximum catalytic rate. However, the reasoning that established this view was based on data from {approx}20 organisms. We re-examine these tradeoff models using a dataset from {approx}300 organisms. Most correlations are substantially attenuated, with the inverse relationship between carboxylation kcat and specificity SC/O being a key example. Only one tradeoff model survives in our dataset. In this model, increasing catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for carboxylation requires increased catalytic efficiency for the competing oxygenation reaction, evidenced by strong power-law correlation between catalytic efficiencies. Our results imply that Rubisco evolution is constrained primarily by the physicochemical limits of O2/CO2 discrimination, which should reframe efforts to engineer this very central enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting tradeoffs in Rubisco kinetic parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-canonical arm of UPRER mediates longevity through ER remodeling and lipophagy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longevity is dictated by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. One of the key mechanisms implicated in regulating lifespan extension is the ability to induce protein chaperones to promote protein homeostasis. However, it is unclear whether protein chaperones exclusively regulate longevity. Previous work has shown that activating the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) in neurons can signal peripheral tissues to promote chaperone expression, thus enhancing organismal stress resistance and extending lifespan. Here, we find that this activation not only promotes chaperones, but facilitates a dramatic restructuring of ER morphology in intestinal cells. This restructuring, which includes depletion of lipid droplets, ER expansion, and ER tubulation, depends of lipophagy. Surprisingly, we find that lipophagy is required for lifespan extension and is completely independent of chaperone function. Therefore, UPR induction in neurons triggers two distinct programs in the periphery: the canonical arm through protein chaperones, and a non-canonical mechanism through lipid depletion. In summary, our study identifies lipophagy as an integral component of UPRER-induced longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniele, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esping, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monshietehadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-canonical arm of UPRER mediates longevity through ER remodeling and lipophagy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immuno-proteomic interrogation of dengue infection reveals novel HLA haplotype-specific MHC-I antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly effective vaccines against dengue virus (DENV) infection have remained elusive, despite rising infection rates in the developing world. Infection-specific peptide ligands presented on Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) open new avenues for developing T-cell-based interventions. Past efforts towards mapping viral MHC epitopes were based on computational predictions that only partially reflected actual antigen presentation. To empirically identify DENV-specific MHC ligands, we developed an immuno-proteomics approach for interrogating DENV- and self-derived MHC ligands from infected B-lymphocytes. Here, we report four fundamental findings: First, over 700 infection-specific MHC-ligands reflected host cellular responses to DENV that were not apparent from the proteome. Second, we report 121 viral MHC-I ligands (108 novel) which clustered into discrete hotspots across the DENV polyprotein, some of which spanned DENV polyprotein components, described here as MHC ligands for the first time. Third, we found DENV ligands which were distinctly presented by MHC alleles previously associated with either high or low anti-DENV response. Fourth, we demonstrate that while our in vitro assay only overlapped with a small fraction of previously described DENV T-cell epitopes, several novel MHC ligands identified here were recognized by T-cells from DENV-infected patients despite having low binding affinities. Together, these discoveries suggest that virus and host-derived MHC ligands have under-exploited potential for describing the cell biology of DENV infection, and as candidates for designing effective DENV vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marceau, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagar, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majzoub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deSilva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immuno-proteomic interrogation of dengue infection reveals novel HLA haplotype-specific MHC-I antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell whole-brain imaging and network analysis provide evidence of the three-stage hypothesis of addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three main theories of the neurobiology of addiction have been proposed: (1) incentive salience mediated by a brainstem-striatal network, (2) habit mediated by a cortico-striato-thalamic network, and (3) hedonic allostasis mediated by an extended amygdala network. Efforts have been made to reconcile these theories within a three-stage model, but the relevance of each theory remains controversial. We tested the validity of each theory with a single dataset using unbiased single-cell whole-brain imaging and data-driven analyses of neuronal activity in a mouse model of alcohol use disorder. Abstinence in alcohol dependent mice decreased brain modularity and resulted in clustering of brain regions that correspond to each stage of the three-stage theory of addiction. Furthermore, we identified several brain regions whose activity highly predicted addiction-like behaviors and "hub" regions that may drive neural activation during abstinence. These results validate the three-stage theory of addiction and identify potential target regions for future study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collazo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreifeldt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell whole-brain imaging and network analysis provide evidence of the three-stage hypothesis of addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proactive genotype-to-patient-phenotype map for cystathionine beta-synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Success in precision medicine depends on our ability to determine which rare human genetic variants have functional effects. Classical homocystinuria--characterized by elevated homocyst(e)ine in plasma and urine--is caused by primarily-rare variants in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. About half of patients respond to vitamin B6 therapy. With early detection in newborns, existing therapies are highly effective. Functional CBS variants, especially those that respond to vitamin B6, can be detected based on their ability to restore growth in yeast cells lacking CYS4 (the yeast ortholog of CBS). This assay has previously been carried out only  reactively after first observation of a variant in patients. Here we describe a  proactive comprehensive missense variant effect map for human CBS. Together, saturation codon-replacement mutagenesis, en masse growth selection at different vitamin B6 levels, and sequencing yielded a  look-up table for CBS missense variant function and vitamin B6-remediability in yeast. The CBS variant effect map identified disease variants and predicted both disease severity (r = 0.82) and human clinical response to vitamin B6 (r = 0.89). Thus, highly-multiplexed cell-based assays can yield proactive maps of variant function and patient response to therapy, even for rare variants not previously seen in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiadou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proactive genotype-to-patient-phenotype map for cystathionine beta-synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-making Task are Modulated by Action Execution Failures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions must be implemented through actions, and actions are prone to error. As such, when an expected outcome is not obtained, an individual should not only be sensitive to whether the choice itself was suboptimal, but also whether the action required to indicate that choice was executed successfully. The intelligent assignment of credit to action execution versus action selection has clear ecological utility for the learner. To explore this scenario, we used a modified version of a classic reinforcement learning task in which feedback indicated if negative prediction errors were, or were not, associated with execution errors. Using fMRI, we asked if prediction error computations in the human striatum, a key substrate in reinforcement learning and decision making, are modulated when a failure in action execution results in the negative outcome. Participants were more tolerant of non-rewarded outcomes when these resulted from execution errors versus when execution was successful but the reward was withheld. Consistent with this behavior, a model-driven analysis of neural activity revealed an attenuation of the signal associated with negative reward prediction error in the striatum following execution failures. These results converge with other lines of evidence suggesting that prediction errors in the mesostriatal dopamine system integrate high-level information during the evaluation of instantaneous reward outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mushtaq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-making Task are Modulated by Action Execution Failures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screening reveals a novel class of carbonic anhydrase-like inorganic carbon transporters in chemoautotrophic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial autotrophs rely on CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to assimilate carbon. Although many CCM proteins have been identified, including a 200+ MDa protein organelle called the carboxysome, a systematic screen of CCM components has not been carried out. Here, we performed a genome-wide barcoded transposon screen to identify essential and CCM-related genes in the {gamma}-proteobacterium H. neapolitanus. Our screen revealed an operon encoding a domain of unknown function (PFAM:PF10070) and putative cation transporter subunit (PFAM:PF00361) is critical for CCM function. These two proteins, which we name DabA and DabB for "DABs accumulate bicarbonate," function as a heterodimeric, energy-coupled inorganic carbon pump in E. coli. Furthermore, DabA has distant homology to a {beta}-carbonic anhydrase and binds a zinc ion necessary for activity. Based on these results, we propose that DABs function as vectorial CAs coupled to cation gradients and serve as inorganic carbon pumps throughout prokaryotic phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desmarais, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screening reveals a novel class of carbonic anhydrase-like inorganic carbon transporters in chemoautotrophic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A serum-free and insulin-supplemented cell culture medium ensures fatty acid synthesis gene activation in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/479964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While investigating the role played by de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) in cancer cells, we sought a medium condition that would support cell proliferation without providing any serum lipids. Here we report that a defined serum free cell culture medium condition containing insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) supports controlled study of DNFA regulation in melanoma cell lines. This lipid-free ITS medium is able to support proliferation of melanoma cell lines that fulfill their lipid requirements via DNFA. We show that the ITS medium stimulates gene transcription in support of both DNFA and de novo cholesterol synthesis (DNCS), specifically mediated by SREBP1/2 in melanoma cells. We further found that the ITS medium promoted SREBP1 nuclear localization and occupancy on DNFA gene promoters. Our data show clear utility of this serum and lipid-free medium for melanoma cancer cell culture and lipid-related areas of investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A serum-free and insulin-supplemented cell culture medium ensures fatty acid synthesis gene activation in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double Stranded DNA Damage and Genome Editing Trigger Ribosome Remodeling and Translational Shutdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage activates a robust transcriptional stress response, but much less is known about how DNA impacts translation. The advent of genome editing via a Cas9-induced DNA double-strand break has intensified interest in understanding cellular responses to DNA damage. Here we find that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by Cas9 or other damaging agents lead to a reduction of core ribosomal proteins, RPS27A and RPL40, and that the loss of these proteins is post-transcriptional and p53-independent. DSBs furthermore lead to the shutdown of translation through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha, and altering these signals affects genome editing outcomes. This DSB translational response is widespread and precedes the transcriptional response. Our results demonstrate that even a single double-strand break can lead to ribosome remodeling and reduced translational output, and suggest caution in interpreting cellular phenotypes measured immediately after genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riepe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meacham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double Stranded DNA Damage and Genome Editing Trigger Ribosome Remodeling and Translational Shutdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An archaeal symbiont-host association from the deep terrestrial subsurface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN archaea have reduced metabolic capacities and are diverse and abundant in deep aquifer ecosystems, yet little is known about their interactions with other microorganisms that reside there. Here, we provide evidence for an archaeal host-symbiont association from a deep aquifer system at the Colorado Plateau (Utah, USA). The symbiont, Candidatus Huberiarchaeum crystalense, and its host, Ca. Altiarchaeum hamiconexum, show a highly significant co-occurrence pattern over 65 metagenome samples collected over six years. The physical association of the two organisms was confirmed with genome-informed fluorescence in situ hybridization depicting small cocci of Ca. H. crystalense attached to Ca. A. hamiconexum cells. Based on genomic information, Ca. H. crystalense has a similar metabolism as Nanoarchaeum equitans and potentially scavenges vitamins, sugars, nucleotides, and reduced redox-equivalents from its host. These results provide insight into host-symbiont interactions among members of two uncultivated archaeal phyla that thrive in a deep subsurface aquifer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwank, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornemann, T. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An archaeal symbiont-host association from the deep terrestrial subsurface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contingency in the convergent evolution of a regulatory network: Dosage compensation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeatability or predictability of evolution is a central question in evolutionary biology, and most often addressed in experimental evolution studies. Here, we infer how genetically heterogeneous natural systems acquire the same molecular changes, to address how genomic background affects adaptation in natural populations. In particular, we take advantage of independently formed neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila species that have evolved dosage compensation by co-opting the dosage compensation (MSL) complex, to study the mutational paths that have led to the acquisition of 100s of novel binding sites for the MSL complex in different species. This complex recognizes a conserved 21-bp GA-rich sequence motif that is enriched on the X chromosome, and newly formed X chromosomes recruit the MSL complex by de novo acquisition of this binding motif. We identify recently formed sex chromosomes in the Drosophila repleta and robusta species groups by genome sequencing, and generate genomic occupancy maps of the MSL complex to infer the location of novel binding sites. We find that diverse mutational paths were utilized in each species to evolve 100s of de novo binding motifs along the neo-X, including expansions of microsatellites and transposable element insertions. However, the propensity to utilize a particular mutational path differs between independently formed X chromosomes, and appears to be contingent on genomic properties of that species, such as simple repeat or transposable element density. This establishes the "genomic environment" as an important determinant in predicting the outcome of evolutionary adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contingency in the convergent evolution of a regulatory network: Dosage compensation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TgCentrin2 is required for invasion and replication in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrins are EF-hand containing proteins ubiquitously found in eukaryotes and are key components of centrioles/basal bodies as well as certain contractile fibers. We previously identified three centrins in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii, all of which localized to the centrioles. However, one of them, TgCentrin2 (CEN2), is also targeted to ring-shaped structures at the apical and basal ends of the parasite, as well as to multiple annuli at the junction between the apical cap and the rest of the membrane cortex. The role(s) that TgCentrin2 plays in these locations was unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of TgCentrin2 in the parasite lytic cycle. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to knock out or knock down the TgCentrin2 gene with existing tools, we designed a new conditional knockdown method that combines transcriptional and protein stability control to achieve tight regulation of TgCentrin2 levels in the parasite. We discovered that under knockdown conditions, there was an ordered loss of TgCentrin2 from its four compartments, due to differences in incorporation kinetics and structural inheritance over successive generations. This was correlated with the development of major invasion deficiency at early stages of CEN2 knockdown, and replication defects at later stages. These results indicate that TgCentrin2 is incorporated into multiple cytoskeletal structures to serve distinct functions in T. gondii that are required for parasite survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TgCentrin2 is required for invasion and replication in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Estimation of Pedigrees and Effective Population Size Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pedigrees provide the genealogical relationships among individuals at a fine resolution and serve an important function in many areas of genetic studies. One such use of pedigree information is in the estimation of the short-term effective population size (Ne), which is of great relevance in fields such as conservation genetics. Despite the usefulness of pedigrees, however, they are often an unknown parameter and must be inferred from genetic data. In this study, we present a Bayesian method to jointly estimate pedigrees and Ne from genetic markers using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Our method supports analysis of a large number of markers and individuals with the use of a composite likelihood, which significantly increases computational efficiency. We show on simulated data that our method is able to jointly estimate relationships up to first cousins and Ne with high accuracy. We also apply the method on a real dataset of house sparrows to reconstruct their previously unreported pedigree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Estimation of Pedigrees and Effective Population Size Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental disorder can tip the population genetics of range expansions 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics is fundamentally shaped by stochastic processes: spon-taneous mutations enter populations randomly, and the fate of a mutant lineage is determined by the competition between (random) genetic drift and (determin-istic) selection. In populations undergoing range expansions, fluctuations in the reproductive process and the local motion of individuals are enhanced within a small subpopulation at the edge of the population. Range expansions are typically studied in homogeneous environments, but we argue here that the fluctuations at the range edge are susceptible to small-scale environmental heterogeneities that may have a strong effect on the evolutionary dynamics of the expanding population.nnTo show this, we tracked the dynamics of the clones of spontaneous mutations with a tunable fitness effect in bacterial colonies grown on randomly disordered surfaces. We find that environmental heterogeneity on scales much larger than an individual, but much smaller than the total population, can dramatically reduce the efficacy of selection. Time lapse microscopy and computer simulations suggest that this effect is a general consequence of a local "pinning" of the expansion front, whereby stretches of the front are slowed down on a length scale that depends on the structure of the environmental heterogeneity. This pinning focuses the range expansion into a small number of individuals with access to expansion paths, increasing the importance of chance and thus limiting the efficacy of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gralka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental disorder can tip the population genetics of range expansions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cGAMP signaling controls a transient surface-associated lifestyle 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A newfound signaling pathway employs a GGDEF enzyme with unique activity compared to the majority of homologs associated with bacterial cyclic di-GMP signaling. This system provides a rare opportunity to study how signaling proteins natively gain distinct function. Using genetic knockouts, riboswitch reporters, and RNA-Seq, we show that GacA, the Hypr GGDEF in Geobacter sulfurreducens, specifically regulates cyclic GMP-AMP (3,3-cGAMP) levels in vivo to stimulate gene expression associated with metal reduction separate from electricity production. To reconcile these in vivo findings with prior in vitro results that showed GacA was promiscuous, we developed a full kinetic model combining experimental data and mathematical modeling to reveal mechanisms that contribute to in vivo specificity. A 1.4 [A]-resolution crystal structure of the Geobacter Hypr GGDEF domain was determined to understand the molecular basis for those mechanisms, including key cross-dimer interactions. Together these results demonstrate that specific signaling can result from a promiscuous enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doxzen, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cGAMP signaling controls a transient surface-associated lifestyle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The clarifying role of time series data in the population genetics of HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV can evolve remarkably quickly in response to anti-retroviral therapies and the immune system. This evolution stymies treatment effectiveness and prevents the development of an HIV vaccine. Consequently, there has been great interest in using population genetics to disentangle the forces that govern the HIV adaptive landscape (selection, drift, mutation, recombination). Traditional population genetics approaches look at the current state of genetic variation and infer the processes that can generate them [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, because HIV evolves rapidly, we can also sample populations repeatedly over time and watch evolution in action [5, 6, 7]. In this paper, we demonstrate how time series data can bound evolutionary parameters in a way that complements and informs traditional population genetic approaches.nnSpecifically, we focus on our recent paper [2], in which we show that, as improved HIV drugs have led to fewer patients failing therapy due to resistance evolution, less genetic diversity has been maintained following the fixation of drug resistance mutations. We interpret this as evidence that resistance to early HIV drugs that failed quickly and predictably was driven by soft sweeps while evolution of resistance to better drugs is both less frequent and when it takes place it is associated with harder sweeps due to an effectively lower HIV population mutation rate ({theta}). Recently, Harris et al. have proposed an alternative interpretation [8]: the signal could be due to an increase in the selective benefit of mutations conferring resistance to better drugs. Therefore, better drugs lead to faster sweeps with less opportunity for recombination to rescue diversity. In this paper, we use time series data to show that drug resistance evolution during ineffective treatment is very fast, providing new evidence that soft sweeps drove early HIV treatment failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The clarifying role of time series data in the population genetics of HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer priming enables fast and sustained transcriptional responses to Notch signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information from developmental signaling pathways must be accurately decoded to generate transcriptional outcomes. In the case of Notch, the intracellular domain (NICD) transduces the signal directly to the nucleus. How enhancers decipher NICD in the real time of developmental decisions is not known. Using the MS2/MCP system to visualize nascent transcripts in single cells in Drosophila embryos we reveal how two target enhancers read Notch activity to produce synchronized and sustained profiles of transcription. By manipulating the levels of NICD and altering specific motifs within the enhancers we uncover two key principles. First, increased NICD levels alter transcription by increasing duration rather than frequency of transcriptional bursts. Second, priming of enhancers by tissue-specific transcription factors is required for NICD to confer synchronized and sustained activity; in their absence, transcription is stochastic and bursty. The dynamic response of an individual enhancer to NICD thus differs depending on the cellular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falo-Sanjuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer priming enables fast and sustained transcriptional responses to Notch signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past 100 years, oil spills and long-term waste deposition from oil refineries have significantly polluted the environment. These contaminants have widespread negative effects on human health and ecosystem functioning. Natural attenuation of long chain and polyaromatic hydrocarbons is slow and often incomplete. Bioaugmentation of polluted soils with indigenous bacteria that naturally consume petroleum hydrocarbons could speed up this process. However, the characterization of bacterial crude oil degradation efficiency--which often relies upon expensive, highly specialized gas-chromatography mass spectrometry analyses--can present a substantial bottleneck in developing and implementing these bioremediation strategies. Here, we develop a low-cost, rapid, high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for identifying wild-type bacteria that degrade crude oil using the dye Nile Red. We show that Nile Red fluoresces when in contact with crude oil and developed a robust linear model to calculate crude oil content in liquid cell cultures based on fluorescence intensity (FI). To test whether this assay could identify bacteria with enhanced metabolic capacities to break down crude oil, we screened bacteria isolated from a former Shell Oil refinery in Bay Point, CA and identified one strain (Cupriavidus sp. OPK) with superior crude oil depletion efficiencies (up to 83%) in only three days. We further illustrate that this assay can be combined with fluorescence microscopy to study how bacteria interact with crude oil and the strategies they use to degrade this complex substance. We show for the first time that bacteria use three key strategies for degrading crude oil: biofilm formation, direct adherence to oil droplets, and vesicle encapsulation of oil. We propose that the quantitative and qualitative data from this assay can be used to develop new bioremediation strategies based on bioaugmentation and/or biomimetic materials that imitate the natural ability of bacteria to degrade crude oil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>French, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timed inhibition of CDC7 increases CRISPR-Cas9 mediated templated repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repair of double strand DNA breaks (DSBs) can result in gene disruption or precise gene modification via homology directed repair (HDR) from a templating donor DNA. During genome editing, altering cellular responses to DSBs may be an effective strategy to rebalance editing outcomes towards HDR and away from other repair pathways. To identify factors that regulate HDR from a double-stranded DNA donor (dsDonor), we utilized a pooled screen to define the consequences of thousands of individual gene knockdowns during Cas9-initiated HDR from a double strand plasmid donor. We find that templated dsDonor repair pathways are mostly genetically distinct from single strand donor DNA (ssDonor) repair but share aspects that include dependency upon the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway. We also identified several factors whose knockdown increases HDR and thus act as repressors of gene modification. Screening available small molecule inhibitors of these repressors revealed that the cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7) inhibitor XL413 increases the efficiency of HDR by 2-3 fold in many contexts, including primary T-cells. XL413 stimulates HDR through cell cycle regulation, inducing an early S-phase cell cycle arrest that, to the best of our knowledge, is uncharacterized for Cas9-induced HDR. We anticipate that XL413 and other such rationally developed inhibitors will be useful tools for boosting the efficiency of gene modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wienert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARSON, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timed inhibition of CDC7 increases CRISPR-Cas9 mediated templated repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of Anti-Yo and Anti-Hu paraneoplastic neurological disorders by PhIP-Seq reveals a highly restricted pattern of antibody epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) are immune-mediated diseases of the nervous system understood to manifest as part of a misdirected anti-tumor immune response. Identifying PND-associated autoantibodies and their cognate antigens can assist with proper diagnosis and treatment while also enhancing our understanding of tumor-associated immune processes, triggers for autoimmune disease, and the functional significance of onconeuronal proteins. Here, we employed an enhanced version of phage display immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PhIP-Seq) leveraging a library of over 731,000 unique phage clones tiling across the entire human proteome to detect autoantibodies and create high-resolution epitope profiles in serum and CSF samples from patients suffering from two common PNDs, the anti-Yo (n = 36 patients) and anti-Hu syndromes (n = 44 patients). All patient samples positive for anti-Yo antibody by a validated clinical assay yielded polyspecific enrichment of phage presenting peptides from the canonical anti-Yo (CDR2 and CDR2L) antigens, while 38% of anti-Hu patients (17/44) had a serum and/or CSF sample that significantly enriched peptides deriving from the ELAVL family of proteins, the anti-Hu autoantigenic target. The anti-Hu antibodies showed a remarkably convergent antigenic signature across 15/17 patients corresponding to residues surrounding and including the degenerate motif, RLDxLL, shared by ELAVL2, 3 and 4. Lastly, PhIP-Seq identified several known and novel autoantigens in these same patient samples, representing potential biomarkers that could aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of PND and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Brehm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassimatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekeridou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of Anti-Yo and Anti-Hu paraneoplastic neurological disorders by PhIP-Seq reveals a highly restricted pattern of antibody epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein modifies G protein signaling and membrane extension to reverse the polarity of asymmetric cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric divisions often produce daughter cells that differ in both fate and size. The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein regulates both daughter cell fate and daughter cell size asymmetry (DCSA) in a subset of asymmetric divisions. Here we focus on the divisions of the Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts, which use distinct mechanisms to divide with opposite polarity. Q.a divides by a ham-1-dependent, spindle-independent, myosin-dependent mechanism to produce a smaller anterior daughter that dies, whereas Q.p divides by a ham-1-independent, spindle-dependent, myosin-independent mechanism to produce a smaller posterior daughter that dies. Despite these differences, we found that membrane extension at the posterior of Q.a and at the anterior of Q.p promoted DCSA in these cells by a Wiscott-Aldrich protein (WASp)-dependent mechanism and that in ham-1 mutant Q.a divisions, the polarity of this extension was reversed. In addition, the spindle moved posteriorly during the Q.a division in a ham-1 mutant, a phenotype normally exhibited by Q.p. We found that this spindle movement in wild-type Q.p divisions required Ga proteins that promote spindle movement in other asymmetric divisions, and GPR-1, a protein involved in linking G proteins to microtubule asters, localized to the posterior cortex of Q.p. Genetic interactions suggest that ham-1 mutant Q.a divisions also require Ga proteins function to divide with a reversed polarity. The transformation of Q.a to Q.p-like polarity in the ham-1 mutant, however, appeared incomplete: ham-1 loss did not alter the asymmetric localization of the non-muscle myosin NMY-2 to the anterior cortex of Q.a. A GFP tagged ham-1 transgene revealed that Q.a but not Q.p expressed ham-1. Finally, we show that HAM-1 has both cortical and nuclear functions in Q,a DCSA. We propose a model where HAM-1 modifies a default Q.p-type polarity by localizing WASp function to the posterior Q.a membrane and by interfering with G-protein mediated spindle movement.nnAuthor SummaryOne way that animals produce different cell types is by asymmetric cell division, where a cell divides to produce daughter cells that differ in fate. Much is known about the mechanisms that polarize dividing cells to generate daughters that differ in fate. Some asymmetric cell divisions also result in daughters that differ in size, and the mechanisms that regulate how cells generate an asymmetric cleavage plane are poorly understood. In neural progenitors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two distinct mechanisms generate daughter cells of different size. One type requires movement of the mitotic spindle, which then defines the plane of the cell division. The other is spindle-independent. Here, we study two cells that divide with opposite polarities using these two mechanisms. We find that in the absence of the protein HAM-1, which has been reported to regulate gene transcription, the cell that normally divides using a spindle-independent mechanism now divides with a reversed polarity using a spindle-dependent mechanism. Our findings suggest that HAM-1 plays a key role in defining the mechanism by which a progenitor divides to produce daughter cells of different sizes and that both localization to the cell periphery and nucleus are important for its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Caenorhabditis elegans HAM-1 protein modifies G protein signaling and membrane extension to reverse the polarity of asymmetric cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crustaceans as hosts of parasites throughout the Phanerozoic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fossil record of crustaceans as hosts of parasites has yielded three confirmed associations: epicaridean isopod-induced swellings on Jurassic–Recent decapod crustaceans, feminization of Cretaceous and Miocene male crabs possibly caused by rhizocephalan barnacles, and presumed pentastomids on/in Silurian ostracods. Cestode platyhelminth hooks and swellings by entoniscid isopods may be recognized in the future. Relative to 2014, we report an increase of 41% to 124 fossil decapod species with epicaridean-induced swellings in the branchial chamber (ichnotaxon Kanthyloma crusta). Furthermore, using a Late Jurassic (Tithonian) decapod assemblage from Austria, we find (1) no correlation between genus abundance and prevalence of K. crusta, (2) host preference for some galatheoid taxa (as for a mid-Cretaceous assemblage from Spain), and (3) a larger median size of parasitized versus non-parasitized specimens for two selected species. The latter result may be caused by infestation throughout ontogeny rather than exclusively in juveniles and/or possible selection for the larger sex.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klompmaker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portell, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crustaceans as hosts of parasites throughout the Phanerozoic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of their translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins (PTBPs) are RNA binding proteins that regulate a number of post-transcriptional events. Human PTBP1 transits between the nucleus and cytoplasm and is thought to regulate RNA processes in both. However, information about PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of PTPB1 expression remain incomplete. Here we mapped the major PTBP1 mRNA isoforms in HEK293T cells, and identified alternative 5 and 3untranslated regions (5 UTRs, 3 UTRs) as well as alternative splicing patterns in the protein coding region. We also assessed how the observed PTBP1 mRNA isoforms contribute to PTBP1 expression in different phases of the cell cycle. Previously, PTBP1 mRNAs were shown to crosslink to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). We find that eIF3 binds differently to each PTBP1 mRNA isoform in a cell cycle-dependent manner. We also observe a strong correlation between eIF3 binding to PTBP1 mRNAs and repression of PTBP1 levels during the S phase of the cell cycle. Our results provide evidence of translational regulation of PTBP1 protein levels during the cell cycle, which may affect downstream regulation of alternative splicing and translation mediated by PTBP1 protein isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arake de Tacca, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of their translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on soil-transmitted helminth infections in young children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSoil transmitted helminths (STH) infect >1.5 billion people. Mass drug administration (MDA) reduces infection; however, drug resistance is emerging and reinfection occurs rapidly. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095) to assess whether water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition interventions, alone and combined, reduce STH in a setting with ongoing MDA.

Methodology/Principal FindingsWe randomized clusters of pregnant women into water treatment, sanitation, handwashing, combined water+sanitation+handwashing (WSH), nutrition, nutrition+WSH (N+WSH) or control arms. After 2.5 years of intervention, we enumerated STH infections in children aged 2-12 years with Kato-Katz. We estimated intention-to-treat intervention effects on infection prevalence and intensity. Participants and field staff were not blinded; laboratory technicians and data analysts were blinded.

In 2012-2013, we randomized 5551 women in 720 clusters. In 2015-2016, we enrolled 7795 children of 4102 available women for STH follow-up and collected stool from 7187. Prevalence among controls was 36.8% for A. lumbricoides, 9.2% for hookworm and 7.5% for T. trichiura. Most infections were low-intensity. Compared to controls, the water intervention reduced hookworm (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.69 (0.50, 0.95), prevalence difference [PD]=-2.83 (-5.16, -0.50)) but did not affect other STH. Sanitation improvements reduced T. trichiura (PR=0.71 (0.52, 0.98), PD=-2.17 (-4.03, -0.38)), had a similar borderline effect on hookworm and no effect on A. lumbricoides. Handwashing and nutrition interventions did not reduce any STH. WSH and N+WSH reduced hookworm prevalence by 29-33% (2-3 percentage points) and marginally reduced A. lumbricoides. Effects on infection intensity were similar.

Conclusions/SignificanceIn a low-intensity infection setting with MDA, we found modest but sustained hookworm reduction from water treatment, sanitation and combined WSH interventions. Interventions more effectively reduced STH species with no persistent environmental reservoirs. Our findings highlight waterborne transmission for hookworm and suggest that water treatment and sanitation improvements can augment MDA programs to interrupt STH transmission.

Author summarySoil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect >1.5 billion people worldwide. Mass-administration of deworming drugs is the cornerstone of global strategy for STH control but treated individuals often rapidly get reinfected and there is also concern about emerging drug resistance. Interventions to treat drinking water, wash hands at critical times and isolate human feces from the environment through improved sanitation could reduce STH transmission by reducing the spread of ova from the feces of infected individuals into the environment and subsequently to new hosts, while nutrition improvements could reduce host susceptibility to infection. Existing evidence on the effect of these interventions on STH is scarce. In a setting with ongoing mass-drug administration, we assessed the effect of individual and combined water, sanitation, handwashing and nutrition interventions on STH infection in children. Approximately 2.5 years after delivering interventions, we found reductions in STH infection from water treatment and sanitation interventions; there was no reduction from the handwashing and nutrition interventions. While the reductions were modest in magnitude compared to cure rates achieved by deworming drugs, they indicated sustained reduction in environmental transmission. The reductions were more pronounced for STH species that do not have persistent environmental reservoirs. These findings suggest that water treatment and sanitation interventions can augment mass-drug administration programs in striving toward elimination of STH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvez, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unicomb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on soil-transmitted helminth infections in young children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurvival and health status (e.g., symptoms and quality of life) are key outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure treatment. However, health status can only be recorded on survivors, potentially biasing treatment effect estimates when there is differential survival across treatment groups. Joint modeling of survival and health status can address this bias.nnMethods and ResultsWe analyzed patient-level data from the PARTNER 1B trial of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) versus standard care. Health status was quantified with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at randomization, 1, 6, and 12 months. We compared hazard ratios for survival and mean differences in KCCQ scores at 12 months using several models: the original growth curve model for KCCQ scores (ignoring death), separate Bayesian models for survival and KCCQ scores, and a Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival model fit to either 12 or 30 months of survival follow-up. The benefit of TAVR on 12-month KCCQ scores was greatest in the joint model fit to all survival data (mean difference = 33.7 points; 95% CrI: 24.2, 42.4), followed by the joint model fit to 12 months of survival follow-up (32.3 points; 95% CrI: 22.5, 41.5), a Bayesian model without integrating death (30.4 points; 95% CrI: 21.4, 39.3), and the original growth curve model (26.0 points; 95% CI: 18.7, 33.3). At 12 months, the survival benefit of TAVR was also greater in the joint model (hazard ratio = 0.50; 95% CrI: 0.32, 0.73) than in the non-joint Bayesian model (0.54; 95% CrI: 0.37, 0.75) or the original Kaplan-Meier estimate (0.55; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.74).nnConclusionsIn patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk, the estimated benefits of TAVR on survival and health status compared with standard care were greater in joint Bayesian models than other approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spertus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results from the PARTNER Trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heparan sulfate expression on B cells modulates IgM expression in aged mice and steady-state plasma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heparan sulfate (HS) modulates many cellular processes including adhesion, motility, ligand-receptor interaction, and proliferation. We have previously reported that murine B cells strongly upregulate cell surface HS upon exposure to type I interferon, TLR-ligands, or B cell receptor stimulation. To investigate the role of HS on B cells in vivo, we utilized EXT1lox/lox CD19-Cre conditional KO mice, which are incapable of synthesizing HS in B cells. We found that suppressing HS expression on B cells has no overt effect in B cell development, localization, or motility. However, we did observe that EXT1 conditional KO mice have decreased poly-reactive IgM in naive aged mice relative to littermate control mice. Despite this decrease in poly-reactive IgM, EXT1 conditional KO mice mounted a normal B cell response to both model antigens and influenza infection. We also observed decreased plasma cells in EXT1 conditional KO mice after influenza infection. Although EXT1 conditional KO mice have decreased plasma cells, these mice still had comparable numbers of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells to littermate control mice. The findings presented here suggest that HS expression on B cells does not play a major role in B cell development or overall B cell function but instead might be involved in fine-tuning B-cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarousse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heparan sulfate expression on B cells modulates IgM expression in aged mice and steady-state plasma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical determination of absolute membrane potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cells maintain ionic gradients across their plasma membranes, producing transmembrane potentials (Vmem). Mounting evidence suggests a relationship between resting Vmem and the physiology of non-excitable cells with implications in diverse areas, including cancer, cellular differentiation, and body patterning. A lack of non-invasive methods to record absolute Vmem limits our understanding of this fundamental signal. To address this need, we developed a fluorescence lifetime-based approach (VF-FLIM) to visualize and optically quantify Vmem with single-cell resolution. Using VF-FLIM, we report Vmem distributions over thousands of cells, a 100-fold improvement relative to electrophysiological approaches. In human carcinoma cells, we visualize the voltage response to epidermal growth factor stimulation, stably recording a 10-15 mV hyperpolarization over minutes. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we identify the source of the hyperpolarization as the Ca2+-activated K+ channel Kca3.1. The ability to optically quantify absolute Vmem with cellular resolution will allow a re-examination of its roles as a cellular signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazzari-Dean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gest, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical determination of absolute membrane potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/522920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings. We measured serological IgG response to eight enteropathogens (Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella enterica, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, norovirus) using multiplex bead assays in cohorts from Haiti, Kenya, and Tanzania. By age 2 years, most children had evidence of exposure by IgG response to the pathogens studied. We discovered a shift in IgG distributions for many pathogens as children age, caused by boosting and waning from repeated exposures, which complicates interpretation of seroprevalence among older children. Longitudinal profiles revealed important variation in enteropathogen IgG response above seropositivity cutoffs, underscoring the importance of longitudinal designs to estimate seroincidence rates as a measure of force of infection. In longitudinal cohorts there was a linear relationship between seroprevalence and prospective seroincidence rates, suggesting the two measures provide similar information about variation in pathogen transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mkocha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochieng, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhew, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammie, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/522920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enteropathogen seroepidemiology among children in low-resource settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple selection signatures in farmed Atlantic salmon adapted to different environments across Hemispheres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Domestication of Atlantic salmon started approximately forty years ago, using both artificial and natural selection strategies. Such selection methods are likely to have imposed distinctive selection signatures on the salmon genome. Therefore, identifying differences in selection signatures may give insights into the mechanism of selection and candidate genes of biological and productive interest. Here, we used two complementary haplotype-based statistics, the within-population integrated Haplotype Score test (|iHS|) and the cross-population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity test (XP-EHH) to compare selection signatures in four populations of Atlantic salmon with a common genetic origin. Using |iHS| we found 24, 14, 16 and 26 genomic regions under selection in Pop-A, Pop-B, Pop-C, and Pop-D, respectively. While using the XP-EHH test we identified 27, 25 and 15 potential selection regions in Pop-A/Pop-B, Pop-A/Pop-C and Pop-A/Pop-D, respectively. These genomic regions harbor important genes such igf1r and sh3rf1 which have been associated with growth related traits in other species. Our results contribute to the detection of candidate genes of interest and help to understand the evolutionary and biological mechanisms for controlling complex traits under selection in Atlantic salmon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhorente, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple selection signatures in farmed Atlantic salmon adapted to different environments across Hemispheres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation and histone H1 cooperatively repress transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation and histone H1 mediate transcriptional silencing of genes and transposable elements, but how they interact is unclear. In plants and animals with mosaic genomic methylation, functionally mysterious methylation is also common within constitutively active housekeeping genes. Here we show that H1 is enriched in methylated sequences, including genes, of Arabidopsis thaliana, yet this enrichment is independent of DNA methylation. Loss of H1 disperses heterochromatin, globally alters nucleosome organization, and activates H1-bound genes, but only weakly de-represses transposable elements. However, H1 loss strongly activates transposable elements hypomethylated through mutation of DNA methyltransferase MET1. Loss of H1 also activates antisense transcripts within demethylated genes. Our results demonstrate that H1 and DNA methylation cooperatively maintain transcriptional homeostasis by silencing transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts. Such functionality plausibly explains why DNA methylation, a well-known mutagen, has been maintained within coding sequences of crucial plant and animal genes.

HighlightsO_LIHistone H1 is enriched in methylated DNA independently of methylation
C_LIO_LILoss of H1 activates genes, alters nucleosome organization and disperses heterochromatin
C_LIO_LIDNA methylation and H1 jointly silence transposons
C_LIO_LIDNA methylation and H1 cooperatively suppress intragenic antisense transcripts
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation and histone H1 cooperatively repress transposable elements and aberrant intragenic transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic dependency for host isoprenoids in the obligate intracellular pathogen Rickettsia parkeri underlies a sensitivity for the statin class of host-targeted therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-negative bacteria in the order Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular parasites that cause human diseases such typhus and spotted fever. They have evolved a dependence on essential nutrients and metabolites from the host cell as a consequence of extensive genome streamlining. However, it remains largely unknown which nutrients they require and whether their metabolic dependency can be exploited therapeutically. Here, we describe a genetic rewiring of bacterial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in the Rickettsiales that has resulted from reductive genome evolution. We further investigated whether the spotted fever group Rickettsia species Rickettsia parkeri scavenges isoprenoid precursors directly from the host. Using targeted mass spectrometry in uninfected and infected cells, we found decreases in host isoprenoid products and concomitant increases in bacterial isoprenoid metabolites. Additionally, we report that bacterial growth is prohibited by inhibition of the host isoprenoid pathway with the statins class of drugs. We show that growth inhibition correlates with changes in bacterial size and shape that mimic those caused by antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis, suggesting statins inhibit cell wall synthesis. Altogether, our results describe an Achilles heel of obligate intracellular pathogens that can be exploited with host-targeted therapeutics that interfere with metabolic pathways required for bacterial growth.

ImportanceObligate intracellular parasites, which include viruses as well as certain bacteria and eukaryotes, extract essential nutrients and metabolites from their host cell. As a result, these pathogens have often lost essential biosynthetic pathways and are metabolically dependent on the host. In this study, we describe a metabolic dependency of the bacterial pathogen Rickettsia parkeri on host isoprenoid molecules that are used in the biosynthesis of downstream products including cholesterol, steroid hormones, and heme. Bacteria make products from isoprenoids such as an essential lipid carrier for making the bacterial cell wall. We show that bacterial metabolic dependency can represent an Achilles heel, and that inhibiting host isoprenoid biosynthesis with the FDA-approved statin class of drugs inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the integrity of the cell wall. This work highlights a potential to treat infections by obligate intracellular pathogens through inhibition of host biosynthetic pathways that are susceptible to parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic dependency for host isoprenoids in the obligate intracellular pathogen Rickettsia parkeri underlies a sensitivity for the statin class of host-targeted therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental Consistency Modulation of Error Sensitivity During Motor Adaptation is Explicitly Controlled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor adaptation, the adjustment of sensorimotor representations in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared to when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation is challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences, and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus, eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was abolished. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation.

Significant Statement

When experiencing an error in a motor task (e.g., missing a basketball shot in a windy day), the motor system modifies its next action based on environmental consistency (how frequent the changes in winds direction and strength are). It is unknown whether this process is driven by an implicit and automatic process, or by an explicit process that employs cognitive strategies. We examined these possibilities in a simple visuomotor task by perturbing the feedback in each trial with different consistency levels, and manipulating the use of implicit and explicit processes. We found that participants increase their sensitivity to errors in consistent environments when employing explicit strategies, and do not change their behavior when the implicit process is operating alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keizman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuelof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental Consistency Modulation of Error Sensitivity During Motor Adaptation is Explicitly Controlled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional potential of bacterial strains in the premature infant gut microbiome is associated with gestational age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota of premature and full-term infants have many known differences, but the extent to which the degree of prematurity influences the structure and functional potential of the microbiome has not been deeply explored. Here, we used genome-resolved metagenomics to address how gestational age impacts the premature infant gut microbiome. We found that gestational age is associated with species richness, with more premature infants having lower species richness; this effect lasts until the fourth week of life. Novel Clostridium species and strains related to Streptococcus salivarius and Enterococcus faecalis colonize infants of different gestational ages, and the metabolic potential of these organisms can be distinguished. Thus, we conclude that the extent of prematurity, or directly linked factors, can be an important influence on the microbiome and its functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional potential of bacterial strains in the premature infant gut microbiome is associated with gestational age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colibactin is an as-yet-uncharacterized human gut bacterial genotoxin, whose biosynthesis is linked to clb genomic island that distributes widespread in pathogenic and commensal human enterobacteria. Colibactin-producing gut microbes promote colon tumor formation and enhance progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) via DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)-induced cellular senescence and death; however, the chemical basis contributing to the pathogenesis at the molecular level remains elusive. Here we report the discovery and the mechanism of action of colibactin-645 as the highly sought final colibactin metabolite with a novel molecular scaffold. Colibactin-645 recapitulates its previously assumed genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, exhibiting a strong DNA DSBs activity in vitro and in human cell cultures via a unique copper-mediated oxidative mechanism. We also present a complete model for colibactin biosynthesis, revealing an unprecedented dual function of the aminomalonate-utilizing polyketide synthases. This work thus provides the first molecular basis for colibactins genotoxic activity and facilitates further mechanistic study of colibactin-related CRC incidence and prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hand-hygiene mitigation strategies against globaldisease spreading through the air transportationnetwork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hand hygiene is considered as an efficient and cost-effective way to limit the spread of diseases and, as such, it is recommended by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the effect of hand washing on individual transmissibility of a disease has been studied through medical and public-health research, its potential as a mitigation strategy against a global pandemic has not been fully explored yet. In this study, we investigate contagion dynamics through the world air transportation network and analyze the impact of hand-hygiene behavioural changes of airport population against the spread of infectious diseases worldwide. Using a granular dataset of the world air transportation traffic, we build a detailed individual mobility model that controls for the correlated and recurrent nature of human travel and the waiting-time distributions of individuals at different locations. We perform a Monte-Carlo simulation study to assess the impact of different hand-washing mitigation strategies at the early stages of a global epidemic. From the simulation results we find that increasing the hand cleanliness homogeneously at all airports in the world can inhibit the impact of a potential pandemic by 24 to 69%. By quantifying and ranking the contribution of the different airports to the mitigation of an epidemic outbreak, we identify ten key airports at the core of a cost-optimal deployment of the hand-washing strategy: increasing the engagement rate at those locations alone could potentially reduce a world pandemic by 8 to 37%. This research provides evidence of the effectiveness of hand hygiene in airports on the global spread of infectious diseases, and has important implications for the way public-health policymakers may design new effective strategies to enhance hand hygiene in airports through behavioral changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolaides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cueto-Felgueroso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juanes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hand-hygiene mitigation strategies against globaldisease spreading through the air transportationnetwork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-specific effectiveness of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization: a matched, case-control study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReduced-dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules are under consideration in countries where children are currently recommended to receive three PCV doses. However, dose-specific PCV effectiveness against vaccine-serotype colonization is uncertain.

MethodsFrom 2009-2016, we conducted surveillance of pneumococcal carriage in southern Israel, where PCV is administered at ages 2, 4, and 12 months (2+1 schedule). We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs and vaccination histories from 4245 children ages 0-59 months without symptoms of diseases that could be caused by pneumococci. In a case-control analysis, we measured protection against vaccine-serotype colonization as one minus the matched odds ratio for PCV doses received.

ResultsAt ages 5-12 months, a second PCV7/13 dose increased protection against PCV7-serotype carriage from -23.6% (95%CI: -209.7-39.1%) to 27.1% (-69.2-64.5%), and a second PCV13 dose increased protection against carriage of all PCV13 serotypes from -54.8% (-404.3-39.1%) to 23.4% (- 128.5-67.1%). At ages 13-24 months, a third PCV7/13 dose increased protection against PCV7-serotype carriage from 32.4% (-8.4-58.0%) to 74.1% (58.4-84.6%), and a third PCV13 dose increased protection against carriage of all PCV13 serotypes from -50.0% (-194.0-42.7%) to 49.7% (15.8-83.3%). On average, each PCV13 dose conferred 37.7% (7.0-61.8%) greater protection against carriage of serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A than carriage of serotype 3. PCV13-derived protection against carriage of serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A was equivalent to PCV7/13-derived protection against carriage of PCV7 serotypes.

ConclusionsIn a setting implementing a 2+1 PCV schedule, protection against vaccine-serotype colonization is sustained primarily by the third dose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewnard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givon-Lavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-specific effectiveness of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization: a matched, case-control study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-scale rates of meiotic recombination vary by several orders of magnitude across the genome, and are known to differ between species and even between populations. Studying the differences in recombination maps across populations has been stymied by the confounding effect of differences in demographic history. To address this problem, we developed a method that infers fine-scale recombination rates while taking demography into account and applied our method to infer population-specific recombination maps for each of 26 diverse human populations. These maps recapitulate many aspects of the history of these populations including signatures of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the Iberian colonization of the Americas. We also investigated modulators of the local recombination rate, finding an unexpected role for Polycomb-group proteins and the tri-methylation of H3K27 in elevating recombination rates. Further differences in the recombination landscape across the genome and between populations are driven by variation in the gene that encodes the DNA-binding protein PRDM9, and we quantify the weak effect of meiotic drive acting to remove its binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/532895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As single-cell transcriptomics becomes a mainstream technology, the natural next step is to integrate the accumulating data in order to achieve a common ontology of cell types and states. However, owing to various nuisance factors of variation, it is not straightforward how to compare gene expression levels across data sets and how to automatically assign cell type labels in a new data set based on existing annotations. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that our previously developed method, scVI, provides an effective and fully probabilistic approach for joint representation and analysis of cohorts of single-cell RNA-seq data sets, while accounting for uncertainty caused by biological and measurement noise. We also introduce single-cell ANnotation using Variational Inference (scANVI), a semi-supervised variant of scVI designed to leverage any available cell state annotations -- for instance when only one data set in a cohort is annotated, or when only a few cells in a single data set can be labeled using marker genes. We demonstrate that scVI and scANVI compare favorably to the existing methods for data integration and cell state annotation in terms of accuracy, scalability, and adaptability to challenging settings such as a hierarchical structure of cell state labels. We further show that different from existing methods, scVI and scANVI represent the integrated datasets with a single generative model that can be directly used for any probabilistic decision making task, using differential expression as our case study. scVI and scANVI are available as open source software and can be readily used to facilitate cell state annotation and help ensure consistency and reproducibility across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation of Rare Coding Variants in Genes Implicated in Risk of Human Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CLP) is a common craniofacial malformation with complex etiologies, reflecting both genetic and environmental factors. Most of the suspected genetic risk for CLP has yet to be identified. To further classify risk loci and estimate the contribution of rare variants, we sequenced the exons in 49 candidate genes in 323 CLP cases and 211 non-malformed controls. Our findings indicated that rare, protein-altering variants displayed markedly higher burdens in CLP cases at relevant loci. First, putative loss-of-function mutations (nonsense, frameshift) were significantly enriched among cases: 13 of 323 cases (~4%) harbored such alleles within these 49 genes, versus one such change in controls (p = 0.01). Second, in gene-level analyses, the burden of rare alleles showed greater case-association for several genes previously implicated in cleft risk. For example, BHMT displayed a 10-fold increase in protein-altering variants in CLP cases (p = 0.03), including multiple case occurrences of a rare frameshift mutation (K400fs). Other loci with greater rare, coding allele burdens in cases were in signaling pathways relevant to craniofacial development (WNT9B, BMP4, BMPR1B) as well as the methionine cycle (MTRR). We conclude that rare coding variants may confer risk for isolated CLP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asrani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation of Rare Coding Variants in Genes Implicated in Risk of Human Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global proteomic profiling of primary macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection identifies TAX1BP1 as a mediator of autophagy targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are highly plastic cells that adopt diverse functional capabilities and play critical roles in immunity, cancer, and tissue homeostasis, but how these different cell fates and activities are triggered in response to their environmental cues is not well understood. We used new proteomic tools to identify protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) that control antibacterial responses of macrophages. Here, we report an unbiased and global analysis of the changes in host protein abundance, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation, during the first 24-hours of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of primary macrophages. We discovered 1379 proteins with changes in their phosphorylation state and 591 proteins with changes in their ubiquitylation in response to Mtb infection. We identified pathways regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation that werent reflected by changes in protein abundance, indicating that the activity of these pathways was regulated. These include pathways known to be regulated by ubiquitylation and phosphorylation (e.g. autophagy) as well as pathways that were not known to be regulated during Mtb infection (e.g. nucleocytoplasmic transport and mRNA metabolism). We identified an enrichment in phosphorylation of autophagy receptors (TAX1BP1, p62, optineurin, BNIP3L), several of which were not previously implicated in the host response to Mtb infection. We found that p62 deficiency blocks ubiquitylation and TAX1BP1 deficiency enhances ubiquitylation, suggesting p62 ubiquitylation acts as an amplification loop by promoting downstream adaptor recruitment and serves as a platform for recruitment of ubiquitin. Our results show that TAX1BP1 mediates clearance of ubiquitylated Mtb and targets the bacteria to LC3-positive phagophores. Taken together, our proteomic profiling is likely a valuable resource for initiating mechanistic studies of macrophage biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repasy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiminez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global proteomic profiling of primary macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection identifies TAX1BP1 as a mediator of autophagy targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in assembly stoichiometry in non-metazoan homologs of the hub domain of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multi-subunit Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) holoenzyme plays a critical role in animal learning and memory. The kinase domain of CaMKII is connected by a flexible linker to a C-terminal hub domain that assembles into a 12- or 14-subunit scaffold that displays the kinase domains around it. Studies on CaMKII suggest that the stoichiometry and dynamic assembly/disassembly of hub oligomers may be important for CaMKII regulation. Although CaMKII is a metazoan protein, genes encoding predicted CaMKII-like hub domains, without associated kinase domains, are found in the genomes of some green plants and bacteria. We show that the hub domains encoded by three related green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri f. nagarensis, and Gonium pectoral, assemble into 16-, 18-, and 20-subunit oligomers, as assayed by native protein mass spectrometry. These are the largest known CaMKII hub domain assemblies. A crystal structure of the hub domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals an 18-subunit organization. We identified four intra-subunit hydrogen bonds in the core of the fold that are present in the Chlamydomonas hub domain, but not in metazoan hubs. When six point mutations designed to recapitulate these hydrogen bonds were introduced into the human CaMKII- hub domain, the mutant protein formed assemblies with 14 and 16 subunits, instead of the normal 12- and 14-subunit assemblies. Our results show that the stoichiometric balance of CaMKII hub assemblies can be shifted readily by small changes in sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susa, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in assembly stoichiometry in non-metazoan homologs of the hub domain of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of investigation into how antibiotics affect isolated bacteria, it remains highly challenging to predict consequences for communities in complex environments such as the human intestine. Interspecies interactions can impact antibiotic activity through alterations to the extracellular environment that change bacterial physiology. By measuring key metabolites and environmental pH, we determined that metabolic cross-feeding among members of the fruit fly gut microbiota drives changes in antibiotic sensitivity in vitro. Co-culturing of Lactobacillus plantarum with Acetobacter species induced tolerance to rifampin. Mechanistically, we found that acetobacters counter the acidification driven by L. plantarum production of lactate, and that pH shifts during stationary phase were sufficient to drive rifampin tolerance in L. plantarum monocultures. The key Lactobacillus physiological parameter related to tolerance was a reduction in lag time exiting stationary phase, opposite to a previously identified mode of tolerance to ampicillin in E. coli. Lactobacillus tolerance to erythromycin also depended on growth status and pH, suggesting that our findings generalize to other antibiotics. Finally, tolerance of L. plantarum to rifampin varied spatially across the fruit fly gut. This mechanistic understanding of the coupling among interspecies interactions, environmental pH, and antibiotic tolerance enables future predictions of growth and the effects of antibiotics in more complex communities and within hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential gene expression and the importance of regulatory ncRNAs in acidophilic microorganisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression profiles provide insight into how microorganisms respond to changing environmental conditions. However, few studies have integrated expression profile analyses of both coding genes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to characterize the functional activity of microbial community members. Here, we defined gene expression profiles from environmental and laboratory-grown acidophilic biofilms using RNASeq. In total, 15.8 million Illumina reads were mapped to the genomes of 26 acidophilic microorganisms and nine viruses reconstructed from the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, California. More than 99% of the genome was transcribed in three Leptospirillum species, and > 80% in the archaea G-plasma and Ferroplasma Type II. High gene expression by G-plasma and the Leptospirillum Group II UBA strain correlated with extremely acidic conditions, whereas high transcriptional expression of Leptospirillum Group III and Leptospirillum Group II 5way-CG strain occurred under higher pH and lower temperature. While expression of CRISPR Cas genes occurs on the sense strand, expression of the CRISPR loci occurs on the antisense strand in the Leptospirilli. A novel riboswitch associated with the biosynthetic pathway for the osmolyte ectoine was upregulated when each specific Leptospirillum Group II strain was growing under the conditions most favorable for it. Newly described ncRNAs associated with CO dehydrogenase (CODH) suggest regulation of expression of CODH as a CO sensor in mature biofilms in the Leptospirilli. Results reveal the ways in which environmental conditions shape transcriptional profiles of organisms growing in acidophilic microbial communities and highlight the significance of ncRNAs in regulating gene expression.

IMPORTANCEMicroorganisms play important roles in environmental acidification and in metal-recovery based bioleaching processes. Therefore, characterizing how actively growing microbial communities respond to different environments is key to understanding their role in those processes. Microorganisms express their genes, both coding and non-coding, differently depending on environmental factors, thus evaluating community expression profiles inform about the ecology of actively growing microorganisms. Here we used community transcriptomic analyses to characterize gene expression profiles from biofilm communities growing under extremely acidic conditions. Results expand our knowledge of how acidophilic microorganisms respond to changes in their environment and provide insight into possible gene regulation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aliaga Goltsman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BANFIELD, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential gene expression and the importance of regulatory ncRNAs in acidophilic microorganisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC19A1 is a cyclic dinucleotide transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of DNA in the cytosol serves as a key immunostimulatory signal associated with infections, cancer and genomic damage1,2. Cytosolic DNA triggers immune responses by activating the cGAS/STING pathway3. The binding of DNA to the cytosolic enzyme cGAMP synthase (cGAS), activates its enzymatic activity, leading to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic[G(2,5)pA(3,5)] (23-cGAMP)4-8. 23-cGAMP, a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN), activates the protein  stimulator of interferon genes (STING)9, which in turn activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-{kappa}B promoting the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons and other cytokines and mediators that stimulate a broader immune response. Exogenous 23-cGAMP and other CDNs, including CDNs produced by bacteria and synthetic CDNs used in cancer immunotherapy, must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. How these charged CDNs pass through the lipid bilayer is unknown. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPR interference screen to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1 as the major CDN transporter for uptake of synthetic and naturally occurring CDNs. CDN uptake and functional responses are inhibited by depleting SLC19A1 from cells and enhanced by overexpressing SLC19A1. In both cell lines and primary cells ex vivo, CDN uptake is inhibited competitively by folate and blocked by the SLC19A1 inhibitor sulfasalazine, a medication approved for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The identification of SLC19A1 as the major transporter of CDNs into cells has far reaching implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer10, transport of 23-cGAMP from tumor cells to other immune cells to trigger the anti-tumor immune response11, host responsiveness to CDN-producing pathogenic microorganisms12, and potentially in certain inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luteijn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garelis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katibah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC19A1 is a cyclic dinucleotide transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell determination of iron content in magnetotactic bacteria: implications for the iron biogeochemical cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that biomineralize dissolved iron from the environment into intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite [Fe(II)Fe(III)2O4] or greigite [Fe(II)Fe(III)2S4] in a genetically controlled manner. After cell death, these magnetite and greigite crystals are trapped into sediments which effectively removes iron from the soluble pool. MTB may significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle, especially in the ocean where dissolved iron limits nitrogen fixation and primary productivity. Although MTB are ubiquitous in the environment, their impact on the biogeochemical cycling of metallic elements is still poorly constrained. A thorough assessment of the mass of iron incorporated by MTB has been hampered by a lack of methodology to accurately measure the amount of, and variability in, their intracellular iron content. Here, we quantify the mass of iron contained in single MTB cells of the model organism, Magnetospirillum magneticum sp. AMB-1, using a time-resolved mass spectrometry methodology. Bacterial iron content depends on the external iron concentration, and reaches a maximum value of 10-6 ng of iron per cell when bacteria are cultivated with initial iron concentrations of 100 M or higher. From our experimental results, we calculated the flux of dissolved iron incorporation into natural MTB populations and conclude that MTB may mineralize a significant fraction of environmental dissolved iron into crystals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelabert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komeili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell determination of iron content in magnetotactic bacteria: implications for the iron biogeochemical cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and scalable genome-wide inference of local tree topologies from large number of haplotypes based on tree consistent PBWT data structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of the relationship between DNA sequences is one of the most important problems in genomics. Understanding these relationships is central to demographic inference, correction of population structure in GWAS, identifying signals of selection etc. The data structure containing the full information about sample genealogy is called the ancestral recombination graph (ARG). However, ARG inference is a very difficult problem, not least due to a very complex state space. In this work we describe a new approach for fast and scalable generation of local tree topologies relating large numbers of haplotypes. Our method is closely related to the estimation of ARG, and captures both local and global properties of an ARG. It is based on a data structure which we call tree consistent PBWT, a modification of PBWT data structure introduced by R. Durbin (2014). We also explore some methods to estimate the quality of the generated tree topologies and to make inferences based on them. At the end we discuss a probabilistic model which could potentially lead to the estimation of ARG node times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziganurova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and scalable genome-wide inference of local tree topologies from large number of haplotypes based on tree consistent PBWT data structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kilohertz in vivo imaging of neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding information processing in the brain requires us to monitor neural activity in vivo at high spatiotemporal resolution. Using an ultrafast two-photon fluorescence microscope (2PFM) empowered by all-optical laser scanning, we imaged neural activity in vivo at up to 3,000 frames per second and submicron spatial resolution. This ultrafast imaging method enabled monitoring of both supra- and sub-threshold electrical activity down to 345 m below the brain surface in head fixed awake mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kilohertz in vivo imaging of neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are tripartite eukaryotic genotoxins encoded in diverse bacterial and phage genomes. The cdtB subunit is a DNAse that causes eukaryotic cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and in one context, is associated with resistance against parasitoid wasp infections. Here we report the discovery of functional cdtB copies in the nuclear genomes of insect species from two distantly related insect orders, including fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect cdtB copies are most closely related to bacteriophage copies, were horizontally transferred to insect genomes > 40 million years ago and encode a protein that retains ancestral DNase activity. This phage-derived toxin has been domesticated by diverse insects and we hypothesize that it is used as a defensive weapon against parasitoid wasps.

One Sentence SummaryWe report horizontal transfer of the gene cytolethal distending toxin B, which encodes a DNase, into eukaryotic genomes from bacteriophage.

SignificanceCytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are secreted by diverse pathogenic bacterial species to kill animal cells. The cdtB subunit enters cell nuclei, damaging the DNA and leading to mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In the pea aphid, a bacterial endosymbiont provides protection against wasp attack, possibly via cdtB. We discovered that this same endosymbiont-encoded lineage of cdtB was transferred to the genomes of Diptera and Hemiptera species and retains ancestral DNase activity. This is the first report of cdtB outside of bacteria or phages. A toxin that first evolved to kill eukaryotic cells has been co-opted by insects, potentially to their benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karageorgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/544197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ohana: detecting selection in multiple populations by modelling ancestral admixture components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most powerful and commonly used methods for detecting local adaptation in the genome is the identification of extreme allele frequency differences between populations. In this paper, we present a new maximum likelihood method for finding regions under positive selection. The method is based on a Gaussian approximation to allele frequency changes and it incorporates admixture between populations. The method can analyze multiple populations simultaneously and retains power to detect selection signatures specific to ancestry components that are not representative of any extant populations. We evaluate the method using simulated data and compare it to related methods based on summary statistics. We also apply it to human genomic data and identify loci with extreme genetic differentiation between major geographic groups. Many of the genes identified are previously known selected loci relating to hair pigmentation and morphology, skin and eye pigmentation. We also identify new candidate regions, including various selected loci in the Native American component of admixed Mexican-Americans. These involve diverse biological functions, like immunity, fat distribution, food intake, vision and hair development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ohana: detecting selection in multiple populations by modelling ancestral admixture components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic translocation of transcription factors (TFs) in and out of the nucleus is thought to encode information, such as the identity of a stimulus. A corollary is the idea that gene promoters can decode different dynamic TF translocation patterns. Testing this TF encoding/promoter decoding hypothesis requires tools that allow direct control of TF dynamics without the pleiotropic effects associated with general perturbations. In this work, we present CLASP (Controllable Light Activated Shuttling and Plasma membrane sequestration), a tool that enables precise, modular, and reversible control of TF localization using a combination of two optimized LOV2 optogenetic constructs. The first sequesters the cargo in the dark at the plasma membrane and releases it upon exposure to blue light, while light exposure of the second reveals a nuclear localization sequence that shuttles the released cargo to the nucleus. CLASP achieves minute-level resolution, reversible translocation of many TF cargos, large dynamic range, and tunable target gene expression. Using CLASP, we investigate the relationship between Crz1, a naturally pulsatile TF, and its cognate promoters. We establish that some Crz1 target genes respond more efficiently to pulsatile TF inputs than to continuous inputs, while others exhibit the opposite behavior. We show using computational modeling that efficient gene expression in response to short pulsing requires fast promoter activation and slow inactivation and that the opposite phenotype can ensue from a multi-stage promoter activation, where a transition in the first stage is thresholded. These data directly demonstrate differential interpretation of TF pulsing dynamics by different genes, and provide plausible models that can achieve these phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osimiri, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugaj, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ornstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parthenolide Covalently Targets and Inhibits Focal Adhesion Kinase in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parthenolide, a natural product from the feverfew plant and member of the large family of sesquiterpene lactones, exerts multiple biological and therapeutic activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Herein, we further study parthenolide mechanism of action using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic platforms to map additional covalent targets engaged by parthenolide in human breast cancer cells. We find that parthenolide, as well as other related exocyclic methylene lactone-containing sesquiterpenes, covalently modify cysteine 427 (C427) of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) leading to impairment of FAK1-dependent signaling pathways and breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and motility. These studies reveal a novel functional target exploited by members of a large family of anticancer natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berdan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtola, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altobelli, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulenaere, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parthenolide Covalently Targets and Inhibits Focal Adhesion Kinase in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in anterior and posterior hippocampus differentially predict item-space, item-time, and item-item memory improvement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relational memory requires the hippocampus, but whether distinct hippocampal mechanisms along the anterior-posterior axis are required for different types of relations is debated. We investigated the contribution of structural changes in hippocampal head, body, and tail subregions to the capacity to remember item-space, item-time, and item-item relations. Memory for each relation and volumes of hippocampal subregions were assessed longitudinally in 171 participants across 3 time points (Mage at T1= 9.45 years; Mage at T2= 10.86 years, Mage at T3=12.12 years; comprising 393 behavioral assessments and 362 structural scans). Among older children, volumetric growth in: (a) head and body predicted improvements in item-time memory, (b) head predicted improvements in item-item memory; and (c) right tail predicted improvements in item-space memory. The present research establishes that volumetric changes in hippocampal subregions differentially predict changes in different aspects of relational memory, underscoring a division of labor along the hippocampal anterior-posterior axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fandakova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in anterior and posterior hippocampus differentially predict item-space, item-time, and item-item memory improvement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant cell walls participate in all plant-environment interactions. Maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) during these interactions is essential. This realization led to increased interest in CWI and resulted in knowledge regarding early perception and signalling mechanisms active during CWI maintenance. By contrast, knowledge regarding processes mediating changes in cell wall metabolism upon CWI impairment is very limited. To identify genes involved and to investigate their contributions to the processes we selected 23 genes with altered expression in response to CWI impairment and characterized the impact of T-DNA insertions in these genes on cell wall composition using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Insertions in 14 genes led to cell wall phenotypes detectable by FTIR. A detailed analysis of four genes found that their altered expression upon CWI impairment is dependent on THE1 activity, a key component of CWI maintenance. Phenotypic characterizations of insertion lines suggest that the four genes are required for particular aspects of CWI maintenance, cell wall composition or resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection in adult plants. Taken together, the results implicate the genes in responses to CWI impairment, cell wall metabolism and/or pathogen defence, thus identifying new molecular components and processes relevant for CWI maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigli-Bisceglia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaahtera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miedes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wormit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chairam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive introgression during environmental change can weaken reproductive isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic climate change is an urgent threat to species diversity. One aspect of this threat is the collapse of species reproductive barriers through increased hybridization. The primary mechanism for this collapse is thought to be the weakening of ecologically-mediated reproductive barriers, as demonstrated in many cases of "reverse speciation" . Here, we expand on this idea and show that adaptive introgression between species adapting to a shared, moving climatic optimum can readily weaken any reproductive barrier, including those that are completely independent of the climatic variable. Using genetically explicit forward-time simulations, we show that genetic linkage between alleles conferring adaptation to a changing climate and alleles conferring reproductive isolation can lead to adaptive introgression facilitating the homogenization of reproductive isolation alleles. This effect causes the decay of species boundaries across a broad and biologically-realistic parameter space. We explore how the magnitude of this effect depends upon the rate of climate change, the genetic architecture of adaptation, the initial degree of reproductive isolation and the mutation rate. These results highlight a previously unexplored effect of rapid climate change on species diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive introgression during environmental change can weaken reproductive isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by few abundant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 crop systems, we partition the relative importance of abundance and species richness for pollination, biological pest control and final yields in the context of on-going land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services independent of abundance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dainese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartomeus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bommarco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalheiro, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaplin-Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garibaldi, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazoul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleijn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letourneau, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poveda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tscharntke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, G. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badenhausser, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezerra, A. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, F. J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boreux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretagnolle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero-Lopez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavigliasso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacoff, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Classen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva e Silva, F. D. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Groot, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dude</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New factors for protein transport identified by a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein and membrane trafficking pathways are critical for cell and tissue homeostasis. Traditional genetic and biochemical approaches have shed light on basic principles underlying these processes. However, the list of factors required for secretory pathways function remains incomplete, and mechanisms involved in their adaptation poorly understood. Here, we present a powerful strategy based on a pooled genome-wide CRISPRi screen that allowed the identification of new factors involved in protein transport. Two newly identified factors, TTC17 and CCDC157, localized along the secretory pathway and were found to interact with resident proteins of ER-Golgi membranes. In addition, we uncovered that upon TTC17 knockdown, the polarized organization of Golgi cisternae was altered, creating glycosylation defects, and that CCDC157 is an important factor for the fusion of transport carriers to the Golgi complex. In conclusion, our work identified and characterized new actors in the mechanisms of protein transport and secretion, and opens stimulating perspectives for the use of our platform in physiological and pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassaganyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popa, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horlbeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butnaru, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New factors for protein transport identified by a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutarate metabolism in Pseudomonas putida is regulated by two distinct glutarate sensing transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor based biosensors can be leveraged to screen thousands of genetics designs for optimal production in engineered microbes. In this study we characterize two glutarate sensing transcription factors (CsiR and GcdR) from Pseudomonas putida. The genomic contexts of CsiR homologs were analyzed and DNA binding sites were bioinformatically predicted. Both CsiR and GcdR were purified and shown to bind upstream of their coding sequencing in vitro. CsiR was shown to dissociate from DNA in vitro when exogenous glutarate was added confirming it acts as a genetic repressor. Both transcription factors were then engineered into plasmid based biosensors and their respective sensing performance features calculated. Both sensor plasmids were then reintroduced into P. putida and were evaluated for their ability to sense flux through glutarate when grown on various lysine metabolites as sole carbon sources. These findings provide information describing glutarate flux in P. putida, and potentially useful tools for future metabolic engineering and synthetic biology efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutarate metabolism in Pseudomonas putida is regulated by two distinct glutarate sensing transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanochemical coupling and junctional forces during collective cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration, a fundamental physiological process in which cells sense and move through their surrounding physical environment, plays a critical role in development and tissue formation, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer metastasis and wound healing. During cell migration, dynamics are governed by the bidirectional interplay between cell-generated mechanical forces and the activity of Rho GTPases, a family of small GTP-binding proteins that regulate actin cytoskeleton assembly and cellular contractility. These interactions are inherently more complex during the collective migration of mechanically coupled cells, due to the additional regulation of cell-cell junctional forces. In this study, we present a minimal modeling framework to simulate the interactions between mechanochemical signaling in individual cells and interactions with cell-cell junctional forces during collective cell migration. We find that migration of individual cells depends on the feedback between mechanical tension and Rho GTPase activity in a biphasic manner. During collective cell migration, waves of Rho GTPase activity mediate mechanical contraction/extension and thus synchronization throughout the tissue. Further, cell-cell junctional forces exhibit distinct spatial patterns during collective cell migration, with larger forces near the leading edge. Larger junctional force magnitudes are associated with faster collective cell migration and larger tissue size. Simulations of heterogeneous tissue migration exhibit a complex dependence on the properties of both leading and trailing cells. Computational predictions demonstrate that collective cell migration depends on both the emergent dynamics and interactions between cellular-level Rho GTPase activity and contractility, and multicellular-level junctional forces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanochemical coupling and junctional forces during collective cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that occurs primarily in premature infants. We performed genome-resolved metagenomic analysis of 1,163 fecal samples from premature infants to identify microbial features predictive of NEC. Features considered include genes, bacterial strain types, eukaryotes, bacteriophages, plasmids and growth rates. A machine learning classifier found that samples collected prior to NEC diagnosis harbored significantly more Klebsiella, bacteria encoding fimbriae, and bacteria encoding secondary metabolite gene clusters related to quorum sensing and bacteriocin production. Notably, replication rates of all bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae, were significantly higher two days before NEC diagnosis. The findings uncover biomarkers that could lead to early detection of NEC and targets for microbiome-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular diffusion underlies vital processes of the cell. However, it remains difficult to elucidate how an average-sized protein diffuses in the cell with good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here we report single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution strategy that enables the nanoscale mapping of intracellular diffusivity through the local statistics of instantaneous displacements of freely diffusing single molecules. We thus show that diffusion in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus to both be spatially heterogeneous at the nanoscale, and such variations in local diffusivity correlate strongly with the ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton and the chromosome, respectively. Moreover, we identify the net charge of the diffuser as a key determinant of diffusion rate: intriguingly, the possession of positive, but not negative, net charges significantly impedes diffusion, and the exact degree of slowdown is determined by the specific subcellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome and mRNA transcriptome of the cosmopolitan calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana improve the understanding of copepod genome size evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the crustacean subclass Copepoda are likely the most abundant metazoans worldwide. Pelagic marine species are critical in converting planktonic microalgae to animal biomass, supporting oceanic food webs. Despite their abundance and ecological importance, only five copepod genomes are publicly available, owing to a number of factors including large genome size, repetitiveness, GC-content, and small animal size. Here, we report the sixth representative copepod genome and the first genome and transcriptome from the calanoid copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana, which is among the most numerous mesozooplankton in boreal coastal and estuarine waters. The ecology, physiology and behavior of A. tonsa has been studied extensively. The genetic resources contributed in this work will allow researchers to link experimental results to molecular mechanisms. From PCRfree WGS and mRNA Illumina data, we assemble the largest copepod genome to date. We estimate A. tonsa has a total genome size of 2.5 Gb including repetitive elements we could not resolve. The non-repetitive fraction of the genome assembly is estimated to be 566Mb. Our DNA sequencing-based analyses suggest there is a 14-fold difference in genome size between the six members of Copepoda with available genomic information through NCBI. This finding complements nucleus staining genome size estimations, where 100-fold difference has been reported within 70 species. We briefly analyze the repeat structure in the existing copepod WGS datasets. The information presented here confirms the evolution of genome size in Copepoda and expands the scope for evolutionary inferences in Copepoda by providing several levels of genetic information from a key planktonic crustacean species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Someren Greve, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hestbjerg Hansen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome and mRNA transcriptome of the cosmopolitan calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana improve the understanding of copepod genome size evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide screen for ER autophagy highlights key roles of mitochondrial metabolism and ER- resident UFMylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective degradation of organelles via autophagy is critical for cellular differentiation, homeostasis, and organismal health. Autophagy of the ER (ER-phagy) is implicated in human neuropathy but is poorly understood beyond a few specialized autophagosomal receptors and remodelers. Using an ER-phagy reporter and genome-wide CRISPRi screening, we identified 200 high-confidence factors involved in human ER-phagy. We mechanistically investigated two pathways unexpectedly required for ER-phagy. First, reduced mitochondrial metabolism represses ER-phagy, which reverses the logic of general autophagy. Mitochondrial crosstalk with ER-phagy bypasses the energy sensor AMPK, instead directly impacting ULK1. Second, ER-localized UFMylation is required for ER-phagy that represses the unfolded protein response. The UFL1 ligase is brought to the ER surface by DDRGK1, analogous to PINK1-Parkin regulation during mitophagy. Our data provide insight into the unique cellular logic of ER-phagy, reveal parallels between organelle autophagies, and provide an entry point to the relatively unexplored process of degrading the ER network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide screen for ER autophagy highlights key roles of mitochondrial metabolism and ER- resident UFMylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Left Ventricular Chamber Shape During Vena Caval Occlusion: Improved MRI-based Measurement of the End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in Normal Sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ES; ESPVR) is the cornerstone of systolic LV function analysis. Recently, it became possible to measure 2D LV chamber shape during vena cava occlusion (VCO) with MRI. We used an improved level-set semi-automatic segmentation method (LSSM) to determine the effect of VCO on LV geometry, ES pressure area (PA) and ESPVR.

10 healthy adult sheep were anesthetized. LV pressure transducer and inferior vena cava (IVC) balloon catheter were percutaneously inserted. Ferumoxytol (0.125 ml/kg iv; AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA) was given to enhance blood pool contrast. LV pressure and 2D retrospectively-gated cine MRI of LV cross sections 25 (Apex), 50 (Mid) and 75% (Base) of the distance from the apex to the base of the LV were obtained during separate IVC balloon inflations (VCO). LV pressure was digitally filtered and LV chamber segmented with the LSSM. Cross sectional area, major and minor axes, major axis orientation, ESPAR and ESPVR were calculated.

The LSSM had excellent reliability. All cross sections became more elliptical during VCO. The orientation (angle) of each major axis relative to the anterior RV insertion shifted during VCO. However, the orientation remained toward the septum. There was chamber collapse (LV area < 0.25 cm2) at the apical level during VCO (7 cases). ESPAR was non-linear at all levels. ESPVR was non-linear because of apical collapse.

In conclusion, MRI-based measurement of LV geometry, ESPAR and ESPVR during VCO is a valuable method that may lead to improved understanding of systolic LV function.

New and NoteworthyReal-time MRI was used to continuously measure the LV PA relationship as loading conditions were transiently varied in anesthetized sheep. All three examined cross-sections became more elliptical during VCO. The ESPAR were non-linear at all three cross-sections. Chamber collapse at the apical level during VCO resulted in a non-linear ESPVR. The heart contracted in a non-concentric manner during VCO which could inform modeling studies and elucidate mechanisms underlying LV adaptations to sudden load changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giao, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badathala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaulding, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraldsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliffe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Left Ventricular Chamber Shape During Vena Caval Occlusion: Improved MRI-based Measurement of the End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in Normal Sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replay as wavefronts and theta sequences as bump oscillations in a grid cell attractor network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells fire in sequences that represent rapid trajectories in space. During locomotion, theta sequences encode sweeps in position starting slightly behind the animal and ending ahead of it. During quiescence and slow wave sleep, bouts of synchronized activity represent long trajectories called replays, which are well-established in place cells and have been recently reported in grid cells. Theta sequences and replay are hypothesized to facilitate many cognitive functions, but their underlying mechanisms are unknown. A leading mechanism proposed for grid cell formation is the continuous attractor network. We demonstrate that this established architecture naturally produces theta sequences and replay as distinct consequences of modulating external input. Driving inhibitory interneurons at the theta frequency causes attractor bumps to oscillate in speed and size, which gives rise to theta sequences and phase precession, respectively. Decreasing input drive to all neurons produces traveling wavefronts of activity that are decoded as replays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replay as wavefronts and theta sequences as bump oscillations in a grid cell attractor network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic drift in range expansions is very sensitive to density feedback in dispersal and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts rapid genetic drift in expanding populations due to the serial founder effect at the expansion front. Yet, many natural populations maintain high genetic diversity in the newly colonized regions. Here, we investigate whether density-dependent dispersal could provide a resolution of this paradox. We find that genetic drift is dramatically suppressed when dispersal rates increase with the population density because many more migrants from the diverse, high-density regions arrive at the expansion edge. When density-dependence is weak or negative, the effective population size of the front scales only logarithmically with the carrying capacity. The dependence, however, switches to a sublinear power law and then to a linear increase as the density-dependence becomes strongly positive. To understand these results, we introduce a unified framework that predicts how the strength of genetic drift depends on the density-dependence in both dispersal and growth. This theory reveals that the transitions between different regimes of diversity loss are controlled by a single, universal parameter: the ratio of the expansion velocity to the geometric mean of dispersal and growth rates at expansion edge. Importantly, our results suggest that positive density-dependence could dramatically alter evolution in expanding populations even when its contributions to the expansion velocity is small.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birzu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic drift in range expansions is very sensitive to density feedback in dispersal and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioelectrical signaling via domain wall migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractElectrical signaling in biology is typically associated with action potentials, transient spikes in membrane voltage that return to baseline. The Hodgkin-Huxley equations of electrophysiology belong to a more general class of reaction-diffusion equations which could, in principle, support patterns of membrane voltage which are stable in time but structured in space. Here we show theoretically and experimentally that homogeneous or nearly homogeneous tissues can undergo spontaneous spatial symmetry breaking into domains with different resting potentials, separated by stable bioelectrical domain walls. Transitions from one resting potential to another can occur through long-range migration of these domain walls. We map bioelectrical domain wall motion using all-optical electrophysiology in an engineered stable cell line and in human iPSC-derived myoblasts. Bioelectrical domain wall migration may occur during embryonic development and during physiological signaling processes in polarized tissues. These results demonstrate a novel form of bioelectrical pattern formation and long-range signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNamara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salegame, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Tanoury, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourquie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioelectrical signaling via domain wall migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian framework for inferring the influence of sequence context on single base modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The probability of single base modifications (mutations and DNA/RNA modifications) is expected to be highly influenced by the flanking nucleotides that surround them, known as the sequence context. This phenomenon may be mainly attributed to the enzyme that modifies or mutates the genetic material, since most enzymes tend to have specific sequence contexts that dictate their activity. Thus, identification of context effects may lead to the discovery of additional editing sites or unknown enzymatic factors. Here, we develop a statistical model that allows for the detection and evaluation of the effects of different sequence contexts on mutation rates from deep population sequencing data. This task is computationally challenging, as the complexity of the model increases exponentially as the context size increases. We established our novel Bayesian method based on sparse model selection methods, with the leading assumption that the number of actual sequence contexts that directly influence mutation rates is minuscule compared to the number of possible sequence contexts. We show that our method is highly accurate on simulated data using pentanucleotide contexts, even when accounting for noisy data. We next analyze empirical population sequencing data from polioviruses and detect a significant enrichment in sequence contexts associated with deamination by the cellular deaminases ADAR 1/2. In the current era, where next generation sequencing data is highly abundant, our approach can be used on any population sequencing data to reveal context-dependent base alterations, and may assist in the discovery of novel mutable sites or editing sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian framework for inferring the influence of sequence context on single base modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. DNA sequenced from many diverse ecosystems revealed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty-four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, translation initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR-Cas systems have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phage may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that their large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed over a broad bacterial host range and across Earths ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus-Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltsman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrighton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehours, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent gene loss in aquatic plants predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant innate immunity relies on NLR receptors that recognize pathogen derived molecules and activate downstream signalling pathways. We analyzed the variation in copy number of NLR genes across flowering plants, and identified a number of species with a low number of NLRs relative to sister species. Two distinct lineages, one monocot (Lentibulariaceae) and one dicot (Alismatales) encapsulate four species with particularly few NLR genes. In these lineages, loss of NLRs coincided with loss of the well-known downstream immune signalling complex (EDS1-PAD4). When we expanded our analysis across the whole proteomes, we were able to identify other characterized immune genes absent only in Lentibulariaceae and Alismatales. Additionally, we identified a small subset of genes with unknown function convergently lost in all four species. We predicted that some of these genes may have a role in plant immunity. Gene expression analyses confirmed that a group of these genes was differentially expressed under pathogen infection. Another subset of these genes was differentially expressed upon drought providing further evidence of a link between the drought and plant immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baggs, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanki, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schudoma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haerty, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasileva, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent gene loss in aquatic plants predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High rates of migration between subpopulations result in little population differentiation in the long-term neutral equilibrium. However, in the short-term, even very abundant migration may not be enough for subpopulations to equilibrate immediately. In this study, we investigate dynamical patterns of short-term population differentiation in adapting populations via stochastic and analytical modeling through time. We characterize a regime in which selection and migration interact to create non-monotonic patterns of the population differentiation statistic FST when migration is weaker than selection, but stronger than drift. We demonstrate how these patterns can be leveraged to estimate high migration rates that would lead to panmixia in the long term equilibrium using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. We apply this approach to estimate fast migration in a rapidly adapting intra-host Simian-HIV population sampled from different anatomical locations. Notably, we find differences in estimated migration rates between different compartments, all above Nem = 1. This work demonstrates how studying demographic processes on the timescale of selective sweeps illuminates processes too fast to leave signatures on neutral timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct measurement of proteins from single cells has been realized at the microscale using microfluidic channels, capillaries, and semi-enclosed microwell arrays. Although powerful, these formats are constrained, with the enclosed geometries proving cumbersome for multistage assays, including electrophoresis followed by immunoprobing. We introduce a hybrid microfluidic format that toggles between a planar microwell array and a suspension of microparticles. The planar array is stippled in a thin sheet of polyacrylamide gel, for efficient single-cell isolation and protein electrophoresis of hundreds-to-thousands of cells. Upon mechanical release, array elements become a suspension of separations-encoded microparticles for more efficient immunoprobing due to enhanced mass transfer. Dehydrating microparticles offer improved analytical sensitivity owing to in-gel concentration of fluorescence signal for high-throughput single-cell targeted proteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumuscu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In diverse organisms, nanostructures that coherently scatter light create structural color, but how such structures are built remains mysterious. We investigate the evolution and genetic regulation of butterfly scale laminae, which are simple photonic nanostructures. In a lineage of buckeye butterflies artificially selected for blue wing color, we found that thickened laminae caused a color shift from brown to blue. Deletion of the optix wing patterning gene also altered color via lamina thickening, revealing shared genetic regulation of pigments and lamina thickness. Finally, we show how lamina thickness variation contributes to the color diversity that distinguishes sexes and species throughout the genus Junonia. Thus, quantitatively tuning one dimension of scale architecture facilitates both the microevolution and macroevolution of a broad spectrum of hues. Because the lamina is an intrinsic component of typical butterfly scales, our findings suggest that tuning lamina thickness is a readily accessible mechanism to create structural color across the Lepidoptera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thayer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3.1A structure of yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion solved using streptavidin affinity grids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite significant advances in all aspects of single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), specimen preparation still remains a challenge. During sample preparation, macromolecules interact with the air-water interface, which often leads to detrimental effects such as denaturation or adoption of preferred orientations, ultimately hindering structure determination. Randomly biotinylating the protein of interest and then tethering it to a cryo-EM grid coated with two-dimensional crystals of streptavidin (acting as an affinity surface) can prevent the protein from interacting with the air-water interface. Recently, this approach was successfully used to solve a high-resolution structure of a test sample, a bacterial ribosome. However, the general applicability of this method to samples where interaction with the air-water interface is problematic remains to be determined. Here we report a 3.1[A] structure of a RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion (Pol II EC(CPD)) solved using streptavidin grids. Our previous attempt to solve this structure using conventional sample preparation methods resulted in a poor quality cryo-EM map due to Pol II EC(CPD)s adopting a strong preferred orientation. Imaging the same sample on streptavidin grids led to a high-resolution structure with little anisotropy, showing that streptavidin affinity grids could be used as a general strategy to address challenges posed by interaction with the air-water interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3.1A structure of yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion solved using streptavidin affinity grids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosymbiotic bacteria are prevalent and diverse in agricultural spiders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts are common in arthropods, but their distribution and prevalence is poorly characterized in many host taxa. For example, spiders (Araneae) have received little attention, but initial surveys suggest that vertically transmitted symbionts may be common. Here, we characterized endosymbiont infection in a community of agricultural spiders. Using a combination of diagnostic PCR and high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial microbiome, we evaluated symbiont infection in 267 individual spiders representing 14 species in 3 families. We found 27 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that are likely endosymbiotic, including several strains of Wolbachia, Rickettsia and Cardinium, all of which are vertically transmitted and frequently associated with reproductive manipulation of arthropod hosts. Seventy percent of spider species had individuals that tested positive for one or more endosymbiotic OTUs, and specimens frequently contained multiple symbiotic strain types. The most symbiont-rich species, Idionella rugosa, had eight endosymbiotic OTUs, with as many as five present in the same specimen. Individual specimens within infected spider species had a variety of symbiotypes, differing from one another in the presence or absence of symbiotic strains. Our sample included both starved and unstarved specimens, and dominant bacterial OTUs were consistent per host species, regardless of feeding status. We conclude that spiders contain a remarkably diverse symbiotic microbiota. Spiders would be an informative group for investigating endosymbiont population dynamics in time and space, and unstarved specimens collected for other purposes (e.g., food web studies) could be used, with caution, for such investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenwald, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosymbiotic bacteria are prevalent and diverse in agricultural spiders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whisker map organization in somatosensory cortex of awake, behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The whisker map in rodent somatosensory cortex is well characterized under anesthesia, but its organization during awake sensation, when cortical coding can differ strongly, is unknown. Using a novel behavioral task, we measured whisker receptive fields and maps in awake mice with 2-photon calcium imaging in vivo. During a whisker-attentive task, layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were sharply tuned, with cells tuned to different whiskers intermixed in each column. This salt-and-pepper organization consisted of small clusters of similarly-tuned neurons superimposed on a mean subcolumnar map. Parvalbumin interneurons had broader tuning, and were more homogeneously tuned to the columnar whisker. During a sound-attentive task, whisker tuning of pyramidal cells was less heterogeneous in each column, and firing correlations increased. Thus, behavioral demands modulate fine-scale map structure, and decorrelate the whisker map during whisker-attentive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeMessurier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whisker map organization in somatosensory cortex of awake, behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Foveal Cone Photoreceptor Topography and its Dependence on Eye Length 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We provide the first measures of foveal cone density as a function of axial length in living eyes and discuss the physical and visual implications of our findings. We used a new generation Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to image cones at and near the fovea in 28 eyes of 16 subjects. Cone density and other metrics were computed in units of visual angle and linear retinal units. The foveal cone mosaic in longer eyes is expanded at the fovea, but not in proportion to eye length. Despite retinal stretching (decrease in cones/mm2), myopes generally have a higher angular sampling density (increase in cones/deg2) in and around the fovea compared to emmetropes, offering the potential for better visual acuity. Reports of deficits in best-corrected foveal vision in myopes compared to emmetropes cannot be explained by increased spacing between photoreceptors caused by retinal stretching during myopic progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensaid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/589135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Foveal Cone Photoreceptor Topography and its Dependence on Eye Length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most current methods for detecting natural selection from DNA sequence data are limited in that they are either based on summary statistics or a composite likelihood, and as a consequence, do not make full use of the information available in DNA sequence data. We here present a new importance sampling approach for approximating the full likelihood function for the selection coefficient. The method treats the ancestral recombination graph (ARG) as a latent variable that is integrated out using previously published Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The method can be used for detecting selection, estimating selection coefficients, testing models of changes in the strength of selection, estimating the time of the start of a selective sweep, and for inferring the allele frequency trajectory of a selected or neutral allele. We perform extensive simulations to evaluate the method and show that it uniformly improves power to detect selection compared to current popular methods such as nSL and SDS, under various demographic models and can provide reliable inferences of allele frequency trajectories under many conditions. We also explore the potential of our method to detect extremely recent changes in the strength of selection. We use the method to infer the past allele frequency trajectory for a lactase persistence SNP (MCM6) in Europeans. We also study a set of 11 pigmentation-associated variants. Several genes show evidence of strong selection particularly within the last 5,000 years, including ASIP, KITLG, and TYR. However, selection on OCA2/HERC2 seems to be much older and, in contrast to previous claims, we find no evidence of selection on TYRP1.nnAuthor summaryCurrent methods to study natural selection using modern population genomic data are limited in their power and flexibility. Here, we present a new method to infer natural selection that builds on recent methodological advances in estimating genome-wide genealogies. By using importance sampling we are able to efficiently estimate the likelihood function of the selection coefficient. We show our method improves power to test for selection over competing methods across a diverse range of scenarios, and also accurately infers the selection coefficient. We also demonstrate a novel capability of our model, using it to infer the alleles frequency over time. We validate these results with a study of a lactase persistence SNP in Europeans, and also study a set of 11 pigmentation-associated variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in ancient DNA samples using low-depth haploid chromosome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationThe presence of present-day human contaminating DNA fragments is one of the challenges defining ancient DNA (aDNA) research. This is especially relevant to the ancient human DNA field where it is difficult to distinguish endogenous molecules from human contaminants due to their genetic similarity. Recently, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing and new aDNA protocols, hundreds of ancient human genomes have become available. Contamination in those genomes has been measured with computational methods often developed specifically for these empirical studies. Consequently, some of these methods have not been implemented and tested while few are aimed at low-depth data, a common feature in aDNA datasets.nnResultsWe develop a new X-chromosome-based maximum likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in low-depth sequencing data. We implement our method for general use, assess its performance under conditions typical of ancient human DNA research, and compare it to previous nuclear data-based methods through extensive simulations. For low-depth data, we show that existing methods can produce unusable estimates or substantially underestimate contamination. In contrast, our method provides accurate estimates for a depth of coverage as low as 0.5x on the X-chromosome when contamination is below 25%. Moreover, our method still yields meaningful estimates in very challenging situations, i.e., when the contaminant and the target come from closely related populations or with increased error rates. With a running time below five minutes, our method is applicable to large scale aDNA genomic studies.nnAvailability and implementationThe method is implemented in C++ and R and is freely available in https://github.com/sapfo/contaminationX.nnContactmorenomayar@gmail.com, annasapfo.malaspinas@unil.ch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mayar, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrechtsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaspinas, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A likelihood method for estimating present-day human contamination in ancient DNA samples using low-depth haploid chromosome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila female-specific brain neuron elicits persistent position- and direction-selective male-like social behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent neural circuitry in the female brain encoding male-like mating behaviors has been revealed in both mice and flies. In Drosophila, a key component of this circuitry consists of the doublesex-expressing pC1 neurons, which were deemed to exist in both sexes and function based on the amount of cells being activated. Here, we identify pC1-alpha, a female-specific subtype of pC1, as responsible for inducing persistent male-like social behaviors in females. We demonstrate that activation of a single pC1-alpha neuron is sufficient for such induction in a position- and direction-selective manner, and activity of pC1-alpha neurons as a whole is indispensable for maintaining normal sexual receptivity. These dual functions of pC1-alpha may require different neurotransmission, with acetylcholine specifically required for the former but not the latter. Our findings suggest that pC1-alpha may be the female counterpart of male P1 due to their shared similarities in morphology, lineage, and social promoting function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahringer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila female-specific brain neuron elicits persistent position- and direction-selective male-like social behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) comprises a large monophyletic group of bacterial lineages known almost exclusively based on genomes obtained using cultivation-independent methods. Within the CPR, Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) are particularly poorly understood due to undersampling and the inherent fragmented nature of available genomes. Here, we report the first closed, curated genome of a Gracilibacteria from an enrichment experiment inoculated from the Gulf of Mexico and designed to investigate hydrocarbon degradation. The gracilibacterium rose in abundance after the community switched to dominance by Colwellia. Notably, we predict that this gracilibacterium completely lacks glycolysis, the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. It appears to acquire pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate via degradation of externally derived citrate, malate and amino acids and may use compound interconversion and oxidoreductases to generate and recycle reductive power. The initial genome assembly was fragmented in an unusual gene that is hypervariable within a repeat region. Such extreme local variation is rare, but characteristic of genes that confer traits under pressure to diversify within a population. Notably, the four major repeated 9-mer nucleotide sequences all generate a proline-threonine-aspartic acid (PTD) repeat. The genome of an abundant Colwellia psychrerythraea population has a large extracellular protein that also contains the repeated PTD motif. Although we do not know the host for the BD1-5 cell, the high relative abundance of the C. psychrerythraea population and the shared surface protein repeat may indicate an association between these bacteria.nnImportanceCPR bacteria are generally predicted to be symbionts due to their extensive biosynthetic deficits. Although monophyletic, they are not monolithic in terms of their lifestyles. The organism described here appears to have evolved an unusual metabolic platform not reliant on glucose or pentose sugars. Its biology appears to be centered around bacterial host-derived compounds and/or cell detritus. Amino acids likely provide building blocks for nucleic acids, peptidoglycan and protein synthesis. We resolved an unusual repeat region that would be invisible without genome curation. The nucleotide sequence is apparently under strong diversifying selection but the amino acid sequence is under stabilizing selection. The amino acid repeat also occurs in a surface protein of a coexisting bacterium, suggesting co-location and possibly interdependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieber, C. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impact nearly all organisms on Earth, with ripples of influence in agriculture, health and biogeochemical processes. However, very little is known about RNA viruses in an environmental context, and even less is known about their diversity and ecology in the most complex microbial system, soil. Here, we assembled 48 individual metatranscriptomes from four habitats within a soil sampled over a 22-day time series: rhizosphere alone, detritosphere alone, a combination of the two, and unamended soil (four time points and three biological replicates per time point). We resolved the RNA viral community, uncovering a high diversity of viral sequences. We also investigated possible host organisms by analyzing metatranscriptome marker gene content. Based on viral phylogeny, much of the diversity was Narnaviridae that parasitize fungi or Leviviridae that infect Proteobacteria. Both host and viral communities appear to be highly dynamic, and rapidly diverged depending on experimental conditions. The viral communities were structured based on the presence of litter, while putative hosts appeared to be impacted by both the presence of litter and roots. A clear time signature from Leviviridae and their hosts indicated that viruses were replicating. With this time-resolved analysis, we show that RNA viruses are diverse, abundant and active in soil. Their replication causes host cell death, mobilizing carbon in a process that represents a largely overlooked component of carbon cycling in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of unwanted CRISPR/Cas9 editing by co-administration of catalytically inactivating truncated guide RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases are powerful genome engineering tools, but unwanted cleavage at off-target and previously edited sites remains a major concern. Numerous strategies to reduce unwanted cleavage have been devised, but all are imperfect. Here, we report off-target sites can be shielded from the active Cas9*single guide RNA (sgRNA) complex through the co-administration of dead-RNAs (dRNAs), truncated guide RNAs that direct Cas9 binding but not cleavage. dRNAs can effectively suppress a wide-range of off-targets with minimal optimization while preserving on-target editing, and they can be multiplexed to suppress several off-targets simultaneously. dRNAs can be combined with high-specificity Cas9 variants, which often do not eliminate all unwanted editing. Moreover, dRNAs can prevent cleavage of homology-directed repair (HDR)-corrected sites, facilitating "scarless" editing by eliminating the need for blocking mutations. Thus, we enable precise genome editing by establishing a novel and flexible approach for suppressing unwanted editing of both off-targets and HDR-corrected sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephany, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of unwanted CRISPR/Cas9 editing by co-administration of catalytically inactivating truncated guide RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem calponin homology (CH1-CH2) domains are common actin-binding domains in proteins that interact with and organize the actin cytoskeleton. Despite regions of high sequence similarity, CH1-CH2 domains can have remarkably different actin-binding properties, with disease-associated point mutants known to increase as well as decrease affinity for f-actin. To investigate features that affect CH1-CH2 affinity for f-actin in cells and in vitro, we perturbed the utrophin actin-binding domain by making point mutations at the CH1-CH2 interface, replacing the linker domain, and adding a PEG polymer to CH2. Consistent with a previous model describing CH2 as a steric negative regulator of actin binding, we find that utrophin CH1-CH2 affinity is both increased and decreased by modifications that change the effective  openness of CH1 and CH2 in solution. We also identified interface mutations that caused a large increase in affinity without changing solution  openness, suggesting additional influences on affinity. Interestingly, we also observe non-uniform sub-cellular localization of utrophin CH1-CH2 that depends on the N-terminal flanking region but not on bulk affinity. These observations provide new insights into how small sequence changes, such as those found in diseases, can affect CH1-CH2 binding properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polygenic risk score for breast cancer in U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOver 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer susceptibility have been identified; these SNPs can be combined into polygenic risk scores (PRS) to predict breast cancer risk. Since most SNPs were identified in predominantly European populations, little is known about the performance of PRS in non-Europeans. We tested the performance of a 180-SNP PRS in Latinas, a large ethnic group with variable levels of Indigenous American, European, and African ancestry.nnMethodsWe conducted a pooled case-control analysis of U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women (4,658 cases, 7,622 controls). We constructed a 180-SNP PRS consisting of SNPs associated with breast cancer risk (p < 5 x 10-8). We evaluated the association between the PRS and breast cancer risk using multivariable logistic regression and assessed discrimination using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). We also assessed PRS performance across quartiles of Indigenous American genetic ancestry.nnResultsOf 180 SNPs tested, 142 showed directionally consistent associations compared with European populations, and 39 were nominally significant (p < 0.05). The PRS was associated with breast cancer risk, with an odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increment of 1.58 (95% CI 1.52 to 1.64) and AUCROC of 0.63 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.64). The discrimination of the PRS was similar between the top and bottom quartiles of Indigenous American ancestry.nnConclusionsThe 180-SNP PRS predicts breast cancer risk in Latinas, with similar performance as reported for Europeans. The performance of the PRS did not vary substantially according to Indigenous American ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shieh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohorquez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Chequer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanco-Echeverry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Florez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushi, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viadaurre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casavilco Zambrano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polygenic risk score for breast cancer in U.S. Latinas and Latin-American women]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raptor genomes reveal evolutionary signatures of predatory and nocturnal lifestyles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBirds of prey (raptors) are dominant apex predators in terrestrial communities, with hawks (Accipitriformes) and falcons (Falconiformes) hunting by day, and owls (Strigiformes) hunting by night.nnResultsHere, we report new genomes and transcriptomes for 20 species of birds, including 16 species of birds of prey, and high-quality reference genomes for the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), oriental scops-owl (Otus sunia), eastern buzzard (Buteo japonicus), and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Our extensive genomic analysis and comparisons with non-raptor genomes identified common molecular signatures that underpin anatomical structure and sensory, muscle, circulatory, and respiratory systems related to a predatory lifestyle. Compared with diurnal birds, owls exhibit striking adaptations to the nocturnal environment, including functional trade-offs in the sensory systems (e.g., loss of color vision genes and selection for enhancement of nocturnal vision and other sensory systems) that are probably convergent with other nocturnal avian orders. Additionally, we found that a suite of genes associated with vision and circadian rhythm were differentially expressed between nocturnal and diurnal raptors, indicating adaptive expression change during the transition to nocturnality.nnConclusionsOverall, raptor genomes showed genomic signatures associated with the origin and maintenance of several specialized physiological and morphological features essential to be apex predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindell, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raptor genomes reveal evolutionary signatures of predatory and nocturnal lifestyles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g. trans-endocytosis) using cell-cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNAi screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localized to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be co-opted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.nnSummaryThe human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. In this study, Sanderlin et al., discover that host proteins that normally regulate membrane trafficking and membrane remodeling in uninfected settings are also co-opted by Listeria to promote spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanderlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vondrak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scricco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Second messengers and divergent HD-GYP enzymes regulate 3’,3’-cGAMP signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3,3-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is the third cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) to be discovered in bacteria. No activators of cGAMP signaling have yet been identified, and the signaling pathways for cGAMP have appeared narrowly distributed based upon the characterized synthases, DncV and Hypr GGDEFs. Here we report that the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an activator of the Hypr GGDEF enzyme GacB from Myxococcus xanthus. Furthermore, we show that GacB is inhibited directly by cyclic di-GMP, which provides evidence for cross-regulation between different CDN pathways. Finally, we reveal that the HD-GYP enzyme PmxA is a cGAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (GAP) that promotes resistance to osmotic stress in M. xanthus. A signature amino acid change in PmxA was found to reprogram substrate specificity and was applied to predict the presence of non-canonical HD-GYP phosphodiesterases in many bacterial species, including phyla previously not known to utilize cGAMP signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Second messengers and divergent HD-GYP enzymes regulate 3’,3’-cGAMP signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent bacterial responses to land use change across the tropics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities are a major component of global diversity and are intimately involved in most terrestrial biogeochemical processes. Despite their importance, we know far less about the response of bacteria to human-induced environmental change than we do about other organisms. Understanding the response of organisms to land use change is especially pressing for tropical rainforests, which are being altered at a higher rate than any other ecosystem. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies performed in each of the major tropical rainforest regions to ask whether there are consistent responses of belowground bacterial communities to the conversion of tropical rainforest to agriculture. Remarkably, we find common responses despite wide variation across studies in the types of agriculture practiced and the research methodology used to study land use change. These responses include changes in the relative abundance of phyla, most notably decreases in Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria and increases in Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. We also find that alpha diversity (at the scale of single soil cores), consistently increases with ecosystem conversion. These consistent responses suggest that, while there is great diversity in agricultural practices across the tropics, common features such as the use of slash-and-burn tactics have the potential to alter bacterial community composition and diversity belowground.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannan, B. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent bacterial responses to land use change across the tropics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic cellular rejuvenation is coupled to nuclear remodeling in budding yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of healthy gametes in meiosis relies on the quality control and proper distribution of both nuclear and cytoplasmic contents. Meiotic differentiation naturally eliminates age-induced cellular damage by an unknown mechanism. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in budding yeast, we found that nuclear senescence factors - including protein aggregates, extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles, and abnormal nucleolar material - are sequestered away from chromosomes during meiosis II and subsequently eliminated. A similar sequestration and elimination process occurs for the core subunits of the nuclear pore complex in both young and old cells. Nuclear envelope remodeling drives the formation of a membranous compartment containing the sequestered material. Importantly, de novo generation of plasma membrane is required for the sequestration event, preventing the inheritance of long-lived nucleoporins and senescence factors into the newly formed gametes. Our study uncovers a new mechanism of nuclear quality control and provides insight into its function in meiotic cellular rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ünal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetlapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schick, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic cellular rejuvenation is coupled to nuclear remodeling in budding yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex serologic testing within a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in coastal Kenya reveals community-level differences in IgG antibody responses to parasitic diseases and vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, cost-effective measurement of the burden of co-endemic infections would enable public health managers to identify opportunities for implementation of integrated control programs. Dried blood spots (DBS) collected during a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in the Kenyan coastal counties of Lamu, Tana River, Kilifi, Kwale, and Taita-Taveta were used for the integrated detection of serologic IgG antibodies against antigens from several parasitic infections (Wuchereria bancrofti, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium spp, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis) as well as markers for immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases (measles, diphtheria, and tetanus) on a multiplex bead assay (MBA) platform. High heterogeneity was observed in antibody responses by pathogen and antigen across the sentinel sites. Antibody seroprevalence against Wb123, Bm14, and Bm33 recombinant filarial antigens were generally higher in Ndau Island (p<0.0001), which also had the highest prevalence of filarial antigenemia compared to other communities. Antibody responses to the Plasmodium species antigens CSP and MSP-119 were higher in Kilifi and Kwale counties, with Jaribuni community showing higher overall mean seroprevalence (p<0.0001). Kimorigo community in Taita-Taveta County was the only area where antibody responses against Schistosoma mansoni Sm25 recombinant antigen were detected. Seroprevalence rates to Strongyloides antigen NIE ranged between 3% and 26%, and there was high heterogeneity in immune responses against an Ascaris antigen among the study communities. Differences were observed between communities in terms of seroprevalence to vaccine-preventable diseases. Seroprotection to tetanus was lower in all 3 communities in Kwale County compared to the rest of the communities. This study has demonstrated that the MBA platform holds promise for rapid integrated monitoring of trends of infections of public health importance in endemic areas, and assessing the effectiveness of control and elimination programs.nnAuthor SummaryEstablishment of successful private-public partnerships in the recent past has led to an increase in resources available for control and elimination of malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Implementation of control and elimination programs and their subsequent monitoring and evaluation would be greatly facilitated by development of new tools and strategies for rapid identification of areas of transmission so that interventions could be prioritized to regions where they were most needed. Since development of antibody responses in a host depend on exposure to an infectious agent, assessment of such serologic markers provides a sensitive way to measure differences between populations in pathogen exposure. Our study applied a state-of-the-art multiplex bead assay platform to perform integrated measurement of antibody responses to multiple parasitic diseases and immunizing antigens for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in ten lymphatic filariasis sentinel sites across the Kenyan coastal region. A community-level analysis of age-specific and overall mean seroprevalence fit using a flexible model ensemble provided an improved understanding about the distributions of the various parasitic infections and seroprotection to VPDs. This study provides an important proof of concept for how we could dramatically increase the value of existing surveillance activities using small volumes of blood collected on filter paper and analyzed using a single multiplex laboratory assay and novel data analysis techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Njenga, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matendechero, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onsongo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex serologic testing within a cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis sentinel site survey in coastal Kenya reveals community-level differences in IgG antibody responses to parasitic diseases and vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with progressive and site-specific changes in DNA methylation (DNAm). These global changes are captured by DNAm clocks that accurately predict chronological age in humans but relatively little is known about how clocks perform in vitro. Here we culture primary human fibroblasts across the cellular lifespan ([~]6 months) and use four different DNAm clocks to show that age-related DNAm signatures are conserved and accelerated in vitro. The Skin & Blood clock shows the best linear correlation with chronological time (r=0.90), including during replicative senescence. Although similar in nature, the rate of epigenetic aging is approximately 62x times faster in cultured cells than in the human body. Consistent with in vivo data, cells aged under hyperglycemic conditions exhibit an approximately three years elevation in baseline DNAm age. Moreover, candidate gene-based analyses further corroborate the conserved but accelerated biological aging process in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts mirror the established DNAm topology of the age-related ELOVL2 gene in human blood and the rapid hypermethylation of its promoter cg16867657, which correlates with a linear decrease in ELOVL2 mRNA levels across the lifespan. Using generalized additive modeling on twelve timepoints across the lifespan, we also show how single CpGs exhibit loci-specific, linear and nonlinear trajectories that reach rates up to -47% (hypomethylation) to +23% (hypermethylation) per month. Together, these high temporal resolution global, gene-specific, and single CpG data highlight the conserved and accelerated nature of epigenetic aging in cultured fibroblasts, which may constitute a system to evaluate age-modifying interventions across the lifespan.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605295_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (60K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@101e4f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15df049org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4a704dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@112f970_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical AbstractnnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bind, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Aging DNA Methylation Signatures are Conserved but Accelerated in Cultured Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe discovery of CRISPR-based gene editing and its application to homing-based gene drive systems has been greeted with excitement, for its potential to control mosquito-borne diseases on a wide scale, and concern, for the invasiveness and potential irreversibility of a release. Gene drive systems that display threshold-dependent behavior could potentially be used during the trial phase of this technology, or when localized control is otherwise desired, as simple models predict them to spread into partially isolated populations in a confineable manner, and to be reversible through releases of wild-type organisms. Here, we model hypothetical releases of two recently-engineered threshold-dependent gene drive systems - reciprocal chromosomal translocations and a form of toxin-antidote-based underdominance known as UDMEL - to explore their ability to be confined and remediated.

ResultsWe simulate releases of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses, in Yorkeys Knob, a suburb of Cairns, Australia, where previous biological control interventions have been undertaken on this species. We monitor spread to the neighboring suburb of Trinity Park to assess confinement. Results suggest that translocations could be introduced on a suburban scale, and remediated through releases of non-disease-transmitting male mosquitoes with release sizes on the scale of what has been previously implemented. UDMEL requires fewer releases to introduce, but more releases to remediate, including of females capable of disease transmission. Both systems are expected to be confineable to the release site; however, spillover of translocations into neighboring populations is less likely.

ConclusionsOur analysis supports the use of translocations as a threshold-dependent drive system capable of spreading disease-refractory genes into Ae. aegypti populations in a confineable and reversible manner. It also highlights increased release requirements when incorporating life history and population structure into models. As the technology nears implementation, further ecological work will be essential to enhance model predictions in preparation for field trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2’, 3’, 4’-trihydroxychalcone is an Estrogen Receptor Ligand Which Modulates the Activity of 17β-estradiol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) reduces the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, obesity and diabetes, but long-term MHT increases risk of other diseases. Safe long-term MHT that exploits its benefits and abrogates its adverse effects requires a new approach. Here we demonstrate that 2, 3, 4-trihydroxychalcone (CC7) acts as an estrogen receptor alpha (ER) ligand that may improve the safety profile of MHT. CC7 reprograms the actions of estradiol (E2) to regulate unique genes in bone-derived U2OS cells, with 824/1358 genes not regulated by E2. The proliferative action of E2 on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and mouse uterus is blocked when combined with CC7. Thermostability and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggest that CC7 binds concurrently with E2 in the ER ligand binding pocket to produce a unique coliganded conformation to modulate ER. Compounds such as CC7 that act as coligands represent a new class of ER reprograming drugs that potentially can be combined with existing estrogens to produce a safer MHT regimen for long-term therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2’, 3’, 4’-trihydroxychalcone is an Estrogen Receptor Ligand Which Modulates the Activity of 17β-estradiol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic response of the cell to osmotic changes is critical to its physiology and has been widely exploited for cell manipulation. Using 3D-STORM super-resolution microscopy, here we examine the hypotonic stress-induced ultrastructural changes of the cytoskeleton of a common fibroblast cell type. Unexpectedly, we observe a fast, yet reversible dissolution of the vimentin intermediate filament system that precedes ultrastructural changes of the supposedly more dynamic actin and tubulin cytoskeletal systems, as well as changes in cell morphology. In combination with calcium imaging and biochemical analysis, we next show that the vimentin-specific fast cytoskeletal degradation under hypotonic stress is due to proteolysis by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. We find the process to be activated by the hypotonic stress-induced calcium release from intracellular stores, and so is efficiently suppressed by inhibiting any part of the IP3-Ca2+-calpain pathway we establish. Together, our findings highlight an unexpected, fast degradation mechanism for the vimentin cytoskeleton in response to the external stimuli, and point to the significant, yet previously overlooked physiological impacts of hypotonic stress-induced intracellular calcium release on cell ultrastructure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking of alignment-free sequence comparison methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alignment-free (AF) sequence comparison is attracting persistent interest driven by data-intensive applications. Hence, many AF procedures have been proposed in recent years, but a lack of a clearly defined benchmarking consensus hampers their performance assessment. Here, we present a community resource (http://afproject.org) to establish standards for comparing alignment-free approaches across different areas of sequence-based research. We characterize 74 AF methods available in 24 software tools for five research applications, namely, protein sequence classification, gene tree inference, regulatory element detection, genome-based phylogenetic inference and reconstruction of species trees under horizontal gene transfer and recombination events. The interactive web service allows researchers to explore the performance of alignment-free tools relevant to their data types and analytical goals. It also allows method developers to assess their own algorithms and compare them with current state-of-the-art tools, accelerating the development of new, more accurate AF solutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zielezinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leimeister, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dencker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenstern, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlowski, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking of alignment-free sequence comparison methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Niche differentiation is spatially and temporally regulated in the rhizosphere 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhizosphere is a hotspot for microbial C transformations, and the origin of root polysaccharides and polymeric carbohydrates that are important precursors to soil organic matter. However, the ecological mechanisms that underpin rhizosphere carbohydrate depolymerization are poorly understood. Using Avena fatua, a common annual grass, we analyzed time-resolved metatranscriptomes to compare microbial function in rhizosphere, detritusphere, and combined rhizosphere-detritusphere habitats. Population transcripts were binned with a unique reference database generated from soil isolate and single amplified genomes, metagenomes, and stable isotope probing metagenomes. While soil habitat significantly affected both community composition and overall gene expression, succession of microbial functions occurred at a faster time scale than compositional changes. Using hierarchical clustering of upregulated decomposition gene expression, we identified four distinct microbial guilds populated by taxa whose functional succession patterns suggest specialization for substrates provided by fresh growing roots, decaying root detritus, the combination of live and decaying root biomass, or aging root material. Carbohydrate depolymerization genes were consistently upregulated in the rhizosphere, and both taxonomic and functional diversity were high in the combined rhizosphere-detritusphere--suggesting coexistence of rhizosphere guilds is facilitated by niche differentiation. Metatranscriptome-defined guilds provide a framework to model rhizosphere succession and its consequences for soil carbon cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Niche differentiation is spatially and temporally regulated in the rhizosphere]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a variety of vesicles secreted into the extracellular space. EVs have been implicated in promoting tumor metastasis, but the molecular composition of tumor-derived EV sub-types and the mechanisms by which molecules are sorted into EVs remain mostly unknown. We report the separation of two EV sub-populations from a metastatic breast cancer cell line, with biochemical features consistent with different sub-cellular origins. These EV sub-types use different mechanisms of miRNA sorting (selective and non-selective), suggesting that sorting occurs via fundamentally distinct processes, possibly dependent on EV origin. Using biochemical and genetic tools, we identified the Lupus La protein as mediating sorting of some selectively packaged miRNAs. We found that two motifs embedded in miR-122 are responsible for high-affinity binding to Lupus La and sorting into vesicles formed in a cell-free reaction. Thus, tumor cells can simultaneously deploy multiple EV species using distinct sorting mechanisms that may enable diverse functions in normal and cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurtleff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottingham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadadu, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambowitz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrode arrays for chronic implantation in the brain are a critical technology in both neuroscience and medicine. Recently, flexible, thin-film polymer electrode arrays have shown promise in facilitating stable, single-unit recordings spanning months in rats. While array flexibility enhances integration with neural tissue, it also requires removal of the dura mater, the tough membrane surrounding the brain, and temporary bracing to penetrate the brain parenchyma. Durotomy increases brain swelling, vascular damage, and surgical time. Insertion using a bracing shuttle results in additional vascular damage and brain compression, which increase with device diameter; while a higher-diameter shuttle will have a higher critical load and more likely penetrate dura, it will damage more brain parenchyma and vasculature. One way to penetrate the intact dura and limit tissue compression without increasing shuttle diameter is to reduce the force required for insertion by sharpening the shuttle tip. We describe a novel design and fabrication process to create silicon insertion shuttles that are sharp in three dimensions and can penetrate rat dura, for faster, easier, and less damaging implantation of polymer arrays. Sharpened profiles are obtained by reflowing patterned photoresist, then transferring its sloped profile to silicon with dry etches. We demonstrate that sharpened shuttles can reliably implant polymer probes through dura to yield high quality single unit and local field potential recordings for at least 95 days. On insertion directly through dura, tissue compression is minimal. This is the first demonstration of a rat dural-penetrating array for chronic recording. This device obviates the need for a durotomy, reducing surgical time and risk of damage to the blood-brain barrier. This is an improvement to state-of-the-art flexible polymer electrode arrays that facilitates their implantation, particularly in multi-site recording experiments. This sharpening process can also be integrated into silicon electrode array fabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pebbles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorita, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolosa, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geaghan-Breiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roumis, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA transcribed from heterochromatic simple-tandem repeats are required for male fertility and histone-protamine exchange in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long arrays of simple, tandemly repeated DNA sequences (known as satellites) are enriched in centromeres1 and pericentromeric regions2, and contribute to chromosome segregation and other heterochromatin functions3,4. Surprisingly, satellite DNAs are expressed in many multicellular eukaryotes, and their aberrant transcription may contribute to carcinogenesis and cellular toxicity5-7. Satellite transcription and/or RNAs may also promote centromere and heterochromatin activities 8-12. However, we lack direct evidence that satellite DNA transcripts are required for normal cell or organismal functions. Here, we show that satellite RNAs derived from AAGAG tandem repeats are transcribed in many cell types throughout Drosophila melanogaster development, enriched in neuronal tissues and testes, localized within heterochromatic regions, and important for viability. Strikingly, we find that AAGAG transcripts are necessary for male fertility and are specifically required for normal histone-protamine exchange and sperm chromatin organization. Since AAGAG RNA-dependent events happen late in spermatogenesis when the transcripts are not detected, we speculate that AAGAG RNA functions in primary spermatocytes to  prime post-meiosis steps in sperm maturation. In addition to demonstrating specific essential functions for AAGAG RNAs, comparisons between closely related Drosophila species suggest that satellite repeats and their transcription evolve quickly to generate new functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochendoerfer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunleavy, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA transcribed from heterochromatic simple-tandem repeats are required for male fertility and histone-protamine exchange in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect herbivory is pervasive in plant communities, but its impact on microbial plant colonizers is not well-studied in natural systems. By calibrating sequencing-based bacterial detection to absolute bacterial load, we find that the within-host abundance of most leaf microbiome (phyllosphere) taxa colonizing a native forb is amplified within leaves impacted by insect herbivory. Herbivore-associated bacterial amplification reflects community-wide compositional shifts towards lower ecological diversity, but the extent and direction of such compositional shifts can be interpreted only by quantifying absolute abundance. Experimentally eliciting anti-herbivore defenses reshaped within-host fitness ranks among Pseudomonas spp. field isolates and amplified a subset of putative P. syringae phytopathogens in a manner causally consistent with observed field-scale patterns. Herbivore damage was inversely correlated with plant reproductive success and was highly clustered across plants, which predicts tight co-clustering with putative phytopathogens across hosts. Insect herbivory may thus drive the epidemiology of plant-infecting bacteria as well as the structure of a native plant microbiome by generating variation in within-host bacterial fitness at multiple phylogenetic and spatial scales. This study emphasizes that "non-focal" biotic interactions between hosts and other organisms in their ecological settings can be crucial drivers of the population and community dynamics of host-associated microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neurocognitive systems contribute simultaneously to learning. For example, dopamine and basal ganglia (BG) systems are thought to support reinforcement learning (RL) by incrementally updating the value of choices, while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes different computations, such as actively maintaining precise information in working memory (WM). It is commonly thought that WM and PFC show more protracted development than RL and BG systems, yet their contributions are rarely assessed in tandem. Here, we used a simple learning task to test how RL and WM contribute to changes in learning across adolescence. We tested 187 subjects ages 8 to 17 and 53 adults (25-30). Participants learned stimulus-action associations from feedback; the learning load was varied to be within or exceed WM capacity. Participants age 8-12 learned slower than participants age 13-17, and were more sensitive to load. We used computational modeling to estimate subjects use of WM and RL processes. Surprisingly, we found more robust changes in RL than WM during development. RL learning rate increased significantly with age across adolescence and WM parameters showed more subtle changes, many of them early in adolescence. These results underscore the importance of changes in RL processes for the developmental science of learning.nnHighlights- Subjects combine reinforcement learning (RL) and working memory (WM) to learnn- Computational modeling shows RL learning rates grew with age during adolescencen- When load was beyond WM capacity, weaker RL compensated less in younger adolescentsn- WM parameters showed subtler and more puberty-related changesn- WM reliance, maintenance, and capacity had separable developmental trajectoriesn- Underscores importance of RL processes in developmental changes in learning
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Master, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlieb, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory-based differential expression analysis for single-cell sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trajectory inference has radically enhanced single-cell RNA-seq research by enabling the study of dynamic changes in gene expression levels during biological processes such as the cell cycle, cell type differentiation, and cellular activation. Downstream of trajectory inference, it is vital to discover genes that are associated with the lineages in the trajectory to illuminate the underlying biological processes. Furthermore, genes that are differentially expressed between developmental/activational lineages might be highly relevant to further unravel the system under study. Current data analysis procedures, however, typically cluster cells and assess differential expression between the clusters, which fails to exploit the continuous resolution provided by trajectory inference to its full potential. The few available non-cluster-based methods only assess broad differences in gene expression between lineages, hence failing to pinpoint the exact types of divergence. We introduce a powerful generalized additive model framework based on the negative binomial distribution that allows flexible inference of (i) within-lineage differential expression by detecting associations between gene expression and pseudotime over an entire lineage or by comparing gene expression between points/regions within the lineage and (ii) between-lineage differential expression by comparing gene expression between lineages over the entire lineages or at specific points/regions. By incorporating observation-level weights, the model additionally allows to account for zero inflation, commonly observed in single-cell RNA-seq data from full-length protocols. We evaluate the method on simulated and real datasets from droplet-based and full-length protocols, and show that the flexible inference framework is capable of yielding biological insights through a clear interpretation of the data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux de Bezieux, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannoodt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeys, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory-based differential expression analysis for single-cell sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin-1 and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are microtubule (MT) motors that transport intracellular cargos. It remains unclear how these motors move along MTs densely coated with obstacles of various sizes in the cytoplasm. Here, we tested the ability of single and multiple motors to bypass synthetic obstacles on MTs in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, we found that mammalian dynein is highly capable of bypassing obstacles. Unlike dynein, single kinesin motors stall in the presence of obstacles, consistent with their inability to take sideways steps to neighboring protofilaments. Kinesins overcome this limitation when working in teams, bypassing obstacles as effectively as multiple dyneins. Cargos driven by multiple kinesin or dyneins are also capable of rotating around the MT to bypass large obstacles. These results suggest that multiplicity of motors is required not only for transporting cargos over long distances and generating higher forces, but also for maneuvering of the cargos on obstacle-coated MT surfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferro, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshenawy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin-1 and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for phagocytosis in inducing cell death during thymocyte negative selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoreactive thymocytes are eliminated during negative selection in the thymus, a process important for establishing self-tolerance. Thymic phagocytes serve to remove dead thymocytes, but whether they play additional roles during negative selection remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis promotes negative selection, and that negative selection is more efficient when the phagocyte also presents the negative selecting peptide. Our findings support a two-step model for negative selection in which thymocytes initiate the death process following strong TCR signaling, but ultimately depend upon phagocytosis for their timely death. Thus, the phagocytic capability of cells that present self-peptides is a key determinant of thymocyte fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzhagalov, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for phagocytosis in inducing cell death during thymocyte negative selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The metabolic response of Pseudomonas taiwanensis to NADH dehydrogenase deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate aerobic organisms rely on a functional electron transport chain for energy generation and NADH oxidation. Because of this essential requirement, the genes of this pathway are likely constitutively and highly expressed to avoid a cofactor imbalance and energy shortage under fluctuating environmental conditions.nnWe here investigated the essentiality of the three NADH dehydrogenases of the respiratory chain of the obligate aerobe Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 and the impact of the knockouts of corresponding genes on its physiology and metabolism. While a mutant lacking all three NADH dehydrogenases seemed to be nonviable, the generated single or double knockout strains displayed none or only a marginal phenotype. Only the mutant deficient in both type 2 dehydrogenases showed a clear phenotype with biphasic growth behavior and strongly reduced growth rate in the second phase. In-depth analyses of the metabolism of the generated mutants including quantitative physiological experiments, transcript analysis, proteomics and enzyme activity assays revealed distinct responses to type II and type I dehydrogenase deletions. An overall high metabolic flexibility enables P. taiwanensis to cope with the introduced genetic perturbations and maintain stable phenotypes by rerouting of metabolic fluxes.nnThis metabolic adaptability has implications for biotechnological applications. While the phenotypic robustness is favorable in large-scale applications with inhomogeneous conditions, versatile redirecting of carbon fluxes upon genetic interventions can frustrate metabolic engineering efforts.nnImportanceWhile Pseudomonas has the capability for high metabolic activity and the provision of reduced redox cofactors important for biocatalytic applications, exploitation of this characteristic might be hindered by high, constitutive activity of and consequently competition with the NADH dehydrogenases of the respiratory chain. The in-depth analysis of NADH dehydrogenase mutants of Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 presented here, provides insight into the phenotypic and metabolic response of this strain to these redox metabolism perturbations. The observed great metabolic flexibility needs to be taken into account for rational engineering of this promising biotechnological workhorse towards a host with controlled and efficient supply of redox cofactors for product synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nies, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wordofa, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Büchs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The metabolic response of Pseudomonas taiwanensis to NADH dehydrogenase deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Electrophysiological Marker of Arousal Level in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) - also called slow wave sleep (SWS) - and general anesthesia are prominent states of reduced arousal linked to the occurrence of slow oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, however, is also associated with a diminished arousal level, but is characterized by a desynchronized,  wake-like EEG. This observation challenges the notion of oscillations as the main physiological mediator of reduced arousal. Using intracranial and surface EEG recordings in four independent data sets, we establish the 1/f spectral slope as an electrophysiological marker that accurately delineates wakefulness from anesthesia, SWS and REM sleep. The spectral slope reflects the non-oscillatory, scale-free measure of neural activity and has been proposed to index the local balance between excitation and inhibition. Taken together, these findings reconcile the long-standing paradox of reduced arousal in both REM and NREM sleep and provide a common unifying physiological principle -- a shift in local Excitation/ Inhibition balance -- to explain states of reduced arousal such as sleep and anesthesia in humans.nnSignificance StatementThe clinical assessment of arousal levels in humans depends on subjective measures such as responsiveness to verbal commands. While non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and general anesthesia share some electrophysiological markers, rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is characterized by a  wake-like electroencephalogram. Here, we demonstrate that non-oscillatory, scale-free electrical brain activity -- recorded from both scalp electroencephalogram and intracranial recordings in humans -- reliably tracks arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol. Our findings suggest that non-oscillatory brain activity can be used effectively to monitor vigilance states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lendner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mander, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romundstad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Electrophysiological Marker of Arousal Level in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas syringae Increases Water Availability in Leaf Microenvironments via Production of Hygroscopic Syringafactin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epiphytic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a produces the biosurfactant syringafactin which is hygroscopic. The water absorbing potential of syringafactin is high. At high relative humidities, syringafactin attracts 250% of its weight in water but is less hygroscopic at lower relative humidities. This suggests that syringafactins benefit to the producing cells is strongly context-dependent. The contribution of syringafactin to the water availability around cells on different matrices was assessed by examining water availability biosensor strains that express gfp via the water-stress activated proU promoter. Wild-type cells exhibited significantly less GFP fluorescence than a syringafactin-deficient strain, on humid but dry filters as well as on leaf surfaces indicating higher water availability. When infiltrated into the leaf apoplast, wild-type cells also subsequently exhibited less GFP fluorescence than a syringafactin-deficient strain. These results suggest that the apoplast is a dry, but humid environment and that, just as on dry but humid leaf surfaces, syringafactin increases liquid water availability and reduces the water stress experienced by P. syringae.nnIMPORTANCEMany microorganisms, including the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, produce amphiphilic compounds known as biosurfactants. While biosurfactants are known to disperse hydrophobic compounds and reduce water tension, they have other properties that can benefit the cells that produce them. Leaf colonizing bacteria experience frequent water stress since liquid water is only transiently present on or in leaf sites that they colonize. The demonstration that syringafactin, a biosurfactant produced by P. syringae, is sufficiently hygroscopic to increase water availability to cells, thus relieving water stress, reveals that P. syringae can modify its local habitat both on leaf surfaces and in the leaf apoplast. Such habitat modification may be a common role for biosurfactants produced by other bacterial species that colonize habitats that are not always water saturated such as soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas syringae Increases Water Availability in Leaf Microenvironments via Production of Hygroscopic Syringafactin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of multi-parallel qPCR and Kato-Katz for detection of soil-transmitted helminth infection among children in rural Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An active area of research investigates whether soil-transmitted helminths (STH) can be locally eliminated in endemic settings. In such settings, highly sensitive diagnostics are needed to detect STH infection. We compared double-slide Kato-Katz, the most commonly used copromicroscopic detection method, to multi-parallel quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 2,800 stool samples from children 2-12 years in rural Bangladesh. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic using Bayesian latent class analysis. Compared to Kato-Katz, STH prevalence using qPCR was almost 3-fold higher for hookworm species and nearly 2-fold higher for Trichuris trichiura. Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was lower using qPCR, and 26% of samples classified as A. lumbricoides positive by Kato-Katz were negative by qPCR. Amplicon sequencing of the 18S rDNA from 10 samples confirmed that A. lumbricoides was absent in samples classified as positive by Kato-Katz and negative by qPCR. The sensitivity of Kato-Katz was 49% for A. lumbricoides, 32% for hookworm, and 52% for T. trichiura; the sensitivity of qPCR was 79% for A. lumbricoides, 93% for hookworm, and 90% for T. trichiura. Specificity was [&ge;] 97% for both tests for all STH except for Kato-Katz for A. lumbricoides (specificity = 68%). There were moderate negative, monotonic correlations between qPCR cycle quantification values and eggs per gram quantified by Kato-Katz. While it is widely assumed that Kato-Katz has few false positives, our results indicate otherwise. Our findings suggest that qPCR is more appropriate than Kato-Katz in low intensity infection settings because of its higher sensitivity and specificity.nnAuthor summarySoil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) (e.g., Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris) contribute to a large burden of disease among children in low- and middle-income countries. There is increasing interest in implementing large-scale deworming programs to eliminate STH in certain settings. Efforts to monitor whether local elimination has occurred require sensitive diagnostic tests that will not miss positive cases. Kato-Katz, a microscopy-based diagnostic test, has commonly been used to identify STH eggs in stool, but in settings where infection intensity is low, this method frequently misses positive samples because it requires visual identification of small numbers of eggs, and eggs may degrade prior to visualization. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a molecular diagnostic method that may miss fewer infections because it identifies STH DNA in stool, which can be detected in very small quantities and is less likely to degrade. This study compared the performance of Kato-Katz and qPCR using 2,800 stool samples from children aged 2-12 years in rural Bangladesh. qPCR detected substantially more hookworm and Trichuris infections than Kato-Katz. 26% of samples were classified as Ascaris positive by Kato-Katz and negative by qPCR. We conclude that qPCR is a more appropriate diagnostic method than Kato-Katz in low infection intensity settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin-Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilotte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercumen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maasch, J. R. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ester, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of multi-parallel qPCR and Kato-Katz for detection of soil-transmitted helminth infection among children in rural Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating exposure knowledge and serum suspect screening as a new approach to biomonitoring: An application in firefighters and office workers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWomen firefighters are exposed to recognized and probable carcinogens, yet there are few studies of chemical exposures and associated health concerns, such as breast cancer. Biomonitoring often requires a priori selection of compounds to be measured, and so may not detect important, lesser known, exposures.nnObjectivesThe Women Firefighters Biomonitoring Collaborative (WFBC) created a biological sample archive and conducted a general suspect screen (GSS) to address this data gap.nnMethodsUsing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) we sought to identify candidate chemicals of interest in serum samples from 83 women firefighters (FF) and 79 office workers (OW) in San Francisco. Through the GSS approach we identified chemical peaks by matching accurate mass from serum samples against a custom chemical database of 740 slightly polar phenolic and acidic compounds, including many of relevance to firefighting or breast cancer etiology. We then selected chemicals for confirmation based on a priori criteria: 1) detection frequency or peak area differences between OW and FF; 2) evidence of mammary carcinogenicity, estrogenicity, or genotoxicity; and 3) not currently measured in large biomonitoring studies.nnResultsWe detected 620 chemicals that matched 300 molecular formulas in the WFBC database, including phthalate metabolites, phosphate flame retardant metabolites, phenols, pesticides, nitro-and nitroso-compounds, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The average number of chemicals from the database that were detected in participants was 72 and 70 in FF and OW, respectively. We confirmed 8 of the 20 prioritized suspect chemicals -including two alkylphenols, ethyl paraben, BPF, PFOSAA, benzophenone-3, benzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and triphenyl phosphate--by running a matrix spike of the reference standards and using m/z, retention time and the confirmation of at least two fragment ions as criteria for matching.nnConclusionGSS provides a powerful high-throughput approach to identify and prioritize novel chemicals for biomonitoring and health studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grashow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessonneau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerona, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowbridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morello-Frosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating exposure knowledge and serum suspect screening as a new approach to biomonitoring: An application in firefighters and office workers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operations Research Methods for Estimating the Population Size of Neuron Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain computation requires assembling a complete catalog of its architectural components. Although the brain is organized into several anatomical and functional regions, it is ultimately the neurons in every region that are responsible for cognition and behavior. Thus, classifying neuron types through-out the brain and quantifying the population sizes of distinct classes in different regions is a key subject of research in the neuroscience community. Although the total number of neurons in the brain has been estimated for multiple species, the definition and population size of each neuron type are still open questions even in common model organisms: the so called cell census problem. We propose a methodology that uses operations research principles to estimate the number of neurons in each type based on available information on their distinguishing properties. Thus, assuming a set of neuron type definitions, we provide a solution to the issue of assessing their relative proportions. Specifically, we present a three-step approach that includes literature search, equation generation, and numerical optimization. Solving numerically the set of equations generated by literature mining yields best estimates or most likely ranges for the number of neurons in each type. While this strategy can be applied to any neural system, we illustrate its usage on the rodent hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Attili, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackesey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operations Research Methods for Estimating the Population Size of Neuron Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrocorticographic dissociation of alpha and beta rhythmic activity in the human sensorimotor system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study uses electrocorticography in humans to assess how alpha- and beta-band rhythms modulate excitability of the sensorimotor cortex during movement selection, as indexed through a psychophysically-controlled movement imagery task. Both rhythms displayed effector-specific modulations, tracked spectral markers of action potentials in the local neuronal population, and showed spatially systematic phase relationships (traveling waves). Yet, alpha- and beta-band rhythms differed in their anatomical and functional properties, were weakly correlated, and traveled along opposite directions across the sensorimotor cortex. Increased alpha-band power in the somatosensory cortex ipsilateral to the selected arm was associated with spatially-unspecific inhibition. Decreased beta-band power over contralateral motor cortex was associated with a focal shift from relative inhibition to excitation. These observations indicate the relevance of both inhibition and disinhibition mechanisms for precise spatiotemporal coordination of neuronal populations during movement selection. Those mechanisms are implemented through the substantially different neurophysiological properties of sensorimotor alpha- and beta-band rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vansteensel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarnoutse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leijten, F. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkerman, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrocorticographic dissociation of alpha and beta rhythmic activity in the human sensorimotor system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cofactor selectivity in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a model cobamide-dependent enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobamides, a uniquely diverse family of enzyme cofactors related to vitamin B12, are produced exclusively by bacteria and archaea but used in all domains of life. While it is widely accepted that cobamide-dependent organisms require specific cobamides for their metabolism, the biochemical mechanisms that make cobamides functionally distinct are largely unknown. Here, we examine the effects of cobamide structural variation on a model cobamide-dependent enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). The in vitro binding affinity of MCM for cobamides can be dramatically influenced by small changes in the structure of the lower ligand of the cobamide, and binding selectivity differs between bacterial orthologs of MCM. In contrast, variations in the lower ligand have minor effects on MCM catalysis. Bacterial growth assays demonstrate that cobamide requirements of MCM in vitro largely correlate with in vivo cobamide dependence. This result underscores the importance of enzyme selectivity in the cobamide-dependent physiology of bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolovskaya, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quanstrom, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cofactor selectivity in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a model cobamide-dependent enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas syringae genes required for competitive fitness during colonization of the leaf surface and apoplast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foliar plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae can establish large epiphytic populations on leaf surfaces before infection. However, the bacterial genes that contribute to these lifestyles have not been completely defined. The fitness contributions of most genes in P. syringae pv. syringae B728a were determined by genome-wide fitness profiling with a randomly barcoded transposon mutant library that was grown on the leaf surface and in the apoplast of the susceptible plant Phaseolus vulgaris. Genes within the functional categories of amino acid and polysaccharide (including alginate) biosynthesis contributed most to fitness both on the leaf surface (epiphytic) or in the leaf interior (apoplast), while genes in the type III secretion system and syringomycin synthesis were primarily important in the apoplast. Numerous other genes that had not been previously associated with in planta growth were also required for maximum epiphytic or apoplastic fitness. Many hypothetical proteins and uncategorized glycosyltransferases were also required for maximum competitive fitness in and on leaves. For most genes, no relationship was seen between fitness in planta and either the magnitude of their expression in planta or degree of induction in planta compared to in vitro conditions measured in other studies. A lack of association of gene expression and fitness has important implications for the interpretation of transcriptional information and our broad understanding of plant-microbe interactions.nnSignificance StatementMany plant pathogenic bacteria can extensively colonize leaf surfaces before entry and multiplication within the leaf to cause disease. While these habitats presumably require distinct adaptations, the genes required in these habitats and how they would differ was unknown. Using a genome-wide library of barcoded insertional mutants in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, we ascertained the common and unique genes required to colonize these habitats. A lack of association between gene expression and contribution to fitness suggests that many genes that are highly expressed or induced in planta are dispensable or redundant. As a model bacterium for plant pathogenesis and colonization, our comprehensive genetic dataset allows us to better understand the traits needed for association with leaves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification of Pseudomonas syringae genes required for competitive fitness during colonization of the leaf surface and apoplast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin folding below the scale of topologically associating domains (TADs) remains largely unexplored in mammals. Here, we used a high-resolution 3C-based method, Micro-C, to probe links between 3D-genome organization and transcriptional regulation in mouse stem cells. Combinatorial binding of transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin modifiers spatially segregate TAD regions into "microTADs" with distinct regulatory features. Enhancer-promoter and promoter-promoter interactions extending from the edge of these domains predominantly link co-regulated loci, often independently of CTCF/Cohesin. Acute inhibition of transcription disrupts the gene-related folding features without altering higher-order chromatin structures. Intriguingly, we detect "two-start" zig-zag 30-nanometer chromatin fibers. Our work uncovers the finer-scale genome organization that establishes novel functional links between chromatin folding and gene regulation.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYTranscriptional regulatory elements shape 3D genome architecture of microTADs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for tetherin antagonism as a barrier to zoonotic lentiviral transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetherin is a host defense that physically prevents escape of virions from the plasma membrane. Human tetherin lacks the motif DIWK antagonized by SIV, the antecedent of HIV. Here, we reconstituted the AP-2 clathrin adaptor complex with a simian tetherin and SIV Nef and determined its structure by cryo-EM. Nef refolds the first -helix of the {beta}2 subunit of AP-2 to a {beta} hairpin, creating a binding site for the DIWK sequence. The tetherin binding site in Nef is distinct from those of MHC-I, CD3, and CD4, but overlaps the site for SERINC5 restricting viral infectivity. The structure explains the dependence of SIVs on the host tetherin DIWK sequence and the consequent barrier to human transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heusinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmiec, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for tetherin antagonism as a barrier to zoonotic lentiviral transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a developmental period that is associated with physical, cognitive, and affective maturation and a time when sex biases in multiple psychiatric diseases emerge. While puberty onset marks the initiation of adolescence, it is unclear whether the pubertal rise in gonadal hormones generates sex differences in approach-avoidance behaviors that may impact psychiatric vulnerability. To examine the influence of peripubertal gonadal hormone exposure on adult behavior, we removed the gonads or performed sham surgery in male and female mice just prior to puberty onset and assessed performance in an odor-guided foraging task and anxiety-related behaviors in adulthood. We observed no significant sex differences in foraging or anxiety-related behaviors between intact adult male and female mice but found significant differences between adult male and female mice that had been gonadectomized (GDX) prior to puberty. GDX males failed to acquire the odor-guided foraging task, showed reduced locomotion, and exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, while GDX females showed the opposite pattern of behavior. These data suggest that similar approach-avoidance phenotypes are achieved in male and female mice via different mechanisms mediated by the sex-specific hormonal milieus during pubertal maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prepubertal gonadectomy reveals sex differences in approach-avoidance behavior in adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) are bacteriophage satellites found in Vibrio cholerae. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, excising from the bacterial chromosome, replicating, and mobilizing to new host cells following cell lysis. PLEs protect their host cell populations by completely restricting the production of ICP1 progeny. Previously, it was found that ICP1 replication was reduced during PLE(+) infection. Despite robustly replicating its genome, PLE produces relatively few transducing units, leading us to investigate if PLE DNA replication itself is antagonistic to ICP1 replication. Here we identify key constituents of PLE replication and assess their role in interference of ICP1. PLE encodes a RepA_N initiation factor that is sufficient to drive replication from the PLE origin of replication during ICP1 infection. In contrast to previously characterized bacteriophage satellites, expression of the PLE initiation factor was not sufficient for PLE replication in the absence of phage. Replication of PLE was necessary for interference of ICP1 DNA replication, but replication of a minimalized PLE replicon was not sufficient for ICP1 DNA replication interference. Despite restoration of ICP1 DNA replication, non-replicating PLE remained broadly inhibitory against ICP1. These results suggest that PLE DNA replication is one of multiple mechanisms contributing to ICP1 restriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes represent mechanical and energetic barriers that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) must overcome during transcription. A high-resolution description of the barrier topography, its modulation by epigenetic modifications, and their effects on Pol II nucleosome crossing dynamics, is still missing. Here, we obtain topographic and transcriptional (Pol II residence time) maps of canonical, H2A.Z, and monoubiquitinated H2B (uH2B) nucleosomes at near base-pair resolution and accuracy. Pol II crossing dynamics are complex, displaying pauses at specific loci, backtracking, and nucleosome hopping between wrapped states. While H2A.Z widens the barrier, uH2B heightens it, and both modifications greatly lengthen Pol II crossing time. Using the dwell times of Pol II at each nucleosomal position we extract the energetics of the barrier. The orthogonal barrier modifications of H2A.Z and uH2B, and their effects on Pol II dynamics rationalize their observed enrichment in +1 nucleosomes and suggest a mechanism for selective control of gene expression.nnHighlightsO_LIA single-molecule unzipping assay mimics DNA unwinding by Pol II and maps the topography of human canonical, H2A.Z and uH2B nucleosome barriers at high resolutionnC_LIO_LIReal-time dynamics and full molecular trajectories of Pol II crossing the nucleosomal barrier reveal the transcriptional landscape of the barrier at high accuracynC_LIO_LIH2A.Z enhances the width and uH2B the height of the barriernC_LIO_LIA unified mechanical model links position-dependent dwell times of Pol II on the nucleosome with energetics of the barriernC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of exogenous molecules into live cells is essential for both biological research and therapeutic applications. In particular, for the emerging field of super-resolution microscopy of live mammalian cells, reliable fluorescent labeling of intracellular targets remains a challenge. Here, utilizing the unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene, a single layer of bonded carbon atoms, we report a facile approach that enables both high-throughput delivery of fluorescent probes into adherent live cells and in situ super-resolution microscopy on the same device. [~]90% delivery efficiencies are achieved for free dyes and dye-tagged affinity probes, short peptides, and whole antibodies, thus enabling high-quality super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate excellent spatiotemporal controls, which, in combination with the ready patternablity of graphene, allow for the spatially selective delivery of two different probes for cells at different locations on the same substrate. We thus open up a new pathway to the microscopic manipulation and visualization of live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longstanding questions relate to the existence of naturally distinct bacterial species and genetic approaches to distinguish them. Bacterial genomes in public databases form distinct groups, but these databases are subject to isolation and deposition biases. We compared 5,203 bacterial genomes from 1,457 environmental metagenomic samples to test for distinct clouds of diversity, and evaluated metrics that could be used to define the species boundary. Bacterial genomes from the human gut, soil, and the ocean all exhibited gaps in whole-genome average nucleotide identities (ANI) near the previously suggested species threshold of 95% ANI. While genome-wide ratios of non-synonymous and synonymous nucleotide differences (dN/dS) decrease until ANI values approach [~]98%, estimates for homologous recombination approached zero at [~]95% ANI, supporting breakdown of recombination due to sequence divergence as a species-forming force. We evaluated 107 genome-based metrics for their ability to distinguish species when full genomes are not recovered. Full length 16S rRNA genes were least useful because they were under-recovered from metagenomes, but many ribosomal proteins displayed both high metagenomic recoverability and species-discrimination power. Taken together, our results verify the existence of sequence-discrete microbial species in metagenome-derived genomes and highlight the usefulness of ribosomal genes for gene-level species discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological and genomic attributes of novel bacterial taxa that thrive in subsurface soil horizons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most bacterial and archaeal taxa living in surface soils remain undescribed, this problem is exacerbated in deeper soils owing to the unique oligotrophic conditions found in the subsurface. Additionally, previous studies of soil microbiomes have focused almost exclusively on surface soils, even though the microbes living in deeper soils also play critical roles in a wide range of biogeochemical processes. We examined soils collected from 20 distinct profiles across the U.S. to characterize the bacterial and archaeal communities that live in subsurface soils and to determine whether there are consistent changes in soil microbial communities with depth across a wide range of soil and environmental conditions. We found that bacterial and archaeal diversity generally decreased with depth, as did the degree of similarity of microbial communities to those found in surface horizons. We observed five phyla that consistently increased in relative abundance with depth across our soil profiles: Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Euryarchaeota, and candidate phyla GAL15 and Dormibacteraeota (formerly AD3). Leveraging the unusually high abundance of Dormibacteraeota at depth, we assembled genomes representative of this candidate phylum and identified traits that are likely to be beneficial in low nutrient environments, including the synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, the potential to use carbon monoxide (CO) as a supplemental energy source, and the ability to form spores. Together these attributes likely allow members of the candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota to flourish in deeper soils and provide insight into the survival and growth strategies employed by the microbes that thrive in oligotrophic soil environments.nnImportanceSoil profiles are rarely homogeneous. Resource availability and microbial abundances typically decrease with soil depth, but microbes found in deeper horizons are still important components of terrestrial ecosystems. By studying 20 soil profiles across the U.S., we documented consistent changes in soil bacterial and archaeal communities with depth. Deeper soils harbored distinct communities compared to the more commonly studied surface horizons. Most notably, we found that the candidate phylum Dormibacteraeota (formerly AD3) was often dominant in subsurface soils, and we used genomes from uncultivated members of this group to identify why these taxa are able to thrive in such resource-limited environments. Simply digging deeper into soil can reveal a surprising amount of novel microbes with unique adaptations to oligotrophic subsurface conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brewer, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arogyaswamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botthoff, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dove, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallery, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohse, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorga, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Packman, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological and genomic attributes of novel bacterial taxa that thrive in subsurface soil horizons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global outbreaks and epidemics caused by emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne viruses are becoming more common. These viruses belong to multiple genera including Flavivirus and Alphavirus and often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after the acute phase due to cross-reactivity among viruses (e.g. flaviviruses). In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. The unprocessed array data can be useful in separate meta-analyses that can be applicable to diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Viedma, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CAFA challenge reports improved protein function prediction and new functional annotations for hundreds of genes through experimental screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function. Here we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aureginosa genomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility (P. aureginosa only). We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory. We conclude that, while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicans and D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. We finally report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bioontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergquist, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacsoh, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georghiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Critical Assessment of Function Annotation,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CAFA challenge reports improved protein function prediction and new functional annotations for hundreds of genes through experimental screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic itch remains a highly prevalent disorder with limited treatment options. Most chronic itch diseases are thought to be driven by both the nervous and immune systems, but the fundamental molecular and cellular interactions that trigger the development of itch and the acute-to-chronic itch transition remain unknown. Here, we show that skin-infiltrating neutrophils are key initiators of itch in atopic dermatitis, the most prevalent chronic itch disorder. Neutrophil depletion significantly attenuated itch-evoked scratching in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Neutrophils were also required for several key hallmarks of chronic itch, including skin hyperinnervation, enhanced expression of itch signaling molecules, and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, activity-induced genes, and markers of neuropathic itch. Finally, we demonstrate that neutrophils are required for induction of CXCL10, a ligand of the CXCR3 receptor that promotes itch via activation of sensory neurons, and we find that that CXCR3 antagonism attenuates chronic itch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwendinger-Schreck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucirek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmenting biologging with supervised machine learning to study in situ behavior of the medusa Chrysaora fuscescens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zooplankton occupy critical roles in marine ecosystems, yet their fine-scale behavior remains poorly understood due to the difficulty of studying individuals in situ. Here we combine biologging with supervised machine learning (ML) to demonstrate a pipeline for studying in situ behavior of larger zooplankton such as jellyfish. We deployed the ITAG, a biologging package with high-resolution motion sensors designed for soft-bodied invertebrates, on 8 Chrysaora fuscescens in Monterey Bay, using the tether method for retrieval. Using simultaneous video footage of the tagged jellyfish, we develop ML methods to 1) identify periods of tag data corrupted by the tether method, which may have compromised prior research findings, and 2) classify jellyfish behaviors. Our tools yield characterizations of fine-scale jellyfish activity and orientation over long durations, and provide evidence that developing behavioral classifiers on in situ rather than laboratory data is essential.nnSummary StatementHigh-resolution motion sensors paired with supervised machine learning can be used to infer fine-scale in situ behavior of zooplankton for long durations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fannjiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katija, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmenting biologging with supervised machine learning to study in situ behavior of the medusa Chrysaora fuscescens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell contractions that generate global tissue deformations are a signature feature of animal movement and morphogenesis. Nonetheless, the ancestry of collective contractility in animals remains mysterious. While surveying the Caribbean island of Curacao for choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we isolated a previously undescribed species (here named Choanoeca flexa sp. nov.), that forms multicellular cup-shaped colonies. The colonies rapidly invert their curvature in response to changing light levels, which they detect through a rhodopsin-cGMP pathway. Inversion requires actomyosin-mediated apical contractility and allows alternation between feeding and swimming behavior. C. flexa thus rapidly converts sensory inputs directly into multicellular contractions. In this respect, it may inform reconstructions of hypothesized animal ancestors that existed before the evolution of specialized sensory and contractile cells.nnOne Sentence SummaryA newly described choanoflagellate species forms cup-shaped colonies that reversibly invert their curvature in response to light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of meiosis in Pristionchus pacificus reveals plasticity in homolog pairing and synapsis within the nematode lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/662049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiosis is conserved across eukaryotes yet varies in the details of its execution. Here we describe a new comparative model system for molecular analysis of meiosis, the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a distant relative of the widely studied model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. P. pacificus shares many anatomical and other features that facilitate analysis of meiosis in C. elegans. However, while C. elegans has lost the meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 and evolved a recombination-independent mechanism to synapse its chromosomes, P. pacificus expresses both DMC-1 and RAD-51. We find that SPO-11 and DMC-1 are required for stable homolog pairing, synapsis, and crossover formation, while RAD-51 is dispensable for these key meiotic processes. RAD-51 and DMC-1 localize sequentially to chromosomes during meiotic prophase and show nonoverlapping functions. We also present a new genetic map for P. pacificus that reveals a crossover landscape very similar to that of C. elegans, despite marked divergence in the regulation of synapsis and crossing-over between these lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rillo-Bohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adilardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avsaroglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskevitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/662049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of meiosis in Pristionchus pacificus reveals plasticity in homolog pairing and synapsis within the nematode lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to biofilm growth is genetically linked to drug tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) spontaneously grows at the air-medium interface forming pellicle biofilms, which harbor more drug tolerant persisters than planktonic cultures. The underlying basis for increased persisters in Mtb biofilms is unknown. Using a Tn-seq approach, we show here that multiple genes that are necessary for fitness of Mtb cells within biofilms, but not in planktonic cultures, are also important for their tolerance to a diverse set of stressors and antibiotics. Thus, development of Mtb biofilms appears to be associated with population enrichment, in which endogenous stresses presumably generated by challenging growth conditions within biofilm architecture select for cells that maintain tolerance to exogenous stresses including antibiotic exposure. We further observed that the intrinsic drug tolerance of constituent cells of biofilms determines the frequency of persisters: morphologically indistinguishable monoculture biofilms of a {Delta}pstC2A1 mutant hypersensitive to rifampicin harbor [~]20-fold fewer persisters than wild-type. These findings together allow us to propose that the selection of elite cells during biofilm development significantly contributes to the persister frequency. Furthermore, probing the possibility that the population enrichment is an outcome of unique environment within biofilms, we demonstrate biofilm-specific induction in the synthesis of isonitrile lipopeptides (INLP). Mutation analysis indicates that INLP is necessary for the architecture development of Mtb biofilms. In summary, the study offers an insight into persistence of Mtb biofilms under antibiotic exposure, while identifying INLP as a biomarker for further investigation of this phenomenon.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe tuberculosis (TB) pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens known to mankind, and TB treatment is inefficient. A lengthy chemotherapy for TB is attributed to a small subpopulation of Mtb bacilli exhibiting phenotypic tolerance to antibiotics. Drugs targeting these persisters are expected to shorten TB chemotherapy, but their development is dependent on in vitro growth models that reproducibly generate high frequency of persisters. Biofilms of Mtb are a suitable model for understanding the origin of persisters. Here, we provide an explanation for the elevated persister frequency in Mtb biofilms. We also identify isonitrile lipopetides as a biomarker of Mtb biofilms. These findings will facilitate further advancements of our efforts to identify and target Mtb persisters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zill, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to biofilm growth is genetically linked to drug tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization during early embryonic development are governed by dynamic, spatially and temporally varying morphogen signals. Analogous tissue patterns emerge spontaneously in embryonic stem cell (ESC) models for gastrulation, but mechanistic insight into this self-organization is limited by a lack of molecular methods to precisely control morphogen signal dynamics. Here we combine optogenetic stimulation and single-cell imaging approaches to study self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells. Precise control of morphogen signal dynamics, achieved through activation of canonical Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling over a broad high dynamic range (>500-fold) using an optoWnt optogenetic system, drove broad transcriptional changes and mesendoderm differentiation of human ESCs at high efficiency (>95% cells). Furthermore, activating Wnt signaling in subpopulations of ESCs in 2D and 3D cultures induced cell self-organization and morphogenesis reminiscent of human gastrulation, including changes in cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Our findings thus reveal an instructive role for Wnt in directing cell patterning in this ESC model for gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling for modeling early embryogenic patterning with human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quickly fading afterimages: hierarchical adaptations in human perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Afterimages result from a prolonged exposure to still visual stimuli. They are best detectable when viewed against uniform backgrounds and can persist for multiple seconds. Consequently, the dynamics of afterimages appears to be slow by their very nature. To the contrary, we report here that about 50% of an afterimage intensity can be erased rapidly--within less than a second. The prerequisite is that subjects view a rich visual content to erase the afterimage; fast erasure of afterimages does not occur if subjects view a blank screen. Moreover, we find evidence that fast removal of afterimages is a skill learned with practice as our subjects were always more effective in cleaning up afterimages in later parts of the experiment. These results can be explained by a tri-level hierarchy of adaptive mechanisms, as has been proposed by the theory of practopoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quickly fading afterimages: hierarchical adaptations in human perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic basis of evolved virus resistance is dependent on environmental resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/666404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites impose strong selection on their hosts, but the level of resistance evolved may be constrained by the availability of resources. However, studies identifying the genomic basis of such resource mediated selection are rare, particularly in non-model organisms. Here, we investigated the role of nutrition in the evolution of resistance to a DNA virus (PiGV), and associated trade-offs, in a lepidopteran pest species (Plodia interpunctella). Through selection experiments and whole genome sequencing we identify putative mechanisms of resistance that depend on the nutritional environment during selection. We find that the evolution of resistance is specific to diet, with adaptation to a low nutrition diet constraining resistance when challenged with the pathogen on a high nutrition diet. Resistance in a low nutrition environment is negatively correlated with growth rate, consistent with an established trade-off between immunity and development. Whole genome resequencing of the host shows that resistance mechanisms are highly polygenic and suggests evidence for trade-offs at the genetic level. Critically when populations evolve in high resource conditions, resistance is linked to metabolic and immune pathways, however it is more closely associated with cytoskeleton organisation when selected under low nutrition. Our results emphasise the importance of resources on the evolution of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic basis of evolved virus resistance is dependent on environmental resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation ensures a proper balance of proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events that occur early in mitosis. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized orientation mechanism that occurs during telophase, correcting erroneous oblique orientations that unexpectedly persist into anaphase. The directionality of reorientation--towards either planar or perpendicular--correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the conserved scaffolding protein Pins/LGN is believed to function primarily through initial spindle positioning, we now show it also functions actively during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The ability to undergo telophase correction is also critically dependent upon an LGN-independent pathway involving the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, a-catenin and afadin, and correction directionality is influenced by local cell density. Failure of this reorientation mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as excessive oblique divisions induce precocious differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may provide a means for progenitors to dynamically respond to extrinsic cues provided by neighboring cells in order to adapt to local tissue needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lough, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descovich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichardt, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical precision glyco-mutagenesis by glycosyltransferase engineering in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-function modification on cells where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated at will.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debets, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbay, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, L. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrksich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical precision glyco-mutagenesis by glycosyltransferase engineering in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAZ promotes cell proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis by regulating target gene transcription. However, how TAZ orchestrates the transcriptional responses remains poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that TAZ forms nuclear condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation to compartmentalize its DNA binding co-factor TEAD4, the transcription co-activators BRD4 and MED1 and the transcription elongation factor CDK9 for activation of gene expression. TAZ, but not its paralog YAP, forms phase-separated droplets in vitro and liquid-like nuclear condensates in vivo, and this ability is negatively regulated by Hippo signaling via LATS-mediated phosphorylation and mediated by the coiled-coil domain. Deletion of the TAZ coiled-coil domain or substitution with the YAP coiled-coil domain does not affect the interaction of TAZ with its partners, but prevents its phase separation and more importantly, its ability to induce target gene expression. Thus, our study identifies a novel mechanism for the transcriptional activation by TAZ and demonstrates for the first time that pathway-specific transcription factors also engage the phase separation mechanism for efficient transcription activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage defense systems are often found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), where they constitutively defend against invaders or are induced to respond to new assaults. Some MGEs, the phage satellites, exploit phages for their own transmission after induction, reducing phage production and protecting their hosts in the process. One such satellite in Vibrio cholerae, PLE, is triggered by the lytic phage ICP1 to excise from the chromosome, replicate, and transduce to neighboring cells, completely sabotaging phage production. Here, we found that ICP1 has evolved to possess one of two syntenic loci encoding an SF1B-type helicase, either of which PLE can exploit to directly drive PLE replication. Further, loss of PLE mobilization limits anti-phage activity due to phage-mediated degradation of the bacterial genome. Our work provides insight into the unique challenges imposed on the parasites of lytic phages and underscores the adaptions of these satellites to their ever-evolving target phage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fonsibacter (LD12 subclade) are among the most abundant bacterioplankton in freshwater ecosystems. These bacteria belong to the order Pelagibacterales (SAR11) and are related to Pelagibacter (marine SAR11) that dominate many marine habitats. Although a handful of Pelagibacter phage (Pelagiphage) have been described, no phage that infect Fonsibacter have been reported. In this study, a complete Fonsibacter genome containing a prophage was reconstructed from metagenomic data. A circularized and complete genome related to the prophage, referred to as uv-Fonsiphage-EPL, shows high similarity to marine Pelagiphage HTVC025P. Additionally, we reconstructed three complete and one draft genome of phage related to marine Pelagiphage HTVC010P, and predicted a lytic strategy. The similarity in codon usage and co-occurrence patterns of HTVC010P-related phage and Fonsibacter suggested that these phage infect Fonsibacter. Similar phage were detected in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, where Fonsibacter is also present. A search of related phage revealed the worldwide distribution of some genotypes in freshwater ecosystems, suggesting their substantial role in shaping indigenous microbial assemblages and influence on biogeochemical cycling. However, the uv-Fonsiphage-EPL and one lineage of HTVC010P-related phage have a more limited distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Based on this, and their close phylogenetic relatedness with Pelagiphage, we predict that they transitioned from saline into freshwater ecosystems comparatively recently. Overall, the findings provide insights into the genomic features of phage that infect Fonsibacter, and expand understanding of the ecology and evolution of these important bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane neck formation is essential for scission, which, as recent experiments on tubules have demonstrated, can be location dependent. The diversity of biological machinery that can constrict a neck such as dynamin, actin, ESCRTs and BAR proteins, and the range of forces and deflection over which they operate, suggest that the constriction process is functionally mechanical and robust to changes in biological environment. In this study, we used a mechanical model of the lipid bilayer to systematically investigate the influence of location, symmetry constraints, and helical forces on membrane neck constriction. Simulations from our model demonstrated that the energy barriers associated with constriction of a membrane neck are location-dependent. Importantly, if symmetry restrictions are relaxed, then the energy barrier for constriction is dramatically lowered and the membrane buckles at lower values of forcing parameters. Our simulations also show that constriction due to helical proteins further reduces the energy barrier for neck formation compared to cylindrical proteins. These studies establish that despite different molecular mechanisms of neck formation in cells, the mechanics of constriction naturally leads to a loss of symmetry that can lower the energy barrier to constriction.

Significance statementMembrane tubule constriction is a critical step of cellular membrane trafficking processes and is thought to be mechanically regulated. Mechanical modeling techniques employing the Helfrich Hamiltonian and axisymmetric continuum frameworks have previously described energy barriers to constriction as a function of location along a 26 membrane tubule. Recent advances in numerical modeling using spline basis functions (Isogeometric Analysis) enable us to conduct our analyses of membrane mechanics in a generalized 3D framework. Here, we implement a novel 3D Isogeometric Analysis framework and juxtapose it against an axisymmetric model to study the influence of location, symmetry constraints and helical collars on the constriction pathway. We show that an unsymmetric, "crushed soda can" neck consistently displays a lower energy barrier than a symmetric neck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudraraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garikipati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Release and reuptake of neuromodulator serotonin, 5-HT, is central to mood regulation and neuropsychiatric disorders, whereby imaging serotonin is of fundamental importance to study the brains serotonin signaling system. We introduce a reversible near-infrared nanosensor for serotonin (nIRHT), for which synthetic molecular recognition toward serotonin is systematically evolved from ssDNA-carbon nanotube constructs generated from large libraries of 6.9 x 1010 unique ssDNA sequences. nIRHT produces a [~]200% fluorescence enhancement upon exposure to serotonin with a Kd = 6.3 {micro}M affinity. nIRHT shows selective responsivity towards serotonin over serotonin analogs, metabolites, and receptor-targeting drugs, and a 5-fold increased affinity for serotonin over dopamine. Further, nIRHT can be introduced into the brain extracellular space in acute slice, and can be used to image exogenous serotonin reversibly. Our results suggest evolution of nanosensors could be generically implemented to rapidly develop other neuromodulator probes, and that these probes can image neuromodulator dynamics at spatiotemporal scales compatible with endogenous neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with rapid fruit evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paullinia L. is a genus of c. 220 mostly Neotropical forest-dwelling lianas that displays a wide diversity of fruit morphologies. Paullinia resembles other members of the Paullinieae in being a climber with stipulate compound leaves and paired inflorescence tendrils. However, it is distinct in having capsular fruits with woody, coriaceous, or crustaceous pericarps. While consistent in this basic plan, the pericarps of Paullinia fruits are otherwise highly variable--in some species they are winged, whereas in others they are without wings or covered with spines. With the exception of the water-dispersed indehiscent spiny fruits of some members of Paullinia sect. Castanella, all species are dehiscent, opening their capsules while they are still attached to the branch, to reveal arillate animal-dispersed seeds. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Paullinia derived from 11 molecular markers, including nine novel single-copy nuclear markers amplified by microfluidics PCR. This is the first broadly sampled molecular phylogeny for the genus. Paullinia is supported as monophyletic and is sister to Cardiospermum L., which together are sister to Serjania Mill + Urvillea Kunth. We apply this novel phylogenetic hypothesis to test previous infrageneric classifications and to infer that unwinged fruits represent the ancestral condition, from which there were repeated evolutionary transitions and reversals. However, because the seeds of both winged and unwinged fruits are all dispersed by animals, we conclude that the repeated transitions in fruit morphology may relate to visual display strategies to attract animal dispersers, and do not represent transitions to wind dispersal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chery, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with rapid fruit evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide and enzymatic analysis reveals efficient D-galacturonic acid metabolism in the basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biorefining of renewable feedstocks is one of the most promising routes to replace fossil-based products. Since many common fermentation hosts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are naturally unable to convert many component plant cell wall polysaccharides, the identification of organisms with broad catabolism capabilities represents an opportunity to expand the range of substrates used in fermentation biorefinery approaches. The red basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising and robust host for lipid and terpene derived chemicals. Previous studies demonstrated assimilation of a range of substrates, from C5/C6-sugars to aromatic molecules similar to lignin monomers. In the current study, we analyzed R. toruloides potential to assimilate D-galacturonic acid, a major sugar in many pectin-rich agricultural waste streams, including sugar beet pulp and citrus peels. D-galacturonic acid is not a preferred substrate for many fungi, but its metabolism was found to be on par with D-glucose and D-xylose in R. toruloides. A genome-wide analysis by combined RNAseq/RB-TDNAseq revealed those genes with high relevance for fitness on D-galacturonic acid. While R. toruloides was found to utilize the same non-phosphorylative catabolic pathway known from ascomycetes, the maximal velocities of several enzymes exceeded those previously reported. In addition, an efficient downstream glycerol catabolism and a novel transcription factor were found to be important for D-galacturonic acid utilization. These results set the basis for use of R. toruloides as a potential host for pectin-rich waste conversions and demonstrate its suitability as a model for metabolic studies in basidiomycetes.nnImportanceThe switch from the traditional fossil-based industry to a green and sustainable bio-economy demands the complete utilization of renewable feedstocks. Many currently used bio-conversion hosts are unable to utilize major components of plant biomass, warranting the identification of microorganisms with broader catabolic capacity and characterization of their unique biochemical pathways. D-galacturonic acid is a plant component of bio-conversion interest and is the major backbone sugar of pectin, a plant cell wall polysaccharide abundant in soft and young plant tissues. The red basidiomycete and oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides has been previously shown to utilize a range of sugars and aromatic molecules. Using state-of-the-art functional genomic methods, physiological and biochemical assays, we elucidated the molecular basis underlying the efficient metabolism of D-galacturonic acid. This study identifies an efficient pathway for uronic acid conversion to guide future engineering efforts, and represents the first detailed metabolic analysis of pectin metabolism in a basidiomycete fungus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Protzko, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackhofer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magosch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide and enzymatic analysis reveals efficient D-galacturonic acid metabolism in the basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice suppression through opponent but not independent function of the striatal indirect pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) plays a key role in action selection, but little is known about how direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs) contribute to choice suppression in freely moving animals. Here, we used pathway-specific chemogenetic manipulation during a serial choice foraging task to test opposing predictions for iSPN function generated by two theories: 1) the  select/suppress heuristic which suggests iSPN activity is required to suppress alternate choices and 2) the network-inspired Opponent Actor Learning model (OpAL) which proposes that the weighted difference of dSPN and iSPN activity determines choice. We found that chemogenetic activation, but not inhibition, of iSPNs disrupted learned suppression of nonrewarded choices, consistent with the predictions of the OpAL model. Our findings suggest that iSPNs role in stopping and freezing does not extend in a simple fashion to choice suppression. These data may provide insights critical for the successful design of interventions for addiction or other conditions in which suppression of behavior is desirable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice suppression through opponent but not independent function of the striatal indirect pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially and temporally varying patterns of morphogen signals during development drive cell fate specification at the proper location and time. However, current in vitro methods typically do not allow for precise, dynamic, spatiotemporal control of morphogen signaling and are thus insufficient to readily study how morphogen dynamics impact cell behavior. Here we show that optogenetic Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway activation can be controlled at user-defined intensities, temporal sequences, and spatial patterns using novel engineered illumination devices for optogenetic photostimulation and light activation at variable amplitudes (LAVA). The optical design of LAVA devices was optimized for uniform illumination of multi-well cell culture plates to enable high-throughput, spatiotemporal optogenetic activation of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. Using the LAVA devices, variation in light intensity induced a dose-dependent response in optoWnt activation and downstream Brachyury expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Furthermore, time-varying and spatially localized patterns of light revealed tissue patterning that models embryonic presentation of Wnt signals in vitro. The engineered LAVA devices thus provide a low-cost, user-friendly method for high-throughput and spatiotemporal optogenetic control of cell signaling for applications in developmental and cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repina, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClave, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered illumination devices for optogenetic control of cellular signaling dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein modeling is an increasingly popular area of machine learning research. Semi-supervised learning has emerged as an important paradigm in protein modeling due to the high cost of acquiring supervised protein labels, but the current literature is fragmented when it comes to datasets and standardized evaluation techniques. To facilitate progress in this field, we introduce the Tasks Assessing Protein Embeddings (TAPE), a set of five biologically relevant semi-supervised learning tasks spread across different domains of protein biology. We curate tasks into specific training, validation, and test splits to ensure that each task tests biologically relevant generalization that transfers to real-life scenarios. We bench-mark a range of approaches to semi-supervised protein representation learning, which span recent work as well as canonical sequence learning techniques. We find that self-supervised pretraining is helpful for almost all models on all tasks, more than doubling performance in some cases. Despite this increase, in several cases features learned by self-supervised pretraining still lag behind features extracted by state-of-the-art non-neural techniques. This gap in performance suggests a huge opportunity for innovative architecture design and improved modeling paradigms that better capture the signal in biological sequences. TAPE will help the machine learning community focus effort on scientifically relevant problems. Toward this end, all data and code used to run these experiments are available at https://github.com/songlab-cal/tape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbeel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiSort: Enumeration of cell types using targeted bisulfite sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular composition of tumors is now recognized as an essential phenotype, with implications to diagnostic, progression and therapy efficacy. A tool for accurate profiling of the tumor microenvironment is lacking, as single-cell methods and computational approaches are not applicable or suffer from low accuracy. Here we present EpiSort, a novel strategy based on targeted bisulfite sequencing, which allows the accurate enumeration of 23 cell types and may be applicable to cancer studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dover, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipold, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuhuai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiSort: Enumeration of cell types using targeted bisulfite sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) genome using long-read and Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Besides macaques, baboons are the most commonly used nonhuman primate in biomedical research. Despite this importance, the genomic resources for baboons are quite limited. In particular, the current baboon reference genome Panu_3.0 is a highly fragmented, reference-guided (i.e., not fully de novo) assembly, and its poor quality inhibits our ability to conduct downstream genomic analyses. Here we present a truly de novo genome assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) that uses data from several recently developed single-molecule technologies. Our assembly, Panubis1.0, has an N50 contig size of ~1.46 Mb (as opposed to 139 Kb for Panu_3.0), and has single scaffolds that span each of the 20 autosomes and the X chromosome. We highlight multiple lines of evidence (including Bionano Genomics data, pedigree linkage information, and linkage disequilibrium data) suggesting that there are several large assembly errors in Panu_3.0, which have been corrected in Panubis1.0.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Sakin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durinck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshagiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate assembly of the olive baboon (Papio anubis) genome using long-read and Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force generation due to actin assembly is a fundamental aspect of membrane sculpting for many essential processes. In this work, we use a multiscale computational model constrained by experimental measurements to show that a minimal branched actin network is sufficient to internalize endocytic pits against physiological membrane tension. A parameter sweep identified the number of Arp2/3 complexes as particularly important for robust internalization, which prompted the development of a molecule-counting method in live mammalian cells. Using this method, we found that ~200 Arp2/3 complexes assemble at sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells. Our simulations also revealed that actin networks self-organize in a radial branched array with barbed filament ends oriented to grow toward the base of the pit, and that the distribution of linker proteins around the endocytic pit is critical for this organization. Surprisingly, our model predicted that long actin filaments bend from their attachment sites in the coat to the base of the pit and store elastic energy that can be harnessed to drive endocytosis. This prediction was validated using cryo-electron tomography on cells, which revealed the presence of bent actin filaments along the endocytic site. Furthermore, we predict that under elevated membrane tension, the self-organized actin network directs more growing filaments toward the base of the pit, increasing actin nucleation and bending for increased force production. Thus, our study reveals that spatially constrained actin filament assembly utilizes an adaptive mechanism that enables endocytosis under varying physical constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Designing and implementing synthetic biological pattern formation remains a challenge due to underlying theoretical complexity as well as the difficulty of engineering multicellular networks bio-chemically. Here, we introduce a "cell-in-the-loop" approach where living cells interact through in silico signaling, establishing a new testbed to interrogate theoretical principles when internal cell dynamics are incorporated rather than modeled. We present a theory that offers an easy-to-use test to predict the emergence of contrasting patterns in gene expression among laterally inhibiting cells. Guided by the theory, we experimentally demonstrated spontaneous checkerboard patterning in an optogenetic setup where cell-to-cell signaling was emulated with light inputs calculated in silico from real-time gene expression measurements. The scheme successfully produced spontaneous, persistent checkerboard patterns for systems of sixteen patches, in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. Our research highlights how tools from dynamical systems theory may inform our understanding of patterning, and illustrates the potential of cell-in-the-loop for engineering synthetic multicellular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khammash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POL30 alleles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal complexities of the cell cycle and ploidy on heterochromatin assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcriptional silencing at HML and HMR maintains mating-type identity. The repressive chromatin structure at these loci is replicated every cell cycle and must be re-established quickly to prevent transcription of the genes at these loci. Mutations in a component of the replisome, the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), encoded by POL30, cause a loss of transcriptional silencing at HMR. We used an assay that captures transient losses of silencing at HML and HMR to perform extended genetic analyses of the pol30-6, pol30-8, and pol30-79 alleles. All three alleles destabilized silencing only transiently and only in cycling cells. Whereas pol30-8 caused loss of silencing by disrupting the function of Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-I), pol30-6 and pol30-79 acted through a separate genetic pathway but one still dependent on histone chaperones. Surprisingly, the silencing-loss phenotypes depended on ploidy but not on POL30 dosage or mating-type identity. Separately from silencing loss, the pol30-6 and pol30-79 alleles also displayed high levels of mitotic recombination in diploids. These results established that histone trafficking involving PCNA at replication forks is crucial to the maintenance of chromatin state and genome stability during DNA replication. They also raised the possibility that increased ploidy may protect chromatin states when the replisome is perturbed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brothers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POL30 alleles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal complexities of the cell cycle and ploidy on heterochromatin assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consciousness & Brain Functional Complexity in Propofol Anaesthesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is possibly the most complex system known to mankind, and its complexity has been called upon to explain the emergence of consciousness. However, complexity can take many forms: here, we investigate measures of algorithmic and process complexity in both the temporal and topological dimension, testing them on functional MRI data obtained from individuals undergoing various levels of sedation with the anaesthetic agent propofol, in two separate datasets. We demonstrate that the various measures are differently able to discriminate between levels of sedation, with temporal measures showing higher sensitivity. Further, we show that all measures are strongly related to a single underlying construct explaining most of the variance, as assessed by Principal Component Analysis, which we interpret as a measure of overall complexity of our data. This overall complexity was also able to discriminate between levels of sedation, supporting the hypothesis that consciousness is related to complexity - independent of how the latter is measured.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luppi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consciousness & Brain Functional Complexity in Propofol Anaesthesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-Based Ratiometric FRET Probe Reveals Oncogene-Driven Changes in Labile Copper Pools Induced by Altered Glutathione Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper is essential for life, and beyond its well-established ability to serve as a tightly-bound, redox-active active site cofactor for enzyme function, emerging data suggest that cellular copper also exists in labile pools, defined as loosely bound to low molecular weight ligands, which can regulate diverse transition metal signaling processes spanning neural communication and olfaction, lipolysis, rest-activity cycles, and kinase pathways critical for oncogenic signaling. To help decipher this growing biology, we report a first-generation ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) copper probe, FCP-1, for activity-based sensing of labile Cu(I) pools in live cells. FCP-1 links fluorescein and rhodamine dyes through a tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (TPA) bridge. Bioinspired Cu(I)-induced oxidative cleavage decreases FRET between fluorescein donor and rhodamine acceptor. FCP-1 responds to Cu(I) with high metal selectivity and oxidation-state specificity and facilitates ratiometric measurements that minimize potential interferences arising from variations in sample thickness, dye concentration, and light intensity. FCP-1 enables imaging of dynamic changes in labile Cu(I) pools in live cells in response to copper supplementation/depletion, differential expression of the copper importer CTR1, and redox stress induced by manipulating intracellular glutathione levels and GSH/GSSG ratios. FCP-1 imaging reveals a labile Cu(I) deficiency induced by oncogene-driven cellular transformation that promotes fluctuations in glutathione metabolism, where lower GSH/GSSG ratios decrease labile Cu(I) availability without affecting total copper levels. By connecting copper dysregulation and glutathione stress in cancer, this work provides a valuable starting point to study broader crosstalk between metal and redox pathways in health and disease with activity-based probes.nnSignificanceCopper is a required metal nutrient for life, yet its altered homeostasis is associated with many diseases. Thus, to develop new methods to help decipher copper biology, we present an activity-based ratiometric FRET probe that exploits a biomimetic, copper(I)-dependent cleavage reaction to enable imaging of loosely-bound, labile copper pools in cells with metal and oxidation state selectivity and a self-calibrating ratiometric response. Application of this technology to cellular models of cancer reveals that oncogene-driven changes in the metabolism of glutathione, a major cellular redox buffer, leads to a labile copper(I) deficiency. This work establishes the relevance of copper dysregulation to cancer metabolism and presages further opportunities for activity-based sensing in studies of metal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posimo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-Based Ratiometric FRET Probe Reveals Oncogene-Driven Changes in Labile Copper Pools Induced by Altered Glutathione Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons in commensal Gram-negative bacteria in a college community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the human intestinal microbiome has been shown to harbor antimicrobial drug-resistance genes (ARG), the prevalence of such genes in a healthy population and their impact on extraintestinal infections that occur in that community are not well established. This study sought to identify ARG prevalence and their mobile elements in the intestines of a healthy community population at a California university, and compared these genes to those found in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). We isolated Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from fecal samples of healthy volunteers and screened them by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ARG encoding resistance against ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), gentamicin (GENT), and colistin (COL). We found antimicrobial resistant GNB from 85 (83%) of 102 non-redundant rectal swab samples. Sixty-seven (66%) of these samples contained {beta}-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaOXY), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes (dhfr-A17, dhfr-A7, dhfr-A5, dhfr-A21, dhfr-A1, dhfr-A15, and dhfr-B3), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1, and aadB). Integron sequences were found in 37 fecal samples. These genes were found in 11 different GNB species isolated from the fecal samples. The same ARG were found in E. coli strains isolated from patients with CA-UTI examined at the college outpatient health clinic. The high prevalence of clinically-common ARG and integrons harbored by GNB in the intestine of a healthy population suggest that human intestines may serve as a major reservoir of these mobile ARG that appear in E. coli strains causing extraintestinal infections in the same community.nnImportanceIncreasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human pathogenic bacteria has compromised our ability to treat infections. Since mobile antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are readily exchanged between different species of bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, there is interest in investigating sources of these genes. The normal intestinal flora has been shown to contain a wide variety of ARG, which may have been introduced via food-containing AMR bacteria. We sought to assess the prevalence of ARG carriage in the intestines of a healthy population and determine if these ARG are found in E. coli strains that cause community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) in the same community. Our findings indicate that the human intestine may serve as an important reservoir as well as a site in which ARG are transferred into E. coli that cause UTI. Further research is needed to reduce ARG carriage and devise new strategies to prevent AMR infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons in commensal Gram-negative bacteria in a college community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide transposon screen of a Pseudomonas syringae mexB mutant reveals the substrates of efflux transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria express numerous efflux transporters that confer resistance to diverse toxicants present in their environment. Due to a high level of functional redundancy of these transporters, it is difficult to identify those that are of most importance in conferring resistance to specific compounds. The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) protein family is one such example of redundant transporters that are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Within this family, the MexAB-OprM protein complex is highly-expressed and conserved among Pseudomonas species. We exposed barcoded transposon mutant libraries in isogenic wild-type and {Delta}mexB backgrounds in P. syringae B728a to diverse toxic compounds in vitro to identify mutants with increased susceptibility to these compounds. Mutants in genes encoding both known and novel redundant transporters, but with partially overlapping substrate specificities were observed in a {Delta}mexB background. Psyr_0228, an uncharacterized member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters, preferentially contributes to tolerance of acridine orange and acriflavine. Another transporter located in the inner membrane, Psyr_0541, contributes to tolerance to acriflavine and berberine. The presence of multiple redundant, genomically encoded, efflux transporters appears to enable bacterial strains to tolerate a diversity of environmental toxins. This genome-wide screen in a hyper-susceptible mutant strain revealed numerous transporters that would otherwise be dispensable in these conditions. Bacterial strains such as P. syringae that likely encounter diverse toxins in their environment such as in association with many different plant species, probably benefit from possessing multiple redundant transporters that enable versatility to tolerate novel toxicants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongsarte, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide transposon screen of a Pseudomonas syringae mexB mutant reveals the substrates of efflux transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha/Beta Hydrolase Domain-Containing Protein 2 regulates the rhythm of follicular maturation and estrous stages of the female reproductive cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therian female fertility is defined by a successful and strictly periodic ovarian cycle, which is under the control of gonadotropins and steroid hormones, particularly progesterone and estrogen. The latter two are produced by the ovaries that are engaged in controlled follicular growth, maturation and release of the eggs, i.e. ovulation. It is well known that steroid hormones regulate ovarian cycles via genomic signaling, by altering gene transcription and protein synthesis. However, despite this well-studied mechanism, steroid hormones can also signal via direct, non-genomic action, by binding to their membrane receptors. Here we show, that the recently discovered sperm membrane progesterone receptor /{beta} hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2) is highly expressed in mammalian ovaries where the protein plays a novel regulatory role in follicle maturation and the sexual cycle of females. Ablation of Abhd2 caused a dysregulation of the estrous cycle rhythm with females showing shortened luteal stages while remaining in the estrus stage for a longer time. Interestingly, the ovaries of Abhd2 knockout (KO) females resemble polycystic ovary morphology with a high number of atretic antral follicles that could be rescued with injection of gonadotropins. Such a procedure also allowed Abhd2 KO females to ovulate a significantly increased number of mature and fertile eggs in comparison to their wild-type littermates. These results suggest a novel regulatory role of ABHD2 as an important factor in non-genomic steroid regulation of the female reproductive cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjoerkgren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelev-Khasin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha/Beta Hydrolase Domain-Containing Protein 2 regulates the rhythm of follicular maturation and estrous stages of the female reproductive cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BSU1 family phosphatases mediate Flagellin-FLS2 signaling through a specific phosphocode. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) have evolved to control diverse processes of growth, development, and immunity in plants; the mechanisms that link LRR-RKs to distinct cellular responses are not understood. Here we show that two LRR-RKs, the brassinosteroid hormone receptor BRI1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1) and the flagellin receptor FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2), regulate downstream glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively, through phosphocoding of the BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1 (BSU1) phosphatase. BSU1 was previously identified as a component that inactivates GSK3s in the BRI1 pathway. We found surprisingly that loss of the BSU1 family phosphatases activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and impairs flagellin-triggered MAP kinase activation and immunity. The flagellin-activated BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) phosphorylates BSU1 at serine-251. Mutation of serine-251 reduces the ability of BSU1 to mediate flagellin-induced MAP kinase activation and immunity, but not its abilities to suppress ETI and interact with GSK3, which is enhanced through the phosphorylation of BSU1 at serine-764 upon brassinosteroid signaling. These results demonstrate that BSU1 plays an essential role in immunity and transduces brassinosteroid-BRI1 and flagellin-FLS2 signals using different phosphorylation sites. Our study illustrates that phosphocoding in shared downstream components provides signaling specificities for diverse plant receptor kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgett, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BSU1 family phosphatases mediate Flagellin-FLS2 signaling through a specific phosphocode.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hotspot prioritizations show sensitivity to data type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prioritizing regions for conservation is essential for effectively allocating limited conservation resources. One of the most common approaches to prioritization is identifying regions with the highest biodiversity, or hotspots, typically using global range map data. Range maps are readily available at large scales for an array of taxa, but are also known to differ from local-scale survey data in the same regions. We examined how prioritizations may differ between range map and survey data using the North American Breeding Bird survey (BBS) and BirdLife International range maps as a case study. Hotspot prioritizations were generated for species richness and the richness of rare species at two scales.nnTotal species richness patterns differed substantially between data types with at most a 41% overlap in identified hotspots. Some regions had few or no hotspots for one data type and a significant number for the other. Hotspots for rare species were more similar across the data types with 44% overlap at the larger scale. Future efforts to prioritize areas for conservation should consider differences between local-scale survey data and range maps, match data to the scale of interest, and develop methods to better downscale range map-based prioritizations to the scale of conservation decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hotspot prioritizations show sensitivity to data type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific lid-base contacts in the 26S proteasome control the conformational switching required for substrate engagement and degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is essential for protein homeostasis and the regulation of vital cellular processes through ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. To accomplish the multi-step reaction of protein degradation, the proteasomes regulatory particle, consisting of the lid and base subcomplexes, undergoes major conformational changes whose origin and control are largely unknown. Investigating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 26S proteasome, we found that peripheral interactions between the lid subunit Rpn5 and the base AAA+ ATPase ring play critical roles in stabilizing the substrate-engagement-competent state and coordinating the conformational switch to processing states after a substrate has been engaged. Disrupting these interactions perturbs the conformational equilibrium and interferes with degradation initiation, while later steps of substrate processing remain unaffected. Similar defects in the early degradation steps are also observed when eliminating hydrolysis in the ATPase subunit Rpt6, whose nucleotide state seems to control conformational transitions of the proteasome. These results provide important insight into the network of interactions that coordinate conformational changes with various stages of proteasomal degradation, and how modulators of conformational equilibria may influence substrate turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Pena, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matyskiela, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific lid-base contacts in the 26S proteasome control the conformational switching required for substrate engagement and degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-axisymmetric shapes of biological membranes from locally induced curvature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In various biological processes such as endocytosis and caveolae formation, the cell membrane is locally deformed into curved configurations. Previous theoretical and computational studies to understand membrane morphologies resulting from locally induced curvature are often limited to axisymmetric shapes, which severely restricts the physically admissible morphologies. Under the restriction of axisymmetry, past efforts predict that the cell membrane buds at low resting tensions and stalls at a flat pit at high resting tensions. In this work, we lift the restriction of axisymmetry by employing recent theoretical and numerical advances to understand arbitrarily curved and deforming lipid bilayers. Our non-axisymmetric morphologies reveal membrane morphologies which agree well with axisymmetric studies--however only if the resting tension of the membrane is low. When the resting tension is moderate to high, we show that (i) axisymmetric invaginations are unstable; and (ii) non-axisymmetric ridge-shaped structures are energetically favorable. We further study the dynamical effects resulting from the interplay between intramembrane viscous flow and induced curvature, and find the rate at which the locally induced curvature increases is a key determinant in the formation of ridges. In particular, we show that axisymmetric buds are favored when the induced curvature is rapidly increased, while non-axisymmetric ridges are favored when the curvature is slowly increased: The rate of change of induced curvature affects the intramembrane viscous flow of lipids, which can impede the membranes ability to transition into ridges. We conclude that the appearance of non-axisymmetric ridges indicates that axisymmetry cannot be generally assumed when understanding processes involving locally induced curvature. Our results hold potentially relevant implications for biological processes such as endocytosis, and physical phenomena like phase separation in lipid bilayers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, Y. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandadapu, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-axisymmetric shapes of biological membranes from locally induced curvature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explicit strategies in force field adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that a number of learning processes are at play in visuomotor adaptation tasks. In addition to the presumed formation of an internal model of the perturbation, learners can also develop explicit knowledge allowing them to select better actions in responding to a given perturbation. Advances in visuomotor rotation experiments have underscored the important role that such "explicit learning" plays in shaping adaptation to kinematic perturbations. Yet, in adaptation to dynamic perturbations, its contribution has been largely overlooked, potentially because compensation of a viscous force field, for instance, is difficult to assess by commonly-used verbalization-based approaches. We therefore sought to assess the contribution of explicit learning in learners adapting to a dynamic perturbation by two novel modifications of a force field experiment. First, via an elimination approach, we asked learners to abandon any cognitive strategy before selected force channel trials to expose consciously accessible parts of overall learning. Learners indeed reduced compensatory force compared to standard Catch channels. Second, via a manual reporting approach, we instructed a group of learners to mimic their right hands adaptation by moving with their naive left hand. While a control group displayed negligible left-hand force compensation, the Mimic group reported forces that approximated right-hand adaptation but appeared to under-report the velocity component of the force field in favor of a more position-based component. We take these results to clearly demonstrate the contribution of explicit learning to force adaptation, underscoring its relevance to motor learning in general.nnNew & NoteworthyWhile the role of explicit learning has recently been appreciated in visuomotor adaptation tasks, their contribution to force field adaptation has not been as widely acknowledged. To address this issue, we employed two novel methods to assay explicit learning in force field adaptation tasks and found that learners can voluntarily control aspects of force production and manually report them with their untrained limb. This suggests that an explicit component contributes to force field adaptation and may provide alternative explanations to behavioral phenomena commonly thought to reveal a complex organization of internal models in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schween, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explicit strategies in force field adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neural Basis of Predictive Pursuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear how and to what extent non-human animals make demanding on-the-fly predictions during pursuit. We studied this problem in a novel laboratory pursuit task that incentivizes prediction of future prey positions. We trained three macaques to perform joystick-controlled pursuit of prey that followed intelligent escape algorithms. Subjects reliably aimed towards the preys likely future positions, indicating that they generate internal predictions and use those predictions to guide behavior. We then developed a generative model that explains real-time pursuit trajectories and showed that our subjects use prey position, velocity, and acceleration to make predictions. We identified neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) whose responses track these three variables. These neurons multiplexed prediction-related variables with a distinct and explicit representation of the preys future position. Our results provide a clear demonstration that the brain can explicitly represent future predictions and highlight the critical role of anterior cingulate cortex for future-oriented cognition.nnOne-sentence summaryIn a dynamic pursuit environment, monkeys actively predict future prey positions and dACC neurons encode these future positions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neural Basis of Predictive Pursuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soil bacterial populations are shaped by recombination and gene-specific selection across a meadow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial diversity is often studied from the perspective of community composition, but less is known about genetic heterogeneity within species and how population structures are affected by dispersal, recombination, and selection. Genomic inferences about population structure can be made using the millions of sequencing reads that are assembled de novo into consensus genomes from metagenomes, as each read pair describes a short genomic sequence from a cell in the population. Here we track genome-wide population genetic variation for 19 highly abundant bacterial species sampled from across a grassland meadow. Genomic nucleotide identity of assembled genomes was significantly associated with local geography for half of the populations studied, and for a majority of populations within-sample nucleotide diversity could often be as high as meadow-wide nucleotide diversity. Genes involved in specialized metabolite biosynthesis and extracellular transport were characterized by elevated genetic diversity in multiple species. Microbial populations displayed varying degrees of homologous recombination and recombinant variants were often detected at 7-36% of loci genome-wide. Within multiple populations we identified genes with unusually high site-specific differentiation of alleles, fewer recombinant events, and lower nucleotide diversity, suggesting recent selective sweeps for gene variants. Taken together, these results indicate that recombination and gene-specific selection commonly shape local soil bacterial genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soil bacterial populations are shaped by recombination and gene-specific selection across a meadow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel kinetic profiling of natural and engineered CRISPR nucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) Cas9s and Acidaminococcus sp. (As) Cas12a (formerly Cpf1) improve cleavage specificity in human cells. However, the fidelity, enzymatic mechanisms, and cleavage products of emerging CRISPR nucleases have not been profiled systematically across partially mispaired off-target DNA sequences. Here, we describe NucleaSeq-- nuclease digestion and deep sequencing--a massively parallel platform that measures cleavage kinetics and captures the time-resolved identities of cleaved products for more than ten thousand DNA targets that include mismatches, insertions, and deletions relative to the guide RNA. The binding specificity of each enzyme is measured on the same DNA library via the chip-hybridized association mapping platform (CHAMP). Using this integrated cleavage and binding platform, we profile four SpCas9 variants and AsCas12a. Engineered Cas9s retain wtCas9-like off-target binding but increase cleavage specificity; Cas9-HF1 shows the most dramatic increase in cleavage specificity. Surprisingly, wtCas12a--reported as a more specific nuclease in cells--has cleavage specificity similar to wtCas9 in vitro. Initial cleavage position and subsequent end-trimming vary across nucleases, guide RNA sequences, and position and base identity of mispairs in target DNAs. Using these large datasets, we develop a biophysical model that reveals mechanistic insights into off-target cleavage activities by these nucleases. More broadly, NucleaSeq enables rapid, quantitative, and systematic comparison of the specificities and cleavage products of engineered and natural nucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybarski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Press, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel kinetic profiling of natural and engineered CRISPR nucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New genotype invasion of dengue virus serotype 1 drove massive outbreak in Guangzhou, China 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDengue fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that has caused major health problems. Variations in dengue virus (DENV) genes are important features of epidemic outbreaks. However, the associations of DENV genes with epidemic scale have not been extensively examined. Here, we assessed new genotype invasion of DENV-1 isolated from Guangzhou in China to evaluate associations with epidemic outbreaks.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsWe used DENV-1 strains isolated from sera of dengue cases from 2002 to 2016 in Guangzhou for complete genome sequencing. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate the genotype characteristics and determine if new genotype invasion correlated with major outbreaks. In our study, a new genotype invasion event was observed during each significant outbreak period in 2002-2003, 2006-2007 and 2013-2014. Genotype II was the main epidemic genotype in 2003 and before. Invasion of genotype I in 2006 caused an unusual outbreak with 765 cases (relative risk (RR)=16.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) =12.41-21.25). At the middle and late stages of the 2013 outbreak, genotype III was introduced to Guangzhou as a new genotype invasion responsible for 37340 cases with RR 541.73 (95%CI=417.78-702.45), after which genotypes I and III began co-circulating. Base mutations occurred after new genotype invasion, and the gene sequence of NS3 protein had the lowest average similarity ratio (99.82%), followed by the gene sequence of E protein (99.86%), as compared to the 2013 strain.nnConclusions/SignificanceGenotype replacement and co-circulation of multiple DENV-1 genotypes were observed. New genotype invasion was highly correlated with local unusual outbreaks. In addition to DENV-1 genotype I in the unprecedented outbreak in 2014, new genotype invasion by DENV-1 genotype III occurred in Guangzhou.nnAuthor SummaryNew genotype invasion of dengue virus highly correlates with the massive outbreaks. In this study, we examined the association of the genotype of dengue virus serorype 1 (DENV-1) from human cases through complete genome sequencing with outbreak scale during 2002 and 2016 in Guangzhou, China. It was observed that genotype replacement and co-circulation of multiple genotypes occurred. Most importantly, it indicated that new genotype invasion was highly related with local unusual outbreaks in major outbreak periods in 2002-2003, 2006-2007 and 2013-2014. DENV-1 genotype II was the main epidemic genotype in 2003 and before. Invasion of genotype I in 2006 caused an unusual outbreak with 765 cases reported. In addition to genotype I circulation, new genotype invasion by genotype III was the key determinant for the 2014 massive outbreak reaching the highest number of cases with 37340. Furthermore, base mutations appeared after genotype III invasion, and the gene sequence of NS3 protein had the lowest average similarity ratio, followed by the gene sequence of E protein, as compared to the 2013 strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New genotype invasion of dengue virus serotype 1 drove massive outbreak in Guangzhou, China]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammasome-mediated antagonism of type I interferon enhances Rickettsia pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes and interferons constitute two critical arms of innate immunity. Most facultative bacterial pathogens that inhabit the host cell cytosol avoid activating inflammasomes and are often resistant to killing by type I interferon (IFN-I). We report that the human pathogen Rickettsia parkeri, an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides in the cytosol, is sensitive to IFN-I. The mechanism of IFN-I-dependent restriction requires the transcription factor IRF5, which upregulates anti-rickettsial factors including guanylate-binding proteins and iNOS. However, R. parkeri curtails cGAS-dependent IFN-I production by causing caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis. In vivo, inflammasome activation antagonizes IFN-I production, enhancing R. parkeri abundance in the spleen. Mice lacking either IFN-I or IFN-{gamma} signaling are resistant to infection, but mice lacking both rapidly succumb, revealing that both interferons are required to control R. parkeri. This study illuminates how an obligate cytosolic pathogen exploits the intrinsic trade-off between cell death and cytokine production to escape killing by innate immunity.nnHighlightsO_LIRickettsia killed by GBPs activates caspase-11 and GSDMD, promoting pyroptosisnC_LIO_LIRickettsia exploits pyroptosis to avoid cGAS-dependent type I interferonnC_LIO_LIIRF5, GBPs, and iNOS contribute to controlling R. parkeri infectionnC_LIO_LIIfnar-/-Ifngr-/- mice succumb to infection, uncovering a mouse model to study R. parkerinC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonbuena, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammasome-mediated antagonism of type I interferon enhances Rickettsia pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VolcanoFinder: genomic scans for adaptive introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent research shows that introgression between closely-related species is an important source of adaptive alleles for a wide range of taxa. Typically, detection of adaptive introgression from genomic data relies on comparative analyses that require sequence data from both the recipient and the donor species. However, in many cases, the donor is unknown or the data is not currently available. Here, we introduce a genome-scan method--VolcanoFinder--to detect recent events of adaptive introgression using polymorphism data from the recipient species only.nnVolcanoFinder detects adaptive introgression sweeps from the pattern of excess intermediate-frequency polymorphism they produce in the flanking region of the genome, a pattern which appears as a volcano-shape in pairwise genetic diversity.nnUsing coalescent theory, we derive analytical predictions for these patterns. Based on these results, we develop a composite-likelihood test to detect signatures of adaptive introgression relative to the genomic background. Simulation results show that VolcanoFinder has high statistical power to detect these signatures, even for older sweeps and for soft sweeps initiated by multiple migrant haplotypes. Finally, we implement VolcanoFinder to detect archaic introgression in European and sub-Saharan African human populations, and uncovered interesting candidates in both populations, such as TSHR in Europeans and TCHH-RPTN in Africans. We discuss their biological implications and provide guidelines for identifying and circumventing artifactual signals during empirical applications of VolcanoFinder.nnAuthor summaryThe process by which beneficial alleles are introduced into a species from a closely-related species is termed adaptive introgression. We present an analytically-tractable model for the effects of adaptive introgression on non-adaptive genetic variation in the genomic region surrounding the beneficial allele. The result we describe is a characteristic volcano-shaped pattern of increased variability that arises around the positively-selected site, and we introduce an open-source method VolcanoFinder to detect this signal in genomic data. Importantly, VolcanoFinder is a population-genetic likelihood-based approach, rather than a comparative-genomic approach, and can therefore probe genomic variation data from a single population for footprints of adaptive introgression, even from a priori unknown and possibly extinct donor species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Setter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiorgio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VolcanoFinder: genomic scans for adaptive introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HBMITool: a user-friendly software for labeling Human Brain Microscopy Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most popular tools for quantifying protein expression is Immunofluorescence (IF). Although IF is widely applied in drug discovery research and assessing disease mechanisms, it has great room for improvement on the task of analyzing human postmortem brain samples. IF analysis of postmortem human tissue relies mostly on manual interaction, which is often error-prone and leading to low inter and intra-observer reproducibility. The high level of autofluorescence caused by accumulation of lipofuscin pigment during aging impedes systematic analyses of human postmortem brain samples. A method for automating cell counting and classification in IF microscopy of human postmortem brains was proposed before, which speeds up the quantification task while improving reproducibility. To correct for misclassified cells by the algorithm, we created HBFMTool, a software package that ease the process of editing the result produced by cell detection/classification algorithm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HBMITool: a user-friendly software for labeling Human Brain Microscopy Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification, characterization, and application of a highly sensitive lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caprolactam is an important polymer precursor to nylon traditionally derived from petroleum and produced on a scale of 5 million tons per year. Current biological pathways for the production of caprolactam are inefficient with titers not exceeding 2 mg/L, necessitating novel pathways for its production. As development of novel metabolic routes often require thousands of designs and result in low product titers, a highly sensitive biosensor for the final product has the potential to rapidly speed up development times. Here we report a highly sensitive biosensor for valerolactam and caprolactam from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 which is >1000x more sensitive to exogenous ligand than previously reported sensors. Manipulating the expression of the sensor oplR (PP_3516) substantially altered the sensing parameters, with various vectors showing Kd values ranging from 700 nM (79.1 g/L) to 1.2 mM (135.6 mg/L). Our most sensitive construct was able to detect in vivo production of caprolactam above background at ~6 g/L. The high sensitivity and range of OplR is a powerful tool towards the development of novel routes to the biological synthesis of caprolactam.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghatian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incha, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification, characterization, and application of a highly sensitive lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepPrime2Sec: Deep Learning for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction from the Primary Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHere we investigate deep learning-based prediction of protein secondary structure from the protein primary sequence. We study the function of different features in this task, including one-hot vectors, biophysical features, protein sequence embedding (ProtVec), deep contextualized embedding (known as ELMo), and the Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM). In addition to the role of features, we evaluate various deep learning architectures including the following models/mechanisms and certain combinations: Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), highway connections, attention mechanism, recurrent neural random fields, and gated multi-scale CNN. Our results suggest that PSSM concatenated to one-hot vectors are the most important features for the task of secondary structure prediction.nnResultsUtilizing the CNN-BiLSTM network, we achieved an accuracy of 69.9% and 70.4% using ensemble top-k models, for 8-class of protein secondary structure on the CB513 dataset, the most challenging dataset for protein secondary structure prediction. Through error analysis on the best performing model, we showed that the misclassification is significantly more common at positions that undergo secondary structure transitions, which is most likely due to the inaccurate assignments of the secondary structure at the boundary regions. Notably, when ignoring amino acids at secondary structure transitions in the evaluation, the accuracy increases to 90.3%. Furthermore, the best performing model mostly mistook similar structures for one another, indicating that the deep learning model inferred high-level information on the secondary structure.nnAvailabilityThe developed software called DeepPrime2Sec and the used datasets are available at http://llp.berkeley.edu/DeepPrime2Sec.nnContactmofrad@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asgari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poerner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHardy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepPrime2Sec: Deep Learning for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction from the Primary Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a rapidly expanding and largely untapped class of natural products with various biological activities. Linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (LAPs) comprise a subclass of RiPPs that display an outstanding diversity of mechanisms of action while sharing common structural features. Here, we report the discovery of a new LAP biosynthetic gene cluster in the genome of Rhizobium sp. Pop5, which encodes the precursor peptide and modification machinery of phazolicin (PHZ) - an extensively modified peptide exhibiting narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity against some symbiotic bacteria of leguminous plants belonging to the Rhizobiales. PHZ inhibits prokaryotic translation through the obstruction of the passage of the nascent peptide through the ribosome exit channel. The cryo-EM structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome with bound PHZ revealed that the drug interacts with the 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins uL4 and uL22 and obstructs the exit tunnel in a way that is distinct from other compounds blocking the exit channel. We show that the sequence of uL4 ribosomal protein loop involved in PHZ binding determines the species-specificity of antibiotic interaction with its target. PHZ and its predicted homologs from other bacterial species expand the known diversity of LAPs and may be used in the future as biocontrol agents for the needs of agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travin, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metelev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khven, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabibullina, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebryakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mergaert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polikanov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome regulation depends on carefully programmed protein-DNA interactions that maintain or alter gene expression states, often by influencing chromatin organization. Most studies of these interactions to date have relied on bulk methods, which in many systems cannot capture the dynamic single-cell nature of these interactions as they modulate cell states. One method allowing for sensitive single-cell mapping of protein-DNA interactions is DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), which records a proteins DNA-binding history by methylating adenine bases in its vicinity, then selectively amplifies and sequences these methylated regions. These interaction sites can also be visualized using fluorescent proteins that bind to methyladenines. Here we combine these imaging and sequencing technologies in an integrated microfluidic platform (DamID) that enables single-cell isolation, imaging, and sorting, followed by DamID. We apply this system to generate paired single-cell imaging and sequencing data from a human cell line, in which we map and validate interactions between DNA and nuclear lamina proteins, providing a measure of 3D chromatin organization and broad gene regulation patterns. DamID provides the unique ability to compare paired imaging and sequencing data for each cell and between cells, enabling the joint analysis of the nuclear localization, sequence identity, and variability of protein-DNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-carboxysome formation is mediated by the multivalent and disordered protein CsoS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that function as the centerpiece of the bacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism, feeding high concentrations of CO2 to the enzyme Rubisco for fixation. The carboxysome self-assembles from thousands of individual proteins into icosahedral-like particles with a dense enzyme cargo encapsulated within a proteinaceous shell. In the case of the -carboxysome, there is little molecular insight into protein-protein interactions which drive the assembly process. Here we show that the N-terminus of CsoS2, an intrinsically disordered protein found in the -carboxysome, possesses a repeated peptide sequence that binds Rubisco. X-ray structural analysis of the peptide bound to Rubisco reveals a series of conserved electrostatic interactions that are only made with properly assembled hexadecameric Rubisco. Although biophysical measurements indicate this single interaction is weak, its implicit multivalency induces high-affinity binding through avidity. Taken together, our results indicate CsoS2 acts as an interaction hub to condense Rubisco and enable efficient -carboxysome formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaijarasphong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-carboxysome formation is mediated by the multivalent and disordered protein CsoS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is an essential physiological process by which eukaryotic cells degrade and recycle cellular materials. Although the biochemical hierarchies of the mammalian autophagy pathway have been identified, questions remain regarding the sequence, subcellular location, and structural requirements of autophagosome formation. Here, we characterize the structural organization of key components of the mammalian autophagic initiation machinery at [~]20 nm spatial resolution via three-color, three-dimensional super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. We thus show that upon cell starvation, FIP200, a large structural protein of the ULK1 complex with no direct yeast homolog, scaffolds the formation of cup-like structures located at SEC12-enriched remodeled ER-exit sites prior to LC3 lipidation. This cup scaffold, then, provides a structural asymmetry to enforce the directional recruitment of downstream components, including the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex, WIPI2, and LC3, to the cup inside. Moreover, we provide evidence that the early autophagic machinery is recruited in its entirety to these cup structures prior to LC3 lipidation, and gradually disperses and dissociates on the outer face of the phagophore membrane during elongation. We thus shed new light on the physical process of mammalian autophagic initiation and development at the nanometer-scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRAAK is a membrane tension-activated K+ channel that has been associated through behavioral studies to mechanical nociception. We used specific monoclonal antibodies in mice to show that TRAAK is localized exclusively to nodes of Ranvier, the action potential propagating elements of myelinated nerve fibers. Approximately 80 percent of myelinated nerve fibers throughout the central and peripheral nervous system contain TRAAK in an all-nodes or no-nodes per axon fashion. TRAAK is not observed at the axon initial segment where action potentials are first generated. We used polyclonal antibodies, the TRAAK inhibitor RU2 and node clamp amplifiers to demonstrate the presence and functional properties of TRAAK in rat nerve fibers. TRAAK contributes to the  leak K+ current in mammalian nerve fiber conduction by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential, thereby increasing Na+ channel availability for action potential propagation. Mechanical gating in TRAAK might serve a neuroprotective role by counteracting mechanically-induced ectopic action potentials. Alternatively, TRAAK may open in response to mechanical forces in the nodal membrane associated with depolarization during saltatory conduction and thereby contribute to repolarization of the node for subsequent spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocytic Clathrin Coats Develop Curvature at Early Stages of Their Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sculpting a flat patch of membrane into an endocytic vesicle requires curvature generation on the cell surface, which is the primary function of endocytic protein complexes. The mechanism through which membrane curvature is imposed during formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is an ongoing controversy. Using super-resolved live cell fluorescence imaging, we demonstrate that curvature generation by clathrin-coated pits can be detected in real time within cultured cells and tissues of developing metazoan organisms. We found that the footprint of clathrin coats increase monotonically during formation of curved pits at different levels of plasma membrane tension. Our findings are only compatible with models that predict curvature generation at early stages of endocytic clathrin-coated pit formation. Therefore, clathrin-coated vesicle formation does not necessitate a dynamically unstable clathrin lattice that would allow an abrupt flat-to-curved transition.

SummaryEndocytic clathrin coats acquire curvature without a flat-to-curved transition that requires an extensive reorganization of the clathrin lattice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silahli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travesset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocucci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kural, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocytic Clathrin Coats Develop Curvature at Early Stages of Their Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the integrated stress response (ISR), in which eIF2 phosphorylation upregulates the transcription factor ATF4. However, how mitochondrial stress is relayed to the ISR is unknown. We found that HRI is the eIF2 kinase necessary and sufficient for this relay. Using an unbiased CRISPRi screen, we identified factors upstream of HRI: OMA1, a mitochondrial stress-activated protease, and DELE1, a little-characterized protein we found to be associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial stress stimulates the OMA1-dependent cleavage of DELE1, leading to its accumulation in the cytosol, where it interacts with HRI and activates its eIF2 kinase activity. Blockade of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI pathway is beneficial during some, but not all types of mitochondrial stress, and leads to an alternative response that induces specific molecular chaperones. Therefore, this pathway is a potential therapeutic target enabling fine-tuning of the ISR for beneficial outcomes in diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misregulation in hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves as a byproduct of adaptive divergence between populations. However, it is unknown whether divergent ecological selection on gene regulation can directly cause reproductive isolation. Selection favoring regulatory divergence between species could result in gene misregulation in F1 hybrids and ultimately lower hybrid fitness. We combined 58 resequenced genomes with 124 transcriptomes to test this hypothesis in a young, sympatric radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, which consists of a dietary generalist and two novel trophic specialists - a molluscivore and a scale-eater. We found more differential gene expression between closely related sympatric specialists than between allopatric generalist populations separated by 1000 km. Intriguingly, 9.6% of genes that were differentially expressed between sympatric species were also misregulated in their F1 hybrids. Consistent with divergent ecological selection causing misregulation, a subset of these genes were in highly differentiated genomic regions and enriched for functions important for trophic specialization, including head, muscle, and brain development. These regions also included genes that showed evidence of hard selective sweeps and were significantly associated with oral jaw length - the most rapidly diversifying skeletal trait in this radiation. Our results indicate that divergent ecological selection in sympatry can cause hybrid gene misregulation which may act as a primary reproductive barrier between nascent species.nnSignificanceIt is unknown whether the same genes that regulate ecological traits can simultaneously contribute to reproductive barriers between species. We measured gene expression in two trophic specialist species of Cyprinodon pupfishes that rapidly diverged from a generalist ancestor. We found genes differentially expressed between species that also showed extreme expression levels in their hybrid offspring. Many of these genes showed signs of selection and have putative effects on the development of traits that are important for ecological specialization. This suggests that genetic variants contributing to adaptive trait divergence between parental species negatively interact to cause hybrid gene misregulation, potentially producing unfit hybrids. Such loci may be important barriers to gene flow during the early stages of speciation, even in sympatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGirr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological divergence in sympatry causes gene misregulation in hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Bacterial Microcolonies at Ecological Scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes interact with the world around them at the chemical level. However, directly examining the chemical exchange between microbes, and microbes and their environment, at ecological scales, i.e. the scale of a single bacterial cell or small groups of cells, remains a key challenge. Here we address this obstacle by presenting a methodology that enables Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of bacterial microcolonies. By combining optimized sample preparation with sub-atmospheric pressure MALDI, we demonstrate that chemical output from groups of as few as ~50 cells can be visualized with MALDI-IMS. Application of this methodology to Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces coelicolor revealed heterogeneity in chemical output across microcolonies, and asymmetrical metabolite production when cells grew within physiological gradients produced by Medicago sativa roots. Taken together, these results indicate that MALDI-IMS can readily visualize metabolites made by very small assemblages of bacterial cells, and that even these small groups of cells can differentially produce metabolites in response to local chemical gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessotti, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharia, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traxler, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Bacterial Microcolonies at Ecological Scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection without inducing neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent massive outbreaks of yellow fever virus (YFV) in West Africa and Brazil resulted in rapid depletion of global vaccine emergency stockpiles and raised concerns about being not prepared against future YFV epidemics. Here we report that a live-attenuated virus similar to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine JE-CVax/Imojev(R) that consists of YFV-17D vaccine from which the structural (prM/E) genes have been replaced with those of the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain confers full protection in mice against lethal YFV challenge. In contrast to the YFV-17D mediated protection against YFV, this protection is not mediated by neutralizing antibodies but correlates with YFV-specific non-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against cell-associated YFV NS1 and other YFV non-structural (NS) proteins. Our findings reveal the importance of YFV NS proteins to mediate protection and demonstrate that chimeric flavivirus vaccines, such as Imojev(R) can confer protection against two flaviviruses. This dual protection has implications for the possible off-label use of JE-CVax in case of emergency and vaccine shortage during YFV outbreaks. In addition, populations in Asia that have been vaccinated with Imojev(R) may already be protected against YFV should outbreaks ever occur on that continent as feared by WHO.nnIMPORTANCEEfficient and safe vaccines exist against yellow fever (e.g. YFV-17D) that provide long-lasting protection by rapidly inducing neutralizing antibody responses. However, vaccine supply cannot cope with an increasing demand posed by massive urban outbreaks in recent years. Here we report that JE-CVax/Imojev(R), a YFV-17D-based chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine also efficiently protects against YFV infection in mice. In case of shortage of the YFV vaccine during yellow fever outbreaks, (off-label) use of JE-CVax/Imojev(R) may be considered. Moreover, wider use of JE-CVax/Imojev(R) in Asia may lower the risk of the much-feared YFV spill over to the continent. More in general chimeric vaccines that combine surface antigens and replication machineries of two distinct flaviviruses can be considered dual vaccines, for the latter pathogen without induction of surface-specific antibodies. Following this rationale, novel flavivirus vaccines that do not hold a risk for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection [inherent to current dengue vaccines and dengue vaccine candidates] could be designed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudewijns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmeier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection without inducing neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Grazer behavior can regulate large-scale patterns of community states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecosystem patterning can arise from environmental heterogeneity, biological feedbacks that produce multiple persistent ecological states, or their interaction. One source of feed-backs is density-dependent changes in behavior that regulates species interactions. By fitting state-space models to large-scale ([~]500km) surveys on temperate rocky reefs, we find that behavioral feedbacks best explain why kelp and urchin barrens form either reef-wide patches or local mosaics. Best-supported models in California include feedbacks where starvation intensifies grazing across entire reefs create reef-scale, alternatively stable kelp- and urchin-dominated states (32% of reefs). Best-fitting models in New Zealand include the feedback of urchins avoiding dense kelp stands that can increase abrasion and predation risk, which drives a transition from shallower urchin-dominated to deeper kelp-dominated zones, with patchiness at 3-8m depths with intermediate wave stress. Connecting locally-studied processes with region-wide data, we highlight how behavior can explain community patterning and why some systems exhibit community-wide alternative stable states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karatayev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskett, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caselle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Grazer behavior can regulate large-scale patterns of community states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in model-based planning are linked to the ability to infer latent structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans appear to represent many forms of knowledge in associative networks whose nodes are multiply connected, including sensory, spatial, and semantic. Recent work has shown that explicitly augmenting artificial agents with such graph-structured representations endows them with more human-like capabilities of compositionality and transfer learning. An open question is how humans acquire these representations. Previously, it has been shown that humans can learn to navigate graph-structured conceptual spaces on the basis of direct experience with trajectories that intentionally draw the network contours (Schapiro et al., 2012;2016), or through direct experience with rewards that covary with the underlying associative distance (Wu et al., 2018). Here, we provide initial evidence that this capability is more general, extending to learning to reason about shortest-path distances across a graph structure acquired across disjoint experiences with randomized edges of the graph - a form of latent learning. In other words, we show that humans can infer graph structures, assembling them from disordered experiences. We further show that the degree to which individuals learn to reason correctly and with reference to the structure of the graph corresponds to their propensity, in a separate task, to use model-based reinforcement learning to achieve rewards. This connection suggests that the correct acquisition of graph-structured relationships is a central ability underlying forward planning and reasoning, and may be a core computation across the many domains in which graph-based reasoning is advantageous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornstein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in model-based planning are linked to the ability to infer latent structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep-rooting perennial grasses are promising feedstock for biofuel production, especially in marginal soils lacking organic material, nutrients, and/or that experience significant water stress. Perennial grass roots can alter surrounding soil conditions and influence microbial activities, particularly the production of extracellular polymeric substances composed primarily of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). These polymers can alleviate cellular moisture and nutrient stress, and enhance soil characteristics through improved water retention and aggregate stability, the latter of which may in turn enhance carbon persistence. In this study we used a 13CO2 tracer greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of switchgrass cultivation on the production and origin of EPS in a marginal soil with five fertilization/water treatments (control, +N, +NP, +P, low water). Soils with both added nitrogen and phosphorus had the highest root biomass, EPS and percentage of water-stable soil aggregates. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed root biomass was the most important determinant for soil EPS production, potentially by controlling carbon supply and diurnal changes in soil water potential. Path analysis highlighted the role of soil water potential were and EPS on with water-stable soil aggregates, indicating that EPS concentration and soil aggregation have similar drivers in this soil. High mannose content confirmed the microbial origin of EPS. 13CO2 labeling indicated that 0.18% of newly fixed plant carbon was incorporated into EPS. Analysis of field samples suggests that EPS is significantly enhanced under long-term switchgrass cultivation. Our results demonstrate that switchgrass cultivation can promote microbial production of EPS, providing a mechanism to enhance sustainability of marginal soils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the distribution of tract lengths during adaptive introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in evolutionary genetics. The distribution of genomic admixture tracts, and the resulting effects on admixture linkage disequilibrium, can be used to date the timing of admixture between species or populations. However, the theory used for such prediction assumes selective neutrality despite the fact that many famous examples of admixture involve natural selection acting for or against admixture. In this paper, we investigate the effects of positive selection on the distribution of tract lengths. We develop a theoretical framework that relies on approximating the trajectory of the selected allele using a logistic function. By numerically calculating the expected allele trajectory, we also show that the approach can be extended to cases where the logistic approximation is poor due to the effects of genetic drift. Using simulations, we show that the model is highly accurate under most scenarios. We use the model to show that positive selection on average will tend to increase the admixture tract length. However, perhaps counter-intuitively, conditional on the allele frequency at the time of sampling, positive selection will actually produce shorter expected tract lengths. We discuss the consequences of our results in interpreting the timing of the introgression of EPAS1 from Denisovans into the ancestors of Tibetans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svedberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the distribution of tract lengths during adaptive introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JMJD6 Cleaves MePCE to Release P-TEFb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 30% of genes in higher eukaryotes are regulated by promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Phosphorylation of Pol II-CTD by positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) is a necessary precursor event that enables productive transcription elongation. The exact mechanism on how the sequestered P-TEFb is released from the 7SK snRNP complex and recruited to Pol II-CTD remains unknown. In this report, we reveal methylphosphate capping enzyme (MePCE), a core component of the 7SK snRNP complex, as the cognate substrate for Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6)s novel proteolytic function. Our evidences consist of a crystal structure of JMJD6 bound to methyl-arginine, enzymatic assays of JMJD6 cleaving MePCE in vivo and in vitro, binding assays, and downstream effects of Jmjd6 knockout and overexpression on Pol II-CTD phosphorylation. We propose that JMJD6 assists bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) to recruit P-TEFb to Pol II-CTD by disrupting the 7SK snRNP complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengeling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrack, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/725853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JMJD6 Cleaves MePCE to Release P-TEFb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroGPU, software for NEURON modeling in GPU-based hardware 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The membrane potential of individual neurons depends on a large number of interacting biophysical processes operating on spatial-temporal scales spanning several orders of magnitude. The multi-scale nature of these processes dictates that accurate prediction of membrane potentials in specific neurons requires utilization of detailed simulations. Unfortunately, constraining parameters within biologically detailed neuron models can be difficult, leading to poor model fits. This obstacle can be overcome partially by numerical optimization or detailed exploration of parameter space. However, these processes, which currently rely on central processing unit (CPU) computation, often incur exponential increases in computing time for marginal improvements in model behavior. As a result, model quality is often compromised to accommodate compute resources. Here, we present a simulation environment, NeuroGPU, that takes advantage of the inherent parallelized structure of graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate neuronal simulation. NeuroGPU can simulate most of biologically detailed models 800x faster than traditional simulators when using multiple GPU cores, and even 10-200 times faster when implemented on relatively inexpensive GPU systems. We demonstrate the power of NeuoGPU through large-scale parameter exploration to reveal the response landscape of a neuron. Finally, we accelerate numerical optimization of biophysically detailed neuron models to achieve highly accurate fitting of models to simulation and experimental data. Thus, NeuroGPU enables the rapid simulation of multi-compartment, biophysically detailed neuron models on commonly used computing systems accessible by many scientists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athreya, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghevi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korngreen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroGPU, software for NEURON modeling in GPU-based hardware]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring neuronal ionic conductances from membrane potentials using CNNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuron is the fundamental unit of computation in the nervous system, and different neuron types produce different temporal patterns of voltage fluctuations in response to input currents. Understanding the mechanism of single neuron firing patterns requires accurate knowledge of the spatial densities of diverse ion channels along the membrane. However, direct measurements of these microscopic variables are difficult to obtain experimentally. Alternatively, one can attempt to infer those microscopic variables from the membrane potential (a mesoscopic variable), or features thereof, which are more experimentally tractable. One approach in this direction is to infer the ionic densities as parameters of a neuronal model. Traditionally this is done using a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) method to minimize the differences between features extracted from a simulated neurons membrane potential and the same features extracted from target data. Here, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to directly regress generative parameters (e.g., ionic conductances, membrane resistance, etc.,) from simulated time-varying membrane potentials in response to an input stimulus. We simulated diverse neuron models of increasing complexity (Izikivich: 4 parameters; Hodgkin-Huxley: 7 parameters; Mainen-Sejnowski: 10 parameters) with a large range of variation in the underlying parameter values. We show that hyperparameter optimized CNNs can accurately infer the values of generative variables for these neuron models, and that these results far surpass the previous state-of-the-art method (MOO). We discuss the benefits of optimizing the CNN architecture, improvements in accuracy with additional training data, and some observed limitations. Based on these results, we propose that CNNs may be able to infer the spatial distribution of diverse ionic densities from spatially resolved measurements of neuronal membrane potentials (e.g. voltage imaging).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siththaranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyoung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring neuronal ionic conductances from membrane potentials using CNNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved CxnC motifs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF66 are required for viral late gene expression and mediate its interaction with ORF34 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late gene transcription in the beta- and gammaherpesviruses depends on a set of virally-encoded transcriptional activators (vTAs) that hijack the host transcriptional machinery and direct it to a subset of viral genes that are required for completion of the viral replication cycle and capsid assembly. In Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), these vTAs are encoded by ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, ORF66. Assembly of the vTAs into a complex is critical for late gene transcription, and thus deciphering the architecture of the complex is central to understanding its transcriptional regulatory activity. Here, we generated an ORF66-null virus and confirmed that it fails to produce late genes and infectious virions. We show that ORF66 is incorporated into the vTA complex primarily through its interaction with ORF34, which is mediated by a set of four conserved cysteine-rich motifs in the C-terminal domain of ORF66. While both ORF24 and ORF66 occupy the canonical K8.1 late gene promoter, their promoter occupancy requires the presence of the other vTAs, suggesting that sequence-specific, stable binding requires assembly of the entire complex on the promoter. Additionally, we find that ORF24 expression is impaired in the absence of a stable vTA complex. This work extends our knowledge about the architecture of the KSHV vPIC and suggests that it functions as a complex to recognize late gene promoters.nnIMPORTANCEKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that is the causative agent of multiple human cancers. Release of infectious virions requires production of capsid proteins and other late genes, whose production are transcriptionally controlled by a complex of six virally-encoded proteins that hijack the host transcription machinery. It is poorly understood how this complex assembles or what function five of its six components play in transcription. Here, we demonstrate that ORF66 is an essential component of this complex in KSHV and that its inclusion in the complex is mediated through its C-terminal domain, which contains highly conserved cysteine-rich motifs reminiscent of zinc finger motifs. Additionally, we examine assembly of the viral pre-initiation complex at late gene promoters and find that while sequence-specific binding of late gene promoters requires ORF24, it additionally requires a fully assembled viral pre-initation complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/728139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved CxnC motifs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF66 are required for viral late gene expression and mediate its interaction with ORF34]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric activation of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase mapped by cryo-electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor for nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian nitric oxide signaling. We determined structures of full-length Manduca sexta sGC in both inactive and active states using cryo-electron microscopy. NO and the sGC-specific stimulator YC-1 induce a 71{degrees} rotation of the heme-binding {beta} H-NOX and PAS domains. Repositioning of the {beta} H-NOX domain leads to a straightening of the coiled-coil domains, which, in turn, use the motion to move the catalytic domains into an active conformation. YC-1 binds directly between the {beta} H-NOX domain and the two CC domains. The structural elongation of the particle observed in cryo-EM was corroborated in solution using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). These structures delineate the endpoints of the allosteric transition responsible for the major cyclic GMP-dependent physiological effects of NO.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horst, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric activation of the nitric oxide receptor soluble guanylate cyclase mapped by cryo-electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational evidence for hierarchically-structured reinforcement learning in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have the fascinating ability to achieve goals in a complex and constantly changing world, still surpassing modern machine learning algorithms in terms of flexibility and learning speed. It is generally accepted that a crucial factor for this ability is the use of abstract, hierarchical representations, which employ structure in the environment to guide learning and decision making. Nevertheless, how we create and use these hierarchical representations is poorly understood. This study presents evidence that human behavior can be characterized as hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL). We designed an experiment to test specific predictions of hierarchical RL using a series of subtasks in the realm of context-based learning, and observed several behavioral markers of hierarchical RL, such as asymmetric switch costs between changes in higher-level versus lower-level features, faster learning in higher-valued compared to lower-valued contexts, and preference for higher-valued compared to lower-valued contexts. We replicated these results across three independent samples. We simulated three models: a classic RL, a hierarchical RL, and a hierar-chical Bayesian model, and compared their behavior to human results. While the flat RL model captured some aspects of participants sensitivity to outcome values, and the hierarchical Bayesian model some markers of transfer, only hierarchical RL accounted for all patterns observed in human behavior. This work shows that hierarchical RL, a biologically-inspired and computationally simple algorithm, can capture human behavior in complex, hierarchical environments, and opens the avenue for future research in this field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational evidence for hierarchically-structured reinforcement learning in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can individual and integrated water, sanitation, and handwashing interventions reduce fecal contamination in the household environment? Evidence from the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized trial in rural Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions have the potential to reduce fecal pathogens along more transmission pathways than single interventions alone. We measured Escherichia coli levels in 3909 drinking water samples, 2691 child hand rinses, and 2422 toy ball rinses collected from households enrolled in a two-year cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating single and combined WSH interventions. Water treatment alone reduced E. coli in drinking water, while a combined WSH intervention improved water quality by the same magnitude but did not affect levels of fecal indicator bacteria on child hands or toy balls. The failure of the WSH interventions to reduce E. coli along important child exposure pathways is consistent with the lack of a protective effect from the interventions on child diarrhea or child growth during the trial. Our results have important implications for WSH program design; the sanitation and handwashing interventions implemented in this trial should not be expected to reduce child exposure to fecal contamination in other similar settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarthout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureithi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mboya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clasen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can individual and integrated water, sanitation, and handwashing interventions reduce fecal contamination in the household environment? Evidence from the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized trial in rural Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected sound omissions are signaled in human posterior superior temporal gyrus: an intracranial study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context modulates sensory neural activations enhancing perceptual and behavioral performance and reducing prediction errors. However, the mechanism of when and where these high-level expectations act on sensory processing is unclear. Here, we isolate the effect of expectation absent any auditory evoked activity by assessing the response to omitted expected sounds. Electrophysiological signals were recorded directly from the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Subjects listened to a predictable sequence of syllables, with some infrequently omitted. We found a high frequency band (HFB, 70-150Hz) response to omissions, which overlap with a posterior subset of auditory active electrodes. This response is distinct from omission activations observed in non-auditory selective sites in STG. Heard syllables could be classified reliably from STG, but not the identity of the omitted stimulus. Both omission- and target detection activations were also observed in prefrontal cortex.nnWe propose that the posterior STG and STS are central for implementing predictions in the auditory environment. HFB omission activations in this region appear to index mismatch-signaling or salience detection processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonken, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukerji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected sound omissions are signaled in human posterior superior temporal gyrus: an intracranial study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic turnover of centromeres drives karyotype evolution in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are the basic unit for chromosome inheritance, but their evolutionary dynamics is poorly understood. We generate high-quality reference genomes for multiple Drosophila obscura group species to reconstruct karyotype evolution. All chromosomes in this lineage were ancestrally telocentric and the creation of metacentric chromosomes in some species was driven by de novo seeding of new centromeres at ancestrally gene-rich regions, independently of chromosomal rearrangements. The emergence of centromeres resulted in a drastic size increase due to repeat accumulation, and dozens of genes previously located in euchromatin are now embedded in pericentromeric heterochromatin. Metacentric chromosomes secondarily became telocentric in the pseudoobscura subgroup through centromere repositioning and a pericentric inversion. The former (peri)centric sequences left behind shrunk dramatically in size after their inactivation, yet contain remnants of their evolutionary past, including increased repeat-content and heterochromatic environment. Centromere movements are accompanied by rapid turnover of the major satellite DNA detected in (peri)centromeric regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic turnover of centromeres drives karyotype evolution in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractConserved proteins drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which universally involves a burst of actin assembly. To gain fundamental mechanistic insights into this process, a side-by-side quantitative comparison of CME was performed on two distantly related yeast species. Though endocytic protein abundance in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae are more similar than previously thought, membrane invagination speed and depth are two-fold greater in fission yeast than in budding yeast. In both yeasts, Arp2/3 complex activation drives membrane invagination when triggered by the accumulation of [~]70 WASP molecules. In contrast to budding yeast, WASP-mediated actin nucleation activity plays an essential role in fission yeast endocytosis. Genetics and live-cell imaging revealed core CME spatiodynamic similarities between the two yeasts, though two-zone actin assembly is a fission yeast-specific mechanism, which is not essential for CME. These studies identified conserved CME mechanisms and species-specific adaptations and have broad implications that extend from yeast to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in the assembly of ribosomes selected for β-amino acid incorporation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome engineering has emerged as a promising field in synthetic biology, particularly concerning the production of new sequence-defined polymers. Mutant ribosomes have been developed that improve the incorporation of several non-standard monomers including D-amino acids, dipeptides, and {beta}-amino acids into polypeptide chains. However, there remains little mechanistic understanding of how these ribosomes catalyze incorporation of these new substrates. Here we probed the properties of a mutant ribosome-P7A7-evolved for better in vivo {beta}-amino acid incorporation through in vitro biochemistry and cryo-electron microscopy. Although P7A7 is a functional ribosome in vivo, it is inactive in vitro, and assembles poorly into 70S complexes. Structural characterization revealed large regions of disorder in the peptidyltransferase center and nearby features, suggesting a defect in assembly. Comparison of RNA helix and ribosomal protein occupancy with other assembly intermediates revealed that P7A7 is stalled at a late stage in ribosome assembly, explaining its weak activity. These results highlight the importance of ensuring efficient ribosome assembly during ribosome engineering towards new catalytic abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in the assembly of ribosomes selected for β-amino acid incorporation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Canal-Associated Neuron cAMP signalling pathway that regulates C. elegans larval development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/733618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans larval development requires the function of the two Canal-Associated Neurons (CANs): killing the CANs by laser microsurgery or disrupting their development by mutating the gene ceh-10 results in early larval arrest. How these cells promote larval development, however, remains a mystery. In screens for mutations that bypass CAN function, we identified the gene kin-29, which encodes a member of the Salt-Inducible Kinase (SIK) family and a component of a conserved pathway that regulates various C. elegans phenotypes. Like kin-29 loss, gain-of-function mutations in genes that may act upstream of kin-29 or growth in cyclic-AMP analogs bypassed ceh-10 larval arrest, suggesting that a conserved adenylyl cyclase/PKA pathway inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development and that loss of CAN function results in dysregulation of KIN-29 and larval arrest. The adenylyl cyclase ACY-2 mediates CAN-dependent larval development: acy-2 mutant larvae arrested development with a similar phenotype to ceh-10 mutants, and the arrest phenotype was suppressed by mutations in kin-29. ACY-2 is predominantly expressed in the CANs, and we provide evidence that the acy-2 functions in the CANs to promote larval development. By contrast, cell-specific expression experiments suggest that kin-29 acts in both the hypodermis and neurons, but not in the CANs. Based on our findings, we propose that cAMP produced by ACY-2 in the CANs acts in neighboring neurons and hypodermal cells where it activates PKA and inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development. We discuss how this conserved pathway could be partitioned between two cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/733618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Canal-Associated Neuron cAMP signalling pathway that regulates C. elegans larval development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: the role of holiday travel in the spread of infectious diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mobility connects populations and can lead to large fluctuations in population density, both of which are important drivers of epidemics. Measuring population mobility during infectious disease outbreaks is challenging, but is a particularly important goal in the context of rapidly growing and highly connected urban centers in low and middle income countries, which can act to amplify and spread local epidemics nationally and internationally. Here, we combine estimates of population movement from mobile phone data for over 4 million subscribers in the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated cities globally. We combine mobility data with epidemiological data from a household survey, to understand the role of population mobility on the spatial spread of the mosquito-borne virus chikungunya within and outside Dhaka city during a large outbreak in 2017. The peak of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka coincided with the annual Eid holidays, during which large numbers of people traveled from Dhaka to their native region in other parts of the country. We show that regular population fluxes around Dhaka city played a significant role in determining disease risk, and that travel during Eid was crucial to the spread of the infection to the rest of the country. Our results highlight the impact of large-scale population movements, for example during holidays, on the spread of infectious diseases. These dynamics are difficult to capture using traditional approaches, and we compare our results to a standard diffusion model, to highlight the value of real-time data from mobile phones for outbreak analysis, forecasting, and surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engo-Monsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahmina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanom, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharmin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasmin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusha, M. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckee, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: the role of holiday travel in the spread of infectious diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking microbial communities to ecosystem functions: what we can learn from genotype-phenotype mapping in organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms mediate many important ecosystem functions, yet it remains unclear to what extent microbial diversity or community composition is important for determining the rates of ecosystem-scale functions. This uncertainty limits our ability to predict and manage crucial microbially-mediated processes, such as nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions. Our lack of understanding stems from the relatively large diversity of microorganisms, the difficulty in directly identifying functional groups, and our limited ability to manipulate microbial community attributes. For this reason, we propose that integrating traditional biodiversity-ecosystem function research with ideas from genotype-phenotype mapping could provide the new perspective our discipline needs. We identify three insights from genotype-phenotype mapping that could be useful for microbial biodiversity-ecosystem function studies: the concept of "agnostic" mapping, the use of more powerful ways to account for multiple comparisons, and the incorporation of covariates into models of ecosystem function. We illustrate the potential for these approaches to elucidate microbial biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships by analyzing a subset of published data measuring methane oxidation rates from incubations of tropical soil. We assert that combining the approaches of traditional biodiversity-ecosystem function research with ideas from genotype-phenotype mapping will not only generate novel hypotheses about how complex microbial communities drive ecosystem function, but also help scientists predict and manage changes to ecosystem functions resulting from human activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking microbial communities to ecosystem functions: what we can learn from genotype-phenotype mapping in organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors modulate RNA polymerase II processivity in 5’ and 3’ gene regions in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA levels are determined by the balance between mRNA synthesis and decay. Factors that mediate both processes, including the 5 to 3 exonuclease Xrn1, are responsible for the cross talk between the two processes in a manner that buffers steady-state mRNA levels. However, these proteins roles in transcription remain elusive and controversial. Applying NET-seq to yeast cells, we show that Xrn1 functions mainly as a transcriptional activator and that its disruption manifests via the reduction of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy downstream of transcription start sites. We combine our data and novel mathematical modeling of transcription to suggest that transcription initiation and elongation of targeted genes is modulated by Xrn1. Furthermore, Pol II occupancy markedly increases near cleavage and polyadenylation sites in xrn1{Delta} cells while its activity decreases, a characteristic feature of backtracked Pol II. We also provide indirect evidence that Xrn1 is involved in transcription termination downstream of polyadenylation sites. Two additional decay factors, Dhh1 and Lsm1, seem to function similarly to Xrn1 in transcription, perhaps as a complex, while the decay factors Ccr4 and Rpb4 also perturb transcription in other ways. Interestingly, DFs are capable of differentiating between SAGA- and TFIID-dominated promoters. These two classes of genes respond differently to XRN1 deletion in mRNA synthesis and differentially utilize mRNA decay pathways, raising the possibility that one distinction between the two types of genes lies in the mechanism(s) that balance these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Iulio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors modulate RNA polymerase II processivity in 5’ and 3’ gene regions in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of crowding on the diversity of expanding populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crowding effects are key to the self-organization of densely packed cellular assemblies, such as biofilms, solid tumors, and developing tissues. When cells grow and divide they push each other apart, remodeling the structure and extent of the populations range. It has recently been shown that crowding has a strong impact on the strength of natural selection. However, the impact of crowding on neutral processes remains unclear, which controls the fate of new variants as long as they are rare. Here, we quantify the genetic diversity of expanding microbial colonies and uncover signatures of crowding in the site frequency spectrum. By combining Luria-Delbruck fluctuation tests, lineage tracing in a novel microfluidic incubator, cell-based simulations, and theoretical modeling, we find that the majority of mutations arise behind the expanding frontier, giving rise to clones that are mechanically "pushed out" of the growing region by the proliferating cells in front. These excluded-volume interactions result in a clone size distribution that solely depends on where the mutation first arose relative to the front and is characterized by a simple power-law for low-frequency clones. Our model predicts that the distribution only depends on a single parameter, the characteristic growth layer thickness, and hence allows estimation of the mutation rate in a variety of crowded cellular populations. Combined with previous studies on high-frequency mutations, our finding provides a unified picture of the genetic diversity in expanding populations over the whole frequency range and suggests a practical method to assess growth dynamics by sequencing populations across spatial scales.

Significance StatementGrowing cell populations become densely packed as cells proliferate and fill space. Crowding prevents spatial mixing of individuals, significantly altering the evolutionary outcome from established results for well-mixed populations. Despite the fundamental differences between spatial and well-mixed populations, little is known about the impact of crowding on genetic diversity. Looking at microbial colonies growing on plates, we show that the allele frequency spectrum is characterized by a simple power law for low frequencies. Using cell-based simulations and microfluidic experiments, we identify the origin of this distribution in the volume-exclusion interactions within the crowded cellular environment, enabling us to extend this findings to a broad range of densely packed populations. This study highlights the importance of cellular crowding for the emergence of rare genetic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schreck, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvernoy, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of crowding on the diversity of expanding populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modification of antibodies is one of the most important bioconjugations utilized by biologists and biotechnology. To date, the field has been dominated by random modification of lysines or more site-specific labeling of cysteines, each with attendant challenges. Recently we have developed oxaziridine chemistry for highly selective and efficient sulfimide modification of methionine called redox-activated chemical tagging (ReACT). Here, we systematically scanned methionines throughout one of the most popular antibody scaffolds, trastuzumab, for antibody engineering and drug conjugation. We tested the expression, reactivities, and stabilities of 123 single engineered methionines distributed over the surface of the antibody when reacted with oxaziridine. We found uniformly high expression for these mutants and generally good reaction efficiencies with the panel of oxaziridines. Remarkably, the stability to hydrolysis of the sulfimide varied more than ten-fold depending on temperature and the site of the engineered methionine. Interestingly, the most stable and reactive sites were those that were partially buried, likely because of their reduced access to water. There was also a ten-fold variation in stability depending on the nature of the oxaziridine, which we determined was inversely correlated with the electrophilic nature of the sulfimide. Importantly, the stabilities of the best analogs and antibody drug conjugate potencies were comparable to those reported for cysteine-maleimide modifications of trastuzumab. We also found our antibody drug conjugates to be potent in a breast cancer mouse xenograft model. These studies provide a roadmap for broad application of ReACT for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody and protein bioconjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective cell death of distinct microglial subsets contributes to ADHD-like behavior in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system that play essential roles to maintain homeostasis and neuronal function. Microglia are heterogeneous cells but the mechanisms by which they contribute to normal brain development remain unclear. Here,we show that microglia in the developing striatum and thalamus undergo pyroptosis,a type of lytic cell death that occurs as a result of Caspase-1 (CASP1) activation downstream of inflammasomes. We observe that pyroptosis occurs in a spatiotemporally regulated and Casp1-dependent manner during fetal brain development. Mice lacking Casp1 or the inflammasome regulating molecules, NLRP3, IL-1R, and Gasdermin D exhibit behavior changes characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, re-expression of Casp1 in Cx3cr1+ cells including microglia restores normal behavior and cell death. We demonstrate that injection of an NLRP3 inhibitor into pregnant wild-type mice is sufficient to induce ADHD-like behaviors in offspring. These data suggest that microglial inflammasome activation and pyroptosis are essential for normal brain development and that genetic and pharmacological disruptions in this pathway may represent new ADHD risk factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective cell death of distinct microglial subsets contributes to ADHD-like behavior in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Tree of Life: Deep Burst of Organism Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An organism Tree of Life (organism ToL) is a conceptual and metaphorical tree to capture a simplified narrative of the evolutionary course and kinship among the extant organisms of today. Such tree cannot be experimentally validated but may be reconstructed based on characteristics associated with the extant organisms. Since the whole genome sequence of an organism is, at present, the most comprehensive descriptor of the organism, a genome Tol can be an empirically derivable surrogate for the organism ToL. However, a genome ToL has been impossible to construct because of the practical reasons that experimentally determining the whole genome sequences of a large number of diverse organisms was technically impossible. Thus, for several decades, gene ToLs, based on selected genes, have been commonly used as a surrogate for the organisms ToL. This situation changed dramatically during the last several decades due to rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology. Here we describe the main features of a genome ToL that are different from those of the broadly accepted gene ToLs: (a) the first two organism groups to emerge are the founders of prokarya and eukarya, (b) they diversify into six large groups and all the founders of the groups have emerged in a "Deep Burst" at the very beginning period of the emergence of Life on Earth and (c) other differences are notable in the order of emergence of smaller groups.nnSignificance StatementTree of Life is a conceptual and metaphorical tree that captures a simplified narrative of the evolutionary course and kinship among all living organisms of today. Since the whole genome sequence information of an organism is, at present, the most comprehensive description of the organism, we reconstructed a Genome Tree of Life using the proteome information from the whole genomes of over 4000 different living organisms on Earth. It suggests that (a) the first two primitive organism groups to emerge are the founders of prokarya and eukarya, (b) they diversify into six large groups, and (c) all the founders of the groups have emerged in a "Deep Burst" at the very beginning period of the emergence of Life on Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Tree of Life: Deep Burst of Organism Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surprising spatiotemporal stability and frequency-independence across multiple fitness peaks driving adaptive radiation in the wild 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effect of the environment on fitness in natural populations is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. However, experimental manipulations of environment and phenotype are rare. Thus, the relative importance of the competitive environment versus intrinsic organismal performance in shaping the location, height, and fluidity of fitness peaks and valleys remains largely unknown. We experimentally tested the effect of competitive environment on the fitness landscape driving the evolution of novelty in a sympatric adaptive radiation of a generalist and two trophic specialist pupfishes, a scale-eater and molluscivore, endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We manipulated phenotypes, by generating 2,611 F4/F5 lab-reared hybrids, and competitive environment, by altering frequencies of rare phenotypes between high- and low-frequency field enclosures, then tracked hybrid survival in two natural lake populations on San Salvador. We found no evidence of frequency-dependent effects on survival fitness landscapes, indicating robustness to the competitive environment. Although survival surfaces favored alternate phenotypes between lakes, joint fitness estimation across lake environments supported multiple fitness peaks for generalist and molluscivore phenotypes and a large fitness valley isolating the most divergent scale-eater phenotype, strikingly similar to a previous independent field experiment. The consistency of this complex fitness landscape across competitive environments, multivariate trait axes, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity provides surprising evidence of stasis in major features of fitness landscapes despite substantial environmental variance, possibly due to absolute biomechanical constraints on diverse prey capture strategies within this radiation. These results challenge competitive speciation theory and highlight the interplay between organism and environment underlying static and dynamic features of the adaptive landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surprising spatiotemporal stability and frequency-independence across multiple fitness peaks driving adaptive radiation in the wild]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causes and consequences of facultative sea crossing in a soaring migrant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIStudying the causes and consequences of route selection in animal migration is important for understanding the evolution of migratory systems and how they may be affected by environmental factors at various spatial and temporal scales. One key decision during migration is whether to cross "high transport cost" areas, or to circumvent them. Soaring birds may face this choice when encountering waterbodies where convective updrafts are weak or scarce. Crossing these waterbodies requires flying using energetically costly flapping flight, while circumventing them over land permits energetically cheap soaring.
C_LIO_LIWe tested how several atmospheric factors (e.g., wind, thermal uplift) and geographic, seasonal and state-related factors (sex and age) affected route selection in migrating white storks (Ciconia ciconia). We used 196 GPS tracks of 70 individuals either crossing or circumventing the north-easternmost section of the Mediterranean Sea, over Iskenderun Bay in southern Turkey.
C_LIO_LIWe found that westward and southward winds promoted a cross-bay journey in spring and autumn, respectively, acting as tailwinds. Also, overall weaker winds promoted a sea crossing in spring. Sea crossing was associated with flapping flight and higher values of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) and resulted in higher ground speed than travel over land.
C_LIO_LIThe combined environmental conditions and the effects of route selection on movement-related energy costs and speed were likely responsible for an increase in the time spent flying and distance travelled of migrating storks that decided to cross the bay during spring. Notably, daily travel distances of spring migrants crossing the bay were 60 kilometres longer than those of land-detouring birds, allowing them to reach their destination faster but likely incurring a higher energetic flight cost. No such benefit was found during autumn.
C_LIO_LIOur findings confirm that atmospheric conditions can strongly affect bird route selection. Consequently, migration timing, speed and movement-related energy expenditure differed considerably between the two migratory seasons and the two route choices, highlighting a time-energy trade-off in the migration of white storks.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becciu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotics, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeltsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikelski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causes and consequences of facultative sea crossing in a soaring migrant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploratory movement analysis and report building with R package stmove 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAs GPS tags and data loggers have become lighter, cheaper, and longer-lasting, there has been a growing influx of data on animal movement. Simultaneously, methods of analyses and software to apply such methods to movement data have expanded dramatically. Even so, for many interdisciplinary researchers and managers without familiarity with the field of movement ecology and the open-source tools that have been developed, the analysis of movement data has remained an overwhelming challenge.nnDescriptionHere we present stmove, an R package designed to take individual relocation data and generate a visually rich report containing a set of preliminary results that ecologists and managers can use to guide further exploration of their data. Not only does this package make report building and exploratory data analysis (EDA) simple for users who may not be familiar with the extent of available analytical tools, but it sets forth a framework of best practice analyses, which offers a common starting point for the interpretation of terrestrial movement data.nnResultsUsing data from African elephants (Loxodonta africana) collected in southern Africa, we demonstrate stmoves report building function through the main analyses included: path visualization, primary statistic calculation, summary in space and time, and space-use construction.nnConclusionsThe stmove package provides consistency and increased accessibility to managers and researchers who are interested in movement analysis but who may be unfamiliar with the full scope of movement packages and analytical tools. If widely adopted, the package will promote comparability of results across movement ecology studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploratory movement analysis and report building with R package stmove]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic memory independent of symmetric histone inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatic gene silencing is an important form of gene regulation that usually requires specific histone modifications. A popular model posits that inheritance of modified histones, especially in the form of H3-H4 tetramers, underlies inheritance of heterochromatin. Because H3-H4 tetramers are randomly distributed between daughter chromatids during DNA replication, rare occurrences of asymmetric tetramer inheritance within a heterochromatic domain would have the potential to destabilize heterochromatin. This model makes a prediction that shorter heterochromatic domains would experience unbalanced tetramer inheritance more frequently, and thereby be less stable. In contrast to this prediction, we found that shortening a heterochromatic domain in Saccharomyces had no impact on the strength of silencing nor its heritability. Additionally, we found that replisome mutations that disrupt inheritance of H3-H4 tetramers had only minor effects on heterochromatin stability. These findings suggest that histones carry little or no memory of the heterochromatin state through DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic memory independent of symmetric histone inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion, which is essential for tissue development and used by some viruses to form pathological syncytia, is typically driven by fusogenic membrane proteins with tall (>10 nm) ectodomains that undergo conformational changes to bring apposing membranes in close contact prior to fusion. Here we report that a viral fusogen with a short (<2 nm) ectodomain, the reptilian orthoreovirus p14, accomplishes the same task by hijacking the actin cytoskeleton. We show that the cytoplasmic domain of p14 triggers N-WASP-mediated assembly of a branched actin network, directly coupling local force generation with a short membrane-disruptive ectodomain. This work reveals that overcoming energetic barriers to cell-cell fusion does not require conformational changes of tall fusogens but can instead be driven by harnessing the host cytoskeleton.nnImpact StatementA viral fusogen drives cell-cell fusion by hijacking the actin machinery to directly couple actin assembly with a short fusogenic ectodomain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thymocytes bearing {beta} T cell receptors (TCR{beta}) with high affinity for self-peptide-MHC complexes undergo negative selection or are diverted to alternate T cell lineages, a process termed agonist selection. Among thymocytes bearing TCRs restricted to MHC class I, agonist selection can lead to the development of precursors that can home to the gut and give rise to CD8-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8 IELs). The factors that influence the choice between negative selection versus CD8 IEL development remain largely unknown. Using a synchronized thymic tissue slice model that supports both negative selection and CD8IEL development, we show that the affinity threshold for CD8 IEL development is higher than for negative selection. We also investigate the impact of peptide presenting cells and cytokines, and the migration patterns associated with these alternative cell fates. Our data highlight the roles of TCR affinity and the thymic microenvironments on T cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weist, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The theory and practice of measuring broad-range recombination rate from marker selected pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes via physical crossovers. Pioneered by T. H. Morgan and A. Sturtevant over a century ago, methods to estimate recombination rate and genetic distance require scoring large number of recombinant individuals between molecular or visible markers. While high throughput sequencing methods have allowed for genome wide crossover detection producing high resolution maps, such methods rely on large number of recombinants individually sequenced and are therefore difficult to scale. Here, we present a simple and scalable method to infer near chromosome-wide recombination rate from marker selected pools and the corresponding analytical software MarSuPial. Rather than genotyping individuals from recombinant backcrosses, we bulk sequence marker selected pools to infer the allele frequency decay around the selected locus; since the number of recombinant individuals increases proportionally to the genetic distance from the selected locus, the allele frequency across the chromosome can be used to estimate the genetic distance and recombination rate. We mathematically demonstrate the relationship between allele frequency attenuation, recombinant fraction, genetic distance, and recombination rate in marker selected pools. Based on available chromosome-wide recombination rate models of Drosophila, we simulated read counts and determined that nonlinear local regressions (LOESS) produce robust estimates despite the high noise inherent to sequencing data. To empirically validate this approach, we show that (single) marker selected pools closely recapitulate genetic distances inferred from scoring recombinants between double markers. We theoretically determine how secondary loci with viability impacts can modulate the allele frequency decay and how to account for such effects directly from the data. We generated the recombinant map of three wild derived strains which strongly correlates with previous genome-wide measurements. Interestingly, amidst extensive recombination rate variation, multiple regions of the genomes show elevated rates across all strains. Lastly, we apply this method to estimate chromosome-wide crossover interference. Altogether, we find that marker selected pools is a simple and cost effective method for broad recombination rate estimates. Although it does not identify instances of crossovers, it can generate near chromosome-wide recombination maps in as little as one or two libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.- C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The theory and practice of measuring broad-range recombination rate from marker selected pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple pyrocosm for studying soil microbial response to fire reveals a rapid, massive response by Pyronema species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed a simple, inexpensive system for the studying the response of soil microbes to fire. This system allows one to create post-fire environments in soil in reproducible and realistic ways. Using it we show that the peak soil temperature achieved at a given depth occurs hours after the fire is out, lingers near peak temperature for a significant time, and is accurately predicted by the log of soil depth and the mass charcoal burned. Flash fuels that left no large coals were found to have a negligible soil heating effect. Coupling this system with Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the control and post-fire soil we show that we can stimulate a rapid, massive response by Pyronema, a well-known genus of postfire fungus, from uninoculated forest soil within two weeks of a test fire. This specific stimulation occurs in a background of many other fungal taxa that do not change significantly with the fire, although there is an overall reduction in richness and evenness. Extrapolating from the physical relationships we predict soil heating effects in wild fires are likely to be very patchy across the forest floor but the width of a survivable "goldilocks zone" will stay relatively constant across a range of fuel loads. We further predict that a necromass zone above it, which represents an open niche for pyrophilous microbes, increases in size rapidly with addition of fuel, and then remains nearly constant over a broad range of fuel loads. The simplicity of this experimental system, coupled with the availability of a set of sequenced, assembled and annotated genomes of pyrophilous fungi, offers a powerful tool for dissecting the ecology of post-fire microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple pyrocosm for studying soil microbial response to fire reveals a rapid, massive response by Pyronema species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aquatic Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have novel nitrogenase-like gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently described members of Elusimicrobia, a relatively recently defined phylum, are animal-associated and rely on fermentation. However, free-living Elusimicrobia have been detected in sediments, soils and groundwater, raising questions regarding their metabolic capacities and evolutionary relationship to animal-associated species. Here, we analyzed 94 draft-quality, non-redundant genomes, including 30 newly reconstructed genomes, from diverse animal-associated and natural environments. Genomes group into 12 clades, 10 of which previously lacked reference genomes. Groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia are predicted to be capable of heterotrophic or autotrophic lifestyles, reliant on oxygen or nitrate/nitrite-dependent respiration, or a variety of organic compounds and Rhodobacter nitrogen fixation-dependent (Rnf-dependent) acetogenesis with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the substrates. Genomes from two clades of groundwater-associated Elusimicrobia often encode a new group of nitrogenase paralogs that co-occur with an extensive suite of radical S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) proteins. We identified similar genomic loci in genomes of bacteria from the Gracilibacteria phylum and the Myxococcales order and predict that the gene clusters reduce a tetrapyrrole, possibly to form a novel cofactor. The animal-associated Elusimicrobia clades nest phylogenetically within two free-living-associated clades. Thus, we propose an evolutionary trajectory in which some Elusimicrobia adapted to animal-associated lifestyles from free-living species via genome reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hug, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aquatic Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have novel nitrogenase-like gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-quarter of extant Eukaryotic species are herbivorous insects, yet the genomic basis of this extraordinary adaptive radiation is unclear. Recently-derived herbivorous species hold promise for understanding how colonization of living plant tissues shaped the evolution of herbivore genomes. Here, we characterized exceptional patterns of evolution coupled with a recent (<15 mya) transition to herbivory of mustard plants (Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana) in the fly genus Scaptomyza, nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. We discovered a radiation of mustard-specialized Scaptomyza species, comparable in diversity to the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Stable isotope, behavioral, and viability assays revealed these flies are obligate herbivores. Genome sequencing of one species, S. flava, revealed that the evolution of herbivory drove a contraction in gene families involved in chemosensation and xenobiotic metabolism. Against this backdrop of losses, highly targeted gains ("blooms") were found in Phase I and Phase II detoxification gene sub-families, including glutathione S-transferase (Gst) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) genes. S. flava has more validated paralogs of a single Cyp450 (N=6 for Cyp6g1) and Gst (N=5 for GstE5-8) than any other drosophilid. Functional studies of the Gst repertoire in S. flava showed that transcription of S. flava GstE5-8 paralogs was differentially regulated by dietary mustard oils, and of 22 heterologously expressed cytosolic S. flava GST enzymes, GSTE5-8 enzymes were exceptionally well-adapted to mustard oil detoxification in vitro. One, GSTE5-8a, was an order of magnitude more efficient at metabolizing mustard oils than GSTs from any other metazoan. The serendipitous intersection of two genetic model organisms, Drosophila and Arabidopsis, helped illuminate how an insect genome was remodeled during the evolutionary transformation to herbivory, identifying mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of the most diverse guild of animal life.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe origin of land plants >400 million years ago (mya) spurred the diversification of plant-feeding (herbivorous) insects and triggered an ongoing chemical co-evolutionary arms race. Because ancestors of most herbivorous insects first colonized plants >200 mya, the sands of time have buried evidence of how their genomes changed with their diet. We leveraged the serendipitous intersection of two genetic model systems: a close relative of yeast-feeding fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the "wasabi fly" (Scaptomyza flava), that evolved to consume mustard plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. The yeast-to-mustard dietary transition remodeled the flys gene repertoire for sensing and detoxifying chemicals. Although many genes were lost, some underwent duplications that encode the most efficient detoxifying enzymes against mustard oils known from animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson Dittrich, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapoint, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charboneau, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomically and metabolically distinct microbial communities with depth and across a hillslope to riparian zone transect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Watersheds are important for supplying fresh water, the quality of which depends on complex interplay involving physical, chemical and biological processes. As water percolates through the soil and underlying weathering rock en route to the river corridor, microorganisms mediate key geochemical transformations, yet the distribution and functional capacities of subsurface microbial communities remain little understood. We have studied metabolic capacities of microbial communities along a meadow to floodplain hillslope transect within the East-River watershed, Colorado, using genome resolved metagenomics and carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes. Very limited strain/species overlap was found at different depths below the ground surface and at different distances along the hillslope, possibly due to restricted hydraulic connectivity after early stages of snowmelt. Functions such as carbon fixation and selenate reduction were prevalent at multiple sites, although the lineages of organisms responsible tend to be location-specific. Based on its abundance, sulfur is significantly more important for microbial metabolism at the floodplain compared to on the hillslope. Nitrification and methylamine oxidation are likely only occurring within the floodplain, with nitrification capacity in shallow soil, and methylamine oxidation in deeper unsaturated sediment. Biogenic methane was detected in deep surface samples, but methanogenic organisms were not identified.

Originality-Significance StatementIn a previous study within a hillslope to riparian zone transect of a sub-alpine watershed, the community structure was explored using ribosomal protein S3 genes, and the metabolic potential was hypothesized based on the presence of metabolism related genes. However, tying specific strains and species to metabolic functioning was not discussed as resolved genomes were not available.

In the current study, we use genome-resolved metagenomics along with carbon and hydrogen stable isotopes to explore the spatial distribution of biogeochemical processes. By linking taxonomy and function, using multiple functional genes indicative of full metabolic pathways, we detect heterogeneity in the distribution of metabolic potential and the organisms involved with depth and landscape position. Thus, we infer how microbiome genomic variation impacts biogeochemical cycling across the watershed.

We found very limited strain/species overlap at different depths below the surface and along the hillslope, possibly due to the restricted site to site hydraulic connectivity, and show that communities are largely distinct in their metabolic capacities. Both proximity to the river and the underlying Mancos shale apparently control species distribution and metabolic potential.

Functions such as carbon fixation and selenate reduction were prevalent at multiple sites, although the lineages of organisms responsible tend to be location-specific. Arsenate detoxification was found to be prevalent in the riparian zone whereas selenate reduction was detected within weathered Mancos shale. We conclude that important ecosystem functions are strongly associated with the riparian zone, some of which may have crucial implications as to water quality and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokunaga, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomically and metabolically distinct microbial communities with depth and across a hillslope to riparian zone transect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of specific mushroom body output neurons inhibits proboscis extension and feeding behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to modify behavior based on prior experience is essential to an animals survival. For example, animals may become attracted to a previously neutral odor or reject a previously appetitive food source upon learning. In Drosophila, the mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for olfactory associative learning and conditioned taste aversion, but how the output of the MBs affects specific behavioral responses is unresolved. In conditioned taste aversion, Drosophila shows a specific behavioral change upon learning: proboscis extension to sugar is reduced after a sugar stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus. While studies have identified MB output neurons (MBONs) that drive approach or avoidance behavior, whether the same MBONs impact proboscis extension behavior is unknown. Here, we tested the role of MB pathways in modulating proboscis extension and identified 10 MBON split-GAL4 lines that upon activation significantly decreased proboscis extension to sugar. Activating several of these lines also decreased sugar consumption, revealing that these MBONs have a general role in modifying feeding behavior beyond proboscis extension. Although the MBONs that decreased proboscis extension and ingestion are different from those that drive avoidance behavior in another context, the diversity of their arborizations demonstrates that a distributed network influences proboscis extension behavior. These studies provide insight into how the MB flexibly alters the response to taste compounds and modifies feeding decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of specific mushroom body output neurons inhibits proboscis extension and feeding behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDespite their recent divergence, muntjac deer show striking karyotype differences. Here we describe new chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Chinese and Indian muntjacs, Muntiacus reevesi (2n=46) and Muntiacus muntjak (2n=6/7), and analyze their evolution and architecture. We identified six fusion events shared by both species relative to the cervid ancestor and therefore present in the muntjac common ancestor, six fusion events unique to the M. reevesi lineage, and twenty-six fusion events unique to the M. muntjak lineage. One of these M. muntjak fusions reverses an earlier fission in the cervid lineage. Although comparative Hi-C analysis revealed differences in long-range genome contacts and A/B compartment structures, we discovered widespread conservation of local chromatin contacts between the muntjacs, even near the fusion sites. A small number of genes involved in chromosome maintenance show evidence for rapid evolution, possibly associated with the dramatic changes in karyotype. Analysis of muntjac genomes reveals new insights into this unique case of rapid karyotype evolution and the resulting biological variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP is a negative regulator of growth that antagonizes the Yorkie and JNK/AP-1 pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organisms require strict growth control mechanisms to ensure that an organ reaches, but does not grossly exceed, its appropriate size and shape. In an unbiased mosaic screen for genes involved in growth regulation, we identified a loss-of-function allele of the gene CtBP that conferred a growth advantage to homozygous mutant tissue. CtBP encodes a transcriptional co-repressor found in diverse organisms, yet its role in regulating tissue growth is not known. We found that CtBP functions as a negative regulator of growth by restricting the expression of the growth-promoting microRNA bantam (ban). ban is a known target of the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki). We show that loss of CtBP function leads to the activation of a minimal enhancer of ban via both Yki-dependent and AP-1 transcription factor-dependent mechanisms. AP-1 is downstream of the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway and thus JNK could regulate growth during development via ban. Furthermore, we show that distinct isoforms of the AP-1 component Fos differ in their ability to activate this enhancer. Since the orthologous pathways in mammalian cells (YAP/TEAD and AP-1) converge on enhancers implicated in tumor progression, a role for mammalian CtBP proteins at those enhancers merits attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumabat, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP is a negative regulator of growth that antagonizes the Yorkie and JNK/AP-1 pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible cobamide metabolism in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile 630 Δerm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to colonize the human gut under conditions of dysbiosis. Several aspects of its carbon and amino acid metabolism have been investigated, but its cobamide (vitamin B12 and related cofactors) metabolism remains largely unexplored. C. difficile has seven predicted cobamide-dependent metabolisms encoded in its genome in addition to a nearly complete cobamide biosynthesis pathway and a cobamide uptake system. To address the importance of cobamides to C. difficile, we studied C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm and mutant derivatives under cobamide-dependent conditions in vitro. Our results show that C. difficile can use a surprisingly diverse array of cobamides for methionine and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, and can use alternative metabolites or enzymes, respectively, to bypass these cobamide-dependent processes. C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm produces the cobamide pseudocobalamin when provided the early precursor 5-aminolevulinc acid or the late intermediate cobinamide, and produces other cobamides if provided an alternative lower ligand. The ability of C. difficile 630 {Delta}erm to take up cobamides and Cbi at micromolar or lower concentrations requires the transporter BtuFCD. Genomic analysis revealed genetic variations in in the btuFCD locus of different C. difficile strains, which may result in differences in the ability to take up cobamides and Cbi. These results together demonstrate that, like other aspects of its physiology, cobamide metabolism in C. difficile is versatile.nnImportanceThe ability of the opportunistic pathogen Clostridioides difficile to cause disease is closely linked to its propensity to adapt to conditions created by dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota. The cobamide (vitamin B12) metabolism of C. difficile has been underexplored, though it has seven metabolic pathways that are predicted to require cobamide-dependent enzymes. Here, we show that C. difficile cobamide metabolism is versatile, as it can use a surprisingly wide variety of cobamides and has alternative functions that can bypass some of its cobamide requirements. Furthermore, C. difficile does not synthesize cobamides de novo, but produces them when given cobamide precursors. Better understanding of C. difficile cobamide metabolism may lead to new strategies to treat and prevent C. difficile-associated disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible cobamide metabolism in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile 630 Δerm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metacognitive visual awareness--the ability to know that one is having a particular visual experience--is thought to optimally guide behavior and help us accurately navigate our complex social environments. Yet the neural underpinnings of visual metacognition continue to be the subject of vigorous debate: While prior work identified correlations between perceptual metacognitive ability and the structure and function of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), evidence for a causal role of this region in promoting metacognition is controversial--in fact, some question whether the prefrontal cortex plays any role in supporting conscious visual experiences. Moreover, whether LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of perceptual and emotional features of complex, yet ubiquitous socio-emotional face stimuli is unknown. Using model-based analyses following a causal intervention to LPFC in humans, we demonstrate that LPFC promotes metacognitive awareness of the orientation of emotional faces--although not of their emotional expressions. Effects were specific to metacognition, as LPFC perturbation did not alter stimulus discrimination performance. Collectively, these data support the causal involvement of the prefrontal cortex in metacognitive awareness, and indicate that the role of LPFC function in metacognition encompasses perceptual experiences of naturalistic social stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lapate, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postle, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CLN6-CLN8 complex recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER for Golgi transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transferred to the Golgi complex by interaction with the Batten disease protein CLN8. Here we investigated the relationship of this pathway with CLN6, an ER-associated protein of unknown function that is defective in a different Batten disease subtype. Experiments focused on protein interaction and trafficking identified CLN6 as an obligate component of a CLN6-CLN8 complex (herein referred to as EGRESS: ER-to-Golgi relaying of enzymes of the lysosomal system) which recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER to promote their Golgi transfer. Simultaneous deficiency of CLN6 and CLN8 did not aggravate mouse pathology compared to the single deficiencies, indicating that the EGRESS complex works as a functional unit. Mutagenesis experiments showed that the second luminal loop of CLN6 is required for the interaction of CLN6 with the enzymes but dispensable for interaction with CLN8, and in vitro and in vivo studies showed that CLN6 deficiency results in inefficient ER export of lysosomal enzymes and diminished levels of the enzymes at the lysosome. These results identify CLN6 and the EGRESS complex as key players in lysosome biogenesis and shed light on the molecular etiology of Batten disease caused by defects in CLN6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Ronza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eblimit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collette, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sifers, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardiello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CLN6-CLN8 complex recruits lysosomal enzymes at the ER for Golgi transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary transition between winglessness and a full-winged morphology requires selective advantage for intermediate forms. Conversely, repeated secondary wing reductions among the pterygotes indicates relaxation of such selection. However, evolutionary trajectories of such transitions are not well characterized. The stick insects (Phasmatodea) exhibit diverse wing sizes at both interspecific and intersexual levels, and thus provide a system for examining how selection on flight capability, along with other selective forces, drives the evolution of flight-related morphology. Here, we examine variation in relevant morphology for stick insects using data from 1100+ individuals representing 765 species. Although wing size varies along a continuous spectrum, taxa with either long or miniaturized wings are the most common, whereas those with intermediate-sized wings are relatively rare. In a morphological space defined by wing and body size, the aerodynamically relevant parameter termed wing loading (the average pressure exerted on the air by the wings) varies according to sex-specific scaling laws; volant but also flightless forms are the most common outcomes in both sexes. Using phylogenetically-informed analyses, we show that relative wing size and body size are inversely correlated in long-winged insects regardless of sexual differences in morphology and ecology. These results demonstrate the diversity of flight-related morphology in stick insects, and also provide a general framework for addressing evolutionary coupling between wing and body dimensions. We also find indirect evidence for a  fitness valley associated with intermediate-sized wings, suggesting relatively rapid evolutionary transitions between wingless and volant forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Maley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial whitening in the retina may be necessary for V1 to learn a sparse representation of natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell outputs are less correlated across space than are natural scenes, and it has been suggested that this decorrelation is performed in the retina in order to improve efficiency and to benefit processing later in the visual system. However, sparse coding, a successful computational model of primary visual cortex, is achievable under some conditions with highly correlated inputs: most sparse coding algorithms learn the well-known sparse features of natural images and can output sparse, high-fidelity codes with or without a preceding decorrelation stage of processing. We propose that sparse coding with biologically plausible local learning rules does require decorrelated inputs, providing a possible explanation for why whitening may be necessary early in the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodds, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial whitening in the retina may be necessary for V1 to learn a sparse representation of natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct population of L6 neurons in mouse V1 mediate cross-callosal communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the corpus callosum, interhemispheric communication is mediated by callosal projection (CP) neurons. Using retrograde labeling, we identified a population of layer 6 (L6) excitatory neurons as the main conveyer of transcallosal information in the monocular zone of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Distinct from L6 corticothalamic (CT) population, V1 L6 CP neurons contribute to an extensive reciprocal network across multiple sensory cortices over two hemispheres. Receiving both local and long-range cortical inputs, they encode orientation, direction, and receptive field information, while are also highly spontaneous active. The spontaneous activity of L6 CP neurons exhibits complex relationships with brain states and stimulus presentation, distinct from the spontaneous activity patterns of the CT population. The anatomical and functional properties of these L6 CP neurons enable them to broadcast visual and nonvisual information across two hemispheres, and thus play a major role in regulating and coordinating brain-wide activity events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct population of L6 neurons in mouse V1 mediate cross-callosal communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeFunctional MRI (fMRI) at the mesoscale of cortical layers and columns requires both sensitivity and specificity, which can be compromised if the imaging method is affected by vascular artifacts, particularly cortical draining veins at the pial surface. Recent studies have shown that cerebral blood volume (CBV) imaging is more specific to the actual laminar locus of neural activity than BOLD imaging when using standard gradient-echo (GE) EPI sequences. Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE) BOLD imaging has also shown greater specificity when compared with GE-BOLD.nnMethodsHere we directly compare CBV and BOLD contrasts in high-resolution imaging of the primary motor cortex for laminar fMRI in four combinations of signal labeling, VASO (CBV) and BOLD with 3D GE-EPI and zoomed 3D GRASE image readouts.nnResultsWe find that both CBV imaging using EPI-VASO and BOLD imaging using GRASE-BOLD, show similar specificity and sensitivity and are thus useful tools for mesoscopic fMRI in the human cortex.nnConclusionThese techniques demonstrate sufficient sensitivity and specificity to allow layer-fMRI to be used by neuroscientists in a wide range of investigations of depth-dependent neural circuitry in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadakova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Parsimony-Guided Tree Proposals to Accelerate Convergence in Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sampling across tree space is one of the major challenges in Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Standard MCMC tree moves consider small random perturbations of the topology, and select from candidate trees at random or based on the distance between the old and new topologies. MCMC algorithms using such moves tend to get trapped in tree space, making them slow in finding the globally most probable trees (known as  convergence) and in estimating the correct proportions of the different types of them (known as  mixing). Here, we introduce a new class of moves, which propose trees based on their parsimony scores. The proposal distribution derived from the parsimony scores is a quickly computable albeit rough approximation of the conditional posterior distribution over candidate trees. We demonstrate with simulations that parsimony-guided moves correctly sample the uniform distribution of topologies from the prior. We then evaluate their performance against standard moves using six challenging empirical datasets, for which we were able to obtain accurate reference estimates of the posterior using long MCMC runs, a mix of topology proposals, and Metropolis coupling. On these datasets, ranging in size from 357 to 934 taxa and from 1,740 to 5,681 sites, we find that single chains using parsimony-guided moves usually converge an order of magnitude faster than chains using standard moves. They also exhibit better mixing, that is, they cover the most probable trees more quickly. Our results show that tree moves based on quick and dirty estimates of the posterior probability can significantly outperform standard moves. Future research will have to show to what extent the performance of such moves can be improved further by finding better ways of approximating the posterior probability, taking the trade-off between accuracy and speed into account.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronquist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Parsimony-Guided Tree Proposals to Accelerate Convergence in Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Tree Proposals for Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of phylogenies with MCMC is without a doubt a staple in the study of evolution. Yet, this method still suffers from a practical challenge identified more than two decades ago: designing tree topology proposals that efficiently sample the tree space. In this article, I introduce the concept of tree topology proposals that adapt to the posterior distribution as it is estimated. I use this concept to elaborate two adaptive variants of existing proposals and an adaptive proposal based on a novel design philosophy in which the structure of the proposal is informed by the posterior distribution of trees. I investigate the performance of these proposals by first presenting a metric that captures the performance of each proposals within a mixture. Using this metric, I then compare the adaptive proposals performance to the performance of standard and parsimony-guided proposals on 11 empirical datasets. Using adaptive proposals led to consistent performance gains and resulted in up to 18-fold increases in mixing efficiency and 6-fold increases in converge rate without increasing the computational cost of these analyses. [Bayesian inference; Adaptive tree proposals; Markov chain Monte Carlo; phylogenetics; posterior probability distribution.]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyer, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Tree Proposals for Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of NLR resistance genes with non-canonical N-terminal domains in wild tomato species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) are an important component of plant immunity that provides resistance against diverse pathogens. NLRs often exist as large gene families, the members of which display diverse multi-domain architectures (MDAs) and evolve through various mechanisms of duplications and selections.nnResultsWe conducted resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) with single-molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing of PacBio for 18 accessions in Solanaceae including 15 wild tomatoes. We demonstrate what was previously known as Solanaceae Domain (SD) not only is more diverse in structure and function but also far anciently originated from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) between Asterids and Amaranthaceae. In tomato, NLRs with the extended N-terminus displayed distinct patterns of evolution based on phylogenetic clades by proliferation, continuous elongation and domain losses.nnConclusionsOur study provides high quality gene models of NLRs that can serve as resources for future studies for crop engineering and elucidates greater evolutionary dynamics of the extended NLRs than previously assumed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of NLR resistance genes with non-canonical N-terminal domains in wild tomato species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved computational identification of drug response using optical measurements of human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells hold great potential for drug screening applications. However, their usefulness is limited by the relative immaturity of cells electro-physiological properties as compared to native cardiomyocytes in the adult human heart. In this work, we extend and improve on methodology to address this limitation, building on previously introduced computational procedures which predict drug effects for mature cells based on changes in optical measurements of action potentials and Ca2+ transients made in stem cell derived cardiac microtissues. This methodology quantifies ion channel changes through the inversion of data into a mathematical model, and maps this response to a mature phenotype through the assumption of functional invariance of fundamental intracellular and membrane channels during maturation.nnHere we utilize an updated action potential model to represent both immature and mature cells, apply an IC50-based model of dose-dependent drug effects, and introduce a continuation-based optimization algorithm for analysis of dose escalation measurements using five drugs with known effects. The improved methodology can identify drug induced changes more efficiently, and quantitate important metrics such as IC50 in line with published values. Consequently, the updated methodology is a step towards employing computational procedures to elucidate drug effects in mature cardiomyocytes for new drugs using stem cell-derived experimental tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charwat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finsberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maleckar, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved computational identification of drug response using optical measurements of human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in microphysiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No statistical evidence for an effect of CCR5-Δ32 on lifespan in the UK Biobank cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study reported that a 32-base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5-{triangleup}32) is deleterious in the homozygous state in humans. Evidence for this came from a survival analysis in the UK Biobank cohort, and from deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a polymorphism tagging the deletion (rs62625034). Here, we carry out a joint analysis of whole-genome genotyping data and whole-exome sequencing data from the UK Biobank, which reveals that technical artifacts are a more plausible cause for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this polymorphism. Specifically, we find that individuals homozygous for the deletion in the sequencing data are underrepresented in the genotyping data due to an elevated rate of missing data at rs62625034, possibly because the probe for this SNP overlaps with the {triangleup}32 deletion. Another variant which has a higher concordance with the deletion in the sequencing data shows no associations with mortality. A phenome-wide scan for effects of variants tagging this deletion shows an overall inflation of association p-values, but identifies only one trait at p < 5x10-8, and no mediators for an effect on mortality. These analyses show that the original reports of a recessive deleterious effect of CCR5-{triangleup}32 are affected by a technical artifact, and that a closer investigation of the same data provides no positive evidence for an effect on lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maier, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No statistical evidence for an effect of CCR5-Δ32 on lifespan in the UK Biobank cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are important vectors for pathogens of humans and other vertebrate animals. Some aspects of adult mosquito behavior and mosquito ecology play an important role in determining the capacity of vector populations to transmit pathogens. Here, we re-examine factors affecting the transmission of pathogens by mosquitoes using a new approach. Unlike most previous models, this framework considers the behavioral states and state transitions of adult mosquitoes through a sequence of activity bouts. We developed a new framework for individual-based simulation models called MBITES (Mosquito Bout-based and Individual-based Transmission Ecology Simulator). In MBITES, it is possible to build models that simulate the behavior and ecology of adult mosquitoes in exquisite detail on complex resource landscapes generated by spatial point processes. We also developed an ordinary differential equation model which is the Kolmogorov forward equations for models developed in MBITES under a specific set of simplifying assumptions. While infection of the mosquito and pathogen development are one possible part of a mosquitos state, that is not the main focus. Using extensive simulation using some models developed in MBITES, we show that vectorial capacity can be understood as an emergent property of simple behavioral algorithms interacting with complex resource landscapes, and that relative density or sparsity of resources and the need to search can have profound consequences for mosquito populations capacity to transmit pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citron, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Menach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkot, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiware, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive haplotypes underlie ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species often include multiple ecotypes that are adapted to different environments. But how do ecotypes arise, and how are their distinctive combinations of adaptive alleles maintained despite hybridization with non-adapted populations? Re-sequencing of 1506 wild sunflowers from three species identified 37 large (1-100 Mbp), non-recombining haplotype blocks associated with numerous ecologically relevant traits, and soil and climate characteristics. Limited recombination in these regions keeps adaptive alleles together, and we find that they differentiate several sunflower ecotypes; for example, they control a 77 day difference in flowering between ecotypes of silverleaf sunflower (likely through deletion of a FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog), and are associated with seed size, flowering time and soil fertility in dune-adapted sunflowers. These haplotypes are highly divergent, associated with polymorphic structural variants, and often appear to represent introgressions from other, possibly extinct, congeners. This work highlights a pervasive role of structural variation in maintaining complex ecotypic adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todesco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legare, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostevik, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, E. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imerovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lande, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive haplotypes underlie ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts are locked in a dynamic evolutionary arms race. Phage satellites, selfish genomic islands which exploit both host bacterium and target phage, further complicate the evolutionary fray. One such tripartite system involves the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera - Vibrio cholerae, the predominant phage isolated from cholera patients - ICP1, and a phage satellite - PLE. When ICP1 infects V. cholerae harboring the integrated PLE genome, PLE accelerates host lysis, spreading the PLE while completely blocking phage production protecting V. cholerae at the population level. Here we identify a single PLE gene, lidI, sufficient to mediate accelerated lysis during ICP1 infection and demonstrate that LidI functions through disrupting lysis inhibition - an understudied outcome of phage infection when phages vastly outnumber their hosts. This work identifies ICP1-encoded holin and antiholin genes teaA and arrA respectively, that mediate this first example of lysis inhibition outside the T-even coliphages. Through lysis inhibition disruption, LidI is sufficient to limit the number of progeny phage produced from an infection. Consequently, this disruption bottlenecks ICP1 evolution as probed by recombination and CRISPR-Cas targeting assays. These studies link novel characterization of the classic phenomenon of lysis inhibition with a conserved protein in a dominant phage satellite, highlighting the importance of lysis timing during infection and parasitization, as well as providing insight into the populations, relationships, and evolution of bacteria, phages, and phage satellites in nature.nnImportanceWith increasing awareness of microbiota impacting human health comes intensified examination of, not only bacteria and the bacteriophages that prey upon them, but also the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that mediate interactions between them. Research is unveiling evolutionary strategies dependent on sensing the milieu: quorum sensing impacts phage infection, phage teamwork overcomes bacterial defenses, and abortive infections sacrifice single cells protecting populations. Yet, the first discovered environmental sensing by phages, known as lysis inhibition (LIN), has only been studied in the limited context of T-even coliphages. Here we characterize LIN in the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, Vibrio cholerae, infected by a phage ubiquitous in clinical samples. Further, we show that a specific MGE, the phage satellite PLE, collapses LIN with a conserved protein during its anti-phage program. The insights gleaned from this work add to our expanding understanding of microbial fitness in natural contexts beyond the canonical bacterial genome and into the realm of antagonistic evolution driven by phages and satellites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hays, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereo In-Line Holographic Digital Microscope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biologists use optical microscopes to study plankton in the lab, but their size, complexity and cost makes widespread deployment of microscopes in lakes and oceans challenging. Monitoring the morphology, behavior and distribution of plankton in situ is essential as they are excellent indicators of marine environment health and provide a majority of Earths oxygen and carbon sequestration. Direct in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) eliminates many of these obstacles, but image reconstruction is computationally intensive and produces monochromatic images. By using one laser and one white LED, it is possible to obtain the 3D location plankton by triangulation, limiting holographic reconstruction to only the voxels occupied by the plankton, reducing computation by several orders of magnitude. The color information from the white LED assists in the classification of plankton, as phytoplankton contains green-colored chlorophyll. The reconstructed plankton images are rendered in a 3D interactive environment, viewable from a browser, providing the user the experience of observing plankton from inside a drop of water.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnatan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastore, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereo In-Line Holographic Digital Microscope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) combines unbiased single-cell transcriptome measurements with surface protein quantification comparable to flow cytometry, the gold standard for cell type identification. However, current analysis pipelines cannot address the two primary challenges of CITE-seq data: combining both modalities in a shared latent space that harnesses the power of the paired measurements, and handling the technical artifacts of the protein measurement, which is obscured by non-negligible background noise. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a fully probabilistic end-to-end framework for normalizing and analyzing CITE-seq data, based on a hierarchical Bayesian model. In totalVI, the mRNA and protein measurements for each cell are generated from a low-dimensional latent random variable unique to that cell, representing its cellular state. totalVI uses deep neural networks to specify conditional distributions. By leveraging advances in stochastic variational inference, it scales easily to millions of cells. Explicit modeling of nuisance factors enables totalVI to produce denoised data in both domains, as well as a batch-corrected latent representation of cells for downstream analysis tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Generative Models for Detecting Differential Expression in Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting differentially expressed genes is important for characterizing subpopulations of cells. However, in scRNA-seq data, nuisance variation due to technical factors like sequencing depth and RNA capture efficiency obscures the underlying biological signal. First, we show that deep generative models, which combined Bayesian statistics and deep neural networks, better estimate the log-fold-change in gene expression levels between subpopulations of cells. Second, we use Bayesian decision theory to detect differentially expressed genes while controlling the false discovery rate. Our experiments on simulated and real datasets show that our approach out-performs state-of-the-art DE frameworks. Finally, we introduce a technique for improving the posterior approximation, and show that it also improves differential expression performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Generative Models for Detecting Differential Expression in Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA sequencing data, biological processes or technical factors may induce an overabundance of zero measurements. Existing probabilistic approaches to interpreting these data either model all genes as zero-inflated, or none. But the overabundance of zeros might be gene-specific. Hence, we propose the AutoZI model, which, for each gene, places a spike-and-slab prior on a mixture assignment between a negative binomial (NB) component and a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) component. We approximate the posterior distribution under this model using variational inference, and employ Bayesian decision theory to decide whether each gene is zero-inflated. On simulated data, AutoZI outperforms the alternatives. On negative control data, AutoZI retrieves predictions consistent to a previous study on ERCC spike-ins and recovers similar results on control RNAs. Applied to several datasets and instances of the 10x Chromium protocol, AutoZI allows both biological and technical interpretations of zero-inflation. Finally, AutoZIs decisions on mouse embyronic stem-cells suggest that zero-inflation might be due to transcriptional bursting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ratiometric bioluminescent sensors towards in vivo imaging of bacterial signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Second messenger signaling networks allow cells to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions. In bacteria, the nearly ubiquitous second messenger molecule cyclic di-GMP coordinates diverse processes such as motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. In bacterial pathogens, these signaling networks allow the bacteria to survive changing environment conditions that are experienced during infection of a mammalian host. While studies have examined the effects of cyclic di-GMP levels on virulence in these pathogens, it has previously not been possible to visualize cyclic di-GMP levels in real time during the stages of host infection. Towards this goal, we generate the first ratiometric, chemiluminescent biosensor scaffold that selectively responds to c-di-GMP. By engineering the biosensor scaffold, a suite of Venus-YcgR-NLuc (VYN) biosensors is generated that provide extremely high sensitivity (KD < 300 pM) and large BRET signal changes (up to 109%). As a proof-of-concept that VYN biosensors can image cyclic di-GMP during host infection, we show that the VYN biosensors function in the context of a tissue phantom model, with only [~]103-104 biosensor-expressing cells required for the measurement. Furthermore, the stable BRET signal suggests that the sensors could be used for long-term imaging of cyclic di-GMP dynamics during host infection. The VYN sensors developed here can serve as robust in vitro diagnostic tools for high throughput screening, as well as genetically encodable tools for monitoring the dynamics of c-di-GMP in live cells, and lay the groundwork for live cell imaging of c-di-GMP dynamics in bacteria during host infection, and other complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dippel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ratiometric bioluminescent sensors towards in vivo imaging of bacterial signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the mitochondrial protein-import channel TOM complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into mitochondria following synthesis on cytosolic ribosomes. These precursor proteins are translocated into mitochondria by the TOM complex, a protein-conducting channel in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Using cryo-EM, we have obtained high-resolution structures of both apo and presequence-bound core TOM complexes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dimeric and tetrameric forms. Dimeric TOM consists of two copies each of five proteins arranged in two-fold symmetry--Tom40, a pore-forming {beta}-barrel with an overall negatively-charged inner surface, and four auxiliary -helical transmembrane proteins. The structure suggests that presequences for mitochondrial targeting insert into the Tom40 channel mainly by electrostatic and polar interactions. The tetrameric complex is essentially a dimer of dimeric TOM, which may be capable of forming higher-order oligomers. Our study reveals the molecular organization of the TOM complex and provides new insights about the mechanism of protein translocation into mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the mitochondrial protein-import channel TOM complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Numerous post-translational modifications of RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4 link transcription to post-transcriptional mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rpb4/7 binds RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcripts co-transcriptionally and accompanies them throughout their lives. By virtue of its capacity to interact with key regulators (e.g., Pol II, eIF3, Pat1) both temporarily and spatially, Rpb4/7 regulates the major stages of the mRNA lifecycle. Here we show that Rpb4/7 can undergo over 100 combinations of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Remarkably, the Rpb4/7 PTMs repertoire changes as the mRNA/Rpb4/7 complex progresses from one stage to the next. A mutagenesis approach in residues that undergo PTMs suggests that temporal Rpb4 PTMs regulate its interactions with key regulators of gene expression that control transcriptional and post-transcriptional stages. Moreover, one mutant type specifically affects mRNA synthesis despite its normal association with Pol II, whereas the other affects both mRNA synthesis and decay; both types disrupt the balance between mRNA synthesis and decay ( mRNA buffering) and the cells capacity to respond to the environment. Taken together, we propose that temporal Rpb4/7 PTMs are involved in cross talks among the various stages of the mRNA lifecycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendalak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Numerous post-translational modifications of RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4 link transcription to post-transcriptional mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic differences in reversible attachment behavior reveal distinct P. aeruginosa surface colonization strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/798843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite possessing the machinery to sense, adhere to, and proliferate on surfaces, it is commonly observed that bacteria initially have a difficult time attaching to a surface. Before forming a bacterial biofilm, planktonic bacteria exhibit a random period of transient surface attachment known as "reversible attachment" which is poorly understood. Using community tracking methods at single-cell resolution, we examine how reversible attachment progresses during initial stages of surface sensing. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14, which exhibit similar exponential trends of surface cell population increase, show unanticipated differences when the behavior of each cell was considered at the full lineage level and interpreted using the unifying quantitative framework of an exactly solvable stochastic model. Reversible attachment comprises two regimes of behavior, processive and nonprocessive, corresponding to whether cells of the lineage stay on the surface long enough to divide, or not, before detaching. Stark differences between PAO1 and PA14 in the processive regime of reversible attachment suggest the existence of two complementary surface colonization strategies, which are roughly analogous to "immediate-" vs "deferred-gratification" in a prototypical cognitive-affective processing system. PAO1 lineages commit relatively quickly to a surface compared to PA14 lineages. PA14 lineages allow detaching cells to retain memory of the surface so that they are primed for improved subsequent surface attachment. In fact, it is possible to identify motility suppression events in PA14 lineages in the process of surface commitment. We hypothesize that these contrasting strategies are rooted in downstream differences between Wsp-based and Pil-Chp-based surface sensing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. K.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Anda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhao, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnopol, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomba, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsek, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golestanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic differences in reversible attachment behavior reveal distinct P. aeruginosa surface colonization strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn this manuscript and do not wish it to be cited. As we have moved more deeply into population genomics, we have discovered the analyses we initially used do not answer our questions well. We are recalibrating and intend to submit a new manuscript in the future. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pringle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent CRISPR-Cas9 inhibitors from Staphylococcus genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CRISPRs (Acrs) are small proteins that inhibit the RNA-guided DNA targeting activity of CRISPR-Cas enzymes. Encoded by bacteriophage and phage-derived bacterial genes, Acrs prevent CRISPR-mediated inhibition of phage infection and can also block CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in eukaryotic cells. To identify Acrs capable of inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SauCas9), an alternative to the most commonly used genome editing protein Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9), we used both self-targeting CRISPR screening and guilt-by-association genomic search strategies. Here we describe three new potent inhibitors of SauCas9 that we name AcrIIA13, AcrIIA14 and AcrIIA15. These inhibitors share a conserved N-terminal sequence that is dispensable for anti-CRISPR function, and have divergent C-termini that are required in each case for selective inhibition of SauCas9-catalyzed DNA cleavage. In human cells, we observe robust and specific inhibition of SauCas9-induced genome editing by AcrIIA13 and moderate inhibition by AcrIIA14 and AcrIIA15. We also find that the conserved N-terminal domain of AcrIIA13-15 binds to an inverted repeat sequence in the promoter of these Acr genes, consistent with its predicted helix-turn-helix DNA binding structure. These data demonstrate an effective strategy for Acr discovery and establish AcrIIA13-15 as unique bifunctional inhibitors of SauCas9.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent CRISPR-Cas9 inhibitors from Staphylococcus genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pairing of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with massively parallel single-cell readouts now enables large-scale lineage tracing. However, the rapid growth in complexity of data from these assays has outpaced our ability to accurately infer phylogenetic relationships. To address this, we provide three resources. First, we introduce Cassiopeia - a suite of scalable and theoretically grounded maximum parsimony approaches for tree reconstruction. Second, we provide a simulation framework for evaluating algorithms and exploring lineage tracer design principles. Finally, we generate the most complex experimental lineage tracing dataset to date - consisting of 34,557 human cells continuously traced over 15 generations, 71% of which are uniquely marked - and use it for benchmarking phylogenetic inference approaches. We show that Cassiopeia outperforms traditional methods by several metrics and under a wide variety of parameter regimes, and provide insight into the principles for the design of improved Cas9-enabled recorders. Together these should broadly enable large-scale mammalian lineage tracing efforts. Cassiopeia and its benchmarking resources are publicly available at www.github.com/YosefLab/Cassiopeia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From sectors to speckles: The impact of long range migration on gene surfing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Range expansions lead to distinctive patterns of genetic variation in populations, even in the absence of selection. These patterns and their genetic consequences have been well-studied for populations advancing through successive short-ranged migration events. However, most populations harbor some degree of long-range dispersal, experiencing rare yet consequential migration events over arbitrarily long distances. Although dispersal is known to strongly affect spatial genetic structure during range expansions, the resulting patterns and their impact on neutral diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically study the consequences of long-range dispersal on patterns of neutral variation during range expansion in a class of dispersal models which spans the extremes of local (effectively short-ranged) and global (effectively well-mixed) migration. We find that sufficiently long-ranged dispersal leaves behind a mosaic of monoallelic patches, whose number and size are highly sensitive to the distribution of dispersal distances. We develop a coarse-grained model which connects statistical features of these spatial patterns to the evolution of neutral diversity during the range expansion. We show that growth mechanisms that appear qualitatively similar can engender vastly different outcomes for diversity: depending on the tail of the dispersal distance distribution, diversity can either be preserved (i.e. many variants survive) or lost (i.e. one variant dominates) at long times. Our results highlight the impact of spatial and migratory structure on genetic variation during processes as varied as range expansions, species invasions, epidemics, and the spread of beneficial mutations in established populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From sectors to speckles: The impact of long range migration on gene surfing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs) catalyze transport of Cl- with K+ and/or Na+ across cellular membranes. CCCs play roles in volume regulation, neural development and function, audition, blood pressure regulation, and renal function. CCCs are targets of drugs including loop diuretics and their disruption is implicated in pathophysiologies including epilepsy, hearing loss, and the genetic disorders Andermann, Gitelman, and Bartter syndromes. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a CCC, the Mus musculus K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC4, in lipid nanodiscs. The structure, captured in an inside-open conformation, reveals the architecture of KCCs including an extracellular domain poised to regulate transport activity through an outer gate. We further identify substrate K+ and Cl- binding sites and provide a structural explanation for differences in substrate specificity and transport ratio between CCCs. These results provide mechanistic insight into the function and regulation of a physiologically important transporter family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC4 in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the tight junction (TJ) formed by specialized adhesive membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the TJs critical physiological role, a molecular-level understanding of how TJ assembly sets the permeability of epithelial tissue is lacking. Here, we identify a 28-amino acid sequence in the TJ adaptor protein ZO-1 that is responsible for actin binding and show that this interaction is essential for TJ permeability. In contrast to the strong interactions at the adherens junction, we find that the affinity between ZO-1 and actin is surprisingly weak, and we propose a model based on kinetic trapping to explain how affinity could affect TJ assembly. Finally, by tuning the affinity of ZO-1 to actin, we demonstrate that epithelial monolayers can be engineered with a spectrum of permeabilities, which points to a new target for treating transport disorders and improving drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamkins-Indik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While immunoassays and mass spectrometry are powerful single-cell protein analysis tools, bottlenecks remain in interfacing and throughput. Here, we introduce highly parallel, synchronous, three-dimensional single-cell immunoblots to detect both cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The novel threedimensional microfluidic device is a photoactive polyacrylamide gel with a high-density microwell array patterned on one face (x-y) for cell isolation and lysis. From each microwell, single-cell lysate is  electrophoretically projected into the 3rd dimension (z-axis), separated by size, and photo-captured for immunoprobing and three-dimensional interrogation by confocal/light sheet microscopy. Design guidelines for throughput and separation performance are informed by simulation, analyses, and deconvolution postprocessing based on physics of 3D diffusion. Importantly, separations are nearly synchronous, whereas serial analyses can impart hours of delay between the first and last cell. We achieve an electrophoresis throughput of >2.5 cells/s (70X faster than serial sampling) and perform 25 immunoblots/mm2 device area (>10X increase over previous immunoblots). A straightforward device for parallel single-cell immunoblotting, projection electrophoresis promises to advance integration of protein-level profiles into the emerging single-cell atlas of genomic and transcriptomic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grist, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourdoukoutas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phytotransferrin endocytosis mediates a direct cell surface-to-chloroplast iron trafficking axis in marine diatoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron is a biochemically critical metal cofactor in enzymes involved in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, nitrate assimilation, nitrogen fixation, and reactive oxygen species defense. Marine microeukaryotes have evolved a phytotransferrin-based iron uptake system to cope with iron scarcity, a major factor limiting primary productivity in the global ocean. Diatom phytotransferrin is endocytosed, however proteins downstream of this environmentally ubiquitous iron receptor are unknown. We applied engineered ascorbate peroxidase APEX2-based subcellular proteomics to catalog proximal proteins of phytotransferrin in the model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Proteins encoded by poorly characterized iron-sensitive genes were identified including three that are expressed from a chromosomal gene cluster. Two of them showed unambiguous colocalization with phytotransferrin adjacent to the chloroplast. Further phylogenetic, domain, and biochemical analyses suggest their involvement in intracellular iron processing. Proximity proteomics holds enormous potential to glean new insights into iron acquisition pathways and beyond in these evolutionarily, ecologically, and biotechnologically important microalgae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obornik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielinski, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phytotransferrin endocytosis mediates a direct cell surface-to-chloroplast iron trafficking axis in marine diatoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soil microbial communities associated with giant sequoia: How does the world’s largest tree affect some of the world’s smallest organisms? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) is an iconic conifer that lives in relic populations on the western slopes of the California Sierra Nevada. In these settings it is unusual among the dominant trees in that it associates with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rather than ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, it is unclear whether differences in microbial associations extends more broadly to non-mycorrhizal components of the soil microbial community. To address this question we characterized microbiomes associated with giant sequoia and co-occurring sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) by sequencing 16S and ITS1 of the bulk soil community at two groves with distinct parent material. We found tree-associated differences were apparent despite a strong grove effect. Bacterial/archaeal richness was greater beneath giant sequoia than sugar pine, with a unique core community that was double the size. The tree species also harbored compositionally distinct fungal communities. This pattern depended on grove but was associated with a consistently elevated relative abundance of Hygrocybe species beneath giant sequoia. Compositional differences between host trees correlated with soil pH, calcium availability, and soil moisture. We conclude that the effects of giant sequoia extend beyond mycorrhizal mutualists to include the broader community, and that some but not all host tree differences are grove-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glassman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruns, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soil microbial communities associated with giant sequoia: How does the world’s largest tree affect some of the world’s smallest organisms?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenging conventional wisdom on the evolution of resistance to multi-drug HIV treatment: Lessons from data and modeling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Triple-drug therapies have transformed HIV from a fatal condition to a chronic one. These therapies should prevent HIV drug resistance evolution, because one or more drugs suppress any partially-resistant viruses. In practice, such therapies drastically reduced, but did not eliminate, resistance evolution. In this article, we reanalyze published data from an evolutionary perspective and demonstrate several intriguing patterns about HIV resistance evolution - resistance evolves (1) even after years on successful therapy, (2) sequentially, often via one mutation at a time and (3) in a partially predictable order. We describe how these observations might emerge under two models of HIV drugs varying in space or time. Despite decades of work in this area, much opportunity remains to create models with realistic parameters for three drugs, and to match model outcomes to resistance rates and genetic patterns from patients on triple-drug therapy. Further, lessons from HIV may inform other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenging conventional wisdom on the evolution of resistance to multi-drug HIV treatment: Lessons from data and modeling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are an integral component of the biological information about an organism and, logically, the more complete the genome, the more informative it is. Historically, bacterial and archaeal genomes were reconstructed from pure (monoclonal) cultures and the first reported sequences were manually curated to completion. However, the bottleneck imposed by the requirement for isolates precluded genomic insights for the vast majority of microbial life. Shotgun sequencing of microbial communities, referred to initially as community genomics and subsequently as genome-resolved metagenomics, can circumvent this limitation by obtaining metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), but gaps, local assembly errors, chimeras and contamination by fragments from other genomes limit the value of these genomes. Here, we discuss genome curation to improve and in some cases achieve complete (circularized, no gaps) MAGs (CMAGs). To date, few CMAGs have been generated, although notably some are from very complex systems such as soil and sediment. Through analysis of ~7000 published complete bacterial isolate genomes, we verify the value of cumulative GC skew in combination with other metrics to establish bacterial genome sequence accuracy. Interestingly, analysis of cumulative GC skew identified potential mis-assemblies in some reference genomes of isolated bacteria and the repeat sequences that likely gave rise to them. We discuss methods that could be implemented in bioinformatic approaches for curation to ensure that metabolic and evolutionary analyses can be based on very high-quality genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous synaptic weighting improves neural coding in the presence of common noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simultaneous recordings from the cortex have revealed that neural activity is highly variable, and that some variability is shared across neurons in a population. Further experimental work has demonstrated that the shared component of a neuronal populations variability is typically comparable to or larger than its private component. Meanwhile, an abundance of theoretical work has assessed the impact shared variability has upon a population code. For example, shared input noise is understood to have a detrimental impact on a neural populations coding fidelity. However, other contributions to variability, such as common noise, can also play a role in shaping correlated variability. We present a network of linear-nonlinear neurons in which we introduce a common noise input to model, for instance, variability resulting from upstream action potentials that are irrelevant for the task at hand. We show that by applying a heterogeneous set of synaptic weights to the neural inputs carrying the common noise, the network can improve its coding ability as measured by both Fisher information and Shannon mutual information, even in cases where this results in amplification of the common noise. With a broad and heterogeneous distribution of synaptic weights, a population of neurons can remove the harmful effects imposed by afferents that are uninformative about a stimulus. We demonstrate that some nonlinear networks benefit from weight diversification up to a certain population size, above which the drawbacks from amplified noise dominate over the benefits of diversification. We further characterize these benefits in terms of the relative strength of shared and private variability sources. Finally, we studied the asymptotic behavior of the mutual information and Fisher information analytically in our various networks as a function of population size. We find some surprising qualitative changes in the asymptotic behavior as we make seemingly minor changes in the synaptic weight distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livezey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous synaptic weighting improves neural coding in the presence of common noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roq1 confers resistance to Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xanthomonas species, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant yield loss in many crop species. Current control methods for these pathogens are insufficient but there is significant potential for generating new disease-resistant crop varieties. Plant immune receptors encoded by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes typically confer resistance to pathogens that produce a cognate elicitor, often an effector protein secreted by the pathogen to promote virulence. The diverse sequence and presence / absence variation of pathogen effector proteins within and between pathogen species usually limits the utility of a single NLR gene to protecting a plant from a single pathogen species or particular strains. The NLR protein Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1) was recently identified from the plant Nicotiana benthamiana and mediates perception of the effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1 from Xanthomonas and P. syringae respectively. Unlike most recognized effectors, alleles of XopQ/HopQ1 are highly conserved and present in most plant pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas and P. syringae. A homolog of XopQ/HopQ1, named RipB, is present in many R. solanacearum strains. We found that Roq1 also mediates perception of RipB and confers immunity to Xanthomonas, P. syringae, and R. solanacearum when expressed in tomato. Strong resistance to Xanthomonas perforans was observed in three seasons of field trials with both natural and artificial inoculation. The Roq1 gene can therefore be used to provide safe, economical and effective control of these pathogens in tomato and other crop species and reduce or eliminate the need for traditional chemical controls.

SummaryA single immune receptor expressed in tomato confers strong resistance to three different bacterial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrich, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roq1 confers resistance to Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly homogeneous expansion microscopy polymer composed of tetrahedron-like monomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy (ExM) physically magnifies biological specimens to enable nanoscale-resolution imaging on conventional microscopes. Current ExM methods permeate biological specimens with free radical-polymerized polyacrylate hydrogels, whose network structure limits the microscopy resolution enabled by ExM. Here we report that ExM is possible using hydrogels with more homogeneous network structure, assembled via non-radical terminal linking of monomers of tetrahedral shape. As with earlier forms of ExM, such "tetra-gel"-embedded specimens can be iteratively expanded for greater physical magnification. Iterative tetra-gel expansion of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virions by ~10x in linear dimension results in a viral envelope deviation from sphericity of 9.2 nm, rather than the 14.3 nm enabled by free radical-polymerized hydrogels used in earlier versions of ExM. Thus, tetra-gel polymer chemistry may support new forms of ExM imaging that introduce fewer spatial errors than earlier versions, and raise the question of whether single biomolecule precision may be achievable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piatkevich, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neve, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly homogeneous expansion microscopy polymer composed of tetrahedron-like monomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manumycin Polyketides Act as Molecular Glues Between UBR7 and P53 to Impair Breast Cancer Pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular glues are an intriguing therapeutic modality that harness small-molecules to induce interactions between proteins that typically do not interact, thus enabling the creation of novel protein functions not naturally encoded in biology. While molecular glues such as thalidomide and rapamycin have catalyzed drug discovery efforts, such molecules are rare and have often been discovered fortuitously, thus limiting their potential as a general strategy for therapeutic intervention of disease. Historically, natural products have proven to be important sources of molecular glues and we postulated that natural products bearing multiple electrophilic sites may be an unexplored source of such molecules, potentially through multi-covalent attachment. Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic platforms, we show that members of the manumycin family of polyketides, which bear multiple potentially reactive sites, target C374 of the putative E3 ligase UBR7 in breast cancer cells to impair breast cancer pathogenicity through engaging in molecular glue interactions with the neo-substrate tumor-suppressor TP53, leading to the activation of p53 transcriptional activity and cell death. Our results reveal a previously undiscovered anti-cancer mechanism of this natural product family and highlight the potential for combining chemoproteomics and multi-covalent natural products for the discovery and characterization of new molecular glues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okumura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallarico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manumycin Polyketides Act as Molecular Glues Between UBR7 and P53 to Impair Breast Cancer Pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opposite neurons, found in macaque dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas, combine visual and vestibular cues of self-motion in opposite ways. A neural circuit recently proposed utilizes opposite neurons to perform causal inference and decide whether the visual and vestibular cues in MSTd and VIP should be integrated or segregated. However, it is unclear how these opposite connections can be formed with biologically realistic learning rules. We propose a network model capable of learning these opposite neurons, using Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian learning rules. The learned neurons are topographically organized and have von Mises-shaped feedforward connections, with tuning properties characteristic of opposite neurons. Our purpose is two-fold: on the one hand, we provide a circuit-level mechanism that explains the properties and formation of opposite neurons; on the other hand, we present a way to extend current theories of multisensory integration to account for appropriate segregation of sensory cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth parasites to high-light how little is known about parasite diversity, and how insufficient our current approach will be to describe the full scope of life on Earth. Using the largest database of host-parasite associations and one of the worlds largest parasite collections, we estimate a global total of roughly 100,000 to 350,000 species of helminth endoparasites of vertebrates, of which 85% to 95% are unknown to science. The parasites of amphibians and reptiles remain the most poorly described, but the majority of undescribed species are likely parasites of birds and bony fish. Missing species are disproportionately likely to be smaller parasites of smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At current rates, it would take centuries to comprehensively sample, collect, and name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, we argue that patterns described from a small, biased sample of diversity arent necessarily reliable, especially as host-parasite networks are increasingly altered by global change. In the spirit of moon-shots like the Human Genome Project and the Global Virome Project, we consider the idea of a Global Parasite Project: a global effort to transform parasitology and inventory parasite diversity at an unprecedented pace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Modulation of Neural Variance Facilitates Neuroprosthetic Skill Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One hallmark of natural motor control is the brains ability to adapt to perturbations ranging from temporary visual-motor rotations to paresis caused by stroke. These adaptations require modifications of learned neural patterns that can span the time-course of minutes to months. Previous work with brain-machine interfaces (BMI) has shown that over learning, neurons consolidate firing activity onto low-dimensional neural subspaces, and additional studies have shown that neurons require longer timescales to adapt to task perturbations that require neural activity outside of these subspaces. However, it is unclear how the motor cortex adapts alongside task changes that do not require modifications of the existing neural subspace over learning. To answer this question, five nonhuman primates were used in three BMI experiments, which allowed us to track how specific populations of neurons changed firing patterns as task performance improved. In each experiment, neural activity was transformed into cursor kinematics using decoding algorithms that were periodically readapted based on natural arm movements or visual feedback. We found that decoder changes caused neurons to increase exploratory-like patterns on within-day timescales without hindering previously consolidated patterns regardless of task performance. The flexible modulation of these exploratory patterns in contrast to relatively stable consolidated activity suggests a simultaneous exploration-exploitation strategy that adapts existing neural patterns during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>You, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsborn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Modulation of Neural Variance Facilitates Neuroprosthetic Skill Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in soil varies with phylum, depth, and vegetation type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria isolated from soils are major sources of specialized metabolites, including antibiotics and other compounds with clinical value that likely shape interactions among microbial community members and impact biogeochemical cycles. Yet, isolated lineages represent a small fraction of all soil bacterial diversity. It remains unclear how the production of specialized metabolites varies across the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial species in soils, and whether the genetic potential for production of these metabolites differs with soil type. We sampled soils and saprolite from three sites in a northern California Critical Zone Observatory with varying vegetation and bedrock characteristics and used metagenomic sequencing and assembly to reconstruct 1,334 microbial genomes containing diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolite production. We obtained genomes for prolific producers of secondary metabolites, including novel groups within the Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and candidate phylum Dormibactereota. Surprisingly, one genome of a Candidate Phyla Radiation bacterium encoded for a ribosomally synthesized linear azole/azoline-containing peptide, a capacity we found in other publicly available CPR bacterial genomes. Overall, bacteria with higher biosynthetic potential were enriched in shallow soils and grassland soils, with patterns of abundance of BGC type varying by taxonomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/818815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in soil varies with phylum, depth, and vegetation type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerative capacity in Drosophila imaginal discs is controlled by damage-responsive, maturity-silenced enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like tissues of many organisms, Drosophila imaginal discs lose the ability to regenerate as they mature. This loss of regenerative capacity coincides with reduced damage-responsive expression of multiple genes needed for regeneration. Our previous work showed that two such genes, wg and Wnt6, are regulated by a single damage-responsive enhancer, which becomes progressively inactivated via Polycomb-mediated silencing as discs mature. Here we explore the generality of this mechanism, and identify numerous damage-responsive, maturity-silenced (DRMS) enhancers, some near genes known to be required for regeneration such as Mmp1, as well as near genes that we now show function in regeneration. Using a novel GAL4-independent tissue ablation system we characterize two DRMS-associated genes, apontic (apt), which curtails regeneration and CG9752/asperous (aspr), which promotes it. This mechanism of suppressing regeneration by silencing damage-responsive enhancers at multiple loci can be partially overcome by reducing activity of the chromatin regulator extra sex combs (esc).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinchfield, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nystrom, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerative capacity in Drosophila imaginal discs is controlled by damage-responsive, maturity-silenced enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food and drugs contain diverse small molecule additives (excipients) with unclear impacts on human physiology. Here, we evaluate their potential impact on intestinal absorption, screening 136 unique compounds for inhibition of the key transporter OATP2B1. We identified and validated 24 potent OATP2B1 transport inhibitors, characterized by higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity compared to poor or non-inhibitors. OATP2B1 inhibitors were also enriched for dyes, including 8 azo (R-N=N-R') dyes. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice confirmed that FD&C Red No. 40, a common azo dye excipient, inhibited drug absorption; however, the human gut microbiome inactivated azo dye excipients, producing metabolites that no longer inhibit OATP2B1 transport. These results support a beneficial role for the microbiome in limiting the unintended effects of food and drug additives in the intestine.

One Sentence SummaryFood and drug additives inhibit intestinal drug transporters, although some are inactivated by gut bacterial metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanogiannopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakalozou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoichet, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomini, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of beta-lactam drug-resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli contaminating ready-to-eat lettuce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and beta-lactam drug resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat lettuce, obtained from local supermarkets in Northern California. Bags of lettuce were purchased from 4 chain supermarkets during three different periods--Oct 2018-Jan 2019, Feb 2019-Apr 2019 and May 2019-July 2019. From 91 packages of lettuce, we recovered 34 E. coli isolates from 22 (24%) lettuce samples. All E. coli isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and we found 15 distinct sequence types (STs). Five of these genotypes (ST2819, ST4600, ST2432, ST1198 and ST5143) have been reported to cause infection in humans. Twenty (59%) E. coli isolates were found resistant to at least one of the antibacterial drugs. They included resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 85%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM, 50%), cefoxitin (FOX, 40%) and cefuroxime (CXM, 35%). We found 8 (40%) of 20 beta-lactam resistant E. coli isolates to carry blaCTX-M; 5 (25%) tested positive for blaSHV, while only 4 (20%) tested positive for blaTEM. Additionally, we identified a class A broad-spectrum beta-lactamase SED-1 gene, blaSED, reported by others in Citrobacter sedlakii isolated from bile of a patient. This study found that a large proportion of fresh lettuce carry beta-lactam drug-resistant E. coli, which could serve as a reservoir for drug resistance genes that could potentially enter pathogens to cause human infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Borges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of beta-lactam drug-resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli contaminating ready-to-eat lettuce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM14 is a key regulator of the type I interferon response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs) play a variety of recently described roles in innate immunity. While many TRIMs regulate type I interferon (IFN) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid sensing of viruses, their contribution to innate immune signaling and gene expression during bacterial infection remains largely unknown. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent activator of cGAS-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing, we set out to investigate a role for TRIM proteins in regulating macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis. Here we demonstrate that TRIM14, a non-canonical TRIM that lacks an E3 ligase RING domain, is a critical negative regulator of the type I IFN response in macrophages. We show that TRIM14 physically interacts with both cGAS and TBK1 and that macrophages lacking TRIM14 dramatically hyperinduce interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression following cytosolic nucleic acid transfection, IFN-{beta} treatment, and M. tuberculosis infection. Consistent with a defect in resolution of the type I IFN response, Trim14 knockout (KO) macrophages have more phospho-Ser754 STAT3 relative to phospho-727 and fail to upregulate the STAT3 target Socs3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3), which is required to turn off IFNAR signaling. These data support a model whereby TRIM14 acts as a scaffold between TBK1 and STAT3 to promote phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and enhance negative regulation of ISG expression. Remarkably, Trim14 KO macrophages hyperinduce antimicrobials like Inos2 and are significantly better than control cells at limiting M. tuberculosis replication. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unappreciated role for TRIM14 in resolving type I IFN responses and controlling M. tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffpauir, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odio-Torres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM14 is a key regulator of the type I interferon response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix Inversion and Subset Selection (MISS): A novel pipeline for quantitative mapping of diverse cell types across the murine brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of increasingly sophisticated imaging platforms has allowed for the visualization of the murine nervous system at single-cell resolution. However, current experimental approaches have not yet produced whole-brain maps of a comprehensive set of neuronal and nonneuronal types that approaches the cellular diversity of the mammalian cortex. Here we aim to fill in this gap in knowledge with an open-source computational pipeline, Matrix Inversion with Subset Selection (MISS), that can infer quantitatively validated distributions of diverse collections of neural cell types at 200m resolution using a combination of single-cell RNAseq and in situ hybridization datasets. We rigorously demonstrate the accuracy of MISS against literature expectations. Importantly, we show that gene subset selection, a procedure by which we filter out low-information genes prior to performing deconvolution, is a critical pre-processing step that distinguishes MISS from its predecessors and facilitates the production of cell type maps with significantly higher accuracy. We also show that MISS is generalizable by generating high-quality cell type maps from a second, independently curated single-cell RNAseq dataset. Together, our results illustrate the viability of computational approaches for determining the spatial distributions of a wide variety of cell types from genetic data alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix Inversion and Subset Selection (MISS): A novel pipeline for quantitative mapping of diverse cell types across the murine brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cargo licenses maturation of stalled endocytic sites through a regulatory checkpoint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/834523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), over 50 different proteins assemble on the plasma membrane to reshape it into a cargo-laden vesicle. It has long been assumed that cargo triggers local CME site assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the discovery that cortical actin patches clustered near exocytic sites are CME sites. Quantitative imaging data reported here lead to a radically different view of which CME steps are regulated and which steps are deterministic. We quantitatively and spatially describe progression through the CME pathway and pinpoint a cargo-sensitive regulatory transition point that governs progression from the initiation phase of CME to the internalization phase. Thus, site maturation, rather than site initiation, accounts for the previously observed polarized distribution of actin patches in this organism. While previous studies suggested that cargo ensures its own internalization by regulating either CME initiation rates or frequency of abortive events, our data instead identify maturation through a checkpoint in the pathway as the cargo-sensitive step.

SummaryPedersen, Hassinger, et al. investigate steps of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway that are subject to regulation. They report position-dependent differences in endocytic site maturation rates in polarized cells and suggest that cargo controls endocytic internalization through tuning site maturation rather than site initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchando, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/834523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cargo licenses maturation of stalled endocytic sites through a regulatory checkpoint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUltrasonic acoustic power transfer is an efficient mechanism for coupling energy to millimeter and sub-millimeter implants in the body. To date, published ultrasonically powered implants have been encapsulated with thin film polymers that are susceptible to well-documented failure modes in vivo, including water penetration and attack by the body. As with all medical implants, packaging with ceramic or metallic materials can reduce water vapor transmission and improve biostability to provide decadal device lifetime. In this paper, we evaluate methods of coupling acoustic energy to the interior of ceramic packages.

MethodsThe classic wave approach and modal expansion are used to obtain analytical expressions for acoustic transmission through two different package designs and these approaches are validated experimentally. A candidate package design is demonstrated using alumina packages and titanium lids, designed to be acoustically transparent.

ResultsBulk modes are shown to be more effective at coupling acoustic energy to a piezoelectric receiver than flexural modes. Using bulk modes, packaged motes have an overall link efficiency of roughly 10%, compared to 25% for unpackaged motes. Packaging does not have a significant effect on translational misalignment penalties, but does increase angular misalignment penalties. Passive amplitude-modulated backscatter communication is demonstrated.

ConclusionThin lids enable the use of acoustically coupled devices even with package materials of very different acoustic impedance. Significance: This work provides an analysis and method for designing packages that enable acoustic coupling with implantable medical devices, which could facilitate clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring High-Dimensional Biological Data with Sparse Contrastive Principal Component Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStatistical analyses of high-throughput sequencing data have re-shaped the biological sciences. In spite of myriad advances, recovering interpretable biological signal from data corrupted by technical noise remains a prevalent open problem. Several classes of procedures, among them classical dimensionality reduction techniques and others incorporating subject-matter knowledge, have provided effective advances; however, no procedure currently satisfies the dual objectives of recovering stable and relevant features simultaneously.

ResultsInspired by recent proposals for making use of control data in the removal of unwanted variation, we propose a variant of principal component analysis, sparse contrastive principal component analysis, that extracts sparse, stable, interpretable, and relevant biological signal. The new methodology is compared to competing dimensionality reduction approaches through a simulation study as well as via analyses of several publicly available protein expression, microarray gene expression, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing datasets.

AvailabilityA free and open-source software implementation of the methodology, the scPCA R package, is made available via the Bioconductor Project. Code for all analyses presented in the paper is also available via GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boileau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hejazi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring High-Dimensional Biological Data with Sparse Contrastive Principal Component Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical nanoscale technologies often implement covalent or noncovalent strategies for the modification of nanoparticles, whereby both functionalizations are leveraged for multimodal applications but can affect the intrinsic fluorescence of nanoparticles. Specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can enable real-time imaging and cellular delivery; however, the introduction of covalent SWCNT sidewall functionalizations often attenuates SWCNT fluorescence. Herein, we leverage recent advances in SWCNT covalent functionalization chemistries that preserve the SWCNTs pristine graphitic lattice and intrinsic fluorescence and demonstrate that such covalently functionalized SWCNTs maintain fluorescence-based molecular recognition of neurotransmitter and protein analytes. We show that the covalently modified SWCNT nanosensor fluorescence response towards its analyte is preserved for certain nanosensors, presumably dependent on the steric hindrance introduced by the covalent functionalization that hinders noncovalent interactions with the SWCNT surface. We further demonstrate that these SWCNT nanosensors can be functionalized via their covalent handles to self-assemble on passivated microscopy slides, and discuss future use of these dual-functionalized SWCNT materials for multiplexed applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ULK complex organization in autophagy by a C-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The autophagy-initiating human ULK complex consists of the kinase ULK1/2, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to map their mutual interactions. The N-terminal 640 residues (NTD) of FIP200 interact with the C-terminal IDR of ATG13. Mutations in these regions abolish their interaction. Negative stain electron microscopy (EM) and multiangle light scattering showed that FIP200 is a dimer whilst a single molecule each of the other subunits is present. The FIP200 NTD is flexible in the absence of ATG13, but in its presence adopts the shape of the letter C ~20 nm across. The ULK1 EAT domain interacts loosely with the NTD dimer, while the ATG13-ATG101 HORMA dimer does not contact the NTD. Cryo-EM of the NTD dimer revealed a structure similarity to the scaffold domain of TBK1, suggesting an evolutionary similarity between the autophagy initiating TBK1 kinase and the ULK1 kinase complex.

SummaryThe human ULK complex consists of ULK1/2, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101. We found that the FIP200 N-terminal domain is a C-shaped dimer that binds directly to a single ATG13 molecule and serves as the organizing hub of the complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youle, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ULK complex organization in autophagy by a C-shaped FIP200 N-terminal domain dimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Genomic Analysis Reveals Key Features of Long Undecoded Transcript Isoform (LUTI)-based Gene Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long Undecoded Transcript Isoforms (LUTIs) represent a class of non-canonical mRNAs that downregulate gene expression through the combined act of transcriptional and translational repression. While single gene studies revealed some important aspects of LUTI-based repression, how these features impact gene regulation at a global scale is unknown. By using transcript leader and direct RNA sequencing, here we identify 74 LUTI candidates that are expressed specifically during meiotic prophase. Translational repression of these candidates is ubiquitous and dependent on upstream open reading frames. However, LUTI-based transcriptional repression is highly variable. In only 50% of the cases, LUTI transcription causes downregulation of the protein-coding transcript isoform. Higher LUTI expression, enrichment of histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation, and changes in nucleosome position are the strongest predictors of LUTI-based transcriptional repression. We conclude that LUTIs downregulate gene expression in a manner that integrates translational repression, chromatin state changes, and the magnitude of LUTI expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tresenrider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Werven, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Genomic Analysis Reveals Key Features of Long Undecoded Transcript Isoform (LUTI)-based Gene Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular environments modulate protein energy landscapes to drive important biology, where small perturbations are consequential for biological signaling, allostery, and other vital processes. The energetic effects of ubiquitination are interesting due to its potential influence on degradation by the 26S proteasome, which requires intrinsically flexible or unstructured initiation regions that many known proteasome substrates lack. We generated proteins with natively attached, isopeptide-linked ubiquitin in structured domains to assess the energetic changes contributed by ubiquitin and how such changes manifest at the proteasome. Ubiquitination at sensitive sites destabilizes the native structure, and thereby increases the rate of degradation for substrates containing unstructured initiation regions. Importantly, this ubiquitination can even induce those requisite regions in well-folded proteins for proteasomal engagement. Our results indicate a biophysical role of site-specific ubiquitination as a potential regulatory mechanism for energy-dependent substrate degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, most germline mutations are inherited from the father. This observation is widely interpreted as resulting from the replication errors that accrue during spermatogenesis. If so, the male bias in mutation should be substantially lower in a closely related species with similar rates of spermatogonial stem cell divisions but a shorter mean age of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we resequenced two 3-4 generation nuclear families (totaling 29 individuals) of olive baboons (Papio anubis), who reproduce at ~10 years of age on average. We inferred sex-specific mutation rates by analyzing the data in parallel with three three-generation human pedigrees (26 individuals). The mutation rate per generation in baboons is 0.55x10-8 per base pair, approximately half that of humans. Strikingly, however, the degree of male mutation bias is approximately 3:1, similar to that of humans; in fact, a similar male bias is seen across mammals that reproduce months, years or decades after birth. These results echo findings in humans that the male bias is stable with parental ages and cast further doubt on the assumption that germline mutations track cell divisions. Our mutation rate estimates for baboons raise a further puzzle in suggesting a divergence time between apes and Old World Monkeys of 67 My, too old to be consistent with the fossil record; reconciling them now requires not only a slowdown of the mutation rate per generation in humans but also in baboons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomics of a monocotyledonous geophyte reveals shared molecular mechanisms of underground storage organ formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species from across the vascular plant tree-of-life have modified standard plant tissues into tubers, bulbs, corms, and other underground storage organs (USOs), unique innovations which allow these plants to retreat underground. Our ability to understand the developmental and evolutionary forces that shape these morphologies is limited by a lack of studies on certain USOs and plant clades. Bomarea multiflora (Alstroemeriaceae) is a monocot with tuberous roots, filling a key gap in our understanding of USO development. We take a comparative transcriptomics approach to characterizing the molecular mechanisms of tuberous root formation in B. multiflora and compare these mechanisms to those identified in other USOs across diverse plant lineages. We sequenced transcriptomes from the growing tip of four tissue types (aerial shoot, rhizome, fibrous root, and root tuber) of three individuals of B. multiflora. We identify differentially expressed isoforms between tuberous and non-tuberous roots and test the expression of a priori candidate genes implicated in underground storage in other taxa. We identify 271 genes that are differentially expressed in root tubers versus non-tuberous roots, including genes implicated in cell wall modification, defense response, and starch biosynthesis. We also identify a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP), which has been implicated in tuberization signalling in other taxa and, through gene-tree analysis, place this copy in a phylogenytic context. These findings suggest that some similar molecular processes underlie the formation of underground storage structures across flowering plants despite the long evolutionary distances among taxa and non-homologous morphologies (e.g., bulbs versus tubers).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribble, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzate-Guarin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothfels, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomics of a monocotyledonous geophyte reveals shared molecular mechanisms of underground storage organ formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisensory integration areas such as dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas in macaques combine visual and vestibular cues to produce better estimates of self-motion. Congruent and opposite neurons, two types of neurons found in these areas, prefer congruent inputs and opposite inputs from the two modalities, respectively. A recently proposed computational model of congruent and opposite neurons reproduces their tuning properties and shows that congruent neurons optimally integrate information while opposite neurons compute disparity information. However, the connections in the network are fixed rather than learned, and in fact the connections of opposite neurons, as we will show, cannot arise from Hebbian learning rules. We therefore propose a new model of multisensory integration in which congruent neurons and opposite neurons emerge through Hebbian and anti-Hebbian learning rules, and show that these neurons exhibit experimentally observed tuning properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of opposite neurons in a decentralized firing-rate model of multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level assembly of Drosophila bifasciata reveals important karyotypic transition of the X chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila obscura species group is one of the most studied clades of Drosophila and harbors multiple distinct karyotypes. Here we present a de novo genome assembly and annotation of D. bifasciata, a species which represents an important subgroup for which no high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly currently exists. We combined long-read sequencing (Nanopore) and Hi-C scaffolding to achieve a highly contiguous genome assembly approximately 193Mb in size, with repetitive elements constituting 30.1% of the total length. Drosophila bifasciata harbors four large metacentric chromosomes and the small dot, and our assembly contains each chromosome in a single scaffold, including the highly repetitive pericentromere, which were largely composed of Jockey and Gypsy transposable elements. We annotated a total of 12,821 protein-coding genes and comparisons of synteny with D. athabasca orthologs show that the large metacentric pericentromeric regions of multiple chromosomes are conserved between these species. Importantly, Muller A (X chromosome) was found to be metacentric in D. bifasciata and the pericentromeric region appears homologous to the pericentromeric region of the fused Muller A-AD (XL and XR) of pseudoobscura/affinis subgroup species. Our finding suggests a metacentric ancestral X fused to a telocentric Muller D and created the large neo-X (Muller A-AD) chromosome [~]15 MYA. We also confirm the fusion of Muller C and D in D. bifasciata and show that it likely involved a centromere-centromere fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level assembly of Drosophila bifasciata reveals important karyotypic transition of the X chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal to Noise Ratio as a Cross-Platform Metric for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time molecular imaging to guide curative cancer surgeries is critical to ensure removal of all tumor cells, however visualization of microscopic tumor foci remains challenging. Wide variation in both imager instrumentation and molecular labeling agents demands a common metric conveying the ability of a system to identify tumor cells. Microscopic disease, comprised of a small number of tumor cells, has a signal on par with the background, making the use of signal (or tumor) to background ratio inapplicable in this critical regime. Therefore, a metric that incorporates the ability to subtract out background, evaluating the signal itself relative to the sources of uncertainty, or noise is required. Here we introduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to characterize the ultimate sensitivity of an imaging system, and optimize factors such as pixel size. Variation in the background (noise) are due to electronic sources, optical sources, and spatial sources (heterogeneity in tumor marker expression, fluorophore binding, diffusion). Here we investigate the impact of these noise sources and ways to limit its effect on SNR. We use empirical tumor and noise measurements to procedurally generate tumor images and run a monte carlo simulation of microscopic disease imaging to optimize parameters such as pixel size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Papageorgiou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giverts, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal to Noise Ratio as a Cross-Platform Metric for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in flies of the Drosophila obscura species group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila obscura species group shows dramatic variation in karyotype, including transitions among sex chromosomes. Members of the affinis and pseudoobscura subgroups contain a neo-X chromosome (a fusion of the X with an autosome), and it was shown that ancestral Y genes of Drosophila have become autosomal in species that contain the neo-X. Detailed analysis in species of the pseudoobscura subgroup revealed a translocation of ancestral Y genes to the small dot chromosome of that group. Here, we show that the Y-dot translocation is restricted to the pseudoobscura subgroup, and translocation of Y genes in the affinis subgroup followed a different route. We find that most ancestral Y genes moved independently to autosomal or X-linked locations in different taxa of the affinis subgroup, and we propose a dynamic model of sex chromosome formation and turnover in the obscura species group. Our results show that Y genes can find unique paths to escape an unfavorable genomic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtrog, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in flies of the Drosophila obscura species group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence and divergence in anti-predator displays: A novel approach to quantitative behavioural comparison in Neotropical snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals in nature use diverse strategies to evade or deter their predators, including many vivid behavioural displays only qualitatively described from field encounters with natural predators or humans. Within venomous snake mimicry, stereotyped anti-predator displays are suggested to be a critical component of the warning signal given by toxic models and thus under strong selection for independent convergence in mimetic species. However, no studies have systematically quantified variation in snake anti-predator displays across taxonomically broad clades to test how these behaviours evolve across species within a phylogenetic comparative methods framework. Here we describe a new, high-throughput approach for collecting and scoring snake anti-predator displays in the field that demonstrates both low observer bias and infinite extension across any species. Then, we show our methods utility in quantitatively comparing the behaviour of 20 highly-divergent snake species from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. We found that a simple experimental setup varying simulated predator cues was very successful in eliciting anti-predator displays across species and that high-speed videography captured a greater diversity of behavioural responses than described in the literature. We also found that although different display components evolve at different rates with complicated patterns of covariance, there is clear evidence of evolutionary convergence in anti-predator displays among distantly related elapid coral snakes and their colubrid mimics. We conclude that our approach provides new opportunity for analyses of snake behaviour, kinematics, and the evolution of anti-predator signals more generally, especially macroevolutionary analyses across clades with similarly intractable behavioural diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis Rabosky, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Paredes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westeen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealey, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balinski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/849703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence and divergence in anti-predator displays: A novel approach to quantitative behavioural comparison in Neotropical snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic cues from diverse bacteria enhance multicellular development in a choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate the life histories of diverse eukaryotes, but relatively little is known about how eukaryotes interpret and respond to multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. To explore how a eukaryote might respond to a combination of bioactive molecules from multiple bacteria, we treated the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta with two sets of bacterial cues, one that induces mating and the other that induces multicellular development. We found that simultaneous exposure to both sets of cues enhanced multicellular development in S. rosetta, eliciting both larger multicellular colonies and an increase in the number of colonies. Thus, rather than conveying conflicting sets of information, these distinct bacterial cues synergize to augment multicellular development. This study demonstrates how a eukaryote can integrate and modulate its response to cues from diverse bacteria, underscoring the potential impact of complex microbial communities on eukaryotic life histories.

ImportanceEukaryotic biology is profoundly influenced by interactions with diverse environmental and host-associated bacteria. However, it is not well understood how eukaryotes interpret multiple bacterial cues encountered simultaneously. This question has been challenging to address because of the complexity of many eukaryotic model systems and their associated bacterial communities. Here, we studied a close relative of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, to explore how eukaryotes respond to diverse bacterial cues. We found that a bacterial chondroitinase that induces mating on its own can also synergize with bacterial lipids that induce multicellular "rosette" development. When encountered together, these cues enhance rosette development, resulting in the formation of more rosettes, each containing more cells than rosettes that form in the absence of the chondroitinase. These findings highlight how synergistic interactions among bacterial cues can influence the biology of eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ireland, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woznica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic cues from diverse bacteria enhance multicellular development in a choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Predicts New Anti-CRISPR Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/854950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing use of CRISPR-Cas9 in medicine, agriculture and synthetic biology has accelerated the drive to discover new CRISPR-Cas inhibitors as potential mechanisms of control for gene editing applications. Many such anti-CRISPRs have been found in mobile genetic elements that disable the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system. However, comparing all currently known anti-CRISPRs does not reveal a shared set of properties that can be used for facile bioinformatic identification of new anti-CRISPR families. Here, we describe AcRanker, a machine learning based method for identifying new potential anti-CRISPRs directly from proteomes using protein sequence information only. Using a training set of known anti-CRISPRs, we built a model based on XGBoost ranking and extensively benchmarked it through non-redundant cross-validation and external validation. We then applied AcRanker to predict candidate anti-CRISPRs from self-targeting bacterial genomes and discovered two previously unknown anti-CRISPRs: AcrllA16 (ML1) and AcrIIA17 (ML8). We show that AcrIIA16 strongly inhibits Streptococcus iniae Cas9 (SinCas9) and weakly inhibits Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9). We also show that AcrIIA17 inhibits both SpyCas9 and SauCas9 with low potency. The addition of AcRanker to the anti-CRISPR discovery toolkit allows researchers to directly rank potential anti-CRISPR candidate genes for increased speed in testing and validation of new anti-CRISPRs. A web server implementation for AcRanker is available online at http://acranker.pythonanywhere.com/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eitzinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, F. u. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Predicts New Anti-CRISPR Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequences of 23 species from the Drosophila montium species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A resource for testing evolutionary hypotheses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large groups of species with well-defined phylogenies are excellent systems for testing evolutionary hypotheses. In this paper, we describe the creation of a comparative genomic resource consisting of 23 genomes from the species-rich Drosophila montium species group, 22 of which are presented here for the first time. The montium group is uniquely positioned for comparative studies. Within the montium clade, evolutionary distances are such that large numbers of sequences can be accurately aligned while also recovering strong signals of divergence; and the distance between the montium group and D. melanogaster is short enough so that orthologous sequence can be readily identified. All genomes were assembled from a single, small-insert library using MaSuRCA, before going through an extensive post-assembly pipeline. Estimated genome sizes within the montium group range from 155 Mb to 223 Mb (mean=196 Mb). The absence of long-distance information during the assembly process resulted in fragmented assemblies, with the scaffold NG50s varying widely based on repeat content and sample heterozygosity (min=18 kb, max=390 kb, mean=74 kb). The total scaffold length for most assemblies is also shorter than the estimated genome size, typically by 5 - 15 %. However, subsequent analysis showed that our assemblies are highly complete. Despite large differences in contiguity, all assemblies contain at least 96 % of known single-copy Dipteran genes (BUSCOs, n=2,799). Similarly, by aligning our assemblies to the D. melanogaster genome and remapping coordinates for a large set of transcriptional enhancers (n=3,457), we showed that each montium assembly contains orthologs for at least 91 % of D. melanogaster enhancers. Importantly, the genic and enhancer contents of our assemblies are comparable to that of far more contiguous Drosophila assemblies. The alignment of our own D. serrata assembly to a previously published PacBio D. serrata assembly also showed that our longest scaffolds (up to 1 Mb) are free of large-scale misassemblies. Our genome assemblies are a valuable resource that can be used to further resolve the montium group phylogeny; study the evolution of protein-coding genes and cis-regulatory sequences; and determine the genetic basis of ecological and behavioral adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bronski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weld, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequences of 23 species from the Drosophila montium species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A resource for testing evolutionary hypotheses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of natural and unnatural tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/863506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) moiety is a privileged substructure of many bioactive natural products and semi-synthetic analogues. The plant kingdom manufactures more than 3,000 THIQ alkaloids, including the opioids morphine and codeine. While microbial species have been engineered to synthesize a few compounds from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) family of THIQs, low product titers impede industrial viability and limit access to the full chemical space. Here we report a THIQ platform by increasing yeast production of the central BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline to more than 3 g L-1, a 38,000-fold improvement over our first-generation strain. Gains in BIA output coincided with the formation of several substituted THIQs derived from host amino acid catabolism. Enabled by this activity, we repurposed the yeast Ehrlich pathway and demonstrate the synthesis of an array of unnatural THIQ scaffolds. This work provides a blueprint for synthesizing new privileged structures and will enable the targeted overproduction of thousands of THIQ products, including natural and semi-synthetic opioids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pyne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevvai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narcross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/863506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A yeast platform for high-level synthesis of natural and unnatural tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundant expression of maternal siRNAs is a conserved feature of seed development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs are abundant in plant reproductive tissues, especially 24-nt short interfering (si)RNAs. Most 24-nt siRNAs are dependent on RNA Pol IV and RDR2, and establish DNA methylation at thousands of genomic loci in a process called RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). In Brassica rapa, RdDM is required in the maternal sporophyte for successful seed development. Here we demonstrate that a small number of siRNA loci account for over 90% of siRNA expression during B. rapa seed development. These loci exhibit unique characteristics with regard to their copy number and association with genomic features, but they resemble canonical 24-nt siRNA loci in their dependence on RNA Pol IV/RDR2 and role in RdDM. These loci are expressed in ovules before fertilization and in the seed coat, embryo, and endosperm following fertilization. We observed a similar pattern of 24-nt siRNA expression in diverse angiosperms despite rapid sequence evolution at siren loci. In the endosperm, siren siRNAs show a marked maternal bias, and siren expression in maternal sporophytic tissues is required for siren siRNA accumulation. Together these results demonstrate that seed development occurs under the influence of abundant maternal siRNAs that might be transported to, and function in, filial tissues.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundant expression of maternal siRNAs is a conserved feature of seed development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct activities of Scrib module proteins organize epithelial polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A polarized architecture is central to both epithelial structure and function. In many cells, polarity involves mutual antagonism between the Par complex and the Scrib module. While molecular mechanisms underlying Par-mediated apical determination are well-understood, how Scrib module proteins specify the basolateral domain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate dependent and independent activities of Scrib, Dlg and Lgl using the Drosophila follicle epithelium. Our data support a linear hierarchy for localization, but rule out previously proposed protein-protein interactions as essential for polarization. Membrane recruitment of Scrib does not require palmitoylation or polar phospholipid binding but instead an independent cortically-stabilizing activity of Dlg. Scrib and Dlg do not directly antagonize aPKC, but may instead restrict aPKC localization by enabling the aPKC-inhibiting activity of Lgl. Importantly, while Scrib, Dlg and Lgl are each required, all three together are not sufficient to antagonize the Par complex. Our data demonstrate previously unappreciated diversity of function within the Scrib module and begin to define the elusive molecular functions of Scrib and Dlg.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo enable their physiological functions, cells must polarize their plasma membrane. In many epithelia, polarity is regulated by balanced activity of the apical Par complex and basolateral Scribble module. While the former is understood in molecular detail, little is known about how the latter works. We identify distinct functions of the three Scribble module proteins, separating independent roles in a localization hierarchy from cooperative roles in apical polarity antagonism and showing that they are not together sufficient to specify basolateral identity. This work establishes an essential basis for a mechanistic understanding of this core polarity machinery that controls processes ranging from stem cell divisions to organ morphogenesis across animal species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct activities of Scrib module proteins organize epithelial polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the speed and trajectory of evolution with counterdiabatic driving 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pace and unpredictability of evolution are critically relevant in a variety of modern challenges: combating drug resistance in pathogens and cancer, understanding how species respond to environmental perturbations like climate change, and developing artificial selection approaches for agriculture. Great progress has been made in quantitative modeling of evolution using fitness landscapes, allowing a degree of prediction for future evolutionary histories. Yet fine-grained control of the speed and the distributions of these trajectories remains elusive. We propose an approach to achieve this using ideas originally developed in a completely different context - counterdiabatic driving to control the behavior of quantum states for applications like quantum computing and manipulating ultra-cold atoms. Implementing these ideas for the first time in a biological context, we show how a set of external control parameters (i.e. varying drug concentrations / types, temperature, nutrients) can guide the probability distribution of genotypes in a population along a specified path and time interval. This level of control, allowing empirical optimization of evolutionary speed and trajectories, has myriad potential applications, from enhancing adaptive therapies for diseases, to the development of thermotolerant crops in preparation for climate change, to accelerating bioengineering methods built on evolutionary models, like directed evolution of biomolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelesko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güngör, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinczewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the speed and trajectory of evolution with counterdiabatic driving]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural representation of emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central to our subjective lives is the experience of different emotions. Recent behavioral work mapping emotional responses to 2185 videos found that people experience upwards of 27 distinct emotions occupying a high-dimensional space, and that emotion categories, more so than affective dimensions (e.g., valence), organize self-reports of subjective experience. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates of this high-dimensional space of emotional experience using fMRI responses to all 2185 videos. Our analyses demonstrated that (1) dozens of video-evoked emotions were accurately predicted from fMRI patterns in multiple brain regions with different regional configurations for individual emotions, (2) emotion categories better predicted cortical and subcortical responses than affective dimensions, outperforming visual and semantic covariates in transmodal regions, and (3) emotion-related fMRI responses had a cluster-like organization efficiently characterized by distinct categories. These results support an emerging theory of the high-dimensional emotion space, illuminating its neural foundations distributed across transmodal regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keltner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/872192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural representation of emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population diversification in a yeast metabolic program promotes anticipation of environmental shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating the strategies by which cells contend with combinatorial changing environments is crucial for understanding cellular regulatory organization. When presented with two carbon sources, microorganisms first consume the carbon substrate that supports the highest growth rate (e.g. glucose) and then switch to the secondary carbon source (e.g. galactose), a paradigm known as the Monod model. Sequential sugar utilization has been attributed to transcriptional repression of the secondary metabolic pathway, followed by activation of this pathway upon depletion of the preferred carbon source. In this work, we challenge this notion. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells consume glucose before galactose, we demonstrate that the galactose regulatory pathway is activated in a fraction of the cell population hours before glucose is fully consumed. This early activation reduces the time required for the population to transition between the two metabolic programs and provides a fitness advantage that might be crucial in competitive environments. Importantly, these findings define a new paradigm for the response of microbial populations to combinatorial carbon sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ophelia S Venturelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio Zuleta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hana El-Samad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population diversification in a yeast metabolic program promotes anticipation of environmental shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the spatially explicit predictions of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThe Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) is a unified theory of biodiversity that attempts to simultaneously predict patterns of species abundance, size, and spatial structure. The spatial predictions of this theory have repeatedly performed well at predicting diversity patterns across scales. However, the theoretical development and evaluation of METE has focused on predicting patterns that ignore inter-site spatial correlations. As a result the theory has not been evaluated using one of the core components of spatial structure. We develop and test a semi-recursive version of METEs spatially explicit predictions for the distance decay relationship of community similarity and compare METEs performance to the classic random placement model of completely random species distributions. This provides a better understanding and stronger test of METEs spatial community predictions.nnLocationNew world tropical and temperate plant communities.nnMethodsWe analytically derived and simulated METEs spatially explicit expectations for the Sorensen index of community similarity. We then compared the distance decay of community similarity of 16 mapped plant communities to METE and the random placement model.nnResultsThe version of METE we examined was successful at capturing the general functional form of empirical distance decay relationships, a negative power function relationship between community similarity and distance. However, the semi-recursive approach consistently over-predicted the degree and rate of species turnover and yielded worse predictions than the random placement model.nnMain conclusionsOur results suggest that while METEs current spatial models accurately predict the spatial scaling of species occupancy, and therefore core ecological patterns like the species-area relationship, its semi-recursive form does not accurately characterize spatially-explicit patterns of correlation. More generally, this suggests that tests of spatial theories based only on the species-area relationship may appear to support the underlying theory despite significant deviations in important aspects of spatial structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel McGlinn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Xiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Kitzes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethan P White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the spatially explicit predictions of the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-respiratory functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria are required for optimal attractiveness to Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While screening a large collection of wild and laboratory yeast isolates for their ability to attract Drosophila melanogaster adults, we noticed a large difference in fly preference for two nearly isogenic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BY4741 and BY4742. Using standard genetic analyses, we tracked the preference difference to the lack of functional mitochondria the stock of BY4742 used in the initial experiment. We used gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy to examine the volatile compounds produced by BY4741 and the mitochondria-deficient BY4742, and found they differed significantly. We found that several ethyl esters are present at much higher levels in strains with functional mitochondria, even in fermentative conditions. We confirmed the role of these ethyl esters in attraction by examining an EEB1{Delta} strain which reduces ethyl ester production. We found that nitrogen levels in the substrate affect the production of these compounds, and that they are produced at high levels by strains with functional mitochondria in the fermentation of natural substrates. Collectively these observations demonstrate the effect core metabolic processes have in mediating the interaction between yeasts and insect vectors, and highlight the importance of non-respirative mitochondrial functions in yeast ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly M Schiabor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison S Quan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-respiratory functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria are required for optimal attractiveness to Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Admixture Fractions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of admixture fractions has become one of the most commonly used computational tools in population genomics. However, there is remarkably little population genetic theory on their statistical properties. We develop theoretical results that can accurately predict means and variances of admixture proportions within a population using models with recombination and genetic drift. Based on established theory on measures of multilocus disequilibrium, we show that there is a set of recurrence relations that can be used to derive expectations for higher moments of the admixture fraction distribution. We obtain closed form solutions for some special cases. Using these results, we develop a method for estimating admixture parameters from estimated admixture proportion obtained from programs such as Structure or Admixture. We apply this method to HapMap data and find that the population history of African Americans, as expected, is not best explained by a single admixture event between people of European and African ancestry. A model of constant gene flow for the past 11 generations until 2 generations ago gives a better fit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Admixture Fractions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FinisherSC : A repeat-aware tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce FinisherSC, a repeat-aware and scalable tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads. Experiments with real data suggest that FinisherSC can provide longer and higher quality contigs than existing tools while maintaining high concordance.nnAvailabilityThe tool and data are available and will be maintained at http://kakitone.github.io/finishingTool/nnContactdntse@stanford.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ka Kit Lam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt LaButti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asif Khalak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FinisherSC : A repeat-aware tool for upgrading de-novo assembly using long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent evolution of the mutation rate and spectrum in Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As humans dispersed out of Africa, they adapted to new environmental challenges including changes in exposure to mutagenic solar radiation. Humans in temperate latitudes have acquired light skin that is relatively transparent to ultraviolet light, and some evidence suggests that their DNA damage response pathways have also experienced local adaptation. This raises the possibility that different populations have experienced different selective pressures affecting genome integrity. Here, I present evidence that the rate of a particular mutation type has recently increased in the European population, rising in frequency by 50% during the 40,000-80,000 years since Europeans began diverging from Asians. A comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) private to Africa, Asia, and Europe in the 1000 Genomes data reveals that private European variation is enriched for the transition 5-TCC-3[-&gt;]5-TTC-3. Although it is not clear whether UV played a causal role in the changing the European mutational spectrum, 5-TCC-3[-&gt;]5-TTC-3 is known to be the most common somatic mutation present in melanoma skin cancers, as well as the mutation most frequently induced in vitro by UV. Regardless of its causality, this change indicates that DNA replication fidelity has not remained stable even since the origin of modern humans and might have changed numerous times during our recent evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent evolution of the mutation rate and spectrum in Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hidden Markov Model for Investigating Recent Positive Selection through Haplotype Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent positive selection can increase the frequency of an advantageous mutant rapidly enough that a relatively long ancestral haplotype will be remained intact around it. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) to identify such haplotype structures. With HMM identified haplotype structures, a population genetic model for the extent of ancestral haplotypes is then adopted for parameter inference of the selection intensity and the allele age. Simulations show that this method can detect selection under a wide range of conditions and has higher power than the existing frequency spectrum-based method. In addition, it provides good estimate of the selection coefficients and allele ages for strong selection. The method analyzes large data sets in a reasonable amount of running time. This method is applied to HapMap III data for a genome scan, and identifies a list of candidate regions putatively under recent positive selection. It is also applied to several genes known to be under recent positive selection, including the LCT, KITLG and TYRP1 genes in Northern Europeans, and OCA2 in East Asians, to estimate their allele ages and selection coefficients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jody Hey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hidden Markov Model for Investigating Recent Positive Selection through Haplotype Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of sequencing experiments in genomics has led to an increased use of methods for count data in analyzing high-throughput genomic data to perform analyses. The importance of shrinkage methods in improving the performance of statistical methods remains. A common example is that of gene expression data, where the counts per gene are often modeled as some form of an over-dispersed Poisson. In this case, shrinkage estimates of the per-gene dispersion parameter have led to improved estimation of dispersion in the case of a small number of samples.nnWe address a different count setting introduced by the use of sequencing data: comparing differential proportional usage via an over-dispersed binomial model. This is motivated by our interest in testing for differential exon skipping in mRNA-Seq experiments. We introduce a novel method that is developed by modeling the dispersion based on the double binomial distribution proposed by Efron (1986). Our method (WEB-Seq) is an empirical bayes strategy for producing a shrunken estimate of dispersion and effectively detects differential proportional usage, and has close ties to the weighted-likelihood strategy of edgeR developed for gene expression data (Robinson and Smyth, 2007; Robinson et al., 2010). We analyze its behavior on simulated data sets as well as real data and show that our method is fast, powerful and gives accurate control of the FDR compared to alternative approaches. We provide implementation of our methods in the R package DoubleExpSeq available on CRAN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sean Ruddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marla Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Purdom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shrinkage of dispersion parameters in the binomial family, with application to differential exon skipping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do Read Errors Matter for Genome Assembly? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most current high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies generate short reads with low error rates, emerging sequencing technologies generate long reads with high error rates. A basic question of interest is the tradeoff between read length and error rate in terms of the information needed for the perfect assembly of the genome. Using an adversarial erasure error model, we make progress on this problem by establishing a critical read length, as a function of the genome and the error rate, above which perfect assembly is guaranteed. For several real genomes, including those from the GAGE dataset, we verify that this critical read length is not significantly greater than the read length required for perfect assembly from reads without errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilan Shomorony</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Courtade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do Read Errors Matter for Genome Assembly?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown roots systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Root systems develop different root types that individually sense cues from their local environment and integrate this information with systemic signals. This complex multidimensional amalgam of inputs enables continuous adjustment of root growth rates, direction and metabolic activity that define a dynamic physical network. Current methods for analyzing root biology balance physiological relevance with imaging capability. To bridge this divide, we developed an integrated imaging system called Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots (GLO-Roots) that uses luminescence-based reporters to enable studies of root architecture and gene expression patterns in soil-grown, light-shielded roots. We have developed image analysis algorithms that allow the spatial integration of soil properties, gene expression and root system architecture traits. We propose GLO-Roots as a system that has great utility in presenting environmental stimuli to roots in ways that evoke natural adaptive responses and in providing tools for studying the multi-dimensional nature of such processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubén Rellán-Álvarez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Lobet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heike Lindner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Luc M Pradier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Sebastian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh-Ching Yee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Geng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlotte Trontin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therese LaRue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Schrager Lavelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cara H Haney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Nieu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julin N Maloof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John P Vogel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José R Dinneny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown roots systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Mechanism for Color Vision: Pupil Shape and Chromatic Aberration Can Provide Spectral Discrimination for Color Blind Organisms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a mechanism by which organisms with only a single photoreceptor, that have a monochromatic view of the world, can achieve color discrimination. The combination of an off-axis pupil and the principle of chromatic aberration (where light of different colors focus at different distances behind a lens) can combine to provide "color-blind" animals with a way to distinguish colors. As a specific example we constructed a computer model of the visual system of cephalopods, (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish) that have a single unfiltered photoreceptor type. Nevertheless, cephalopods dramatically change color both to produce chromatically-matched camouflage and to signal conspecifics. This presents a paradox - an apparent ability to determine color in organisms with a monochromatic visual system - that has been a long-standing puzzle. We demonstrate that chromatic blurring dominates the visual acuity in these animals, and we quantitatively show how chromatic aberration can be exploited, especially through non-axial pupils that are characteristic of cephalopods, to obtain spectral information. This mechanism is consistent with the extensive suite of visual/behavioral and physiological data that have been obtained from cephalopod studies, and resolves the apparent paradox of vivid chromatic behaviors in "color-blind" animals. Moreover, this proposed mechanism has potential applicability in any organisms with limited photoreceptor complements, such as spiders and dolphins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander L Stubbs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher W Stubbs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Mechanism for Color Vision: Pupil Shape and Chromatic Aberration Can Provide Spectral Discrimination for Color Blind Organisms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of 15,622 gene-bearing BACs reveals new features of the barley genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) possesses a large and highly repetitive genome of 5.1 Gb that has hindered the development of a complete sequence. In 2012, the International Barley Sequencing Consortium released a resource integrating whole-genome shotgun sequences with a physical and genetic framework. However, since only 6,278 BACs in the physical map were sequenced, detailed fine structure was limited. To gain access to the gene-containing portion of the barley genome at high resolution, we identified and sequenced 15,622 BACs representing the minimal tiling path of 72,052 physical mapped gene-bearing BACs. This generated about 1.7 Gb of genomic sequence containing 17,386 annotated barley genes. Exploration of the sequenced BACs revealed that although distal ends of chromosomes contain most of the gene-enriched BACs and are characterized by high rates of recombination, there are also gene-dense regions with suppressed recombination. Knowledge of these deviant regions is relevant to trait introgression, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection model development and map-based cloning strategies. Sequences and their gene and SNP annotations can be accessed and exported via http://harvest-web.org/hweb/utilmenu.wc or through the software HarvEST:Barley (download from harvest.ucr.edu). In the latter, we have implemented a synteny viewer between barley and Aegilops tauschii to aid in comparative genome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>María Muñoz-Amatriaín</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano Lonardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MingCheng Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavitha Madishetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Svensson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Moscou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steve Wanamaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andris Kleinhofs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary Muehlbauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger Wise</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nils Stein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqin Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmundo Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave Kudrna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanna R Bhat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiaoman Chao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal Condamine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shane Heinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josh Resnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rod Wing</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather N Witt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Alpert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Beccuti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serdar Bozdag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Cordero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid Mirebrahim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachid Ounit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonghui Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank You</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hana Šimková</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaroslav Doležel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Grimwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy Schmutz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisa Duma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lothar Altschmied</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Blake</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phil Bregitzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurel Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muharrem Dilbirligi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Falk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of 15,622 gene-bearing BACs reveals new features of the barley genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering of mRNA-Seq data for detection of alternative splicing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current sequencing of mRNA can provide estimates of the levels of individual isoforms within the cell, where isoforms are the different distinct mRNA products or proteins created by a gene. It remains to adapt many standard statistical methods commonly used for analyzing gene expression levels to take advantage of this additional information. One novel question is whether we can find groupings or clusters of samples that are distinguished not by their gene expression but by their isoform usage. Such clusters in tumors, for example, could be the result of shared disruption to the splicing system that creates the different isoforms. We propose a novel approach to clustering mRNA-Seq data that identifies clusters of samples with common isoform usage. We show via simulation that our methods are more sensitive to finding clusters of similar alternative splicing patterns than standard clustering techniques applied directly to the estimates of isoform levels. We further demonstrate that clustering on isoform usage is more accurate than clustering directly on isoform levels by examining real data that contains a technical artifact that resulted in different batches having different isoform usage patterns. Clustering, mRNA-Seq, Alternative splicing
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marla Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Purdom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering of mRNA-Seq data for detection of alternative splicing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint estimation of contamination, error and demography for nuclear DNA from ancient humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When sequencing an ancient DNA sample from a hominin fossil, DNA from present-day humans involved in excavation and extraction will be sequenced along with the endogenous material. This type of contamination is problematic for downstream analyses as it will introduce a bias towards the population of the contaminating individual(s). Quantifying the extent of contamination is a crucial step as it allows researchers to account for possible biases that may arise in downstream genetic analyses. Here, we present an MCMC algorithm to co-estimate the contamination rate, sequencing error rate and demographic parameters - including drift times and admixture rates - for an ancient nuclear genome obtained from human remains, when the putative contaminating DNA comes from present-day humans. We assume we have a large panel representing the putative contaminant population (e.g. European, East Asian or African). The method is implemented in a C++ program called Demographic Inference with Contamination and Error (DICE). We applied it to simulations and genome data from ancient Neanderthals and modern humans. With reasonable levels of genome sequence coverage (> 3X), we find we can recover accurate estimates of all these parameters, even when the contamination rate is as high as 50%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando Racimo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint estimation of contamination, error and demography for nuclear DNA from ancient humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposons are mobile genetic elements that are found in nearly all organisms, including humans. Mobilization of DNA transposons by transposase enzymes can cause genomic rearrangements, but our knowledge of human genes derived from transposases is limited. Here, we find that the protein encoded by human PGBD5, the most evolutionarily conserved transposable element-derived gene in chordates, can induce stereotypical cut-and-paste DNA transposition in human cells. Genomic integration activity of PGBD5 requires distinct aspartic acid residues in its transposase domain, and specific DNA sequences with inverted terminal repeats with similarity to piggyBac transposons. DNA transposition catalyzed by PGBD5 in human cells occurs genome-wide, with precise transposon excision and preference for insertion at TTAA sites. The apparent conservation of DNA transposition activity by PGBD5 raises the possibility that genomic remodeling may contribute to its biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anton Henssen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Henaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eileen Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy R Eisenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julianne R Carson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camila Villasante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondira Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Still</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Burns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorge Gandara</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedric Feschotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher E. Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Kentsis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic DNA transposition induced by human PGBD5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation-By-Distance-and-Time in a stepping-stone model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the great advances in ancient DNA extraction, population genetics data are now made of geographically separated individuals from both present and ancient times. However, population genetics theory about the joint effect of space and time has not been thoroughly studied. Based on the classical stepping-stone model, we develop the theory of Isolation by Distance and Time. We derive the correlation of allele frequencies between demes in the case where ancient samples are present in the data, and investigate the impact of edge effects with forward-in-time simulations. We also derive results about coalescent times in circular/toroidal models. As one of the most common way to investigate population structure is to apply principal component analysis, we evaluate the impact of this theory on plots of principal components. Our results demonstrate that time between samples is a non-negligible factor that requires new attention in population genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Duforet-Frebourg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation-By-Distance-and-Time in a stepping-stone model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Ancient Samples in Projection Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Projection analysis is a useful tool for understanding the relationship of two populations. It compares a test genome to a set of genomes from a reference population. The projections shape depends on the historical relationship of the test genomes population to the reference population. Here, we explore the effects on the projection when ancient samples are included in the analysis. First, we conduct a series of simulations in which the ancient sample is directly ancestral to a present-day population (one-population model) or the ancient sample is ancestral to a sister population that diverged before the time of sampling (two-population model). We find that there are characteristic differences between the projections for the one-population and two-population models, which indicate that the projection can be used to determine whether a test genome is directly ancestral to a present day population or not. Second, we compute projections for several published ancient genomes. We compare three Neanderthals, the Denisovan and three ancient human genomes to European, Han Chinese and Yoruba reference panels. We use a previously constructed demographic model and insert these seven ancient genomes and assess how well the observed projections are recovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melinda A Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery Slatkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Ancient Samples in Projection Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpectralTDF: transition densities of diffusion processes with time-varying selection parameters, mutation rates, and effective population sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Wright-Fisher diffusion, the transition density function (TDF) describes the time-evolution of the population-wide frequency of an allele. This function has several practical applications in population genetics, and computing it for biologically realistic scenarios with selection and demography is an important problem. We develop an efficient method for finding a spectral representation of the TDF for a general model where the effective population size, selection coefficients, and mutation parameters vary over time in a piecewise constant manner. The method, called spectralTDF, is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/spectraltdf/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethan M Jewett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpectralTDF: transition densities of diffusion processes with time-varying selection parameters, mutation rates, and effective population sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 2-4% of genetic material in human populations outside Africa is derived from Neanderthals who interbred with anatomically modern humans. Recent studies have shown that this Neanderthal DNA is depleted around functional genomic regions; this has been suggested to be a consequence of harmful epistatic interactions between human and Neanderthal alleles. However, using published estimates of Neanderthal inbreeding and the distribution of mutational fitness effects, we infer that Neanderthals had at least 40% lower fitness than humans on average; this increased load predicts the reduction in Neanderthal introgression around genes without the need to invoke epistasis. We also predict a residual Neanderthal mutational load in non-Africans, leading to a fitness reduction of at least 0.5%. This effect of Neanderthal admixture has been left out of previous debate on mutation load differences between Africans and non-Africans. We also show that if many deleterious mutations are recessive, the Neanderthal admixture fraction could increase over time due to the protective effect of Neanderthal haplotypes against deleterious alleles that arose recently in the human population. This might partially explain why so many organisms retain gene flow from other species and appear to derive adaptive benefits from introgression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Systems Modeling for (Cancer) Systems Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of biological data of increasingly higher resolution in space and time has triggered the use of dynamic models to explain and predict the evolution of biological systems over space and time. Computer-aided system modeling and analysis in biology has led to many new discoveries and explanations that would otherwise be intractable to articulate without the available data and computing power. Nevertheless, the complexity in biology still challenges many labs in capturing studied phenomena in models that are tractable and simple enough to analyze. Moreover, the popular use of ordinary differential equation models have their limitations in that they solely capture continuous dynamics, while we observe many discrete dynamic phenomena in biology such as gene switching or mutations. Hybrid systems modeling provides a framework in which both continuous and discrete dynamics can be simulated and analyzed. Moreover, it provides techniques to develop approximations and abstractions of complex dynamics that are tractable to analyze.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roel I.J. Dobbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Systems Modeling for (Cancer) Systems Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate single-cell RNA-Seq analysis by clustering of transcript-compatibility counts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current approaches to single-cell transcriptomic analysis are computationally intensive and require assay-specific modeling which limit their scope and generality. We propose a novel method that departs from standard analysis pipelines, comparing and clustering cells based not on their transcript or gene quantifications but on their transcript-compatibility read counts. In re-analysis of two landmark yet disparate single-cell RNA-Seq datasets, we show that our method is up to two orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches, provides accurate and in some cases improved results, and is directly applicable to data from a wide variety of assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasilis Ntranos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govinda M. Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesse Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N. Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate single-cell RNA-Seq analysis by clustering of transcript-compatibility counts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local joint testing improves power and identifies missing heritability in association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is mounting evidence that complex human phenotypes are highly polygenic, with many loci harboring multiple causal variants, yet most genetic association studies examine each SNP in isolation. While this has lead to the discovery of thousands of disease associations, discovered variants account for only a small fraction of disease heritability. Alternative multi-SNP methods have been proposed, but issues such as multiple testing correction, sensitivity to genotyping error, and optimization for the underlying genetic architectures remain. Here we describe a local joint testing procedure, complete with multiple testing correction, that leverages a genetic phenomenon we call linkage masking wherein linkage disequilibrium between SNPs hides their signal under standard association methods. We show that local joint testing on the original Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium dataset leads to the discovery of 29% more associated loci that were later found in followup studies containing thousands of additional individuals. These loci double the heritability explained by genome-wide significant associations in the WTCCC dataset, implicating linkage masking as a novel source of missing heritability. Furthermore, we show that local joint testing in a cis-eQTL study of the gEUVADIS dataset increases the number of genes discovered by 10.7% over marginal analyses. Our multiple hypothesis correction and joint testing framework are available in a python software package called jester, available at github.com/brielin/Jester.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brielin C Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkes Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local joint testing improves power and identifies missing heritability in association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted from metazoan cells and may convey selected membrane proteins and small RNAs to target cells for the control of cell migration, development and metastasis. To study the mechanisms of RNA packaging into exosomes, we devised a purification scheme based on the membrane marker CD63 to isolate a single exosome species secreted from HEK293T cells. Using immunoisolated CD63-containing exosomes we identified a set of microRNAs that are highly enriched with respect to their cellular levels. To explore the biochemical requirements for exosome biogenesis and RNA packaging, we devised a cell-free reaction that recapitulates the species-selective enclosure of miR-223 in isolated membranes supplemented with cytosol. We found that the RNA-binding protein Y-box protein I (YBX1) binds to and is required for the sorting of miR-223 in the cell-free reaction. Furthermore, YBX1 serves an important role in the secretion of miRNAs in exosomes by HEK293T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew Shurtleff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kate V. Karfilis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morayma Temoche-Diaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayaka Ri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Schekman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ecological assessment of the pandemic threat of Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current outbreak of Zika virus poses a threat of unknown magnitude to human health1. While the range of the virus has been cataloged growing slowly over the last 50 years, the recent explosive expansion in the Americas indicates that the full potential distribution of Zika remains uncertain2-4. Moreover, most current epidemiology relies on its similarities to dengue fever, a phylogenetically closely related disease of unknown similarity in spatial range or ecological niche5,6. Here we compile the first spatially explicit global occurrence dataset from Zika viral surveillance and serological surveys, and construct ecological niche models to test basic hypotheses about its spread and potential establishment. The hypothesis that the outbreak of cases in Mexico and North America are anomalous and outside the ecological niche of the disease, and may be linked to El Nino or similar climatic events, remains plausible at this time7. Comparison of the Zika niche against the known distribution of dengue fever suggests that Zika is more constrained by the seasonality of precipitation and diurnal temperature fluctuations, likely confining the disease to the tropics outside of pandemic scenarios. Projecting the range of the diseases in conjunction with vector species (Aedes africanus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus) that transmit the pathogens, under climate change, suggests that Zika has potential for northward expansion; but, based on current knowledge, Zika is unlikely to fill the full range its vectors occupy. With recent sexual transmission of the virus known to have occurred in the United States, we caution that our results only apply to the vector-borne aspect of the disease, and while the threat of a mosquito-carried Zika pandemic may be overstated in the media, other transmission modes of the virus may emerge and facilitate naturalization worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colin Carlson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Dougherty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ecological assessment of the pandemic threat of Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIGMAC : Breaking Inaccurate Genomes and Merging Assembled Contigs for long read metagenomic assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The problem of de-novo assembly for metagenomes using only long reads is gaining attention. We study whether post-processing metagenomic assemblies with the original input long reads can result in quality improvement. Previous approaches have focused on pre-processing reads and optimizing assemblers. BIGMAC takes an alternative perspective to focus on the post-processing step. Using both the assembled contigs and original long reads as input, BIGMAC first breaks the contigs at potentially mis-assembled locations and subsequently scaffolds contigs. Our experiments on metagenomes assembled from long reads show that BIGMAC can improve assembly quality by reducing the number of mis-assemblies while maintaining/increasing N50 and N75. The software is available at https://github.com/kakitone/BIGMAC
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ka Kit Lam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicia Clum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satish Rao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIGMAC : Breaking Inaccurate Genomes and Merging Assembled Contigs for long read metagenomic assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
k-BOOM: A Bayesian approach to ontology structure inference, with applications in disease ontology construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One strategy for building ontologies covering domains such as disease or anatomy is to weave together existing knowledge sources (databases, vocabularies and ontologies) into single cohesive whole. A first step in this process is to generate mappings between the elements of these different sources. There are a number of well-known techniques for generating mappings (also known as ontology alignemnt), both manual and automatic[7]. Sometimes mappings are seen as an end in themselves, with the sources remaining in a loosely connected state. However, if we want to take the next step and use the mappings to integrate the different sources into a cohesive reference ontology, then we need to translate the mappings into precise logical relationships. This will allow us to safely merge equivalent concepts, creating a unified ontology. This translation is a non-trivial step, as each mapping can be interpreted as multiple different logical relationships, with each interpretation affecting the likelihood of the others. There is a lack of automated methods to assist with this last step; this resolution is typically performed by expert ontologists.

Here we describe an ontology construction technique that takes two or more ontologies linked by hypothetical axioms, and estimates the most likely unified logical ontology. Hypothetical axioms can themselves be derived from semantically loose mappings. The method combines deductive reasoning and probabilistic inference and is called Bayesian OWL Ontology Merging (BOOM). We describe a special form k-BOOM that works by factorizing the probabilistic ontology into k submodules. We also briefly describe a supplemental lexical and knowledge-based technique for generating a set of hypothetical axioms from loose mappings.

We are currently using this technique to build a merged disease ontology (Monarch Disease Ontology; MonDO) that unifies a broad range of vocabularies into a consistent and coherent whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher J Mungall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Koehler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Haendel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[k-BOOM: A Bayesian approach to ontology structure inference, with applications in disease ontology construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical rhythms are modulated by respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain generates oscillatory neuronal activity at a broad range of frequencies and the presence and amplitude of certain oscillations at specific times and in specific brain regions are highly correlated with states of arousal, sleep, and with a wide range of cognitive processes. The neuronal mechanisms underlying the generation of brain rhythms are poorly understood, particularly for low-frequency oscillations. We recently reported that respiration-locked olfactory bulb activity causes delta band (0.5-4 Hz) oscillatory neuronal activity in the whisker sensory (barrel) cortex in mice. Furthermore, gamma oscillations (30 - 100Hz), which are widely implicated in cognitive processing, were power-modulated in synchrony with the respiratory rhythm. These findings link afferent sensory activity caused by respiration directly to cortical rhythms associated with cognitive functions. Here we review the related literature and present new evidence to propose that respiration has a direct influence on oscillatory cortical activity, including gamma oscillations, and on transitions between synchronous and asynchronous cortical network states (marked by phase transitions). Oscillatory cortical activity, as well as phase transitions, has been implicated in cognitive functions, potentially linking respiratory phase to cognitive processing. We further argue that respiratory influence on cortical activity is present in most, and possibly in all areas of the neocortex in mice and humans. We furthermore suggest that respiration had a role in modulating cortical rhythms from early mammalian evolution. Early mammals relied strongly on their olfactory sense and had proportionately large olfactory bulbs. We propose that to this day the respiratory rhythm remains an integral element of dynamic cortical activity in mammals. We argue that breathing modulates all cortical functions, including cognitive and emotional processes, which could elucidate the well-documented but largely unexplained effects of respiratory exercises on mood and cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Detlef H Heck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel S McAfee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas Babajani-Feremi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roozbeh Rezaie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter J Freeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James W Wheless</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew C Papanicolaou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklos Ruszinko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Kozma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical rhythms are modulated by respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis cobra protein binds to glucan chains with higher affinity than to cellulose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Because of several anomalies in a publication that we coauthored, concerning the interaction of the Arabidopsis cobra protein with crystalline cellulose (Avicel) and individual glucan chains (cellohexaose) we reexamined the data and had an independent laboratory redo a key experiment. The results show that COBRA binds to cellohexaose preferably over binding to Avicel, confirming our previous report.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadav Sorek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Somerville</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis cobra protein binds to glucan chains with higher affinity than to cellulose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable host gene expression in the gut of adult Drosophila melanogaster with different bacterial mono-associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence that the microbes found in the digestive tracts of animals influence host biology, but we still do not understand how this comes about. Here, we evaluated how different microbial species commonly associated with laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster impact host biology at the level of gene expression in the dissected adult gut or the entire adult organism. We observed that guts from gnotobiotic animals associated from the embryonic stage with either zero, one or three bacterial species demonstrated indistinguishable transcriptional profiles. Additionally, we found that the gut transcriptional profiles of animals reared in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination with bacteria could recapitulate those of conventionally-reared animals. In contrast, we found whole body transcriptional profiles of conventionally-reared animals were distinct from all of the gnotobiotic treatments tested. Our data suggest that adult flies are insensitive to the ingestion of different bacterial species but that prior to adulthood, different microbes impact the host in ways that lead to global transcriptional differences observable across the whole adult body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carolyn Elya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will Ludington</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael B Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable host gene expression in the gut of adult Drosophila melanogaster with different bacterial mono-associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two of the most consistent findings across disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) mouse models are impaired working memory and reduced number or function of parvalbumin interneurons within the prefrontal cortex. While these findings suggest parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in DISC1-related pathophysiology, to date, cortical inhibitory circuit function has not been investigated in depth in DISC1 deficiency mouse models. Here we assessed the function of a feedforward circuit between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice harboring a deletion in one allele of the Disc1 gene. We found that the inhibitory drive onto layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC was significantly reduced in the Disc1 deficient mice. This reduced inhibition was accompanied by decreased GABA release from local parvalbumin, but not somatostatin, inhibitory interneurons, and by impaired feedforward inhibition in the MD-mPFC circuit. Our results reveal a cellular mechanism by which deficiency in DISC1 causes neural circuit dysfunction frequently implicated in psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kristen Delevich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna Jaaro-Peled</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Penzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akira Sawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a popular belief in neuroscience that we are primarily data limited, and that producing large, multimodal, and complex datasets will, with the help of advanced data analysis algorithms, lead to fundamental insights into the way the brain processes information. These datasets do not yet exist, and if they did we would have no way of evaluating whether or not the algorithmically-generated insights were sufficient or even correct. To address this, here we take a classical microprocessor as a model organism, and use our ability to perform arbitrary experiments on it to see if popular data analysis methods from neuroscience can elucidate the way it processes information. Microprocessors are among those artificial information processing systems that are both complex and that we understand at all levels, from the overall logical flow, via logical gates, to the dynamics of transistors. We show that the approaches reveal interesting structure in the data but do not meaningfully describe the hierarchy of information processing in the microprocessor. This suggests current analytic approaches in neuroscience may fall short of producing meaningful understanding of neural systems, regardless of the amount of data. Additionally, we argue for scientists using complex non-linear dynamical systems with known ground truth, such as the microprocessor as a validation platform for time-series and structure discovery methods.nnAuthor SummaryNeuroscience is held back by the fact that it is hard to evaluate if a conclusion is correct; the complexity of the systems under study and their experimental inaccessability make the assessment of algorithmic and data analytic technqiues challenging at best. We thus argue for testing approaches using known artifacts, where the correct interpretation is known. Here we present a microprocessor platform as one such test case. We find that many approaches in neuroscience, when used na*vely, fall short of producing a meaningful understanding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Jonas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad Kording</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Could a neuroscientist understand a microprocessor?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is fundamental to organismal development and homeostasis. Inducible systems are invaluable when studying transcription because the regulatory process can be triggered instantaneously, allowing the tracking of ordered mechanistic events. Here, we use Precision Run-On sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine the genome-wide Heat Shock (HS) response in Drosophila and the function of two key transcription factors on the immediate transcription activation or repression of all genes regulated by HS. We identify the primary HS response genes and the rate-limiting steps in the transcription cycle that GAGA-Associated Factor (GAF) and HS Factor (HSF) regulate. We demonstrate that GAF acts upstream of promoter-proximally paused RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) formation, likely at the step of chromatin opening, and that GAF-facilitated Pol II pausing is critical for HS activation. In contrast, HSF is dispensable for establishing or maintaining Pol II pausing, but is critical for the release of paused Pol II into the gene body at a subset of highly-activated genes. Additionally, HSF has no detectable role in the rapid HS-repression of thousands of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabiana M Duarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas J Fuda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dig B Mahat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton J Core</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Guertin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John T Lis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lair: A resource for exploratory analysis of published RNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased emphasis on reproducibility of published research in the last few years has led to the large-scale archiving of sequencing data. While this data can, in theory, be used to reproduce results in papers, it is typically not easily usable in practice. We introduce a series of tools for processing and analyzing RNA-Seq data in the Short Read Archive, that together have allowed us to build an easily extendable resource for analysis of data underlying published papers. Our system makes the exploration of data easily accessible and usable without technical expertise. Our database and associated tools can be accessed at The Lair: http://pachterlab.github.io/lair
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal Sturmfels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pall Melsted</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lair: A resource for exploratory analysis of published RNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular non-repeating codes for DNA storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1We describe a strategy for constructing codes for DNA-based information storage by serial composition of weighted finite-state transducers. The resulting state machines can integrate correction of substitution errors; synchronization by interleaving watermark and periodic marker signals; conversion from binary to ternary, quaternary or mixed-radix sequences via an efficient block code; encoding into a DNA sequence that avoids homopolymer, dinucleotide, or trinucleotide runs and other short local repeats; and detection/correction of errors (including local duplications, burst deletions, and substitutions) that are characteristic of DNA sequencing technologies. We present software implementing these codes, available at https://github.com/ihh/dnastore, with simulation results demonstrating that the generated DNA is free of short repeats and can be accurately decoded even in the presence of substitutions, short duplications and deletions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ian Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular non-repeating codes for DNA storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ replication rates for uncultivated bacteria in microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culture-independent microbiome studies have revolutionized our understanding of the complexity and metabolic potential of microbial communities, but information about in situ growth rates has been lacking. Here, we show that bacterial replication rates can be determined using genome-resolved metagenomics without requirement for complete genome sequences. In human infants, we detected elevated microbial replication rates following administration of antibiotics, and bacterial growth rate anomalies prior to the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. We studied microorganisms in subsurface communities and determined that a diverse group of groundwater-associated bacteria typically exhibit slow growth rates, despite significant changes in geochemical conditions. All microbiome studies will be advanced by measurements of replication rates that can identify actively growing populations, track organism responses to changing conditions, and provide growth rate information needed for modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher T Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew R Olm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian C Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jillian F Banfield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ replication rates for uncultivated bacteria in microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential analysis of RNA-Seq incorporating quantification uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a novel method for the differential analysis of RNA-Seq data that utilizes bootstrapping in conjunction with response error linear modeling to decouple biological variance from inferential variance. The method is implemented in an interactive shiny app called sleuth that utilizes kallisto quantifications and bootstraps for fast and accurate analysis of RNA-Seq experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold J Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Bray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzette Puente</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Páll Melsted</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential analysis of RNA-Seq incorporating quantification uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HINGE: Long-Read Assembly Achieves Optimal Repeat Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies have the potential to produce gold-standard de novo genome assemblies, but fully exploiting error-prone reads to resolve repeats remains a challenge. Aggressive approaches to repeat resolution often produce mis-assemblies, and conservative approaches lead to unnecessary fragmentation. We present HINGE, an assembler that seeks to achieve optimal repeat resolution by distinguishing repeats that can be resolved given the data from those that cannot. This is accomplished by adding "hinges" to reads for constructing an overlap graph where only unresolvable repeats are merged. As a result, HINGE combines the error resilience of overlap-based assemblers with repeat-resolution capabilities of de Bruijn graph assemblers. HINGE was evaluated on the long-read bacterial datasets from the NCTC project. HINGE produces more finished assemblies than Miniasm and the manual pipeline of NCTC based on the HGAP assembler and Circlator. HINGE also allows us to identify 40 datasets where unresolvable repeats prevent the reliable construction of a unique finished assembly. In these cases, HINGE outputs a visually interpretable assembly graph that encodes all possible finished assemblies consistent with the reads, while other approaches such as the NCTC pipeline and FALCON either fragment the assembly or resolve the ambiguity arbitrarily.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govinda M Kamath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Shomorony</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas A Courtade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N Tse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HINGE: Long-Read Assembly Achieves Optimal Repeat Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prober: A general toolkit for analyzing sequencing-based ‘toeprinting’ assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of high-throughput transcriptase drop-off assays have recently been developed to probe post-transcriptional dynamics of RNA-protein interaction, RNA structure, and post-transcriptional modifications. Although these assays survey a diverse set of  epitranscriptomic marks, they share methodological similarities and as such their interpretation is predicated on addressing similar computational challenges. Among these, a key question is how to learn isoform-specific chemical modification profiles in the face of complex read multi-mapping. In this paper, we propose PROBer, the first rigorous statistical model to handle these challenges for a general set of sequencing-based  toeprinting assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akshay Tambe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon Aviran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prober: A general toolkit for analyzing sequencing-based ‘toeprinting’ assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hidden Markov model approach for simultaneously estimating local ancestry and admixture time using next generation sequence data in samples of arbitrary ploidy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture--the mixing of genomes from divergent populations--is increasingly appreciated as a central process in evolution. To characterize and quantify patterns of admixture across the genome, a number of methods have been developed for local ancestry inference. However, existing approaches have a number of shortcomings. First, all local ancestry inference methods require some prior assumption about the expected ancestry tract lengths. Second, existing methods generally require genotypes, which is not feasible to obtain for many next-generation sequencing projects. Third, many methods assume samples are diploid, however a wide variety of sequencing applications will fail to meet this assumption. To address these issues, we introduce a novel hidden Markov model for estimating local ancestry that models the read pileup data, rather than genotypes, is generalized to arbitrary ploidy, and can estimate the time since admixture during local ancestry inference. We demonstrate that our method can simultaneously estimate the time since admixture and local ancestry with good accuracy, and that it performs well on samples of high ploidy--i.e. 100 or more chromosomes. As this method is very general, we expect it will be useful for local ancestry inference in a wider variety of populations than what previously has been possible. We then applied our method to pooled sequencing data derived from populations of Drosophila melanogaster on an ancestry cline on the east coast of North America. We find that regions of local recombination rates are negatively correlated with the proportion of African ancestry, suggesting that selection against foreign ancestry is the least efficient in low recombination regions. Finally we show that clinal outlier loci are enriched for genes associated with gene regulatory functions, consistent with a role of regulatory evolution in ecological adaptation of admixed D. melanogaster populations. Our results illustrate the potential of local ancestry inference for elucidating fundamental evolutionary processes.nnAuthor SummaryWhen divergent populations hybridize, their offspring obtain portions of their genomes from each parent population. Although the average ancestry proportion in each descendant is equal to the proportion of ancestors from each of the ancestral populations, the contribution of each ancestry type is variable across the genome. Estimating local ancestry within admixed individuals is a fundamental goal for evolutionary genetics, and here we develop a method for doing this that circumvents many of the problems associated with existing methods. Briefly, our method can use short read data, rather than genotypes and can be applied to samples with any number of chromosomes. Furthermore, our method simultaneously estimates local ancestry and the number of generations since admixture--the time that the two ancestral populations first encountered each other. Finally, in applying our method to data from an admixture zone between ancestral populations of Drosophila melanogaster, we find many lines of evidence consistent with natural selection operating to against the introduction of foreign ancestry into populations of one predominant ancestry type. Because of the generality of this method, we expect that it will be useful for a wide variety of existing and ongoing research projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Corbett-Detig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmus Nielsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hidden Markov model approach for simultaneously estimating local ancestry and admixture time using next generation sequence data in samples of arbitrary ploidy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical modeling is now used commonly in the analysis of signaling networks. With advances in high resolution microscopy, the spatial location of different signaling molecules and the spatio-temporal dynamics of signaling microdomains are now widely acknowledged as key features of biochemical signal transduction. Reaction-diffusion mechanisms are commonly used to model such features, often with a heavy reliance on numerical simulations to obtain results. However, simulations are parameter dependent and may not be able to provide an understanding of the full range of the system responses. Analytical approaches on the other hand provide a framework to study the entire phase space. In this tutorial, we provide a largely analytical method for studying reaction-diffusion models and analyzing their stability properties. Using two representative biological examples, we demonstrate how this approach can guide experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasmine Nirody</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs that will enhance ongoing functional studies. Parhyale is a member of the Malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. We analysed the immunity related genes of Parhyale as an important comparative system for these species, where immunity related aquaculture problems have increased as farming has intensified. We also find that Parhyale and other species within Multicrustacea contain the enzyme sets necessary to perform lignocellulose digestion ("wood eating"), suggesting this ability may predate the diversification of this lineage. Our data provide an essential resource for further development of Parhyale as an experimental model. The first malacostracan genome will underpin ongoing comparative work in food crop species and research investigating lignocellulose as an energy source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damian Kao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvina G Lai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelia Stamataki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvana Rosic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos Konstantinides</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erin Jarvis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessia Di Donfrancesco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalia Pouchkina-Stantcheva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie Semon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Bruce</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suyash Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Siwanowicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andy Le</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Lemire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Eisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassandra Extavour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Browne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carsten Wolff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalis Averof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nipam H Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Sarkies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Pavlopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz Aboobaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dynamic Mode of Mitotic Bookmarking by Transcription Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, transcription is shut off, chromatin condenses, and most transcription factors (TFs) are reported to be excluded from chromosomes. How do daughter cells re-establish the original transcription program? Recent discoveries that a select set of TFs remain bound on mitotic chromosomes suggest a potential mechanism for maintaining transcriptional programs through the cell cycle termed mitotic bookmarking. Here we report instead that many TFs remain associated with chromosomes, and that the exclusion previously described is largely a fixation artifact. In particular, most TFs we tested are significantly enriched on mitotic chromosomes. Studies with Sox2 reveal that this mitotic interaction is more dynamic than in interphase and requires both DNA binding and nuclear import. Furthermore, this dynamic mode results from lack of transcriptional activation rather than decreased accessibility of underlying DNA sequences in mitosis. The nature of the cross-linking artifact prompts careful re-examination of the role of TFs in mitotic bookmarking.nnHighlightsO_LIMany transcription factors bind to mitotic chromosomesnC_LIO_LISox2 mitotic interaction is dynamic and requires DNA binding and nuclear importnC_LIO_LIDNA remains highly accessible in mitotic chromosomesnC_LIO_LIFormaldehyde-based cross-linking leads to mis-localization of TFsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheila S Teves</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luye An</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders S Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liangqi Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier Darzacq</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Tjian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dynamic Mode of Mitotic Bookmarking by Transcription Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rodent model of social rejection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats help conspecifics by releasing them from a restrainer only when they have previous social experience with the strain of the restrained rat. When rats have been cross-fostered with rats of a different strain than their own since birth and have never interacted with rats of their own strain, they do not help rats of their own strain when tested as adults. Here we interrogated whether a cross-fostered rat expressed his lack of motivation to help through any behaviors beyond not-helping. Accordingly, a cross-fostered rat was placed in an arena with a trapped rat and the door to the centrally located restrainer was taped shut. We found that cross-fostered rats moved more slowly and approached the trapped rat less than did control, regularly-raised rats tested under the same conditions. We then asked whether the behavior of the cross-fostered rats influenced the trapped rat. After being restrained with cross-fostered rats, trapped rats showed a decrease in exploratory behavior in an open field test compared to trapped rats who were raised normally. The same decrease in movement was observed after subject rats were allowed to freely interact with cross-fostered rats. These results suggest that rats that do not help demonstrate their disinterest to a trapped rat and that trapped rats exposed to apathetic rats show behavior suggestive of an increase in anxiety. In sum, the paradigm introduced here could serve as a rodent model for social rejection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haozhe Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peggy Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rodent model of social rejection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How the AFF1/4 scaffold recruits the elongation factor ELL2 to promote HIV-1 proviral transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intrinsically disordered scaffold proteins AFF1/4 and the transcription elongation factors ELL1/2 are core components of the superelongation complex required for HIV-1 proviral transcription. We determined the 2.0-[A] resolution crystal structure of the human ELL2 C-terminal domain bound to its 50-residue binding site on AFF4, the ELLBow. The ELL2 domain has the same arch-shaped fold as the tight junction protein occludin. The ELLBow consists of an N-terminal helix followed by an extended hairpin that we refer to as the elbow joint, and occupies most of the concave surface of ELL2. This surface is important for the ability of ELL2 to promote HIV-1 Tat-mediated proviral transcription. The AFF4-ELL2 interface is imperfectly packed, leaving a cavity suggestive of a potential binding site for transcription-promoting small molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiqian Qi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zichong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursula Schulze-Gahmen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goran Stjepanovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Hurley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How the AFF1/4 scaffold recruits the elongation factor ELL2 to promote HIV-1 proviral transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring-shaped hexameric helicases and translocases support essential DNA, RNA, and protein-dependent transactions in all cells and many viruses. How such systems coordinate ATPase activity between multiple subunits to power conformational changes that drive the engagement and movement of client substrates is a fundamental question. Using the E. coli Rho transcription termination factor as a model system, we have employed solution and crystallographic structural methods to delineate the range of conformational changes that accompany distinct substrate and nucleotide cofactor binding events. SAXS data show that Rho preferentially adopts an open-ring state in solution, and that RNA and ATP are both required to cooperatively promote ring closure. Multiple closed-ring structures with different RNA substrates and nucleotide occupancies capture distinct catalytic intermediates accessed during translocation. Our data reveal how RNA-induced ring closure templates a sequential ATP-hydrolysis mechanism, provide a molecular rationale for how the Rho ATPase domains distinguishes between distinct RNA sequences, and establish the first structural snapshots of substepping events in a hexameric helicase/translocase.nnSIGNIFICANCEHexameric, ring-shaped translocases are molecular motors that convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into the physical movement of protein and nucleic acid substrates. Structural studies of several distinct hexameric translocases have provided insights into how substrates are loaded and translocated; however, the range of structural changes required for coupling ATP turnover to a full cycle of substrate loading and translocation has not been visualized for any one system. Here, we combine low-and high-resolution structural studies of the Rho helicase, defining for the first time the ensemble of conformational transitions required both for substrate loading in solution and for substrate movement by a processive hexameric translocase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathan D. Thomsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea B. Witkowsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song Qu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of substrate-controlled ring dynamics and sub-stepping in a nucleic-acid dependent hexameric motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Processive, ring-shaped protein and nucleic acid protein translocases control essential biochemical processes throughout biology, and are considered high-prospect therapeutic targets. The E. coli Rho factor is an exemplar hexameric RNA translocase that terminates transcription in bacteria. Like many ring-shaped motor proteins, Rho activity is modulated by a variety of poorly understood mechanisms, including small molecule therapeutics, protein-protein interactions, and the sequence of its translocation substrate. Here, we establish the mechanism of action of two Rho effectors, the antibiotic bicyclomycin and nucleic acids that bind to Rhos  primary mRNA recruitment site. Using SAXS and a novel reporter assay to monitor the ability of Rho to switch between open-ring (RNA loading) and closed-ring (RNA translocation) states, bicyclomycin is found to be a direct antagonist of ring closure. Reciprocally, the binding of nucleic acids to its N-terminal RNA recruitment domains is shown to promote the formation of a closed-ring Rho state, with increasing primary site occupancy providing additive stimulatory effects. This study establishes bicyclomycin as a conformational inhibitor of Rho ring dynamics, highlighting the utility of developing assays that read out protein conformation as a prospective screening tool for ring-ATPase inhibitors. Our findings further show that the RNA sequence specificity used for guiding Rho-dependent termination derives in part from an intrinsic ability of the motor to couple the recognition of pyrimidine patterns in nascent transcripts to RNA loading and activity.nnSIGNIFICANCEMany processive, ring-ATPase motor proteins rely on substrate-dependent conformational changes to assist with the loading of client substrates into the central pore of the enzyme and subsequent translocation. Using the E. coli Rho transcription terminator as a model hexameric helicase, we show that two distinct ligands - the antibiotic bicyclomycin and pyrimidine-rich nucleic acids - alternatively repress or promote, respectively, the transition of Rho from an open, RNA-loading configuration to a closed-ring, active helicase. Our findings explain several mechanisms by which Rho activity is controlled, and provide a general illustration of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can regulate ring-type ATPase dynamics through diverse mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Lawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Dyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M. Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced and small molecule control of substrate loading in a hexameric helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ordinary Differential Equations in Cancer Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) provide a classical framework to model the dynamics of biological systems, given temporal experimental data. Qualitative analysis of the ODE model can lead to further biological insight and deeper understanding compared to traditional experiments alone. Simulation of the model under various perturbations can generate novel hypotheses and motivate the design of new experiments. This short paper will provide an overview of the ODE modeling framework, and present examples of how ODEs can be used to address problems in cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margaret P Chapman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire J. Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ordinary Differential Equations in Cancer Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Identification Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, network inference algorithms have grown tremendously in the field of systems biology because network identification is essential for understanding relationships between regulation mechanisms for genes, elucidating functional mechanisms underlying cellular processes, as well as identifying molecular targets for discoveries in medicines. This article provides a brief overview of different approaches used to identify biological networks and reviews recent advances in network identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Hwan Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire Tomlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Identification Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA recent study of the gene expression patterns of Zika virus (ZIKV) infected human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) revealed transcriptional dysregulation and identified cell-cycle-related pathways that are affected by infection. However deeper exploration of the information present in the RNA-Seq data can be used to further elucidate the manner in which Zika infection of hNPCs affects the transcriptome, refining pathway predictions and revealing isoform-specific dynamics.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsWe analyzed data published by Tang et al. using state-of-the-art tools for transcriptome analysis. By accounting for the experimental design and estimation of technical and inferential variance we were able to pinpoint Zika infection affected pathways that highlight Zikas neural tropism. The examination of differential genes reveals cases of isoform divergence.nnConclusions/SignificanceTranscriptome analysis of Zika infected hNPCs has the potential to identify the molecular signatures of Zika infected neural cells. These signatures may be useful for diagnostics and for the resolution of infection pathways that can be used to harvest specific targets for further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn Yi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold Pimentel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lior Pachter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted reconstruction of T cell receptor sequence from single cell RNA-sequencing links CDR3 length to T cell differentiation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The T cell compartment must contain diversity in both TCR repertoire and cell state to provide effective immunity against pathogens1,2. However, it remains unclear how differences in the TCR contribute to heterogeneity in T cell state at the single cell level because most analysis of the TCR repertoire has, to date, aggregated information from populations of cells. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can allow simultaneous measurement of TCR sequence and global transcriptional profile from single cells. However, current protocols to directly sequence the TCR require the use of long sequencing reads, increasing the cost and decreasing the number of cells that can be feasibly analyzed. Here we present a tool that can efficiently extract TCR sequence information from standard, short-read scRNA-seq libraries of T cells: TCR Reconstruction Algorithm for Paired-End Single cell (TRAPeS). We apply it to investigate heterogeneity in the CD8+ T cell response in humans and mice, and show that it is accurate and more sensitive than previous approaches3,4. We applied TRAPeS to single cell RNA-seq of CD8+ T cells specific for a single epitope from Yellow Fever Virus5. We show that the recently-described "naive-like" memory population of YFV-specific CD8+ T cells have significantly longer CDR3 regions and greater divergence from germline sequence than do effector-memory phenotype CD8+ T cells specific for YFV. This suggests that TCR usage contributes to heterogeneity in the differentiation state of the CD8+ T cell response to YFV. TRAPeS is publicly available, and can be readily used to investigate the relationship between the TCR repertoire and cellular phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaked Afik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen B Yates</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Darko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernej Godec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrike Gerdemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo Swadling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel C Douek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Klenerman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleanor J Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlene H Sharpe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Nicholas Haining</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Yosef</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted reconstruction of T cell receptor sequence from single cell RNA-sequencing links CDR3 length to T cell differentiation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Numerus Population Viability and Harvesting Analyses Web App 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population viability analysis (PVA) is used to assess the probability that a biological population will persist for a specified period of time. Such models are typically cast as Markov processes that may include age, stage, sex and metapopulation structures, density-dependence and ecological interaction processes. They may also include harvesting, stocking, and thresholds that trigger interventions. Here we present Numerus PVA, which is a web app that includes extensible user-selected options. Specifically, Numerus PVA allows for the specification of one to ten age classes, one or two sexes, single population or metapopulation configurations with 2 or 3 subpopulations, as well as density-dependent settings for inducing region-specific carrying capacities. Movement among subpopulations can be influenced by age, metapopulation connectivity, and attractivity of regions based on the relative fitness of the youngest age classes in each region. Simulations can be carried out deterministically or stochastically, with a user-specified combination of demographic and environmental processes. Numerus PVA is freely available at http://www.numerusinc.com/webapps/pva for running directly on any browser and device. Numerus PVA is easily modified by users familiar with the NovaModeler Software Platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver C Muellerklein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Salter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Carlson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Lyons</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Paige Seidel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Numerus Population Viability and Harvesting Analyses Web App]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compound that directly and selectively stalls PCSK9 translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays a key role in regulating the levels of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Here we demonstrate that the compound PF-06446846 inhibits translation of PCSK9 by inducing the ribosome to stall around codon 34, mediated by the sequence of the nascent chain within the exit tunnel. We further show that PF-06446846 reduces plasma PCSK9 and total cholesterol levels in rats following oral dosing. Using ribosome profiling, we demonstrate that PF-06446846 is highly selective for the inhibition of PCSK9 translation. The mechanism of action employed by PF-06446846 reveals a previously unexpected tunability of the human ribosome, which allows small molecules to specifically block translation of individual transcripts.nnOne Sentence SummaryA small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitor targets the human ribosome and selectively prevents PCSK9 synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lintner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londregan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loria, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolph, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dullea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compound that directly and selectively stalls PCSK9 translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Genetically-Encoded Mineralization and Magnetism via Directed Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoding the synthesis of functional nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles enables sensitive and non-invasive biological sensing and control. Via directed evolution of the natural iron-sequestering ferritin protein, we discovered key mutations that lead to significantly enhanced cellular magnetism, resulting in increased physical attraction of ferritin-expressing cells to magnets and increased contrast for cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The magnetic mutants further demonstrate increased iron biomineralization measured by a novel fluorescent genetic sensor for intracellular free iron. In addition, we engineered Escherichia coli cells with multiple genomic knockouts to increase cellular accumulation of various metals. Lastly to explore further protein candidates for biomagnetism, we characterized members of the DUF892 family using the iron sensor and magnetic columns, confirming their intracellular iron sequestration that results in increased cellular magnetization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giessen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Genetically-Encoded Mineralization and Magnetism via Directed Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection on the FADS region in Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractFADS genes encode fatty acid desaturases that are important for the conversion of short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to long chain fatty acids. Prior studies indicate that the FADS genes have been subjected to strong positive selection in Africa, South Asia, Greenland, and Europe. By comparing FADS sequencing data from present-day and Bronze Age (5-3k years ago) Europeans, we identify possible targets of selection in the European population, which suggest that selection has targeted different alleles in the FADS genes in Europe than it has in South Asia or Greenland. The alleles showing the strongest changes in allele frequency since the Bronze Age show associations with expression changes and multiple lipid-related phenotypes. Furthermore, the selected alleles are associated with a decrease in linoleic acid and an increase in arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids among Europeans; this is an opposite effect of that observed for selected alleles in Inuit from Greenland. We show that multiple SNPs in the region affect expression levels and PUFA synthesis. Additionally, we find evidence for a gene-environment interaction influencing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels between alleles affecting PUFA synthesis and PUFA dietary intake: carriers of the selected, derived allele have diminished increases in LDL cholesterol with a higher intake of PUFAs. We hypothesize that the selective patterns observed in Europeans were driven by a change in dietary composition of fatty acids following the transition to agriculture, resulting in a lower intake of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but a higher intake of linoleic acid and -linolenic acid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckley, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allentoft, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karoline, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnetto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grarup, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection on the FADS region in Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming evolved resistance to population-suppressing homing-based gene drives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of homing-based gene drive systems to modify or suppress wild populations of a given species has been proposed as a solution to a number of significant ecological and public health related problems, including the control of mosquito-borne diseases. The recent development of a CRISPR-Cas9-based homing system for the suppression of Anopheles gambiae, the main African malaria vector, is encouraging for this approach; however, with current designs, the slow emergence of homing-resistant alleles is expected to result in suppressed populations rapidly rebounding, as homing-resistant alleles have a significant fitness advantage over functional, population-suppressing homing alleles. To explore this concern, we develop a mathematical model to estimate tolerable rates of homing-resistant allele generation to suppress a wild population of a given size. Our results suggest that, to achieve meaningful population suppression, tolerable rates of resistance allele generation are orders of magnitude smaller than those observed for current designs for CRISPR-Cas9-based homing systems. To remedy this, we propose a homing system architecture in which guide RNAs (gRNAs) are multiplexed, increasing the effective homing rate and decreasing the effective resistant allele generation rate. Modeling results suggest that the size of the population that can be suppressed increases exponentially with the number of multiplexed gRNAs and that, with six multiplexed gRNAs, a mosquito species could potentially be suppressed on a continental scale. We also demonstrate successful multiplexing in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster using a ribozyme-gRNA-ribozyme (RGR) approach - a strategy that could readily be adapted to engineer stable, homing-based suppression drives in relevant organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming evolved resistance to population-suppressing homing-based gene drives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monolayer-crystal streptavidin support films provide an internal standard of cryo-EM image quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of images of biotinylated Escherichia coli 70S ribosome particles, bound to streptavidin affinity grids, demonstrates that the image-quality of particles can be predicted by the image-quality of the monolayer crystalline support film. The quality of the Thon rings is also a good predictor of the image-quality of particles, but only when images of the streptavidin crystals extend to relatively high resolution. When the estimated resolution of streptavidin was 5 [A] or worse, for example, the ribosomal density map obtained from 22,697 particles went to only 9.5 [A], while the resolution of the map reached 4.0 [A] for the same number of particles, when the estimated resolution of streptavidin crystal was 4 [A] or better. It thus is easy to tell which images in a data set ought to be retained for further work, based on the highest resolution seen for Bragg peaks in the computed Fourier transforms of the streptavidin component. The refined density map obtained from 57,826 particles obtained in this way extended to 3.6 [A], a marked improvement over the value of 3.9 [A] obtained previously from a subset of 52,433 particles obtained from the same initial data set of 101,213 particles after 3-D classification. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that interaction with the air-water interface can damage particles when the sample becomes too thin. Streptavidin monolayer crystals appear to provide a good indication of when that is the case.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, B.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monolayer-crystal streptavidin support films provide an internal standard of cryo-EM image quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historian: accurate reconstruction of ancestral sequences and evolutionary rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstruction of ancestral sequence histories, and estimation of parameters like indel rates, are improved by using explicit evolutionary models and summing over uncertain alignments. The previous best tool for this purpose (according to simulation benchmarks) was ProtPal, but this tool was too slow for practical use. Historian combines an efficient reimplementation of the ProtPal algorithm with performance-improving heuristics from other alignment tools. Simulation results on fidelity of rate estimation via ancestral reconstruction, along with evaluations on the structurally-informed alignment dataset BAliBase 3.0, recommend Historian over other alignment tools for evolutionary applications. Historian is available at https://github.com/ihh/indelhistorian under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 US license. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+historian@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historian: accurate reconstruction of ancestral sequences and evolutionary rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioMake: a GNU Make-compatible utility for declarative workflow management 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Unix "make" program is widely used in bioinformatics pipelines, but suffers from problems that limit its application to large analysis datasets. These include reliance on file modification times to determine whether a target is stale, lack of support for parallel execution on clusters, and restricted flexibility to extend the underlying logic program. We present BioMake, a make-like utility that is compatible with most features of GNU Make and adds support for popular cluster-based job-queue engines, MD5 signatures as an alternative to timestamps, and logic programming extensions in Prolog. BioMake is available from https://github.com/evoldoers/biomake under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 US license. The only dependency is SWI-Prolog, available from http://www.swi-prolog.org/. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+biomake@gmail.com or Chris Mungall cmungall+biomake@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioMake: a GNU Make-compatible utility for declarative workflow management]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF and Cohesin Regulate Chromatin Loop Stability with Distinct Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/summaryFolding of mammalian genomes into spatial domains is critical for gene regulation. CTCF and cohesin control domain location by folding domains into loop structures, which are thought to be highly stable. Combining genomic, biochemical and single-molecule imaging approaches, we show that although CTCF and cohesin can physically interact, CTCF binds chromatin much more dynamically than cohesin (~1 min vs. ~22 min residence time). Moreover, after unbinding, CTCF quickly rebinds another cognate site unlike cohesin (~1 min vs. ~33 min). Thus, CTCF and cohesin form a rapidly exchanging "dynamic complex" rather than a typical stable complex. Since CTCF and cohesin are required for loop domain formation, our results suggest that chromatin loops constantly break and reform throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pustova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF and Cohesin Regulate Chromatin Loop Stability with Distinct Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Nuclear Movements in a Multinucleated Cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multinucleated cells are important in many organisms but the mechanisms governing the movements of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm are not understood. In the hyphae of the plant pathogenic fungus Ashbya gossypii, nuclei move back and forth, occasionally bypassing each other, and, preventing the formation of nuclear clusters, this is essential for genetic stability. These movements depend on cytoplasmic microtubules emanating from the nuclei, that are pulled by dynein motors anchored at the cortex. Using 3D stochastic simulations with parameters constrained by the literature, we predict the cortical anchors density from the characteristics of nuclear movements. Altogether, the model accounts for the complex nuclear movements seen in vivo, using a minimal set of experimentally determined ingredients. Interestingly, these ingredients power the oscillations of the anaphase spindle in budding yeast, but in A. gossypii this system is not restricted to a specific nuclear cycle stage, possibly as a result of adaptation to hyphal growth and multinuclearity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Nuclear Movements in a Multinucleated Cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The U.S. Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) is an open-source software and data platform designed to meet the grand challenge of systems biology -- predicting and designing biological function from the biomolecular (small scale) to the ecological (large scale). KBase is available for anyone to use, and enables researchers to collaboratively generate, test, compare, and share hypotheses about biological functions; perform large-scale analyses on scalable computing infrastructure; and combine experimental evidence and conclusions that lead to accurate models of plant and microbial physiology and community dynamics. The KBase platform has (1) extensible analytical capabilities that currently include genome assembly, annotation, ontology assignment, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modeling; (2) a web-browser-based user interface that supports building, sharing, and publishing reproducible and well-annotated analyses with integrated data; (3) access to extensive computational resources; and (4) a software development kit allowing the community to add functionality to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottingham, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehl, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy-Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bun, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colasanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJongh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubchak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryb</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating hybridization capture with RAD probes as a tool for museum genomics with historical bird specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laboratory techniques for high-throughput sequencing have enhanced our ability to generate DNA sequence data from millions of natural history specimens collected prior to the molecular era, but remain poorly tested at shallower evolutionary time scales. Hybridization capture using restriction site associated DNA probes (hyRAD) is a recently developed method for population genomics with museum specimens (Suchan et al. 2016). The hyRAD method employs fragments produced in a restriction site associated double digestion as the basis for probes that capture orthologous loci in samples of interest. While promising in that it does not require a reference genome, hyRAD has yet to be applied across study systems in independent laboratories. Here we provide an independent assessment of the effectiveness of hyRAD on both fresh avian tissue and dried tissue from museum specimens up to 140 years old and investigate how variable quantities of input DNA affects sequencing, assembly, and population genetic inference. We present a modified bench protocol and bioinformatics pipeline, including three steps for detection and removal of microbial and mitochondrial DNA contaminants. We confirm that hyRAD is an effective tool for sampling thousands of orthologous SNPs from historic museum specimens to describe phylogeographic patterns. We find that modern DNA performs significantly better than historical DNA better during sequencing, but that assembly performance is largely equivalent. We also find that the quantity of input DNA predicts %GC content of assembled contiguous sequences, suggesting PCR bias. We caution against sampling schemes that include taxonomic or geographic autocorrelation across modern and historic samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linck, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating hybridization capture with RAD probes as a tool for museum genomics with historical bird specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live imaging of genome has offered important insights into the dynamics of the genome organization and gene expression. The demand to image simultaneously multiple genomic loci has prompted a flurry of exciting advances in multi-color CRISPR imaging, although color-based multiplexing is limited by the need for spectrally distinct fluorophores. Here we introduce an approach to achieve highly multiplexed live recording via correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This approach first performs one-color live imaging of multiple genomic loci and then uses sequential rounds of DNA FISH to determine the loci identity. We have optimized the FISH protocol so that each round is complete in 1 min, demonstrating the identification of 7 genomic elements and the capability to sustain reversible staining and washing for up to 20 rounds. We have also developed a correlation-based algorithm to faithfully register live and FISH images. Our approach keeps the rest of the color palette open to image other cellular phenomena of interest, as demonstrated by our simultaneous live imaging of genomic loci together with a cell cycle reporter. Furthermore, the algorithm to register faithfully between live and fixed imaging is directly transferrable to other systems such as multiplex RNA imaging with RNA-FISH and multiplex protein imaging with antibody-staining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALECurrent microbiologic diagnostics often fail to identify the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in hematopoietic cellular transplant recipients (HCT), which precludes the implementation of targeted therapies.nnOBJECTIVESTo address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we evaluated the utility of metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to detect microbial pathogens in HCT patients with acute respiratory illnesses.nnMETHODSWe enrolled 22 post-HCT adults ages 19-69 years with acute respiratory illnesses who underwent BAL at the University of Michigan between January 2012 and May 2013. mNGS was performed on BAL fluid to detect microbes and simultaneously assess the host transcriptional response. Results were compared against conventional microbiologic assays.nnMEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTSmNGS demonstrated 100% sensitivity for detecting respiratory microbes (human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus) when compared to standard testing. Previously unrecognized LRTI pathogens were identified in six patients for whom standard testing was negative (human coronavirus 229E, human rhinovirus A, Corynebacterium propinquum and Streptococcus mitis); findings were confirmed by independent PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Relative to patients without infection, patients with infection had increased expression of immunity related genes (p=0.022) and significantly lower diversity of their respiratory microbiome (p=0.017).nnCONCLUSIONSCompared to conventional diagnostics, mNGS enhanced detection of pathogens in BAL fluid from HCT patients. Furthermore, our results suggest that combining unbiased microbial pathogen detection with assessment of host gene biomarkers of immune response may hold promise for enhancing the diagnosis of post-HCT respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yank, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odonovan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint estimation of relatedness coefficients and allele frequencies from ancient samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop and test a method to address whether DNA samples sequenced from a group of fossil hominin bone or teeth fragments originate from the same individual or from closely related individuals. Our method assumes low amounts of retrievable DNA, significant levels of sequencing error and contamination from one or more present-day humans. We develop and implement a maximum likelihood method that estimates levels of contamination, sequencing error rates and pairwise relatedness co-efficients in a set of individuals. We assume there is no reference panel for the ancient population to provide allele and haplotype frequencies. Our approach makes use of single nucleotide polymorphisms and does not make assumptions about the underlying demographic model. By artificially mating individual genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project, we determine the numbers of individuals at a given genomic coverage that are required to detect different levels of genetic relatedness with confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theunert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint estimation of relatedness coefficients and allele frequencies from ancient samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery: Insight into the Brain of a Piano Player 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It remains unclear how the human cortex represents spectrotemporal sound features during auditory imagery, and how this representation compares to auditory perception. To assess this, we recorded electrocorticographic signals from an epileptic patient with proficient music ability in two conditions. First, the participant played two piano pieces on an electronic piano with the sound volume of the digital keyboard on. Second, the participant replayed the same piano pieces, but without auditory feedback, and the participant was asked to imagine hearing the music in his mind. In both conditions, the sound output of the keyboard was recorded, thus allowing precise time-locking between the neural activity and the spectrotemporal content of the music imagery. For both conditions, we built encoding models to predict high gamma neural activity (70-150Hz) from the spectrogram representation of the recorded sound. We found robust similarities between perception and imagery - in frequency and temporal tuning properties in auditory areas.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikutta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, J. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasley, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery: Insight into the Brain of a Piano Player]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered shell proteins confer improved encapsulated pathway behavior in a bacterial microcompartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial microcompartments are a class of proteinaceous organelles comprising a characteristic protein shell enclosing a set of enzymes. Compartmentalization can prevent escape of volatile or toxic intermediates, prevent off-pathway reactions, and create private cofactor pools. Encapsulation in synthetic microcompartment organelles will enhance the function of heterologous pathways, but to do so, it is critical to understand how to control diffusion in and out of the microcompartment organelle. To this end, we explored how small differences in the shell protein structure result in changes in the diffusion of metabolites through the shell. We found that the ethanolamine utilization (Eut) protein EutM properly incorporates into the 1,2-propanediol utilization (Pdu) microcompartment, altering native metabolite accumulation and the resulting growth on 1,2-propanediol as the sole carbon source. Further, we identified a single pore-lining residue mutation that confers the same phenotype as substitution of the full EutM protein, indicating that small molecule diffusion through the shell is the cause of growth enhancement. Finally, we show that the hydropathy index and charge of pore amino acids are important indicators to predict how pore mutations will affect growth on 1,2- propanediol, likely by controlling diffusion of one or more metabolites. This study highlights the success of two strategies to engineer microcompartment control over metabolite transport: altering the existing shell protein pore via mutation of the pore-lining residues, and generating chimeras using shell proteins with the desired pores.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=99 SRC="FIGDIR/small/106716_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (26K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f69a12org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fd5560org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f01d6aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b442c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG TOC Abstract Graphic C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slininger Lee, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tullman-Ercek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered shell proteins confer improved encapsulated pathway behavior in a bacterial microcompartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genome de-replication that enables tracking of microbial genotypes and improved genome recovery from metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of microbial genomes sequenced each year is expanding rapidly, in part due to genome-resolved metagenomic studies that routinely recover hundreds of draft-quality genomes. Rapid algorithms have been developed to comprehensively compare large genome sets, but they are not accurate with draft-quality genomes. Here we present dRep, a program that sequentially applies a fast, inaccurate estimation of genome distance and a slow but accurate measure of average nucleotide identity to reduce the computational time for pair-wise genome set comparisons by orders of magnitude. We demonstrate its use in a study where we separately assembled each metagenome from time series datasets. Groups of essentially identical genomes were identified with dRep, and the best genome from each set was selected. This resulted in recovery of significantly more and higher-quality genomes compared to the set recovered using the typical co-assembly method. Documentation is available at http://drep.readthedocs.io/en/master/ and source code is available at https://github.com/MrOlm/drep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genome de-replication that enables tracking of microbial genotypes and improved genome recovery from metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying a TFIID interactome via integrated biochemical and high-throughput proteomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The core promoter recognition TFIID complex acts as a central regulator for eukaryotic gene expression. To direct transcription initiation, TFIID binds the core promoter DNA and aids recruitment of the transcription machinery (e.g., RNA polymerase II) to the transcription start site. Many transcription factors target TFIID to control vital cellular processes. Current studies on finding TFIID interactors have predominantly focused on transcription factors. Yet, a comprehensive interactome of mammalian TFIID has not been established. Therefore, this study sought to reveal potential TFIID-nucleated networks by identifying likely co-regulatory factors that bind TFIID. By using intact native human TFIID complexes, we have exploited three independent approaches including a high-throughput Next Generation DNA sequencing coupled with proteomic analysis. Among these methods, we found some overlapping and new candidates in which we further assessed three putative interactors (i.e., Sox2, H2A and EMSY) by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Notably, in addition to known TFIID interactors, we identified a number of novel factors that participate either in co-regulatory pathways or non-transcription related functions of TFIID. Overal, these results indicate that, in addition to transcription initiation, mammalian TFIID may be involved in broader regulatory pathways than previous studies suggested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piasecka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying a TFIID interactome via integrated biochemical and high-throughput proteomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impulse model-based differential expression analysis of time course sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global gene expression trajectories of cellular systems in response to developmental or environmental stimuli often follow the prototypic single-pulse or state-transition patterns which can be modeled with the impulse model. Here we combine the continuous impulse expression model with a sequencing data noise model in ImpulseDE2, a differential expression algorithm for time course sequencing experiments such as RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq. We show that ImpulseDE2 outperforms currently used differential expression algorithms on data sets with sufficiently many sampled time points. ImpulseDE2 is capable of differentiating between transiently and monotonously changing expression trajectories. This classification separates genes which are responsible for the initial and final cell state phenotypes from genes which drive or are driven by the cell state transition and identifies down-regulation of oxidative-phosphorylation as a molecular signature which can drive human embryonic stem cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impulse model-based differential expression analysis of time course sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WTFgenes: What's The Function of these genes? Static sites for model-based gene set analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common technique for interpreting experimentally-identified lists of genes is to look for enrichment of genes associated to particular ontology terms. The most common technique uses the hypergeometric distribution; more recently, a model-based approach was proposed. These approaches must typically be run using downloaded software, or on a server. We develop a collapsed likelihood for model-based gene set analysis and present WTFgenes, an implementation of both hypergeometric and model-based approaches, that can be published as a static site with computation run in JavaScript on the user's web browser client. Apart from hosting files, zero server resources are required: the site can (for example) be served directly from Amazon S3 or GitHub Pages. A C++11 implementation yielding identical results runs roughly twice as fast as the JavaScript version. WTFgenes is available from https://github.com/evoldoers/wtfgenes under the BSD3 license. A demonstration for the Gene Ontology is usable at https://evoldoers.github.io/wtfgo. Contact: Ian Holmes ihholmes+wtfgenes@gmail.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WTFgenes: What's The Function of these genes? Static sites for model-based gene set analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many disciplines, data is highly decentralized across thousands of online databases (repositories, registries, and knowledgebases). Wringing value from such databases depends on the discipline of data science and on the humble bricks and mortar that make integration possible; identifiers are a core component of this integration infrastructure. Drawing on our experience and on work by other groups, we outline ten lessons we have learned about the identifier qualities and best practices that facilitate large-scale data integration. Specifically, we propose actions that identifier practitioners (database providers) should take in the design, provision and reuse of identifiers; we also outline important considerations for those referencing identifiers in various circumstances, including by authors and data generators. While the importance and relevance of each lesson will vary by context, there is a need for increased awareness about how to avoid and manage common identifier problems, especially those related to persistence and web-accessibility/resolvability. We focus strongly on web-based identifiers in the life sciences; however, the principles are broadly relevant to other disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumontier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Beltran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heriche, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laibe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Novere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muilu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariyar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoep, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiland-Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swainston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalaratne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolstencroft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory remodeling in the allo-tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome duplication has played a pivotal role in the evolution of many eukaryotic lineages, including the vertebrates. The most recent vertebrate genome duplication is that in Xenopus laevis, resulting from the hybridization of two closely related species about 17 million years ago [1]. However, little is known about the consequences of this duplication at the level of the genome, the epigenome and gene expression.nnResultsOf the parental subgenomes, S chromosomes have degraded faster than L chromosomes ever since the genome duplication and until the present day. Deletions appear to have the largest effect on pseudogene formation and loss of regulatory regions. Deleted regions are enriched for long DNA repeats and the flanking regions have high alignment scores, suggesting that non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) has played a significant role in the loss of DNA. To assess innovations in the X. laevis subgenomes we examined p300 (Ep300)-bound enhancer peaks that are unique to one subgenome and absent from X. tropicalis. A large majority of new enhancers are comprised of transposable elements. Finally, to dissect early and late events following interspecific hybridization, we examined the epigenome and the enhancer landscape in X. tropicalis x X. laevis hybrid embryos. Strikingly, young X. tropicalis DNA transposons are derepressed and recruit p300 in hybrid embryos.nnConclusionsThe results show that erosion of X. laevis genes and functional regulatory elements is associated with repeats and NAHR, and furthermore that young repeats have also contributed to the p300-bound regulatory landscape following hybridization and whole genome duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elurbe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kruijsbergen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heeringen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra, G. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory remodeling in the allo-tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAR-Fusion: Fast and Accurate Fusion Transcript Detection from RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationFusion genes created by genomic rearrangements can be potent drivers of tumorigenesis. However, accurate identification of functionally fusion genes from genomic sequencing requires whole genome sequencing, since exonic sequencing alone is often insufficient. Transcriptome sequencing provides a direct, highly effective alternative for capturing molecular evidence of expressed fusions in the precision medicine pipeline, but current methods tend to be inefficient or insufficiently accurate, lacking in sensitivity or predicting large numbers of false positives. Here, we describe STAR-Fusion, a method that is both fast and accurate in identifying fusion transcripts from RNA-Seq data.nnResultsWe benchmarked STAR-Fusions fusion detection accuracy using both simulated and genuine Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq data, and show that it has superior performance compared to popular alternative fusion detection methods.nnAvailability and implementationSTAR-Fusion is implemented in Perl, freely available as open source software at http://star-fusion.github.io, and supported on Linux.nnContactbhaas@broadinstitute.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankapur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganote, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingeras, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAR-Fusion: Fast and Accurate Fusion Transcript Detection from RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conformational Checkpoint Between DNA Binding And Cleavage By CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cas9 endonuclease is widely utilized for genome engineering applications by programming its single-guide RNA and ongoing work is aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of DNA targeting. DNA cleavage of Cas9 is controlled by the conformational state of the HNH nuclease domain, but the mechanism that governs HNH activation at on-target DNA while reducing cleavage activity at off-target sites remains poorly understood. Using single-molecule FRET, we identified an intermediate state of S. pyogenes Cas9, representing a conformational checkpoint between DNA binding and cleavage. Upon DNA binding, the HNH domain transitions between multiple conformations before docking into its active state. HNH docking requires divalent cations, but not strand scission, and this docked conformation persists following DNA cleavage. Sequence mismatches between the DNA target and guide RNA prevent transitions from the checkpoint intermediate to the active conformation, providing selective avoidance of DNA cleavage at stably bound off-target sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dagdas, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conformational Checkpoint Between DNA Binding And Cleavage By CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating The Extinction Date Of The Thylacine Accounting For Unconfirmed Sightings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), one of Australias most characteristic megafauna, was the largest marsupial carnivore until hunting, and potentially disease, drove them to extinction in 1936. Current knowledge suggests that thylacines became extinct on mainland Australia two millennia prior to their extirpation on Tasmania, but recent "plausible" sightings on the Cape York Peninsula have emerged, leading some to speculate the species may persist, undetected. Here we show that the continued survival of the thylacine is entirely implausible based on most current mathematical theories of extinction. We present a dataset including physical evidence, expert-validated sightings, and unconfirmed sightings leading up to the present day, and use a Bayesian framework that takes all three types of data into account by modelling them as independent processes, to evaluate the likelihood of the thylacines persistence. Although the last captive thylacine died in 1936, our model suggests the most likely extinction date would be 1940, or at the latest the 1950s. We validated this result by using other extinction estimator methods, all of which confirmed that the thylacines extinction likely fell between 1936 and 1943; even the most optimistic scenario suggests the species did not persist beyond 1956. The search for the thylacine, much like similar efforts to "rediscover" other recently extinct charismatic species, is likely to be fruitless, especially given that persistence on Tasmania would have been no guarantee the species could reappear in regions that had been unoccupied for millennia. The search for the thylacine may become a rallying point for conservation and wildlife biology, and could indirectly help fund and support critical research in understudied areas like Cape York. However, our results suggest that attempts to rediscover the thylacine will likely be unsuccessful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating The Extinction Date Of The Thylacine Accounting For Unconfirmed Sightings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and Programmable Protein Mutagenesis Using Plasmid Recombineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive and programmable protein mutagenesis is critical for understanding structure-function relationships and improving protein function. However, current techniques enabling comprehensive protein mutagenesis are based on PCR and require in vitro reactions involving specialized protocols and reagents. This has complicated efforts to rapidly and reliably produce desired comprehensive protein libraries. Here we demonstrate that plasmid recombineering is a simple and robust in vivo method for the generation of protein mutants for both comprehensive library generation as well as programmable targeting of sequence space. Using the fluorescent protein iLOV as a model target, we build a complete mutagenesis library and find it to be specific and unbiased, detecting 99.8% of our intended mutations. We then develop a thermostability screen and utilize our comprehensive mutation data to rapidly construct a targeted and multiplexed library that identifies significantly improved variants, thus demonstrating rapid protein engineering in a simple one-pot protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouonkap Yimga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and Programmable Protein Mutagenesis Using Plasmid Recombineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Versatile Compressed Sensing Scheme For Faster And Less Phototoxic 3D Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy based on Nyquist sampling of focal planes faces harsh trade-offs between acquisition time, light exposure, and signal-to-noise. We propose a 3D compressed sensing approach that uses temporal modulation of the excitation intensity during axial stage sweeping and can be adapted to fluorescence microscopes without hardware modification. We describe implementations on a lattice light sheet microscope and an epifluorescence microscope, and show that images of beads and biological samples can be reconstructed with a 5-10 fold reduction of light exposure and acquisition time. Our scheme opens a new door towards faster and less damaging 3D fluorescence microscopy.nnOCIS codes: (110.1758) Computational imaging; (170.2520) Fluorescence microscopy; (170.6900) Three-dimensional microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Versatile Compressed Sensing Scheme For Faster And Less Phototoxic 3D Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Just above chance: is it harder to decode information from human prefrontal cortex BOLD signals? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the nature and form of prefrontal cortex representations that support flexible behavior is an important open problem in cognitive neuroscience. In humans, multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI BOLD measurements has emerged as an important approach for studying neural representations. An implicit, untested assumption underlying many PFC MVPA studies is that the base rate of decoding information from PFC BOLD activity patterns is similar to that of other brain regions. Here we estimate these base rates from a meta-analysis of published MVPA studies and show that the PFC has a significantly lower base rate for decoding than visual sensory cortex. Our results have implications for the design and interpretation of MVPA studies of prefrontal cortex, and raise important questions about its functional organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Just above chance: is it harder to decode information from human prefrontal cortex BOLD signals?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light Guided In-vivo Activation of Innate Immune Cells with Photocaged TLR 2/6 Agonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of the immune system creates challenges in exploring its importance and robustness. To date, there have been few techniques developed to manipulate individual components of the immune system in an in vivo environment. Here we show a light-based dendritic cell (DC) activation allowing spatial and temporal control of immune activation in vivo. Additionally, we show time dependent changes in RNA profiles of the draining lymph node, suggesting a change in cell profile following DC migration and indicating that the cells migrating have been activated towards antigen presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonnigal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light Guided In-vivo Activation of Innate Immune Cells with Photocaged TLR 2/6 Agonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent pseudogenization of CYP2J19 in penguins, owls and kiwis implicates gene in red carotenoid synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carotenoids have important roles in bird behavior, including pigmentation for sexual signaling and improving color vision via retinal oil droplets. Yellow carotenoids are diet-derived, but red carotenoids (ketocarotenoids) are typically synthesized from yellow precursors via a carotenoid ketolase. Recent research on passerines has provided evidence that a cytochrome p450 enzyme, CYP2J19, is responsible for this reaction, though it is unclear if this function is phylogenetically restricted. Here I provide evidence that CYP2J19 is the carotenoid ketolase common to Aves using the genomes of 65 birds and the retinal transcriptomes of 15 avian taxa. CYP2J19 is functionally intact and robustly transcribed in all taxa except for several species adapted to foraging in dim light conditions. Two penguins, an owl and a kiwi show evidence of genetic lesions and relaxed selection in their genomic copy of CYP2J19, and six owls show evidence of marked reduction in CYP2J19 retinal transcription compared to nine diurnal avian taxa. Notably, none of these taxa are known to use red carotenoids for sexual signaling and several species of owls and penguins represent the only birds known to completely lack red retinal oil droplets. The remaining avian taxa belong to groups known to possess red oil droplets, known or expected to deposit red carotenoids in skin and/or plumage, and/or frequently forage in bright light. The loss and reduced expression of CYP2J19 is likely an adaptation to maximize retinal sensitivity, given that oil droplets reduce the amount of light available to the retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerling, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent pseudogenization of CYP2J19 in penguins, owls and kiwis implicates gene in red carotenoid synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use antibiotics in cell culture with caution: genome-wide identification ofantibiotic-induced changes in gene expression and regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard cell culture guidelines often use media supplemented with antibiotics to prevent cell contamination. However, relatively little is known about the effect of antibiotic use in cell culture on gene expression and the extent to which this treatment could confound results. To comprehensively characterize the effect of antibiotic treatment on gene expression, we performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq for H3K27ac on HepG2 cells, a human liver cell line commonly used for pharmacokinetic, metabolism and genomic studies, cultured in media supplemented with penicillin-streptomycin (PenStrep) or vehicle control. We identified 205 PenStrep-responsive genes, including transcription factors such as ATF3 that are likely to alter the regulation of other genes. Pathway analyses found a significant enrichment for "xenobiotic metabolism signaling" and "PXR/RXR activation" pathways. Our H3K27ac ChIP-seq identified 9,514 peaks that are PenStrep responsive. These peaks were enriched near genes that function in cell differentiation, tRNA modification, nuclease activity and protein dephosphorylation. Our results suggest that PenStrep treatment can significantly alter gene expression and regulation in a common liver cell type such as HepG2, advocating that antibiotic treatment should be taken into account when carrying out genetic, genomic or other biological assays in cultured cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use antibiotics in cell culture with caution: genome-wide identification ofantibiotic-induced changes in gene expression and regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Reconstruction And Systems Analysis Of Plant Cell Wall Deconstruction By Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant biomass degradation by fungal derived enzymes is rapidly expanding in economic importance as a clean and efficient source for biofuels. The ability to rationally engineer filamentous fungi would facilitate biotechnological applications for degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. However, incomplete knowledge of biomolecular networks responsible for plant cell wall deconstruction impedes experimental efforts in this direction. To expand this knowledge base, a detailed network of reactions important for deconstruction of plant cell wall polysaccharides into simple sugars was constructed for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. To reconstruct this network, information was integrated from five heterogeneous data types: functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, genetics, and biochemical characterizations. The combined information was encapsulated into a feature matrix and the evidence weighed to assign annotation confidence scores for each gene within the network. Comparative analyses of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data shed light on the regulation of the plant cell wall degradation network (PCWDN), leading to a novel hypothesis for degradation of the hemicellulose mannan. The transcription factor CLR-2 was subsequently experimentally shown to play a key role in the mannan degradation pathway of Neurospora crassa. Our network serves as a scaffold for integration of diverse experimental data, leading to elucidation of regulatory design principles for plant cell wall deconstruction by filamentous fungi, and guiding efforts to rationally engineer industrially relevant hyper-production strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradetti, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Reconstruction And Systems Analysis Of Plant Cell Wall Deconstruction By Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differentiation In Grayling (Salmonidae) Goes Through An All-Male Stage And Is Delayed In Genetic Males Who Instead Grow Faster 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fish can be threatened by distorted sex ratios that arise during sex differentiation. It is therefore important to understand sex determination and differentiation, especially in river-dwelling fish that are often exposed to environmental factors that may interfere with sex differentiation. However, sex differentiation is not sufficiently understood in keystone taxa such as the Thymallinae, one of the three salmonid subfamilies. Here we study a wild grayling (Thymallus thymallus) population that suffers from distorted sex ratios. We found sex determination in the wild and in captivity to be genetic and linked to the sdY locus. We therefore studied sex-specific gene expression in embryos and early larvae that were bred and raised under different experimental conditions, and we studied gonadal morphology in five monthly samples taken after hatching. Significant sex-specific changes in gene expression (affecting about 25,000 genes) started around hatching. Gonads were still undifferentiated three weeks after hatching, but about half of the fish showed immature testes around seven weeks after hatching. Over the next few months, this phenotype was mostly replaced by the "testis-to-ovary" or "ovaries" phenotypes. The gonads of the remaining fish, i.e. approximately half of the fish in each sampling period, remained undifferentiated until six months after fertilization. Genetic sexing of the last two samples revealed that fish with undifferentiated gonads were all males, who, by that time, were on average larger than the genetic females (verified in 8-months old juveniles raised in another experiment). Only 12% of the genetic males showed testicular tissue six months after fertilization. We conclude that sex differentiation starts around hatching, goes through an all-male stage for both sexes (which represents a rare case of "undifferentiated" gonochoristic species that usually go through an all-female stage), and is delayed in males who, instead of developing their gonads, grow faster than females during these juvenile stages.nnAuthor contributionMRR and CW initiated the project. DM, OS, AU, LMC, LW, and CW sampled the adult fish, did the experimental in vitro fertilizations, and prepared the embryos for experimental rearing in the laboratory. All further manipulations on the embryos and the larvae were done by DM, OS, AU, LMC, and LW. The RNA-seq data were analyzed by OS, JR, and MRR, the histological analyses were done by DM, supervised by SK, and the molecular genetic sexing was performed by DM, OS, AU, and KBM. DM, OS, and CW performed the remaining statistical analyses and wrote the first version of the manuscript that was then critically revised by all other authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maitre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques da Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, L. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knorr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Rechavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedekind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differentiation In Grayling (Salmonidae) Goes Through An All-Male Stage And Is Delayed In Genetic Males Who Instead Grow Faster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Changes In Gene Expression And Delayed Sex Differentiation In Response To Estrogen Pollution In Grayling (Salmonidae) 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synthetic 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an estrogenic compound of oral contraceptives and therefore a common pollutant that has been suspected to affect the demography of river-dwelling salmonids. We study a population of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) that suffers from sex ratio distortions. Here we test how ecologically relevant concentrations of EE2 affect sex-specific gene expression around early stages of sex differentiation. We collected gametes from F1s of wild spawners, used them for in vitro fertilizations, and raised the resulting embryos singly under experimentally controlled conditions. Embryos were either exposed to 1ng/L EE2 or sham-exposed. RNA was collected from samples taken 10 days before hatching, at the day of hatching, and towards the end of the yolk-sac stage, to study gene expression and relate it to genetic sex (sdY genotype). We found that EE2 affects gene expression of a very large number of genes especially at the day of hatching. The effects of EE2 on gene expression is strongly sex-specific. At the day of hatching, EE2 affected about twice as many genes in females than in males, and towards the end of the yolk-sac larval stage, EE2 effects were nearly exclusively observed in females. Among the many effects was, for example, a surprising EE2-induced molecular masculinization in the females heads. Histological examination of gonadal development of EE2-treated or sham-exposed juveniles during the first 4.5 months after hatching revealed a delaying effect of EE2 on sex differentiation. Because grayling sex determination goes through an all-male stage (a rare case of undifferentiated gonochorism), the rate of EE2-induced sex reversal could not be unequivocally determined during the observational period. However, two EE2-treated genetic males had ovarian tissues at the end of the study. We conclude that common levels of EE2 pollution affect grayling from very early stages on by interfering with male and female gene expression around the onset of sex differentiation, by delaying sex differentiation, and by feminizing some males.nnAuthor contributionMRR and CW initiated the project. OS, DM, LW, LMC, and CW sampled the adult fish, did the experimental in vitro fertilizations, and prepared the embryos for experimental rearing in the laboratory. All further manipulations on the embryos and the larvae were done by OS, DM, LW, and LMC. The RNA-seq data were analyzed by OS, JR, and MRR, the histological analyses were done by DM, supervised by SK, the molecular genetic sexing was performed by OS and DM, and EV supervised the EE2 analytics. OS and CW performed the remaining statistical analyses and wrote the first version of the manuscript that was then critically revised by all other authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, L. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques da Cunha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeirssen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knorr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Rechavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedekind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Changes In Gene Expression And Delayed Sex Differentiation In Response To Estrogen Pollution In Grayling (Salmonidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duplication And Sub/Neofunctionalization Of malvolio, An Insect Homolog Of Nramp, In The Subsocial Beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication has long been thought to play a facilitating role in evolution. With growing numbers of sequenced genomes, increasing numbers of duplicate genes are uncovered with unknown functions. Here we examine malvolio, a gene involved in heavy metal transport but that also affects behavior in honey bees and Drosophila. There is only one copy of malvolio in honey bees and Drosophila despite its different roles. A phylogenetic analysis in insects suggests that malvolio has duplicated multiple times in different orders. To test if the two copies might have different functions, we examined expression levels of malvolio in brain, fat bodies, Malpighian tubules, midgut, ovaries, testes and thoracic musculature in the beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We found that mvl1 was expressed in all tissues, with highest expression in fat bodies and relatively lower expression in testes, Malpighian tubules, and brain, and ovaries. Expression of mvl2 differed, with significant expression only seen in brain and midgut. Because malvolio has been implicated in behavior, and these beetles have highly developed parenting behavior, we next examined expression during different behavioral states including virgin, mating, preparing resources for offspring, feeding offspring and post care. We found differing expression patterns for the two copies, with mvl1 increasing in expression during resource preparation and feeding offspring, and mvl2 decreasing in these same states. Given these patterns of expression, we suggest that malvolio in N. vespilloides has experienced sub/neofunctionalization following its duplication, and is evolving differing and tissue-specific roles in behavior and physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlferber, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benowitz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy-Zokan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duplication And Sub/Neofunctionalization Of malvolio, An Insect Homolog Of Nramp, In The Subsocial Beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcode identification for single cell genomics 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing experiments use short DNA barcode  tags to identify reads that originate from the same cell. In order to recover single-cell information from such experiments, reads must be grouped based on their barcode tag, a crucial processing step that precedes other computations. However, this step can be difficult due to high rates of mismatch and deletion errors that can afflict barcodes. Here we present an approach to identify and error-correct barcodes by traversing the de Bruijn graph of circularized barcode k-mers. This allows for assignment of reads to consensus fingerprints constructed from k-mers, and we show that for single-cell RNA-Seq this improves the recovery of accurate single-cell transcriptome estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcode identification for single cell genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging the dynamic behavior of neuromodulatory neurotransmitters in the extracelluar space arising from individual quantal releases would constitute a major advance in neurochemical imaging. Spatial and temporal resolution of these highly stochastic neuromodulatory events requires concurrent advances in the chemical development of optical nanosensors selective for neuromodulators in concert with advances in imaging methodologies to capture millisecond neurotransmitter release. Herein, we develop and implement a stochastic model to describe dopamine dynamics in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain dorsal striatum. Our model is developed from first principles and simulates release, diffusion, and reuptake of dopamine in a 3D simulation volume of striatal tissue. We find that in vivo imaging of neuromodulation requires simultaneous optimization of dopamine nanosensor reversibility and sensitivity: dopamine imaging in the striatum or nucleus accumbens requires nanosensors with an optimal dopamine dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 M, whereas Kd above 10 M are required for dopamine imaging in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, our model reveals that imaging frame rates of 20 Hz are optimal for imaging temporally-resolved dopamine release events based on the probabilistic nature of dopaminergic terminal activity in the striatum. Our work provides a modeling platform to probe how complex neuromodulatory processes can be studied with fluorescent nanosensors and enables direct evaluation of nanosensor chemistry and imaging hardware parameters. Our stochastic model is generic for evaluating fluorescent neurotransmission probes, and is broadly applicable to the design of other neurotransmitter fluorophores and their optimization for implementation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key limitation for achieving deep imaging in biological structures lies in photon absorption and scattering leading to attenuation of fluorescence. In particular, neurotransmitter imaging is challenging in the biologically-relevant context of the intact brain, for which photons must traverse the cranium, skin and bone. Thus, fluorescence imaging is limited to the surface cortical layers of the brain, only achievable with craniotomy. Herein, we describe optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for through-cranium imaging, and demonstrate that near-infrared emissive nanosensors can be photoexcited using a two-photon 1560 nm excitation source. Dopamine-sensitive nanosensors can undergo two-photon excitation, and provide chirality-dependent responses selective for dopamine with fluorescent turn-on responses varying between 20% and 350%. We further calculate the two-photon absorption cross-section and quantum yield of dopamine nanosensors, and confirm a two-photon power law relationship for the nanosensor excitation process. Finally, we show improved image quality of the nanosensors embedded 2 mm deep into a brain-mimetic tissue phantom, whereby one-photon excitation yields 42% scattering, in contrast to 4% scattering when the same object is imaged under two-photon excitation. Our approach overcomes traditional limitations in deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy, and can enable neurotransmitter imaging in the biologically-relevant milieu of the intact and living brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindall, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a causal link between left posterior alpha-beta power decreases and context-driven word production. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different frequency bands in the electroencephalogram are postulated to support distinct language functions. Studies have suggested that alpha-beta power decreases may index word-retrieval processes. In context-driven word retrieval, participants hear lead-in sentences that either constrain the final word ("He locked the door with the") or not ("She walked in here with the"). The last word is shown as a picture to be named. Previous studies have consistently found alpha-beta power decreases prior to picture onset for constrained relative to unconstrained sentences, localised to the left lateral-temporal and lateral-frontal lobes. However, the relative contribution of temporal versus frontal areas to alpha-beta power decreases is unknown. We recorded the electroencephalogram from patients with stroke lesions encompassing the left-lateral temporal and inferior parietal regions or left-lateral frontal lobe and from matched controls. Individual-participant analyses revealed a behavioural sentence context facilitation effect in all participants, except for in the two patients with extensive lesions to temporal and inferior-parietal lobes. We replicated the alpha-beta power decreases prior to picture onset in all participants, except for in the two same patients with extensive posterior lesions. Thus, whereas posterior lesions eliminated the behavioural and oscillatory context effect, frontal lesions did not. Hierarchical clustering analyses of the patients lesion profiles, and behavioural and electrophysiological effects identified P7 and P9 as having a unique combination of lesion distribution and context effects. These results indicate a critical role for the left lateral-temporal and inferior parietal lobes, but not frontal cortex, in generating the alpha-beta power decreases underlying context-driven word production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rommers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a causal link between left posterior alpha-beta power decreases and context-driven word production.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
simExTargId: An R package for real-time LC-MS metabolomic data analysis, instrument failure/drift notification and MS2 target identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The simExTargId R package provides real-time, autonomous, within-laboratory data analysis during a metabolomic LC-MS1-profiling experiment. Of concern to metabolomic investigators are instrumentation failure (especially for precious samples), outlier identification, instrument signal attenuation and pre-emptive feature identification for MS2 fragmentation.nnSimExTargId allows observation of an experiment in progress with PCA plot and peak table outputs and also two shiny applications targetId for MS2 target identification and peakMonitor for signal attenuation monitoring. SimExTargId is ideally utilised on a (temporarily) dedicated workstation or server which is networked to a LC-MS data directory. Features include: email notification for instrument stoppage/drift, file format conversion, peak-picking, pre-processing, PCA-based outlier identification and statistical analysis. Additional MS1/MS2 experiments can be concatenated to a worklist or cleaning/recalibration undertaken if instrument drift is observed.nnAll source code and a vignette with example data are available on GitHub https://github.com/WMBEdmands/simExTargId/.nnContact: edmandsw@berkeley.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edmands, W. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[simExTargId: An R package for real-time LC-MS metabolomic data analysis, instrument failure/drift notification and MS2 target identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary proteomics uncovers ciliary signaling components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia are organelles specialized for movement and signaling. To infer when during animal evolution signaling pathways became associated with cilia, we characterized the proteomes of cilia from three organisms: sea urchins, sea anemones and choanoflagellates. From these ciliomes, we identified 437 high confidence ciliary candidate proteins conserved in mammals, including known regulators of Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling. The phylogenetic profiles of their ciliary association indicate that the Hh and GPCR pathways were linked to cilia before the origin of bilateria and TRP channels before the origin of animals. We demonstrated that some of the candidates not previously implicated in ciliary biology localized to cilia and further investigated ENKUR, a TRP channel-interacting protein that we identified in the cilia of all three organisms. In animals, ENKUR is expressed by cells with motile cilia, ENKUR localizes to cilia in diverse organisms and, in both Xenopus laevis and mice, ENKUR is required for patterning the left/right axis. Moreover, mutation of ENKUR causes situs inversus in humans. Thus, proteomic profiling of cilia from diverse eukaryotes defines a conserved ciliary proteome, reveals ancient connections to Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling, and uncovers a novel ciliary protein that controls vertebrate development and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menchen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busengdal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennekamp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rentzsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary proteomics uncovers ciliary signaling components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhodosporidium toruloides: A new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEconomical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and bioproducts is central to the establishment of a robust bioeconomy. This requires a conversion host that is able to both efficiently assimilate the major lignocellulose-derived carbon sources and divert their metabolites toward specific bioproducts.nnResultsIn this study, the carotenogenic yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides was examined for its ability to convert lignocellulose into two non-native sesquiterpenes with biofuel (bisabolene) and pharmaceutical (amorphadiene) applications. We found that R. toruloides can efficiently convert a mixture of glucose and xylose from hydrolyzed lignocellulose into these bioproducts, and unlike many conventional production hosts, its growth and productivity were enhanced in lignocellulosic hydrolysates relative to purified substrates. This organism was demonstrated to have superior growth in corn stover hydrolysates prepared by two different pretreatment methods, one using a novel biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) choline -ketoglutarate, which produced 261 mg/L of bisabolene at bench-scale, and the other using an alkaline pretreatment, which produced 680 mg/L of bisabolene in a high gravity fed-batch bioreactor. Interestingly, R. toruloides was also observed to assimilate p-coumaric acid liberated from acylated grass lignin in the IL hydrolysate, a finding we verified with purified substrates. R. toruloides was also able to consume several additional compounds with aromatic motifs similar to lignin monomers, suggesting that this organism may have the metabolic potential to convert depolymerized lignin streams alongside lignocellulosic sugars.nnConclusionsThis study highlights the natural compatibility of R. toruloides with bioprocess conditions relevant to lignocellulosic biorefineries and demonstrates its ability to produce non-native terpenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaegashi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirsiaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanjore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhodosporidium toruloides: A new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During lytic Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, the viral endonu-clease SOX promotes widespread degradation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA (mRNA). However, select mRNAs, including the transcript encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6), escape SOX-induced cleavage. IL-6 escape is mediated through a 3 UTR RNA regulatory element that overrides the SOX targeting mechanism. Here, we reveal that this protective RNA element functions to broadly restrict cleavage by a range of homologous and non-homologous viral endonucleases. However, it does not impede cleavage by cellular endonucleases. The IL-6 protective sequence may be representative of a larger class of nuclease escape elements, as we identified a similar protective element in the GADD45B mRNA. The IL-6 and GADD45B-derived elements display similarities in their sequence, putative structure, and several associated RNA binding proteins. However, the overall composition of their ribonucleoprotein complexes appears distinct, leading to differences in the breadth of nucleases restricted. These findings highlight how RNA elements can selectively control transcript abundance in the background of widespread virus-induced mRNA degradation.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYThe ability of viruses to control the host gene expression environment is crucial to promote viral infection. Many viruses express factors that reduce host gene expression through widespread mRNA decay. However, some mRNAs escape this fate, like the transcript encoding the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-6 during KSHV infection. IL-6 escape relies on an RNA regulatory element located in its 3UTR and involves the recruitment of a protective protein complex. Here, we show that this escape extends beyond KSHV to a variety of related and unrelated viral endonucleases. However, the IL-6 element does not protect against cellular endonucleases, revealing for the first time a virus-specific nuclease escape element. We identified a related escape element in the GADD45B mRNA, which displays several similarities with the IL-6 element. However, these elements assemble a largely distinct complex of proteins, leading to differences in the breadth of their protective capacity. Collectively, these findings reveal how a putative new class of RNA elements function to control RNA fate in the background of widespread mRNA degradation by viral endonucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Column subset selection for single-cell RNA-Seq clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first step in the analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is dimensionality reduction, which reduces noise and simplifies data visualization. However, techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA) fail to preserve non-negativity and sparsity structures present in the original matrices, and the coordinates of projected cells are not easily interpretable. Commonly used thresholding methods avoid those pitfalls, but ignore collinearity and covariance in the original matrix. We show that a deterministic column subset selection (DCSS) method possesses many of the favorable properties of PCA and common thresholding methods, while avoiding pitfalls from both. We derive new spectral bounds for DCSS. We apply DCSS to two measures of gene expression from two scRNA-Seq experiments with different clustering workflows, and compare to three thresholding methods. In each case study, the clusters based on the small subset of the complete gene expression profile selected by DCSS are similar to clusters produced from the full set. The resulting clusters are informative for cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntranos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Column subset selection for single-cell RNA-Seq clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissues fold during development into complex shapes. Engineering this process in vitro would represent an important advance for tissue engineering. We use embryonic tissue explants, finite element modeling, and 3D cell patterning techniques to show that a mechanical compaction of the ECM during mesenchymal condensation can drive tissue folding along programmed trajectories. The process requires cell contractility, generates strains at nearby tissue interfaces, and causes specific patterns of collagen alignment around and between condensates. Aligned collagen fibers support elevated tensions that promote the folding of interfaces along paths that can be predicted by finite element modeling. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of this strategy for sculpting tissue interfaces by directing the morphogenesis of a variety of folded tissue forms from engineered patterns of mesenchymal condensates. These studies provide insight into the active mechanical properties of the embryonic mesenchyme and establish entirely new strategies for more robustly directing tissue morphogenesis ex vivo, without genetic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavrusova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal distribution of genome divergence among California populations of Aedes aegypti. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the summer of 2013, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central California (Clovis, Madera and Menlo Park). It has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern CA as far south as San Diego and Imperial Counties. A number of published reports suggest that CA populations have been established from multiple independent introductions. Here we report the first population genomics analyses of Ae. aegypti based on individual, field collected whole genome sequences. We analyzed 46 Ae. aegypti genomes to establish genetic relationships among populations from sites in California, Florida and South Africa. We identified 3 major genetic clusters within California; one that includes all sample sites in the southern part of the state (South of Tehachapi mountain range) plus the town of Exeter in central California and two additional clusters in central California. A lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies suggests that the three founding populations were polymorphic for two main mitochondrial haplotypes prior to being introduced to California. One of these has been lost in the Clovis populations, possibly by a founder effect. Genome-wide comparisons indicate extensive differentiation between genetic clusters. Our observations support recent introductions of Ae. aegypti into California from multiple, genetically diverged source populations. Our data reveal signs of hybridization among diverged populations within CA. Genetic markers identified in this study will be of great value in pursuing classical population genetic studies which require larger sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanemaaijer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smartt, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slatkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzaro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal distribution of genome divergence among California populations of Aedes aegypti.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of translation initiation mechanisms across bacterial species is driven by environmental conditions and growth demands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence is often found upstream of protein coding genes across the bacterial kingdom, where it enhances start codon recognition via hybridization to the anti-SD (aSD) sequence on the small ribosomal subunit. Despite widespread conservation of the aSD sequence, the proportion of SD-led genes within a genome varies widely across species, and the evolutionary pressures shaping this variation remain largely unknown. Here, we conduct a phylogenetically-informed analysis and show that species capable of rapid growth have a significantly higher proportion of SD-led genes in their genome, suggesting a role for SD sequences in meeting the protein production demands of rapidly growing species. Further, we show that utilization of the SD sequence mechanism co-varies with: i) genomic traits that are indicative of efficient translation, and ii) optimal growth temperatures. In contrast to prior surveys, our results demonstrate that variation in translation initiation mechanisms across genomes is largely predictable, and that SD sequence utilization is part of a larger suite of translation-associated traits whose diversity is driven by the differential growth strategies of individual species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockenberry, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of translation initiation mechanisms across bacterial species is driven by environmental conditions and growth demands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cross-validation-based approach for delimiting reliable home range estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith decreasing costs of GPS telemetry devices, data repositories of animal movement paths are increasing almost exponentially in size. A series of complex statistical tools have been developed in conjunction with this increase in data. Each of these methods offers certain improvements over previously proposed methods, but each has certain assumptions or shortcomings that make its general application difficult. In the case of the recently developed Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH) method, the subjectivity in parameter selection serves as one of the primary impediments to its more widespread use. While there are certain advantages to the flexibility it offers for question-driven research, the lack of an objective approach for parameter selection may prevent some users from exploring the benefits of the method.nnResultsHere we present a cross-validation-based approach for selecting parameter values to optimize the T-LoCoH algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using a case study from the Etosha National Park anthrax system. Utilizing the proposed algorithm, rather than the guidelines in the T-LoCoH documentation, results in significantly different values for derived site fidelity metrics.nnConclusionsDue to its basis in principles of cross-validation, the application of this method offers a more objective approach than the relatively subjective guidelines set forth in the T-LoCoH documentation and enables a more accurate basis for the comparison of home ranges among individuals and species, as well as among studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cross-validation-based approach for delimiting reliable home range estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles generated during autophagy. Biogenesis of the autophagosome requires membrane acquisition from intracellular compartments, the mechanisms of which are unclear. We previously found that a relocation of COPII machinery to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) generates ERGIC-derived COPII vesicles which serve as a membrane precursor for the lipidation of LC3, a key membrane component of the autophagosome. Here we employed super-resolution microscopy to show that starvation induces the enlargement of ER-exit sites (ERES) positive for the COPII activator, SEC12, and the remodeled ERES patches along the ERGIC. A SEC12 binding protein, CTAGE5, is required for the enlargement of ERES, SEC12 relocation to the ERGIC, and modulates autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, FIP200, a subunit of the ULK protein kinase complex, facilitates the starvation-induced enlargement of ERES independent of the other subunits of this complex and associates via its C-terminal domain with SEC12. Our data indicate a pathway wherein FIP200 and CTAGE5 facilitate starvation-induced remodeling of the ERES, a prerequisite for the production of COPII vesicles budded from the ERGIC that contribute to autophagosome formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marthur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compartmentalized, self-extinguishing signaling network mediates crossover control in meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes is tightly regulated to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Each chromosome pair typically undergoes at least one crossover event (crossover assurance) but these exchanges are also strictly limited in number and widely spaced along chromosomes (crossover interference). This has implied the existence of chromosome-wide signals that regulate crossovers, but their molecular basis remains mysterious. Here we characterize a family of four related RING finger proteins in C. elegans. These proteins are recruited to the synaptonemal complex between paired homologs, where they act as two heterodimeric complexes, likely as E3 ubiquitin ligases. Genetic and cytological analysis reveals that they act with additional components to create a self-extinguishing circuit that controls crossover designation and maturation. These proteins also act at the top of a hierarchical chromosome remodeling process that enables crossovers to direct stepwise segregation. Work in diverse phyla indicates that related mechanisms mediate crossover control across eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillo-Bohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compartmentalized, self-extinguishing signaling network mediates crossover control in meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-reconstruction for eukaryotes from complex natural microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial eukaryotes are integral components of natural microbial communities and their inclusion is critical for many ecosystem studies yet the majority of published metagenome analyses ignore eukaryotes. In order to include eukaryotes in environmental studies we propose a method to recover eukaryotic genomes from complex metagenomic samples. A key step for genome recovery is separation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic fragments. We developed a kmer-based strategy, EukRep, for eukaryotic sequence identification and applied it to environmental samples to show that it enables genome recovery, genome completeness evaluation and prediction of metabolic potential. We used this approach to test the effect of addition of organic carbon on a geyser-associated microbial community and detected a substantial change of the community metabolism, with selection against almost all candidate phyla bacteria and archaea and for eukaryotes. Near complete genomes were reconstructed for three fungi placed within the eurotiomycetes and an arthropod. While carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation were important functions in the geyser community prior to carbon addition, the organic carbon impacted community showed enrichment for secreted proteases, secreted lipases, cellulose targeting CAZymes, and methanol oxidation. We demonstrate the broader utility of EukRep by reconstructing and evaluating relatively high quality fungal, protist, and rotifer genomes from complex environmental samples. This approach opens the way for cultivation-independent analyses of whole microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-reconstruction for eukaryotes from complex natural microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spot-On: robust model-based analysis of single-particle tracking experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-particle tracking (SPT) has become an important method to bridge biochemistry and cell biology since it allows direct observation of protein binding and diffusion dynamics in live cells. However, accurately inferring information from SPT studies is challenging due to biases in both data analysis and experimental design. To address analysis bias, we introduce "Spot-On", an intuitive web-interface. Spot-On implements a kinetic modeling framework that accounts for known biases, including molecules moving out-of-focus, and robustly infers diffusion constants and subpopulations from pooled single-molecule trajectories. To minimize inherent experimental biases, we implement and validate stroboscopic photo-activation SPT (spaSPT), which minimizes motion-blur bias and tracking errors. We validate Spot-On using experimentally realistic simulations and show that Spot-On outperforms other methods. We then apply Spot-On to spaSPT data from live mammalian cells spanning a wide range of nuclear dynamics and demonstrate that Spot-On consistently and robustly infers subpopulation fractions and diffusion constants.nnIMPACT STATEMENTSpot-On is an easy-to-use website that makes a rigorous and bias-corrected modeling framework for analysis of single-molecule tracking experiments available to all.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spot-On: robust model-based analysis of single-particle tracking experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate change drives uncertain global shifts in potential distribution and seasonal risk of Aedes-transmitted viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractForecasting the impacts of climate change on Aedes-borne viruses--especially dengue, chikungunya, and Zika--is a key component of public health preparedness. We apply an empirically parameterized Bayesian transmission model of Aedes-borne viruses for the two vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as a function of temperature to predict cumulative monthly global transmission risk in current climates, and compare with projected risk in 2050 and 2080 based on general circulation models (GCMs). Our results show that if mosquito range shifts track optimal temperatures for transmission (26-29 {degrees}C), we can expect poleward shifts in Aedes-borne virus distributions. However, the differing thermal niches of the two vectors produce different patterns of shifts under climate change. More severe climate change scenarios produce proportionally worse population exposures from Ae. aegypti, but not from Ae. albopictus in the most extreme cases. Expanding risk of transmission from both mosquitoes will likely be a serious problem, even in the short term, for most of Europe; but significant reductions are also expected for Aedes albopictus, most noticeably in southeast Asia and west Africa. Within the next century, nearly a billion people are threatened with new exposure to both Aedes spp. in the worst-case scenario; but massive net losses in risk are noticeable for Ae. albopictus, especially in terms of year-round transmission, marking a global shift towards more seasonal risk across regions. Many other complicating factors (like mosquito range limits and viral evolution) exist, but overall our results indicate that while climate change will lead to both increased and new exposures to vector-borne disease, the most extreme increases in Ae. albopictus transmission are predicted to occur at intermediate climate change scenarios.nnAuthor SummaryThe established scientific consensus indicates that climate change will severely exacerbate the risk and burden of Aedes-transmitted viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and other significant threats to global health security. Here, we show that the story is more complicated, first and foremost due to differences between the more heat-tolerant Aedes aegypti and the more heat-limited Ae. albopictus. Almost a billion people could face their first exposure to viral transmission from either mosquito in the worst-case scenario, especially in Europe and high-elevation tropical and subtropical regions. On the other hand, while year-round transmission potential from Ae. aegypti is likely to expand (especially in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa), Ae. albopictus loses significant ground in the tropics, marking a global shift towards seasonal risk as the tropics eventually become too hot for transmission by Ae. albopictus. Complete mitigation of climate change to a pre-industrial baseline could protect almost a billion people from arbovirus range expansions; but middle-of-the-road mitigation may actually produce the greatest expansion in the potential for viral transmission by Ae. albopictus. In any scenario, mitigating climate change also shifts the burden of both dengue and chikungunya (and potentially other Aedes transmitted viruses) from higher-income regions back onto the tropics, where transmission might otherwise start to be curbed by rising temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate change drives uncertain global shifts in potential distribution and seasonal risk of Aedes-transmitted viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ShhN-mediated activation of Smo in the absence of Ptch1/2 function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is characterized by strict non-cell autonomy; cells expressing Shh do not respond to their ligand. Here, we identify several Shh mutations that gain the ability to activate the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in cis. This activation requires the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smoothened, but is otherwise independent of Ptch1/2. Many of the identified mutations disrupt either a highly conserved catalytic motif found in peptidases or an a-helix domain frequently mutated in holoprosencephaly-causing SHH alleles. The expression of gain-of-function mutants often results in the accumulation of unprocessed Shh pro-peptide, a form of Shh we demonstrate is sufficient to activate the Hh response cell-autonomously. Our results demonstrate that Shh is capable of activating the Hh pathway via Smo independently of Ptch1/2, and that it harbors an intrinsic mechanism that prevents cell-autonomous activation of the pathway to favor non-cell autonomous signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelink, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ShhN-mediated activation of Smo in the absence of Ptch1/2 function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA-binding interfaces of the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors are virtually identical, yet these transcription factors share only about a third of their genomic binding sites and regulate similarly distinct sets of target genes. To address this paradox, we determined the intrinsic specificities of the AR and GR DNA binding domains using a refined version of SELEX-seq. We developed an algorithm, SelexGLM, that quantifies binding specificity over a large (31 bp) binding-site by iteratively fitting a feature-based generalized linear model to SELEX probe counts. This analysis revealed that the DNA binding preferences of AR and GR homodimers differ significantly, both within and outside the 15bp core binding site. The relative preference between the two factors can be tuned over a wide range by changing the DNA sequence, with AR more sensitive to sequence changes than GR. The specificity of AR extends to the regions flanking the core 15bp site, where isothermal calorimetry measurements reveal that affinity is augmented by enthalpy-driven readout of poly-A sequences associated with narrowed minor groove width. We conclude that the increased specificity of AR is correlated with more enthalpy-driven binding than GR. The binding models help explain differences in AR and GR genomic binding, and provide a biophysical rationale for how promiscuous binding by GR allows functional substitution for AR in some castration-resistant prostate cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribelbauer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzPatrick, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussemaker, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pufall, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SelexGLM differentiates androgen and glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding preference over an extended binding site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of mechanisms that control mating in Drosophila males 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically wired neural mechanisms inhibit mating between species because even naive animals rarely mate with other species. These mechanisms can evolve through changes in expression or function of key genes in specific sensory pathways or central circuits. Gr32a is a gustatory chemoreceptor that, in D. melanogaster, is essential to inhibit interspecies courtship and sense quinine. Similar to D. melanogaster, D. simulans Gr32a is expressed in foreleg tarsi, sensorimotor appendages that inhibit interspecies courtship in both species, and it is required to sense quinine. Nevertheless, Gr32a is not required to inhibit interspecies mating by D. simulans males. However, and similar to its function in D. melanogaster, Ppk25, a member of the Pickpocket family, promotes conspecific courtship in D. simulans. Taken together, we have identified shared as well as distinct evolutionary solutions to chemosensory processing of tastants as well as cues that inhibit or promote courtship in two closely related Drosophila species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tun, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpa, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of mechanisms that control mating in Drosophila males]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering of plants is at the core of sustainability efforts, natural product synthesis, and agricultural crop engineering. The plant cell wall is a barrier that limits the ease and throughput with which exogenous biomolecules can be delivered to plants. Current delivery methods either suffer from host range limitations, low transformation efficiencies, tissue damage, or unavoidable DNA integration into the host genome. Here, we demonstrate efficient diffusion-based biomolecule delivery into tissues and organs of intact plants of several species with a suite of pristine and chemically-functionalized high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Efficient DNA delivery and strong protein expression without transgene integration is accomplished in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb), Eruca sativa (arugula), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaves and arugula protoplasts. We also demonstrate a second nanoparticle-based strategy in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is delivered to Nb leaves and silence a gene with 95% efficiency. We find that nanomaterials not only facilitate biomolecule transport into plant cells but also protect polynucleotides from nuclease degradation. Our work provides a tool for species-independent and passive delivery of genetic material, without transgene integration, into plant cells for diverse biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for the Smc3 hinge domain in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin is a conserved protein complex required for sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA damage repair, and regulation of transcription. Although cohesin functions to tether DNA duplexes, the contribution of its individual domains to this activity remains poorly understood. We interrogated the Smc3p subunit of cohesin by random insertion mutagenesis. Analysis of a mutant in the Smc3p hinge revealed an unexpected role for this domain in cohesion maintenance and condensation. Further investigation revealed that the Smc3p hinge functions at a step following cohesins stable binding to chromosomes and independently of Smc3ps regulation by the Eco1p acetyltransferase. Hinge mutant phenotypes resemble loss of Pds5p, which binds opposite the hinge near Smc3ps head domain. We propose that a specific conformation of the Smc3p hinge and Pds5p cooperate to promote cohesion maintenance and condensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guacci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for the Smc3 hinge domain in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM shows how dynactin recruits two dyneins for faster movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynein and its cofactor dynactin form a highly processive microtubule motor in the presence of an activating adaptor, such as BICD2. Different adaptors link dynein/dynactin to distinct cargos. Here we use electron microscopy (EM) and single molecule studies to show that adaptors can recruit a second dynein to dynactin. Whereas BICD2 is biased toward recruiting a single dynein, the adaptors BICDR1 and HOOK3 predominantly recruit two. We find that the shift toward a double dynein complex increases both force and speed. A 3.5 [A] cryo-EM reconstruction of a dynein tail/dynactin/BICDR1 complex reveals how dynactin can act as a scaffold to coordinate two dyneins side by side. Our work provides a structural basis for how diverse adaptors recruit different numbers of dyneins and regulate the motile properties of the dynein/dynactin transport machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urnavicius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshenawy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM shows how dynactin recruits two dyneins for faster movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between memory traces emerge in a generic neural circuit model through STDP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory traces and associations between them are fundamental for cognitive brain function. Neuron recordings suggest that distributed assemblies of neurons in the brain serve as memory traces for spatial information, real-world items, and concepts. How-ever, there is conflicting evidence regarding neural codes for associated memory traces. Some studies suggest the emergence of overlaps between assemblies during an association, while others suggest that the assemblies themselves remain largely unchanged and new assemblies emerge as neural codes for associated memory items. Here we study the emergence of neural codes for associated memory items in a generic computational model of recurrent networks of spiking neurons with a data-constrained rule for spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). The model depends critically on two parameters, which control the excitability of neurons and the scale of initial synaptic weights. By modifying these two parameters, the model can reproduce both experimental data from the human brain on the fast formation of associations through emergent overlaps between assemblies, and rodent data where new neurons are recruited to encode the associated memories. Hence our findings suggest that the brain can use both of these two neural codes for associations, and dynamically switch between them during consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokorny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legenstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadimitriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between memory traces emerge in a generic neural circuit model through STDP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time DNA barcoding in a remote rainforest using nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in portable scientific instruments provide promising avenues to expedite field work in order to understand the diverse array of organisms that inhabit our planet. Here we tested the feasibility for in situ molecular analyses of endemic fauna using a portable laboratory fitting within a single backpack, in one of the worlds most imperiled biodiversity hotspots: the Ecuadorian Choco rainforest. We utilized portable equipment, including the MinION DNA sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) and miniPCR (miniPCR), to perform DNA extraction, PCR amplification and real-time DNA barcode sequencing of reptile specimens in the field. We demonstrate that nanopore sequencing can be implemented in a remote tropical forest to quickly and accurately identify species using DNA barcoding, as we generated consensus sequences for species resolution with an accuracy of >99% in less than 24 hours after collecting specimens. In addition, we generated sequence information at Universidad Tecnologica Indoamerica in Quito for the recently re-discovered Jambato toad Atelopus ignescens, which was thought to be extinct for 28 years, a rare species of blind snake Trilepida guayaquilensis, and two undescribed species of Dipsas snakes. In this study we establish how mobile laboratories and nanopore sequencing can help to accelerate species identification in remote areas (especially for species that are difficult to diagnose based on characters of external morphology), be applied to local research facilities in developing countries, and rapidly generate information for species that are rare, endangered and undescribed, which can potentially aid in conservation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penafiel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arteaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio-Amoros, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar-Valenzuela, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time DNA barcoding in a remote rainforest using nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role Of Circle Of Willis Anatomy Variations In Cardio-embolic Stroke - A Patient-specific Simulation Based Study. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a patient-specific simulation based investigation on the role of Circle of Willis anatomy in cardioembolic stroke. Our simulation framework consists of medical image-driven modeling of patient anatomy including the Circle, 3D blood flow simulation through patient vasculature, embolus transport modeling using a discrete particle dynamics technique, and a sampling based approach to incorporate parametric variations. A total of 24 (four patients and six Circle anatomies including the complete Circle) models were considered, with cardiogenic emboli of varying sizes and compositions released virtually and tracked to compute distribution to the brain. The results establish that Circle anatomical variations significantly influence embolus distribution to the six major cerebral arteries. Embolus distribution to MCA territory is found to be least sensitive to the influence of anatomical variations. For varying Circle topologies, differences in flow through cervical vasculature are observed. This incoming flow is recruited differently across the communicating arteries of the Circle for varying anastomoses. Emboli interact with the routed flow, and can undergo significant traversal across the Circle arterial segments, depending upon their inertia and density ratio with respect to blood. This interaction drives the underlying biomechanics of embolus transport across the Circle, explaining how Circle anatomy influences embolism risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadden, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role Of Circle Of Willis Anatomy Variations In Cardio-embolic Stroke - A Patient-specific Simulation Based Study.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Epidemics: A Primer and Numerus Software Implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological models are dominated by SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Removed) dynamical systems formulations and their elaborations. These formulations can be continuous or discrete, deterministic or stochastic, or spatially homogeneous or heterogeneous, the latter often embracing a network formulation. Here we review the continuous and discrete deterministic and discrete stochastic formulations of the SEIR dynamical systems models, and we outline how they can be easily and rapidly constructed using the Numerus Model Builder, a graphically-driven coding platform. We also demonstrate how to extend these models to a metapopulation setting using both the Numerus Model Builder network and geographical mapping tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Epidemics: A Primer and Numerus Software Implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List: an open-source, online biodiversity database for neglected symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasite conservation is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of ecology, epidemiology, parasitology, and public health. The overwhelming diversity of parasitic life on earth, and recent work showing that parasites and other symbionts face severe extinction risk, necessitates infrastructure for parasite conservation assessments. Here, we describe the release of the Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List (PEARL) version 1.0, an open-access database of conservation assessments and distributional data for almost 500 macroparasitic invertebrates. The current approach to vulnerability assessment is based on range shifts and loss from climate change, and will be expanded as additional data (e.g., host-parasite associations and coextinction risk) is consolidated in PEARL. The web architecture is also open-source, scalable, and extensible, making PEARL a template for more eZcient red listing for other high-diversity, data-de1cient groups. Future iterations will also include new functionality, including a user-friendly open data pository and automated assessment and re-listing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muellerklein, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizauskas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proctor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Parasite Extinction Assessment & Red List: an open-source, online biodiversity database for neglected symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nasal and aerosol shedding of infectious influenza virus - a community based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the amount and infectiousness of influenza virus shed into exhaled breath. This contributes to uncertainty about the importance of airborne influenza transmission. We screened 355 symptomatic volunteers with acute respiratory illness and report 142 cases with confirmed influenza infection who provided 218 paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and 30-minute breath samples (coarse >5 m and fine <5 m fractions) on days 1 to 3 post symptom onset. We assessed viral RNA copy number for all samples and cultured NP swabs and fine aerosols. We recovered infectious virus from 52 (39%) of the fine aerosols and 150 (89%) of the NP swabs with valid cultures. The geometric mean RNA copy numbers were 3.8x104/30-min fine, 1.2x104/30-min coarse aerosol sample, and 8.2x108 per NP swab. Fine and coarse aerosol viral RNA was positively associated with body mass index (fine p<0.05, coarse p<0.10) and number of coughs (fine p<0.001, coarse p<0.01) and negatively associated with increasing days since symptom onset (fine p<0.05 to p<0.01, coarse p<0.10) in adjusted models. Fine aerosol viral RNA was also positively associated with having influenza vaccination for both the current and prior season (p<0.01). NP swab viral RNA was positively associated with upper respiratory symptoms (p<0.01) and negatively associated with age (p<0.01) but was not significantly associated with fine or coarse aerosol viral RNA or their predictors. Sneezing was rare, and sneezing and coughing were not necessary for infectious aerosol generation. Our observations suggest that influenza infection in the upper and lower airways are compartmentalized and independent.nnSignificanceLack of human data on influenza virus aerosol shedding fuels debate over the importance of airborne transmission. We provide overwhelming evidence that humans generate infectious aerosols and quantitative data to improve mathematical models of transmission and public health interventions. We show that sneezing is rare and not important for, and that coughing is not required for influenza virus aerosolization. Our findings, that upper and lower airway infection are independent and that fine particle exhaled aerosols reflect infection in the lung, open a new pathway for understanding the human biology of influenza infection and transmission. Our observation of an association between repeated vaccination and increased viral aerosol generation demonstrated the power of our method, but needs confirmation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno de Mesquita, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milton, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EMIT Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nasal and aerosol shedding of infectious influenza virus - a community based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of anthropogenic wildfire activity in low elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic (or human-caused) wildfire is an increasingly important driver of ecological change on Pacific islands including southeastern Polynesia, but fire ecology studies are almost completely absent for this region. Where observations do exist, they mostly represent descriptions of fire effects on plant communities before the introduction of invasive species in the modern era. Understanding the effects of wildfire in southeastern Polynesian island vegetation communities can elucidate which species may become problematic invasives with continued wildfire activity. We investigate the effects of wildfire on vegetation in three low-elevation sites (45-379 m) on the island of Moorea in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, which are already heavily impacted by past human land use and invasive exotic plants, but retain some native flora. In six study areas (3 burned and 3 unburned comparisons), we placed 30 transects across sites and collected species and abundance information at 390 points. We analyzed each local community of plants in three categories: natives, those introduced by Polynesians before European contact (1767 C.E.), and those introduced since European contact. Burned areas had the same or lower mean species richness than paired comparison sites. Although wildfire did not affect the proportions of native and introduced species, it may increase the abundance of introduced species on some sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling indicates that (not recently modified) comparison plant communities are more distinct from one another than are those on burned sites. We discuss conservation concerns for particular native plants absent from burned sites, as well as invasive species (including Lantana camara and Paraserianthes falcataria) that may be promoted by fire in the Pacific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of anthropogenic wildfire activity in low elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychological test batteries provide normed assessments of cognitive performance across multiple functional domains. Although each test emphasizes a certain component of cognition, a poor score can reflect many possible processing deficits. Here we explore the use of simultaneous eye tracking and EEG to decompose test performance into interpretable, components of cognitive processing. We examine the specific case of Symbol Search, a "processing speed" subtest of the WISC, which involves searching for the presence of either of two target symbols among five search symbols. To characterize the signatures of effective performance of the test, we asked 26 healthy adults to perform a computerized version of it while recording continuous EEG and eye tracking. We first established basic gaze-shifting patterns in the task, such as more frequent and prolonged fixation of each target than each search symbol, and longer search symbol fixations and overall trial duration for target-absent trials. We then entered multiple such metrics into a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis, which revealed that short trial completion times were mainly predicted by longer initial fixations on the targets and fewer subsequent confirmatory saccades directed back to the targets. Further, the tendency to make confirmatory saccades was associated with stronger gamma-amplitude modulation by mid-frontal theta-phase in the EEG during initial target symbol encoding. Taken together, these findings indicate that efficient Symbol Search performance depends more on effective memory encoding than on general "processing speed".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and reversible modification within eukaryotic mRNAs that has been linked to many stages of RNA processing and fate. Recent studies suggest that m6A deposition and proteins involved in the m6A pathway play a diverse set of roles in either restricting or modulating the lifecycles of select viruses. Here, we report that m6A levels are significantly increased in cells infected with the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Transcriptome-wide m6A-sequencing of the KSHV-positive renal carcinoma cell line iSLK.219 during lytic reactivation revealed the presence of m6A across multiple kinetic classes of viral transcripts, and a concomitant decrease in m6A levels across much of the host transcriptome. However, we found that depletion of the m6A machinery had differential pro- and anti-viral impacts on viral gene expression depending on the cell-type analyzed. In iSLK.219 and iSLK.BAC16 cells the pathway functioned in a pro-viral manner, as depletion of the m6A writer METTL3 and the reader YTHDF2 significantly impaired virion production. In iSLK.219 cells the defect was linked to their roles in the post-transcriptional accumulation of the major viral lytic transactivator ORF50, which is m6A modified. In contrast, although the ORF50 mRNA was also m6A modified in KSHV infected B cells, ORF50 protein expression was instead increased upon depletion of METTL3, or, to a lesser extent, YTHDF2. These results highlight that the m6A pathway is centrally involved in regulating KSHV gene expression, and underscore how the outcome of this dynamically regulated modification can vary significantly between cell types.nnAuthor SummaryIn addition to its roles in regulating cellular RNA fate, methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) of mRNA has recently emerged as a mechanism for regulating viral infection. While it has been known for over 40 years that the mRNA of nuclear replicating DNA viruses contain m6A, only recently have studies began to examine the distribution of this modification across viral transcripts, as well as characterize its functional impact upon viral lifecycles. Here, we apply m6A-sequencing to map the location of m6A modifications throughout the transcriptome of the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that the m6A machinery functions in a cell type specific manner to either promote or inhibit KSHV gene expression. Thus, the KSHV lifecycle is impacted by the m6A pathway, but the functional outcome may depend on cell lineage specific differences in m6A-based regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hesser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of metastatic lung cancer was performed using 44 tumor biopsies obtained longitudinally from 27 patients before and during targeted therapy. Over 20,000 cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem. scRNAseq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically. Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell state transition, whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap junction pathways. Active T-lymphocytes and decreased macrophages were present at RD and immunosuppressive cell states characterized PD. Biological features revealed by scRNAseq were biomarkers of clinical outcomes in independent cohorts. This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoach, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotow, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haderk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesthalter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamauchi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doebele, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.08.868828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Alignment-free Method for Phylogeny Estimation using Maximum Likelihood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While alignment has traditionally been the primary approach for establishing homology prior to phylogenetic inference, alignment-free methods offer a simplified alternative, particularly beneficial when handling genome-wide data involving long sequences and complex events such as rearrangements. Moreover, alignment-free methods become crucial for data types like genome skims, where assembly is impractical. However, despite these benefits, alignment-free techniques have not gained widespread acceptance since they lack the accuracy of alignment-based techniques, primarily due to their reliance on simplified models of pairwise distance calculation. Here, we present a likelihood based alignment-free technique for phylogenetic tree construction. We encode the presence or absence of k-mers in genome sequences in a binary matrix, and estimate phylogenetic trees using a maximum likelihood approach. We analyze the performance of our method on seven real datasets and compare the results with the state of the art alignment-free methods. Results suggest that our method is competitive with existing alignment-free tools. This indicates that maximum likelihood based alignment-free methods may in the future be refined to outperform alignment-free methods relying on distance calculation as has been the case in the alignment-based setting. A likelihood based alignment-free method for phylogeny estimation is implemented for the first time in a software named PO_SCPLOWEAFOWLC_SCPLOW, which is available at: https://github.com/hasin-abrar/Peafowlrepo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayzid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Alignment-free Method for Phylogeny Estimation using Maximum Likelihood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of CTCF binding polarity in genome folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current models propose that boundaries of mammalian topologically associating domains (TADs) arise from the ability of the CTCF protein to stop extrusion of chromatin loops by cohesin proteins (Merkenschlager & Nora, 2016; Fudenberg, Abdennur, Imakaev, Goloborodko, & Mirny, 2017). While the orientation of CTCF motifs determines which pairs of CTCF sites preferentially stabilize DNA loops (de Wit et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2015; Rao et al., 2014; Vietri Rudan et al., 2015), the molecular basis of this polarity remains mysterious. Here we report that CTCF positions cohesin but does not control its overall binding or dynamics on chromatin by single molecule live imaging. Using an inducible complementation system, we found that CTCF mutants lacking the N-terminus cannot insulate TADs properly, despite normal binding. Cohesin remained at CTCF sites in this mutant, albeit with reduced enrichment. Given that the orientation of the CTCF motif presents the CTCF N-terminus towards cohesin as it translocates from the interior of TADs, these observations provide a molecular explanation for how the polarity of CTCF binding sites determines the genomic distribution of chromatin loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nora, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameswaran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebersohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Saux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.876177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of CTCF binding polarity in genome folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.876607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OLGenie: Estimating Natural Selection to Predict Functional Overlapping Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.876607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purifying (negative) natural selection is a hallmark of functional biological sequences, and can be detected in protein-coding genes using the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site (dN/dS). However, when two genes overlap the same nucleotide sites in different frames, synonymous changes in one gene may be nonsynonymous in the other, perturbing dN/dS. Thus, scalable methods are needed to estimate functional constraint specifically for overlapping genes (OLGs). We propose OLGenie, which implements a modification of the Wei-Zhang method. Assessment with simulations and controls from viral genomes (58 OLGs and 176 non-OLGs) demonstrates low false positive rates and good discriminatory ability in differentiating true OLGs from non-OLGs. We also apply OLGenie to the unresolved case of HIV-1s putative antisense protein gene, showing significant purifying selection. OLGenie can be used to study known OLGs and to predict new OLGs in genome annotation. Software and example data are freely available at https://github.com/chasewnelson/OLGenie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardern, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.14.876607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OLGenie: Estimating Natural Selection to Predict Functional Overlapping Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Don't Dismiss Logistic Regression: The Case for Sensible Extraction of Interactions in the Era of Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMachine learning approaches have become increasingly popular modeling techniques, relying on data-driven heuristics to arrive at its solutions. Recent comparisons between these algorithms and traditional statistical modeling techniques have largely ignored the superiority gained by the former approaches due to involvement of model-building search algorithms. This has led to alignment of statistical and machine learning approaches with different types of problems and the under-development of procedures that combine their attributes. In this context, we hoped to understand the domains of applicability for each approach and to identify areas where a marriage between the two approaches is warranted. We then sought to develop a hybrid statistical-machine learning procedure with the best attributes of each.

MethodsWe present three simple examples to illustrate when to use each modeling approach and posit a general framework for combining them into an enhanced logistic regression model building procedure that aids interpretation. We study 556 benchmark machine learning datasets to uncover when machine learning techniques outperformed rudimentary logistic regression models and so are potentially well-equipped to enhance them. We illustrate a software package, InteractionTransformer, which embeds logistic regression with advanced model building capacity by using machine learning algorithms to extract candidate interaction features from a random forest model for inclusion in the model. Finally, we apply our enhanced logistic regression analysis to two real-word biomedical examples, one where predictors vary linearly with the outcome and another with extensive second-order interactions.

ResultsPreliminary statistical analysis demonstrated that across 556 benchmark datasets, the random forest approach significantly outperformed the logistic regression approach. We found a statistically significant increase in predictive performance when using hybrid procedures and greater clarity in the association with the outcome of terms acquired compared to directly interpreting the random forest output.

ConclusionsWhen a random forest model is closer to the true model, hybrid statistical-machine learning procedures can substantially enhance the performance of statistical procedures in an automated manner while preserving easy interpretation of the results. Such hybrid methods may help facilitate widespread adoption of machine learning techniques in the biomedical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Don't Dismiss Logistic Regression: The Case for Sensible Extraction of Interactions in the Era of Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrast-Enhanced, Molecular Imaging of Vascular Inflammation in the Mouse Model by Simultaneous PET/MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in diagnosis and management, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the US. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of CVD and the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques to rupture is a primary determinant for risk of catastrophic ischemic events. Current imaging of atherosclerotic disease focuses on assessing plaque size and the degree of luminal stenosis, which are not good predictors of plaque stability. Functional methods to identify biomarkers of inflammation in plaques could facilitate assessment of plaque instability to allow early intervention. In this study, we validate the use of a purpose-built, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible positron emission tomography (PET) insert for multimodal, molecular imaging of vulnerable plaques in mice. We illustrate the application of PET to screen for inflamed regions to guide the application of MRI. Molecular MRI visualizes regions of vascular inflammation and is coupled with anatomical MRI to generate detailed maps of the inflammatory marker within the context of an individual vessel. As a testbed for this imaging methodology, we developed a multimodal, iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) targeting vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) for simultaneous PET/MRI of vascular inflammation performed on a mouse carotid ligation model. In vitro cell studies confirmed that the NPs are not cytotoxic to liver cells. In vivo simultaneous PET/MRI imaging identified regions of inflammation. Three-dimensional rendering of the MRI data facilitated high-resolution visualization of patterns of inflammation along the injured vessel. Histology validated the co-localization of the NPs with VCAM-1 expression at sites of induced inflammation. The results of this work validate the utility of the simultaneous PET/MR insert as a research tool for small animals and lays groundwork to further advance the potential clinical utility of integrated imaging systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espiritu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkerton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrast-Enhanced, Molecular Imaging of Vascular Inflammation in the Mouse Model by Simultaneous PET/MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.875591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation of Aedes aegypti populations from Ecuador 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.875591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is the first genetic analysis in Ecuador of Aedes aegypti using fragments of mitochondrial genes, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 154 mosquitoes from 23 localities were collected in the Pacific coastal lowlands, Amazon basin lowlands, and the Galapagos Islands from 2012 to 2019. The analysis of fragments of the genes COI (672 bp) and ND4 (262 bp) and concatenated analysis of both COI and ND4 showed two haplotypes (H1, H2) present in Ecuador mainland and the Galapagos Islands. The phylogenetic analysis identified two well-supported clades. Combined analysis of both genes from ten localities also resulted in two haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity, neutrality tests (Tajimas test D, Fu and Lis F*and D*) and AMOVA analysis of the entire data set suggest balancing selection for both genes. The results indicate genetic variation without geographical restriction. COI-H1 grouped with sequences from the Americas, West and Central Africa, East Africa, Asia, and Australia. ND4-H1 grouped with similar sequences from the Americas, Asia and West Africa. COI-H2 grouped with sequences from Asia and the Americas. ND4-H2 grouped with sequences from the Americas. We report overlapping peaks in four sequences that suggest heteroplasmy in the individuals. The origin of the populations of Aedes aegypti in Ecuador show African genetic origin and are widely present in several countries in the Americas. One of the genetic variants is more common in all the localities and the two haplotypes are distributed indistinctly in the three geographical sampled areas in Ecuador.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrazco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holecheck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.875591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation of Aedes aegypti populations from Ecuador]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phf15, a novel transcriptional repressor regulating inflammation in mouse microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimExcessive microglial inflammation has emerged as a key player in mediating the effects of aging and neurodegeneration on brain dysfunction. Thus, there is great interest in discovering transcriptional repressors that can control this process. We aimed to examine whether Phf15--one of the top differentially expressed genes in microglia during aging in humans--could regulate transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators in microglia.

MethodsRT-qPCR was used to assess Phf15 mRNA expression in mouse brain during aging. Loss-of-function (shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of Phf15) and gain-of-function (retroviral overexpression (OE) of murine Phf15 cDNA) studies in a murine microglial cell line (SIM-A9) followed by immune activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to determine the effect of Phf15 on pro-inflammatory factor (Tnf, Il-1{beta}, Nos2) mRNA expression. RNA-sequencing was used to determine global transcriptional changes after Phf15 knockout under basal conditions and after LPS stimulation.

ResultsPhf15 expression increases in mouse brain during aging, similar to humans. KD, KO and OE studies determined that Phf15 represses mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as Tnf, Il-1{beta} and Nos2. Global transcriptional changes after Phf15 KO showed that Phf15 specifically represses genes related to the antiviral (type I interferon) response and cytokine production in microglia.

ConclusionWe provide the first evidence that Phf15 is an important transcriptional repressor of microglial inflammation, regulating the antiviral response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Importantly, Phf15 regulates both basal and signal-dependent activation and controls the magnitude and duration of the microglial inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preininger, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phf15, a novel transcriptional repressor regulating inflammation in mouse microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PI3K-WIPI2 positive feedback loop allosterically activates LC3 lipidation in autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy degrades cytoplasmic cargo by its delivery to lysosomes within double membrane autophagosomes. Synthesis of the phosphoinositide PI(3)P by the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) and conjugation of ATG8/LC3 proteins to phagophore membranes by the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 (E3) complex are two critical steps in autophagosome biogenesis, connected by WIPI2. Here we present a complete reconstitution of these events. On giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), LC3 lipidation is strictly dependent on the recruitment of WIPI2, which in turn depends on PI(3)P. Ectopically targeting E3 to membranes in the absence of WIPI2 is insufficient to support LC3 lipidation, demonstrating that WIPI2 allosterically activates the E3 complex. PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 mutually promote the recruitment of each other in a positive feedback loop. When both PI 3-kinase and LC3 lipidation reactions were carried out simultaneously, positive feedback between PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 led to rapid LC3 lipidation with kinetics similar to those seen in cellular autophagosome formation.

SummaryAutophagy requires the synthesis of PI(3)P and the conjugation of LC3 to the phagophore membrane. We reconstituted these two reactions and their coupling by WIPI2, and showed that positive feedback between PI3KC3-C1 and WIPI2 leads to rapid LC3 lipidation by the ATG16L1 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fracchiolla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.880591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PI3K-WIPI2 positive feedback loop allosterically activates LC3 lipidation in autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Tools for Genetically Targeting Myeloid Populations in the Central Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. Developmentally, microglia originate from the embryonic yolk sac and serve important roles in the sculpting of neonatal neural circuits. During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. In addition to circulation-derived monocytes, other non-microglial central nervous system (CNS) macrophage subtypes include borderzone (meningeal and perivascular) and choroid plexus macrophages. To distinguish between resident microglia and these other CNS macrophage subtypes, we generated a P2ry12-CreER mouse line. P2RY12 is a microglial-specific nucleotide sensing GPCR that is important for microglial response to tissue damage. Using immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry experiments, we show that P2ry12-CreER recombination is exceptionally specific to parenchymal microglia. We also perform ribosome immunoprecipitations and transcriptional profiling of P2ry12-CreER recombined cells, using a Cre-dependent Rpl22-HA mouse line. By identifying genes enriched in this dataset that are not correspondingly enriched in a broader Cx3CR1-CreER; Rpl22 dataset, we isolate a number of borderzone macrophage-specific transcripts, including the gene PF4. Using a PF4-Cre mouse line, we show that PF4 expression robustly marks borderzone macrophages. Together, we demonstrate two new methods to genetically target distinct CNS macrophage subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keown-Lang, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Tools for Genetically Targeting Myeloid Populations in the Central Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium signaling is an important early step in wound healing, yet how these early signals promote regeneration remains unclear. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes, catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification that alters protein function and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. We generated a mutation in the single zebrafish ancestral pad gene, padi2, resulting in a loss of detectable calcium-dependent citrullination. The padi2 mutants exhibit impaired resolution of inflammation and regeneration after caudal fin transection. Further, we identified a new subpopulation of cells displaying citrullinated histones within the notochord bead following tissue injury. Citrullination of histones in this region was absent and wound-induced proliferation was perturbed in Padi2-deficient larvae. Taken together, our results show that Padi2 is required for the citrullination of histones within a group of cells in the notochord bead, and for promoting wound-induced proliferation required for efficient regeneration. These findings identify Padi2 as a potential intermediary between early calcium signaling and subsequent tissue regeneration.

SummaryGolenberg et al. developed a citrullination-deficient zebrafish and demonstrated a role for Padi2 in fin wound responses and regeneration. This work identified a distinct population of cells within the regenerative notochord bead that exhibited wound-induced histone citrullination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huttenlocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golenberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squirrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RIndy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistono, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliceiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.27.889378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.889873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ocular Glymphatic Clearance System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.889873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite high metabolic activity, the retina and optic nerve head lack traditional lymphatic drainage. We here identified a novel ocular glymphatic clearance route for fluid and wastes via the proximal optic nerve. Amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) was cleared from the vitreous via a pathway driven by the ocular-cranial pressure difference. After traversing the lamina barrier, intra-axonal A{beta} was cleared via the perivenous space and subsequently drained to lymphatic vessels. Light-induced pupil constriction enhanced, while atropine or raising intracranial pressure blocked efflux. In two distinct murine models of glaucoma, A{beta} leaked from the eye via defects in the lamina barrier instead of directional axonal efflux. The discovery of a novel pathway for removal of fluid and metabolites from the intraocular space prompts a reevaluation of the core principles governing eye physiology and provides a framework for new therapeutic approaches to treat common eye diseases, including glaucoma.

One Sentence SummaryGlymphatic pathway clears ocular amyloid-{beta} via optic nerve and fails in glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erturk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrane, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedergaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.889873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ocular Glymphatic Clearance System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify height of key multi-domain proteins on a model macrophage and cancer cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding, while it decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and its role in cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takatori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.892075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.892844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-chromosome level genome assembly of the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii using long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.892844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, the spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has invaded Europe and America and has become a major agricultural pest in these areas, thereby prompting intense research activities to better understand its biology. Two draft genome assemblies based on short-read sequencing were released in 2013 for this species. Although valuable, these resources contain pervasive assembly errors and are highly fragmented, two features limiting their values. Our purpose here was to improve the assembly of the D. suzukii genome. For this, we generated PacBio long-read sequencing data at 160X sequence coverage and assembled a novel, contiguous D. suzukii genome. We obtained a high-quality assembly of 270 Mb (with 546 contigs, a N50 of 2.6Mb, a L50 of 15, and a BUSCO score of 95%) that we called WT3-2.0. We found that despite 16 rounds of full-sib crossings the D. suzukii strain that we sequenced has maintained high levels of polymorphism in some regions of its genome (ca. 19Mb). As a consequence, the quality of the assembly of these regions was reduced. We explored possible origins of this high residual diversity, including the presence of structural variants and a possible heterogeneous admixture pattern of North American and Asian ancestry. Overall, our WT3-2.0 assembly provides a higher quality genomic resource compared to the previous one in terms of general assembly statistics, sequence quality and gene annotation. This new D. suzukii genome assembly is therefore an improved resource for high-throughput sequencing approaches, as well as manipulative genetic technologies to study D. suzukii.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenichen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, J. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karageorgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagnon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parinello, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estoup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prud'homme, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.02.892844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-chromosome level genome assembly of the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii using long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of diatoms, much remains to be understood about their physiology and metabolism, including their carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Early carotenoid biosynthesis steps are well-conserved, while the identity of the enzymes that catalyze the later steps and their order remain unclear. Those steps lead to the biosynthesis of the final pathway products: the main accessory light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin (Fx) and the main photoprotective pigment pool comprised of diadinoxanthin (Ddx) and its reversibly de-epoxidized form diatoxanthin (Dtx). We used sequence comparison to known carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes to identify novel candidates in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microarray and RNA-seq data was used to select candidates with transcriptomic responses similar to known carotenoid biosynthesis genes and to create full-length gene models, and we focused on those that encode proteins predicted to be chloroplast-localized. We identified a violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like gene (Thaps3_11707, VDL2) that when overexpressed results in increased Fx abundance while stoichiometrically reducing Ddx+Dtx. Based on transcriptomics, we hypothesize that Thaps3_10233 may also contribute to Fx biosynthesis, in addition to VDL2. Separately using antisense RNA to target VDL2, VDL1, and both LUT1-like copies (hypothesized to catalyze an earlier step in the pathway) simultaneously, reduced the overall cellular photosynthetic pigment content, including chlorophylls, suggesting destabilization of light-harvesting complexes by Fx deficiency. Based on transcriptomic and physiological data, we hypothesize that the two predicted T. pseudonana zeaxanthin epoxidases have distinct functions and that different copies of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase may serve to initiate carotenoid biosynthesis in response to different cellular needs. Finally, nine carotene cis/trans isomerase (CRTISO) candidates identified based on sequence identity to known CRTISO proteins were narrowed to two most likely to be part of the T. pseudonana carotenoid biosynthesis pathway based on transcriptomic responses and predicted chloroplast targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preliminary Evaluation of the Utility of Deep Generative Histopathology Image Translation at a Mid-Sized NCI Cancer Center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluation of a tissue biopsy is often required for the diagnosis and prognostic staging of a disease. Recent efforts have sought to accurately quantitate the distribution of tissue features and morphology in digitized images of histological tissue sections, Whole Slide Images (WSI). Generative modeling techniques present a unique opportunity to produce training data that can both augment these models and translate histologic data across different intra-and-inter-institutional processing procedures, provide cost-effective ways to perform computational chemical stains (synthetic stains) on tissue, and facilitate the creation of diagnostic aid algorithms. A critical evaluation and understanding of these technologies is vital for their incorporation into a clinical workflow. We illustrate several potential use cases of these techniques for the calculation of nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, synthetic SOX10 immunohistochemistry (IHC, sIHC) staining to delineate cell lineage, and the conversion of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain to trichome stain for the staging of liver fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preliminary Evaluation of the Utility of Deep Generative Histopathology Image Translation at a Mid-Sized NCI Cancer Center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgal productivity in mass cultures is limited by the inefficiency with which available light energy is utilized. In dense cultures, cells closest to the light source absorb more light energy than they can use and dissipate the excess, while light penetrance into the culture is steeply attenuated. Reducing microalgal light harvesting and/or dissipating capacity per cell may improve total light utilization efficiency in mass cultures. In this study, two transgenic lines of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigment content are evaluated with respect to photosynthetic parameters, growth, and macromolecule accumulation. In one line, violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) is overexpressed (OE), resulting in a reduction of the diadinoxanthin cycle pigments, which are involved in light energy dissipation (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), accompanied by a stoichiometric increase in the light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin. No differences in the maximum potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or light-limited photosynthetic rate () were found. However, when adapted to 30 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, the VDL2 OE maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) upon exposure to saturating light intensities was 86-95% of wild type (WT). When adapted to 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, VDL2 OE saturated photosynthesis at 62-71% of the light intensity needed to saturate WT (Ek). NPQ was substantially lower at and below 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1. VDL2 OE accumulated up to 3.4 times as much triacylglycerol (TAG) as WT during exponential growth, and up to twice as much protein. Growth in terms of culture density was up to 7% slower. TAG and protein accumulation inversely correlated with NPQ. The second line evaluated was obtained by using antisense RNA to simultaneously silence or knock down (KD) both LUT1-like (LTL) genes, hypothesized to catalyze an intermediate carotenoid biosynthesis step of converting {beta}-carotene to zeaxanthin. Overall reduction of photosynthetic pigment content without altering the relative abundance of individual pigments resulted. No significant differences in photosynthetic parameters compared to WT were found. LTL KD grew at a rate comparable to WT and accumulated up to 40% more TAG during exponential growth, while protein content was reduced by 11-19%. LTL KD cells were elongated and 5-10% smaller than WT, and cultures contained auxospores, indicating stress that may relate to a cell cycle progression defect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bright and tunable far-red chemigenetic indicators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional imaging using fluorescent indicators has revolutionized biology but additional sensor scaffolds are needed to access properties such as bright, far-red emission. We introduce a new platform for  chemigenetic fluorescent indicators, utilizing the self-labeling HaloTag protein conjugated to environmentally sensitive synthetic fluorophores. This approach affords bright, far-red calcium and voltage sensors with highly tunable photophysical and chemical properties, which can reliably detect single action potentials in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeyaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chupanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bright and tunable far-red chemigenetic indicators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing of Mu elements in maize involves distinct populations of small RNAs and distinct patterns of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic changes involve changes in gene expression that can be heritably transmitted to daughter cells in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetics has been implicated in phenomena as diverse as development, stress response and carcinogenesis. A significant challenge facing those interested in investigating epigenetic phenomena is determining causal relationships between DNA methylation, specific classes of small RNAs and associated changes in gene expression. Because they are the primary targets of epigenetic silencing in plants and, when active, are often targeted for de novo silencing, transposable elements (TEs) represent a valuable source of information about these relationships. We use a naturally occurring system in which a single TE can be heritably silenced by a single derivative of that TE. By using this system it is possible to unravel causal relationships between different size classes of small RNAs, patterns of DNA methylation and heritable silencing. Here, we show that the long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) within Zea mays MuDR transposons are targeted by distinct classes of small RNAs during epigenetic silencing that are dependent on distinct silencing pathways. Further, these small RNAs target distinct regions of the TIRs, resulting in different patterns of cytosine methylation with different functional consequences with respect to epigenetic silencing and heritability of that silencing.

SummaryTransposable elements (TEs) are a ubiquitous feature of plant genomes. Because of the threat they post to genome integrity, most TEs are epigenetically silenced. However, even closely related plant species often have dramatically different populations of TEs, suggesting periodic rounds of activity and silencing. Here we show that the process of de novo methylation of an active element in maize involves two distinct pathways, one of which is directly implicated in causing epigenetic silencing and one of which is the result of that silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burgess, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing of Mu elements in maize involves distinct populations of small RNAs and distinct patterns of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult Drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals use coordinated limb movements to interact with and navigate through the environment. To investigate circuit mechanisms underlying locomotor behavior, we used serial-section electron microscopy (EM) to map synaptic connectivity within a neuronal network that controls limb movements. We present a synapse-resolution EM dataset containing the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of an adult female Drosophila melanogaster. To generate this dataset, we developed GridTape, a technology that combines automated serial-section collection with automated high-throughput transmission EM. Using this dataset, we reconstructed 507 motor neurons, including all those that control the legs and wings. We show that a specific class of leg sensory neurons directly synapse onto the largest-caliber motor neuron axons on both sides of the body, representing a unique feedback pathway for fast limb control. We provide open access to the dataset and reconstructions registered to a standard atlas to permit matching of cells between EM and light microscopy data. We also provide GridTape instrumentation designs and software to make large-scale EM data acquisition more accessible and affordable to the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maniates-Selvin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, D. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanney, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult Drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-Based Dominance Hierarchy In One Of Two Sympatric Cryptic Pacific Skinks (Emoia impar And Emoia cyanura) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emoia impar and Emoia cyanura are two morphologically cryptic Pacific skinks that have different preferred thermal micro-habitats but similar geographic range and overlap. Previously individuals have been noted to display a size-based dominance hierarchy at favored basking sites, though this behavior was not specified between species. I found that only one of the two species, E. impar, naturally presents this size-based dominance hierarchy in areas of high population density. Neither species exhibit the hierarchy in low population density areas. No evidence was found to suggest that the presence of this hierarchy allows one species to exclude the other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallsten, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-Based Dominance Hierarchy In One Of Two Sympatric Cryptic Pacific Skinks (Emoia impar And Emoia cyanura)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.902544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense targeting of decoy exons can reduce intron retention and increase protein expression in human erythroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.902544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decoy exon model has been proposed to regulate a subset of intron retention (IR) events involving predominantly larger introns (>1kb). Splicing reporter studies have shown that decoy splice sites are essential for activity, suggesting that decoys act by engaging intron-terminal splice sites and competing with cross-intron interactions required for intron excision. The decoy model predicts that antisense oligonucleotides blocking decoy splice sites in endogenous pre-mRNA should increase productive gene expression by reducing IR. Indeed, we now demonstrate that targeting a decoy 5' splice site in the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) gene reduced IR from [~]80% to [~]20% in primary human erythroblasts, accompanied by increases in spliced OGT RNA and OGT protein expression. The remaining OGT IR was refractory to antisense treatment and might be mediated by independent mechanism(s). In contrast, other retained introns were strongly dependent on decoy function, since IR was nearly eliminated by antisense targeting of 5' splice sites. Genes in the latter group encode the widely expressed splicing factor (SF3B1), and the erythroid-specific structural protein, alpha-spectrin (SPTA1). These results show that modulating decoy exon function can dramatically alter IR, and suggest that dynamic regulation of decoy exons could be a mechanism to fine tune gene expression post-transcriptionally in many cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conboy, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.902544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense targeting of decoy exons can reduce intron retention and increase protein expression in human erythroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sponge Physioecology On Moorea, French Polynesia: Local Distribution And Filtration Efficiency Of Lamellodysidea Under Varying Temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This physio-ecological study investigated the physiology and distribution of Lamellodysidea sp. in Moorea, French Polynesia. Specifically, its distribution was described across three reef types--fringing, mid-barrier, and barrier reefs--as well as across sites between Cooks Bay and Opunohu Bay. Additionally, filtration experiments were conducted to test how temperature impacts filtration efficiency. This is informative when predicting how future ocean temperatures are going to affect sponges success and distribution. Sponge abundance was found to decrease from the fringing reef out to the barrier reef, with the highest number of sponges in the fringing reef, less in the mid-barrier reef, and none found in the barrier reef. Sponges were also unevenly distributed across sites, with sponge abundance clearly increasing as you move away from Cooks Bay. Together, these data show that sponges demonstrate habitat preference that is related to their physiological tolerances. Filtration data showed that over a 3-hour period sponges increase their physiological output when introduced to environments 3-6 degrees Celsius above normal. This suggests that as ocean temperatures warm, sponges are likely to increase their filtration efficiency, thus increasing their ecological role as filter feeders, or struggle to survive at this new level of physiological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leveque-Eichhorn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sponge Physioecology On Moorea, French Polynesia: Local Distribution And Filtration Efficiency Of Lamellodysidea Under Varying Temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.905943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 mediates fetal globin upregulation in response to reduced β-globin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.905943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal development and anemias such as {beta}-hemoglobinopathies trigger rapid production of red blood cells in a process known as stress erythropoiesis. Cellular stress prompts differentiating erythroid precursors to express high levels of fetal {gamma}-globin, which has suggested strategies to treat hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. However, the mechanisms underlying {gamma}-globin production during cellular stress are still poorly defined. Here we use CRISPR-Cas genome editing and CRISPRi transcriptional repression to model the stress caused by reduced levels of adult {beta}-globin. We find that loss of {beta}-globin is sufficient to induce widespread globin compensation, including robust re-expression of {gamma}-globin. Time-course RNA-seq of differentiating isogenic erythroid precursors identified the ATF4 transcription factor as a causal regulator of this response. ChIP-seq of multiple erythroid precursor genotypes and differentiation states revealed that {beta}-globin knockout leads to reduced engagement of ATF4 targets involved in the unfolded protein response. This ATF4 program indirectly regulates the levels of BCL11A, a key repressor of {gamma}-globin. Identification of ATF4 as a key regulator of globin compensation adds mechanistic insight to the poorly understood phenomenon of stress-induced globin compensation and could be relevant for proposed gene editing strategies to treat hemoglobinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boontanrart, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.905943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 mediates fetal globin upregulation in response to reduced β-globin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-dependent structures of the RNA-binding loop in the flavivirus NS3 helicase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flavivirus NS3 protein is a helicase that has pivotal functions during the viral genome replication process, where it unwinds double-stranded RNA and translocates along the nucleic acid polymer in a nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis-dependent mechanism. An increased interest in this enzyme as a potential target for development of antiviral therapeutics was sparked by the 2015 Zika virus epidemic in the Americas. Crystallographic and computational studies of the flavivirus NS3 helicase have identified the RNA-binding loop as an interesting structural element, which may function as an origin for the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity observed for this family of helicases. Microsecond-long unbiased molecular dynamics as well as extensive replica exchange umbrella sampling simulations of the Zika NS3 helicase have been performed to investigate the RNA-dependence of this loops structural conformations. Specifically, the effect of the bound single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligomer on the putative "open" and "closed" conformations of this loop are studied. In the Apo substrate state, the two structures are nearly isoergonic ({Delta}GO[-&gt;]C = -0.22 kcal mol-1), explaining the structural ambiguity observed in Apo NS3h crystal structures. The bound ssRNA is seen to stabilize the "open" conformation ({Delta}GO[-&gt;]C = 1.97 kcal mol-1) through direct protein-RNA interactions at the top of the loop. Interestingly, a small ssRNA oligomer bound over 13 [A] away from the loop is seen to affect the free energy surface to favor the "open" structure while minimizing barriers between the two states. The mechanism of the transition between "open" and "closed" states is characterized as are residues of importance for the RNA-binding loop structures. From these results, the loop is hypothesized to be a viable region in the protein for targeted small-molecule inhibition and mutagenesis studies, where stabilization of the "closed" RNA-binding loop will negatively impact RNA-binding and the RNA-enhanced NTPase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiss, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullagh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-dependent structures of the RNA-binding loop in the flavivirus NS3 helicase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of hierarchical control structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can draw insight from previous experiences in order to quickly adapt to novel environments that share a common underlying structure. Here we combine functional imaging and computational modeling to identify the neural systems that support the discovery and transfer of hierarchical task structure. Human subjects completed multiple blocks of a reinforcement learning task that contained a global hierarchical structure governing stimulus-response action mapping. First, behavioral and computational evidence showed that humans successfully discover and transfer the hierarchical rule structure embedded within the task. Next, analysis of fMRI BOLD data revealed activity across a frontal-parietal network that was specifically associated with the discovery of this embedded structure. Finally, activity throughout a cingulo-opercular network and in caudal frontal cortex supported the transfer and implementation of this discovered structure. Together, these results reveal a division of labor in which dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of abstract control structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scimeca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable neural systems support the learning and transfer of hierarchical control structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in science requires standardized assays whose results can be readily shared, compared, and reproduced across laboratories. Reproducibility, however, has been a concern in neuroscience, particularly for measurements of mouse behavior. Here we show that a standardized task to probe decision-making in mice produces reproducible results across multiple laboratories. We designed a task for head-fixed mice that combines established assays of perceptual and value-based decision making, and we standardized training protocol and experimental hardware, software, and procedures. We trained 140 mice across seven laboratories in three countries, and we collected 5 million mouse choices into a publicly available database. Learning speed was variable across mice and laboratories, but once training was complete there were no significant differences in behavior across laboratories. Mice in different laboratories adopted similar reliance on visual stimuli, on past successes and failures, and on estimates of stimulus prior probability to guide their choices. These results reveal that a complex mouse behavior can be successfully reproduced across multiple laboratories. They establish a standard for reproducible rodent behavior, and provide an unprecedented dataset and open-access tools to study decision-making in mice. More generally, they indicate a path towards achieving reproducibility in neuroscience through collaborative open-science approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The International Brain Laboratory</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazettes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewitt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamish, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haetzel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laranjeira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrsic-Flogel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.909838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized and reproducible method to measure decision-making in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coexisting microbial cells of the same species often exhibit genetic differences that can affect phenotypes ranging from nutrient preference to pathogenicity. Here we present inStrain, a program that utilizes metagenomic paired reads to profile intra-population genetic diversity (microdiversity) across whole genomes and compare populations in a microdiversity-aware manner, dramatically increasing genomic comparison accuracy when benchmarked against existing methods. We use inStrain to profile >1,000 fecal metagenomes from newborn premature infants and find that siblings share significantly more strains than unrelated infants, although identical twins share no more strains than fraternal siblings. Infants born via cesarean section harbored Klebsiella with significantly higher nucleotide diversity than infants delivered vaginally, potentially reflecting acquisition from hospital versus maternal microbiomes. Genomic loci showing diversity within an infant included variants found in other infants, possibly reflecting inoculation from diverse hospital-associated sources. InStrain can be applied to any metagenomic dataset for microdiversity analysis and rigorous strain comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.918193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.918193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas the gill chambers of extant jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfish) open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that promote the unidirectional flow of oxygenated water over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here we find that these divergent gill cover patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a Pou3f3 arch enhancer that is deeply conserved from cartilaginous fish through humans but undetectable in lampreys, with minor sequence differences in the bony versus cartilaginous fish enhancers driving the corresponding single versus multiple gill arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, loss of Pou3f3 gene function disrupts gill cover formation, and forced expression of Pou3f3b in the gill arches generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multiple gill cover pattern of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 enhancer >430 mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandzik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Square, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.918193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing and assessing the function of microscopic retinal structures in the human eye is a challenging task that has been greatly facilitated by ophthalmic adaptive optics (AO). Yet, as AO imaging systems advance in functionality by employing multiple spectral channels and larger vergence ranges, achieving optimal resolution and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) becomes difficult and is often compromised. While current-generation AO retinal imaging systems have demonstrated excellent, near diffraction-limited imaging performance over wide vergence and spectral ranges, a full theoretical and experimental analysis of an AOSLO that includes both the light delivery and collection optics has not been done, and neither has the effects of extending wavefront correction from one wavelength to imaging performance in different spectral channels. Here, we report a methodology and system design for simultaneously achieving diffraction-limited performance in both the illumination and collection paths for a wide-vergence, multi-spectral AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) over a 1.2 diopter vergence range while correcting the wavefront in a separate wavelength. To validate the design, an AOSLO was constructed to have three imaging channels spanning different wavelength ranges (543 {+/-} 11 nm, 680 {+/-} 11 nm, and 840 {+/-} 6 nm, respectively) and one near-infrared wavefront sensing channel (940 {+/-} 5 nm). The AOSLO optics and their alignment were determined via simulations in optical and optomechanical design software and then experimentally verified by measuring the AOSLOs illumination and collection point spread functions (PSF) for each channel using a phase retrieval technique. The collection efficiency was then measured for each channel as a function of confocal pinhole size when imaging a model eye achieving near-theoretical performance. Imaging results from healthy human adult volunteers demonstrate the systems ability to resolve the foveal cone mosaic in all three imaging channels despite a wide spectral separation between the wavefront sensing and imaging channels.

OCIS codes(110.1080) Active or adaptive optics; (170.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices; (170.4470) Ophthalmology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRocca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaedicke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiruveedhula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roorda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of an ECF56-family sigma factor from Streptomyces venezuelae reveals a highly conserved regulome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often possess alternative sigma factors that initiate the transcription of specific genes under environmental stresses, the largest and most diverse group being the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. The regulation of ECF activity is crucial for ensuring the distinct transcription of stress responsive genes only occurs under the appropriate conditions. While most ECFs are comprised of only the core {sigma}2 and {sigma}4 regions, a unique form of ECF sigma factor regulation also contains a C-terminal extension bearing homology to the NTF2 superfamily of protein domains. While previous work has shown that this NTF2 domain can affect transcriptional activity in vivo in ECF41 and ECF42, its role in the newly classified ECF56 subgroup is unknown. In this work, we show that truncation of the C-terminus of the ECF56 sigma factor SVEN_4562 of Streptomyces venezuelae upregulates its activity in a hybrid assay. Through transcriptomics in S. venezuelae, we found that this truncated ECF56 sigma factor has a highly conserved promoter sequence in vivo. Bioinformatic assays illustrated that deep branches of the Actinobacteria phylum contained putative ECF56 promoter motifs identical to those found in the S. venezuelae ECF56 regulon. We validated these findings through ex situ hybrid assays illustrating that truncated ECF56 sigma factors from phylogenetically diverse Actinobacteria activate transcription from these promoters. Importantly, our work shows that the genetic infrastructure of the ECF56 family of sigma factors is highly conserved and performs important functions yet to be understood in Actinobacteria.

ImportanceMost ECF sigma-factors rely on anti-sigma factor regulation; in contrast, the unique classes of ECF sigma-factors that contain a C-terminal extension are thought to respond directly to an environmental signal. Here we show that the cis-acting regulatory element of the ECF56 regulon is likely highly conserved in many Actinobacteria, with exact nucleotide level conservation over ~2 billion years of evolution. The high conservation of this genetic architecture, as well as a conserved gene content within the regulon, strongly point to a specialized and important role in Actinobacteria biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake-Hedges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Umana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of an ECF56-family sigma factor from Streptomyces venezuelae reveals a highly conserved regulome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms, from anaerobic bacteria to hibernating ground squirrels, have evolved mechanisms to tolerate severe hypoxia or ischemia. In particular, the arctic ground squirrel (AGS) has been shown to be highly resilient to ischemic and reperfusion injuries, demonstrating an ability to withstand metabolic stress under hibernation conditions. Although physiological adaptations are critical to ischemic tolerance in AGS, little is known about cellular mechanisms underlying intrinsic AGS cell tolerance to metabolic stressors. Through cell survival-based cDNA expression screens and comparative genomics, we have discovered that in AGS, a cytoprotective variant of ATP5G1 helps confer improved mitochondrial metabolism and cell resilience to metabolic stress. ATP5G1 encodes a proton-transporting subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Ectopic expression in mouse cells and CRISPR/Cas9 base editing of the endogenous AGS locus revealed causal roles of one AGS-specific amino acid substitution (leucine-32) in mediating the cytoprotective effects of AGS ATP5G1. We provide evidence that AGS ATP5G1 promotes cell resilience to stress by modulating mitochondrial morphological change and metabolic functions. Thus, our results identify a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 from a mammalian hibernator that causally contributes to intrinsic cytoprotection against metabolic stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhal, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.929018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.929877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G-baToN: a versatile cell-cell interaction reporter system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.929877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell interactions influence all aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. In cancer, interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells play a major role in nearly every step of carcinogenesis. Thus, the ability to record cell-cell interactions would facilitate mechanistic delineation of the role of cancer microenvironment. Here, we describe GFP-based Touching Nexus (G-baToN) which relies upon nanobody-directed fluorescent protein transfer to enable sensitive and specific labeling of cells after cell-cell interactions. G-baToN is a generalizable system that enables physical contact-based labeling between various cell types, including diverse cancer-stromal cell pairs. A suite of orthogonal baToN tools enables reciprocal cell-cell labeling, interaction-dependent cargo transfer, and the identification of higher-order cell-cell interactions across a wide range of cell types. The ability to track physically interacting cells with these simple and sensitive systems will greatly accelerate our understanding of the outputs of cell-cell interactions in cancer as well as across many biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engleman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.01.929877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G-baToN: a versatile cell-cell interaction reporter system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unusual MHC molecule generates protective CD8+ T cell responses to chronic infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CD8+ T cell response to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii varies dramatically between mouse strains, resulting in differences in control of the parasite. Protection in BALB/c mice can be attributed to an unusually strong and protective MHC-1 Ld-restricted CD8+ T cell response directed against a peptide derived from the parasite antigen GRA6. The MHC-1 Ld molecule has limited peptide binding compared to conventional MHC molecules such as Kb or Db, which correlates with polymorphisms associated with "elite control" of HIV in humans. To investigate the link between the unusual MHC-1 molecule Ld and the generation of "elite controller" CD8+ T cell responses, we compared the GRA6-Ld specific T cell response to the well-studied OVA-Kb specific response, and demonstrated that GRA6-Ld specific T cells are significantly more protective and resistant to exhaustion in chronic T. gondii infection. To further investigate the connection between limited peptide presentation and robust T cell responses, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice with a point mutation (W97R) in the peptide-binding groove of Ld that results in broader peptide binding. We investigated the effect of this Ld W97R mutation on another robust Ld-restricted response against the IE1 peptide during Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. This mutation leads to an increase in exhaustion markers in the IE1-Ld specific CD8+ T cell response. Our results indicate that limited peptide binding by MHC-1 Ld correlates with the development of robust and protective CD8+ T cell responses that may avoid exhaustion during chronic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsitsiklis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangs, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labarta-Bajo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unusual MHC molecule generates protective CD8+ T cell responses to chronic infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GENVISAGE: Rapid Identification of Discriminative and Explainable Feature Pairs for Genomic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA common but critical task in genomic data analysis is finding features that separate and thereby help explain differences between two classes of biological objects, e.g., genes that explain the differences between healthy and diseased patients. As lower-cost, high-throughput experimental methods greatly increase the number of samples that are assayed as objects for analysis, computational methods are needed to quickly provide insights into high-dimensional datasets with tens of thousands of objects and features.

ResultsWe develop an interactive exploration tool called GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW that rapidly discovers the most discriminative feature pairs that best separate two classes in a dataset, and displays the corresponding visualizations. Since quickly finding top feature pairs is computationally challenging, especially when the numbers of objects and features are large, we propose a suite of optimizations to make GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW more responsive and demonstrate that our optimizations lead to a 400X speedup over competitive baselines for multiple biological data sets. With this speedup, GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW enables the exploration of more large-scale datasets and alternate hypotheses in an interactive and interpretable fashion. We apply GO_SCPLOWENVISAGEC_SCPLOW to uncover pairs of genes whose transcriptomic responses significantly discriminate treatments of several chemotherapy drugs.

AvailabilityFree webserver at http://genvisage.knoweng.org:443/ with source code at https://github.com/KnowEnG/Genvisage
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GENVISAGE: Rapid Identification of Discriminative and Explainable Feature Pairs for Genomic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating smFRET, SAXS and NMR data to infer structural ensembles of an intrinsically-disordered protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have fluctuating heterogeneous conformations, which makes structural characterization challenging, but of great interest, since their conformational ensembles are the link between their sequences and functions. An accurate description of IDP conformational ensembles depends crucially on the amount and quality of the experimental data, how it is integrated, and if it supports a consistent structural picture. We have used an integrative modelling approach to understand how conformational restraints imposed by the most common structural techniques for IDPs: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), and single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) reach concordance on structural ensembles for Sic1 and phosphorylated Sic1 (pSic1). To resolve apparent discrepancies between smFRET and SAXS, we integrated SAXS data with non-smFRET (NMR) data and reserved the new smFRET data for Sic1 and pSic1 as an independent validation. The consistency of the SAXS/NMR restrained ensembles with smFRET, which was not guaranteed a priori, indicates that the perturbative effects of NMR or smFRET labels on the Sic1 and pSic1 ensembles are minimal. Furthermore, the mutual agreement with such a diverse set of experimental data suggest that details of the generated ensembles can now be examined with a high degree of confidence to reveal distinguishing features of Sic1 vs. pSic1. From the experimentally well supported ensembles, we find they are consistent with independent biophysical models of Sic1s ultrasensitive binding to its partner Cdc4. Our results underscore the importance of integrative modelling in calculating and drawing biological conclusions from IDP conformational ensembles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomes, G.-N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzeminski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittag, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head-Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating smFRET, SAXS and NMR data to infer structural ensembles of an intrinsically-disordered protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two fundamental aims that emerge when analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data are that of identifying which genes vary in an informative manner and determining how these genes organize into modules. Here we propose a general approach to these problems that operates directly on a given metric of cell-cell similarity, allowing for its integration with any method (linear or non linear) for identifying the primary axes of transcriptional variation between cells. Additionally, we show that when using multimodal data, our procedure can be used to identify genes whose expression reflects alternative notions of similarity between cells, such as physical proximity in a tissue or clonal relatedness in a cell lineage tree. In this manner, we demonstrate that while our method, called Hotspot, is capable of identifying genes that reflect nuanced transcriptional variability between T helper cells, it can also identify spatially-dependent patterns of gene expression in the cerebellum as well as developmentally-heritable expression signatures during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.934661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Northern post-glacial lakes are a significant and increasing source of atmospheric carbon (C), largely through ebullition (bubbling) of microbially-produced methane (CH4) from the sediments1. Ebullitive CH4 flux correlates strongly with temperature, suggesting that solar radiation is the primary driver of these CH4 emissions2. However, here we show that the slope of the temperature-CH4 flux relationship differs spatially, both within and among lakes.

Hypothesizing that differences in microbiota could explain this heterogeneity, we compared site-specific CH4 emissions with underlying sediment microbial (metagenomic and amplicon), isotopic, and geochemical data across two post-glacial lakes in Northern Sweden. The temperature-associated increase in CH4 emissions was greater in lake middles--where methanogens were more abundant--than edges, and sediment microbial communities were distinct between lake edges and middles. Although CH4 emissions projections are typically driven by abiotic factors1, regression modeling revealed that microbial abundances, including those of CH4-cycling microorganisms and syntrophs that generate H2 for methanogenesis, can be useful predictors of porewater CH4 concentrations. Our results suggest that deeper lake regions, which currently emit less CH4 than shallower edges, could add substantially to overall CH4 emissions in a warmer Arctic with longer ice-free seasons and that future CH4 emission predictions from northern lakes may be improved by accounting for spatial variations in sediment microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcroft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Dommey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crill, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleska, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.934661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Arctic lake sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have found a widespread use in a variety of nanotechnology applications. Yet, the relationship between structural conformation, binding affinity and kinetic stability of these polymers on SWNTs remains poorly understood. Here, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments to explore this relationship for short oligonucleotides adsorbed on SWNTs. First, using classical MD simulations of oligonucleotide-(9,4)-SWNT hybrid complexes, we explored the relationship between ssDNA and ssRNA surface conformation and sequence chemistry. We screened the conformation of 36 sequences of short ssDNA and ssRNA polymers on (9,4) SWNT, where the contour lengths were selected so the polymers can, to a first approximation, wrap once around the SWNT circumference. From these screens, we identified structural motifs that we broadly classified into "rings" and "non-rings." Then, several sequences were selected for detailed investigations. We used temperature replica exchange MD calculations to compute two-dimensional free energy landscapes characterizing the conformations of select sequences. "Ring" conformations seemed to be driven primarily by sequence chemistry. Specifically, strong (n,n+2) nucleotide interactions and the ability of the polymer to form compact structures, as for example, through sharp bends in the nucleotide backbone, correlated with ring-forming propensity. However, ring-formation probability was found to be uncorrelated with free energy of oligonucleotide binding to SWNTs ({Delta}Gbind). Conformational analyses of oligonucleotides, computed free energy of binding of oligonucleotides to SWNTs, and experimentally determined kinetic stability measurements show that {Delta}Gbind is the primary correlate for kinetic stability. The probability of the sequence to adopt a compact, ring-like conformation is shown to play a secondary role that still contributes measurably to kinetic stability. For example, sequences that form stable compact rings (C-rich sequences) could compensate for their relatively lower {Delta}Gbind and exhibit kinetic stability, while sequences with strong {Delta}Gbind (such as (TG)3(GT)3) were found to be kinetically stable despite their low ring formation propensity. We conclude that the stability of adsorbed oligonucleotides is primarily driven by its free energy of binding and that if ring-like structural motifs form, they would contribute positively to stability.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alizadehmojarad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.939918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity in gene expression facilitates invasion of the desert environment in house mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how organisms adapt to new environments is a key problem in evolution, yet it remains unclear whether phenotypic plasticity generally facilitates or hinders this process. Here we studied the evolved and plastic responses to water stress in lab-born descendants of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) collected from desert and non-desert environments. Using a full sib design, we measured organismal phenotypes and gene expression under normal (hydrated) and water stressed (dehydrated) conditions. After many generations in the lab, mice from the desert consumed significantly less water than mice from other localities, indicating that this difference has a genetic basis. Under water stress, desert mice lost less weight than non-desert mice, and desert mice exhibited differences in blood chemistry related to osmoregulatory function. Gene expression in the kidney revealed evolved differences between mice from different environments as well as plastic responses between hydrated and dehydrated mice. Desert mice showed reduced gene expression plasticity under water stress compared to non-desert mice. Importantly, the non-desert mice generally showed shifts towards desert-like expression under water stress, consistent with adaptive plasticity. Finally, patterns of gene expression identified several candidate genes for adaptation to the desert, including Aqp1 and Apoe. These findings provide evidence for local adaptation in a recently introduced species and suggest that adaptive plasticity may have facilitated the colonization of the desert environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittner, N. K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.939231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity in gene expression facilitates invasion of the desert environment in house mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to a) speciate host mosquito, b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and intervention decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas-Stapleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanics regulate human embryonic stem cell self-organization to specify mesoderm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis is directed by morphogens that induce differentiation within a defined tissue geometry. Tissue organization is mediated by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions and is modulated by cell tension and tissue-level force. Whether cell tension regulates development by directly influencing morphogen signaling remains unclear. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit an intrinsic capacity for self-organization that motivates their use as a tractable model of early human embryogenesis. We engineered patterned substrates that enhance cell-cell interactions to direct the self-organization of cultured hESCs into "gastrulation-like" nodes. Tissue geometries that generate local nodes of high cell-cell tension and induce these self-organized tissue nodes drive BMP4-dependent gastrulation by enhancing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of {beta}-catenin to promote Wnt signaling and mesoderm specification. The findings underscore the interplay between tissue organization, cell tension, and morphogen-dependent differentiation, and demonstrate that cell- and tissue-level forces directly regulate cell fate specification in early human development.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/943076v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e21aaeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@45c41forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4ee902org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a3837d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG HighlightsO_LISubstrates that enhance cell-cell adhesion promote hESC self-organization
C_LIO_LITissue nodes exhibiting high tension are predisposed to gastrulation induction
C_LIO_LIColony geometry dictates the localization of tension nodes to specify mesoderm
C_LIO_LITension activates {beta}-catenin and stimulates Wnt signaling to induce mesoderm
C_LI

In BriefEngineered substrates that promote cell-cell adhesion and reconstitute epiblast tissue organization facilitate "gastrulation-like" morphogenesis in cultured hESCs. Tissue geometries that foster localized regions of high cell-cell tension potentiate BMP4-dependent mesoderm specification by enhancing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of {beta}-catenin to promote Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muncie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, N. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.943076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanics regulate human embryonic stem cell self-organization to specify mesoderm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation promotes tumor aggression by stimulating stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stromal stiffening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen deposition and stromal stiffening accompany malignancy, compromise treatment, and promote tumor aggression. Clarifying the molecular nature of and the factors that regulate extracellular matrix stiffening in tumors should identify biomarkers to stratify patients for therapy and therapeutic interventions to improve outcome. We profiled lysyl hydroxylase- and lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinks and quantified the greatest abundance of total and complex collagen crosslinks in more aggressive human breast cancer subtypes with the stiffest stroma. These tissues also harbored the highest number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), whose therapeutic ablation not only reduced metastasis, but also concomitantly decreased accumulation of collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening. Epithelial-targeted expression of the crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase had no impact on collagen crosslinking in PyMT mammary tumors, whereas stromal cell targeting did. Consistently, stromal cells in microdissected human tumors expressed the highest level of collagen crosslinking enzymes. Immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of breast cancer patient biopsies revealed that stromal expression of lysyl hydroxylase two, an enzyme that induces hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen crosslinks and stromal stiffening correlated significantly disease specific mortality. The findings link tissue inflammation, stromal cell-mediated collagen crosslinking and stiffening to tumor aggression and identify lysyl hydroxylase two as a novel stromal biomarker.

SignificanceWe show infiltrating macrophages induce stromal fibroblast, and not epithelial, expression of collagen crosslinking enzymes that drive tumor stiffening. Stromal enzyme LH2 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer patients with the stiffest stroma, the most trivalent HLCCs and the worst prognosis, underscoring its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maller, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drain, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgquist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanh, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruosso, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuasne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemkov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjarnadottir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation promotes tumor aggression by stimulating stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stromal stiffening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.949982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disadvantages of writing, reading, publishing and presenting scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian Ph.D. in biological sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.949982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of a scientist depends on their production of scientific papers and the impact factor of the journal in which they publish. Because most major scientific journals are published in English, success is related to publishing in this language. Currently, 98% of publications in science are written in English, including researchers from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) countries. Colombia is among the countries with the lowest English proficiency in the world. Thus, understanding the disadvantages that Colombians face in publishing is crucial to reducing global inequality in science. This paper quantifies the disadvantages that result from the language hegemony in scientific publishing by examining the additional costs that communicating in English creates in the production of articles. It was identified that more than 90% of the scientific articles published by Colombian researchers are in English, and that publishing in a second language creates additional financial costs to Colombian doctoral students and results in problems with reading comprehension, writing ease and time, and anxiety. Rejection or revision of their articles because of the English grammar was reported by 43.5% of the doctoral students, and 33% elected not to attend international conferences and meetings due to the mandatory use of English in oral presentations. Finally, among the translation/editing services reviewed, the cost per article is between one-quarter and one-half of a doctoral monthly salary in Colombia. Of particular note, we identified a positive correlation between English proficiency and higher socioeconomic origin of the researcher. Overall, this study exhibits the negative consequences of hegemony of English that preserves the global gap in science. Although having a common language is important for science communication, generating multilinguistic alternatives would promote diversity while conserving a communication channel. Such an effort should come from different actors and should not fall solely on EFL researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Castaneda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.949982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disadvantages of writing, reading, publishing and presenting scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian Ph.D. in biological sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing trait driver theory along abiotic gradients in a tropical plant communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIDespite the many studies using trait-based approaches to assess the impact of environmental gradients in forest trait composition, the relative roles of (i) intraspecific variation in community assembly and (ii) microclimatic or fine scale abiotic variation in shaping local trait diversity remain poorly understood. To advance their understanding we tested several assumptions and predictions of trait driver theory (TDT). We quantified the shape of trait distributions related to tree carbon, nutrient economics and stem hydraulics across a small-scale but steep gradient of soil water availability.
C_LIO_LIWe utilized a unique and steep environmental gradient in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic forest (restinga) communities that spans a very short distance (207 {+/-}60 meters). We collected leaf and wood samples of tree species across 42 patches (or plots) of restinga forest. Furthermore, to detect if species directionally shift in niche space, we analyzed species composition in multidimensional hypervolume space.
C_LIO_LIDespite short geographic distances, we observed large shifts in species replacement and intraspecific variation reflected by a directional shift in plant function. Consistent with TDT, we observe (i) trait distributions that are skewed in directions consistent with a forest responding to recent hotter and drier; (ii) peaked trait distributions, indicating strong functional convergence; and (iii) conditions decreasing means and variances of several leaf carbon and nutrient economic traits as well as stem hydraulic traits.
C_LIO_LISynthesis. Observed species replacements along the water table gradient and interspecific measures of functional diversity (community kurtosis and skewness) are consistent with strong phenotype/environmental matching of plant carbon, nutrient, and hydraulic strategies. We observe environmental filtering in both extremities of the gradient, selecting for acquisitive (wet) to conservative (dry) setup of traits. Similarly, species that span the entire water availability gradient are characterized by directional intraspecific shifts in multi-trait space that mirror interspecific shifts. Strong environmental gradients across short spatial scales provide unique systems to accurately assess assembly processes and address long-held assumptions and timely hypothesis predicted by trait driver theory.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias Milanez, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomaz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing trait driver theory along abiotic gradients in a tropical plant communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (phages) are critical players in the dynamics and function of microbial communities and drive processes as diverse as global biogeochemical cycles and human health. Phages tend to be predators finely tuned to attack specific hosts, even down to the strain level, which in turn defend themselves using an array of mechanisms. However, to date, efforts to rapidly and comprehensively identify bacterial host factors important in phage infection and resistance have yet to be fully realized. Here, we globally map the host genetic determinants involved in resistance to 14 phylogenetically diverse double-stranded DNA phages using two model Escherichia coli strains (K-12 and BL21) with known sequence divergence to demonstrate strain-specific differences. Using genome-wide loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic technologies, we are able to confirm previously described phage receptors as well as uncover a number of previously unknown host factors that confer resistance to one or more of these phages. We uncover differences in resistance factors that strongly align with the susceptibility of K-12 and BL21 to specific phage. We also identify both phage specific mechanisms, such as the unexpected role of cyclic-di-GMP in host sensitivity to phage N4, and more generic defenses, such as the overproduction of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide that defends against a wide array of phages. Our results indicate that host responses to phages can occur via diverse cellular mechanisms. Our systematic and high-throughput genetic workflow to characterize phage-host interaction determinants can be extended to diverse bacteria to generate datasets that allow predictive models of how phage-mediated selection will shape bacterial phenotype and evolution. The results of this study and future efforts to map the phage resistance landscape will lead to new insights into the coevolution of hosts and their phage, which can ultimately be used to design better phage therapeutic treatments and tools for precision microbiome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calendar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novichkov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.951020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic variation and population histories of spotted (Strix occidentalis) and barred (S. varia) owls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spotted owls (SO, Strix occidentalis) are a keystone species inhabiting old-growth forests in Western North America. In recent decades, their populations have declined due to ongoing reductions in suitable habitat caused by logging, wildfires, and competition with the congeneric barred owl (BO, Strix varia). The northern spotted owl (subspecies S. o. caurina) has been listed as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act since 1990. Here we present a comprehensive look at genetic variation to elucidate the population histories of SO and invading western BO. Specifically, we present an improved SO genome assembly, based on 10x and Bionano Genomics data, along with 51 high-coverage whole-genome sequences including 11 SO from two subspecies (caurina and occidentalis), 25 BO, 2 confirmed and 13 potential hybrids. We identified potential hybrids based on intermediate morphology and found them to be a mixture of pure BO, F1 hybrids, and F1 x BO backcrosses. Unlike previous studies reporting asymmetries in the species-specific genders of the parents of F1 hybrids, we did not observe any significant asymmetry. Within species, we found that Western BO genetic variation is not simply a subset of the genetic variation in Eastern BO, suggesting that the two groups have been genetically isolated for longer (thousands of years) than previously suspected (80-130 years). Similarly, we found evidence of substantial genetic differentiation between the two SO subspecies. Finally, our analyses suggest that Northern SO experienced a moderate population bottleneck around the end of the last glaciation, while BO population sizes have always been large.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujito, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Sakin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowie, R. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumbacher, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic variation and population histories of spotted (Strix occidentalis) and barred (S. varia) owls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter keyholes enable specific and persistent multi-gene expression programs in primary T cells without genome modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genes are regulated quantitatively, yet the ability to specify the expression level of a native gene accurately and specifically using a defined reagent has remained elusive. Here we show that precise targeting of KRAB repressive domain within regulatory DNA unlocks an endogenous quantitative  dial that can be engaged at nucleotide resolution to program expression levels across a wide physiologic range, with single-gene specificity and high reproducibly in primary cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilken, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciarlo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyken, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Biber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queitsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberlein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federation, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otterman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zrazhevskey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urnov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter keyholes enable specific and persistent multi-gene expression programs in primary T cells without genome modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.954792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale metabolic rewiring to achieve predictable titers rates and yield of a non-native product at scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.954792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving high titer rates and yields (TRY) remains a bottleneck in the production of heterologous products through microbial systems, requiring elaborate engineering and many iterations. Reliable scaling of engineered strains is also rarely addressed in the first designs of the engineered strains. Both high TRY and scale are challenging metrics to achieve due to the inherent trade-off between cellular use of carbon towards growth vs. target metabolite production. We hypothesized that being able to strongly couple product formation with growth may lead to improvements across both metrics. In this study, we use elementary mode analysis to predict metabolic reactions that could be targeted to couple the production of indigoidine, a sustainable pigment, with the growth of the chosen host, Pseudomonas putida KT2440. We then filtered the set of 16 predicted reactions using -omics data. We implemented a total of 14 gene knockdowns using a CRISPRi method optimized for P. putida and show that the resulting engineered P. putida strain could achieve high TRY. The engineered pairing of product formation with carbon use also shifted production from stationary to exponential phase and the high TRY phenotype was maintained across scale. In one design cycle, we constructed an engineered P. putida strain that demonstrates close to 50% maximum theoretical yield (0.33 g indigoidine/g glucose consumed), reaching 25.6 g/L indigoidine and a rate of 0.22g/l/h in exponential phase. These desirable phenotypes were maintained from batch to fed-batch cultivation mode, and from 100ml shake flasks to 250 mL ambr(R) and 2 L bioreactors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanjore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keasling, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.954792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale metabolic rewiring to achieve predictable titers rates and yield of a non-native product at scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracranial recordings demonstrate medial temporal lobe engagement in visual search in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual search is a fundamental human behavior, which has been proposed to include two component processes: inefficient search (Search) and efficient search (Pop-out). According to extant research, these two processes map onto two separable neural systems located in the frontal and parietal association cortices. In the present study, we use intracranial recordings from 23 participants to delineate the neural correlates of Search and Pop-out with an unprecedented combination of spatiotemporal resolution and coverage across cortical and subcortical structures. First, we demonstrate a role for the medial temporal lobe in visual search, on par with engagement in frontal and parietal association cortex. Second, we show a gradient of increasing engagement over anatomical space from dorsal to ventral lateral frontal cortex. Third, we confirm previous work demonstrating nearly complete overlap in neural engagement across cortical regions in Search and Pop-out. We further demonstrate Pop-out selectivity manifesting as activity increase in Pop-out as compared to Search in a distributed set of sites including frontal cortex. This result is at odds with the view that Pop-out is implemented in low-level visual cortex or parietal cortex alone. Finally, we affirm a central role for the right lateral frontal cortex in Search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxer, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endestad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbakk, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.971341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracranial recordings demonstrate medial temporal lobe engagement in visual search in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel organization of cerebellar pathways to sensorimotor, associative, and modulatory forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar outputs take polysynaptic routes to reach the rest of the brain, impeding conventional tracing. Here we quantify pathways between cerebellum and forebrain using transsynaptic tracing viruses and a whole-brain quantitative analysis pipeline. Retrograde tracing found a majority of descending paths originating from somatomotor cortex. Anterograde tracing of ascending paths encompassed most thalamic nuclei, especially ventral posteromedial, lateral posterior, mediodorsal, and reticular nuclei; in neocortex, sensorimotor regions contained the most labeled neurons, but higher densities were found in associative areas, including orbital, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortex. Patterns of ascending expression correlated with c-Fos expression after optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cells. Our results reveal homologous networks linking single areas of cerebellar cortex to diverse forebrain targets. We conclude that shared areas of cerebellum are positioned to provide sensory-motor information to regions implicated in both movement and nonmotor function.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pisano, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanerawala, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshinskaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oude, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umadevi Venkataraju, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verpeut, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boele, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. S.- H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel organization of cerebellar pathways to sensorimotor, associative, and modulatory forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensing through direct binding of tensed F-actin by LIM domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical signals transmitted through the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton must be relayed to the nucleus to control gene expression. LIM domains are protein-protein interaction modules found in cytoskeletal proteins and transcriptional regulators; however, it is unclear if there is a direct link between these two functions. Here we identify three LIM protein families (zyxin, paxillin, and FHL) whose members preferentially localize to the actin cytoskeleton in mechanically-stimulated cells through their tandem LIM domains. A minimal actin-myosin reconstitution system reveals that representatives of all three families directly bind F-actin only in the presence of mechanical force. Point mutations at a site conserved in each LIM domain of these proteins selectively disrupt tensed F-actin binding in vitro and cytoskeletal localization in cells, demonstrating a common, avidity-based mechanism. Finally, we find that binding to tensed F-actin in the cytoplasm excludes the cancer-associated transcriptional co-activator FHL2 from the nucleus in stiff microenvironments. This establishes direct force-activated F-actin binding by FHL2 as a mechanosensing mechanism. Our studies suggest that force-dependent sequestration of LIM proteins on the actin cytoskeleton could be a general mechanism for controlling nuclear localization to effect mechanical signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phua, D. Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axiotakis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa de los Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alushin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensing through direct binding of tensed F-actin by LIM domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.979583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria control eukaryotic cell fate by producing the energy needed to support life and the signals required to execute programmed cell death. The biochemical milieu is known to affect mitochondrial function and contribute to the dysfunctional mitochondrial phenotypes implicated in cancer and the morbidities of ageing. However, the physical characteristics of the extracellular matrix are also altered in cancer and in aging tissues. We demonstrate that cells sense the physical properties of the extracellular matrix and activate a mitochondrial stress response that adaptively tunes mitochondrial function via SLC9A1-dependent ion exchange and HSF1-dependent transcription. Overall, our data indicate that adhesion-mediated mechanosignaling may play an unappreciated role in the altered mitochondrial functions observed in aging and cancer.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timblin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzon-Coral, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muncie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stashko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.979583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.987719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mating type specific transcriptomic response to sex inducing pheromone in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.987719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual reproduction is a fundamental phase in the life cycle of most diatoms. Despite its role as a source of genetic variation, it is rarely reported in nature and its molecular foundations remain largely unknown. Here, we integrate independent transcriptomic datasets, in order to prioritize genes responding to sex inducing pheromones (SIPs) in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta. We observe marked gene expression changes associated with SIP treatment in both mating types, including an inhibition of S-phase progression, chloroplast division, mitosis and cell wall formation. Meanwhile, meiotic genes are upregulated in response to SIP, including a sexually induced diatom specific cyclin (dsCyc). Our data further suggest an important role for reactive oxygen species, energy metabolism and cGMP signaling during the early stages of sexual reproduction. In addition, we identify several genes with a mating type specific response to SIP, and link their expression pattern with physiological responses such as the production of the attraction pheromone diproline and mate-searching behaviour in MT+. Combined, our results provide a model for early sexual reproduction in pennate diatoms and significantly expand the suite of target genes to detect sexual reproduction events in natural diatom populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilcke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Decker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneure, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna-Cruz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohnert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandepoele, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangelinckx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Veylder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyverman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.987719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mating type specific transcriptomic response to sex inducing pheromone in the pennate diatom Seminavis robusta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our everyday behavior, we frequently cancel one movement while continuing others. Two competing models have been suggested for the cancellation of such specific actions: 1) the abrupt engagement of a unitary global inhibitory mechanism followed by reinitiation of the continuing actions, or 2) a balance between distinct global and selective inhibitory mechanisms. To evaluate these models, we examined behavioral and physiological markers of proactive control, motor preparation, and response inhibition using a combination of behavioral task performance measures, electromyography, electroencephalography, and motor evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Healthy participants performed two versions of a stop signal task with cues incorporating proactive control: A unimanual task involving the initiation and inhibition of a single response, and a bimanual task involving the selective stopping of one of two prepared responses. Stopping latencies, motor evoked potentials, and frontal beta power (13-20 Hz) did not differ between the uni- and bimanual tasks. However, evidence for selective proactive control before stopping was manifest in the bimanual condition as changes in corticomotor excitability, mu (9-14 Hz), and beta (15-25 Hz) oscillations over sensorimotor cortex. Altogether, our results favor the recruitment of a single inhibitory stopping mechanism with the net behavioral output depending on the levels of action-specific motor preparation.

Significance statementResponse inhibition is a core function of cognitive flexibility and movement control. Previous research has suggested separate mechanisms for selective and global inhibition, yet the evidence is inconclusive. Another line of research has examined the influence of preparation for action stopping, or what is called proactive control, on stopping performance, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, electromyography and behavioral measures to compare selective and global inhibition models and to investigate markers of proactive control. The results favor a single inhibitory mechanism over separate selective and global mechanisms, but indicate a vital role for preceding motor activity in determining whether and which actions will be stopped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labruna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conversion of marginal land into switchgrass conditionally accrues soil carbon and reduces methane consumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial C4 grass native to tallgrass prairies of the Central US, and a promising bioenergy feedstock. Switchgrass can be cultivated on soils with low nutrient contents and its rooting depth, of up to 2 m, has brought attention to the crop as a potential mechanism to sequester and build soil carbon (C). Switchgrass, therefore, offers multifaceted benefits on degraded soils by enhancing soil organic matter content. However, to evaluate the sustainability of switchgrass-based biofuel production, it is crucial to understand the impacts of land conversion and switchgrass establishment on biotic/abiotic characteristics of various soils. In this study, we characterized the ecosystem-scale consequences of switchgrass growing at two highly-eroded,  Dust Bowl remnant field sites from Oklahoma US, with silt-loam (SL) or clay-loam (CL) soil textures having low nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and C contents. Paired plots at each site, including fallow control and switchgrass-cultivated, were assessed. Our results indicated that switchgrass significantly increased soil C at the SL site and reduced microbial diversity at the CL site. The CL site exhibited significantly higher CO2 flux and higher respiration from switchgrass plots. Strikingly, switchgrass significantly reduced the CH4 consumption by an estimated 39% for the SL site and 47% for the CL site. Structural equation modeling identified soil temperature, P content, and soil moisture levels as the most influential factors regulating both CO2 and CH4 fluxes. CO2 flux was also influenced by microbial biomass while CH4 flux was influenced by microbial diversity. Together, our results suggest that site selection by soil type is a crucial factor in improving soil C stocks and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, especially considering our finding that switchgrass reduced methane consumption, implying that carbon balance considerations should be accounted for to fully evaluate the sustainability of switchgrass cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conversion of marginal land into switchgrass conditionally accrues soil carbon and reduces methane consumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PathFlow-MixMatch for Whole Slide Image Registration: An Investigation of a Segment-Based Scalable Image Registration Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image registration involves finding the best alignment between different images of the same object. In these tasks, the object in question is viewed differently in each of the images (e.g. different rotation or light conditions, etc.). In digital pathology, image registration aligns correspondent regions of tissue from different stereotactic viewpoints (e.g. subsequent deeper sections of the same tissue). These comparisons are important for histological analysis and can facilitate previously unavailable manipulations, such as 3D tissue reconstruction and cell-level alignment of immunohistochemical (IHC) and special stains. Several benchmarks have been established for evaluating image registration techniques for histological tissue; however, little work has evaluated the impact of scaling registration techniques to Giga-Pixel Whole Slide Images (WSI), which are large enough for significant memory limitations, and contain recurrent patterns and deformations that hinder traditional alignment algorithms. Furthermore, as tissue sections often contain multiple, discrete, smaller tissue fragments, it is unnecessary to align an entire image when the bulk of the image is background whitespace and tissue fragments orientations are often agnostic of each other. We present a methodology for circumventing large-scale image registration issues in histopathology and accompanying software. By removing background pixels, parsing the slide into discrete tissue segments, and matching, orienting and registering smaller segment pairs, we recovered registrations with lower Target Registration Error (TRE) when compared to utilizing the unmanipulated WSI. We tested our technique by having a pathologist annotate landmarks from 13 pairs of differently stained liver biopsy slides, performing WSI and segment-based registration techniques, and comparing overall TRE. Preliminary results demonstrate superior performance of registering segment pairs versus registering WSI (difference of median TRE of 44 pixels, p<0.001). Segment matching within WSI is an effective solution for histology image registration but requires further testing and validation to ensure its viability for stain translation and 3D histology analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haudenschild, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaickus, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PathFlow-MixMatch for Whole Slide Image Registration: An Investigation of a Segment-Based Scalable Image Registration Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The IgG Fc domain has the capacity to interact with diverse types of receptors, including FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, which confer pleiotropic biological activities. Whereas FcRn regulates IgG epithelial transport and recycling, Fc effector activities, such as ADCC and phagocytosis are mediated by Fc{gamma}Rs, which upon crosslinking transduce signals that modulate the function of effector leukocytes. Despite the well-defined and non-overlapping functional properties of FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, recent studies have suggested that Fc{gamma}Rs mediate transplacental IgG transport, as certain Fc glycoforms were reported to be enriched in fetal circulation. To determine the contribution of Fc{gamma}Rs and FcRn to the maternal-fetal transport of IgG, we characterized the IgG Fc glycosylation in paired maternal-fetal samples from patient cohorts from Uganda and Nicaragua. No differences in IgG1 Fc glycan profiles and minimal differences in IgG2 Fc glycans were noted, whereas the presence or absence of galactose on the Fc glycan of IgG1 did not alter Fc{gamma}RIIIA or FcRn binding, half-life, or their ability to deplete target cells in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice. Modeling maternal/fetal transport in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice confirmed that only FcRn contributed to transplacental transport of IgG; IgG selectively enhanced for FcRn binding resulted in enhanced accumulation of maternal antibody in the fetus. In contrast, enhancing Fc{gamma}RIIIA binding did not result in enhanced maternal/fetal transport. These results argue against a role for Fc{gamma}Rs in IgG transplacental transport, suggesting Fc engineering of maternally administered antibody to only enhance FcRn binding as a means to improve maternal/fetal transport of IgG.

Significance StatementTransport of IgG antibodies from the maternal to the fetal circulation is a key process for neonatal immunity, as neonates cannot sufficiently generate IgG antibodies to reach protective levels during the first months after birth. In humans and other primates, maternal to fetal transport of IgG antibodies is largely mediated through the placental tissue. FcRn has been previously identified as the major driver of IgG transplacental transport. Here we examined whether other receptors, such as Fc{gamma}Rs, also contribute to the maternal-fetal IgG transfer. By characterizing the Fc domain structure of paired maternal-fetal IgG samples and modeling transplacental IgG transport in genetically engineered mouse strains, we determined that FcRn, but not Fc{gamma}Rs, is the major receptor that mediates transplacental IgG transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournazos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thulin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravetch, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.999243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of invasive candidiasis, especially in newborn infants, and infections have been increasing over the past two decades. C. parapsilosis has been primarily studied in pure culture, leaving gaps in understanding of its function in microbiome context. Here, we reconstructed five unique C. parapsilosis genomes from premature infant fecal samples and analyzed their genome structure, population diversity and in situ activity relative to reference strains in pure culture. All five genomes contain hotspots of single nucleotide variants, some of which are shared by strains from multiple hospitals. A subset of environmental and hospital-derived genomes share variants within these hotspots suggesting derivation of that region from a common ancestor. Four of the newly reconstructed C. parapsilosis genomes have four to sixteen copies of the gene RTA3, which encodes a lipid translocase and is implicated in antifungal resistance, potentially indicating adaptation to hospital antifungal use. Time course metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics on fecal samples from a premature infant with a C. parapsilosis blood infection revealed highly variable in situ expression patterns that are distinct from those of similar strains in pure cultures. For example, biofilm formation genes were relatively less expressed in situ, whereas genes linked to oxygen utilization were more highly expressed, indicative of growth in a relatively aerobic environment. In gut microbiome samples, C. parapsilosis coexisted with Enterococcus faecalis that shifted in relative abundance over time, accompanied by changes in bacterial and fungal gene expression and proteome composition. The results reveal potentially medically relevant differences in Candida function in gut vs. laboratory environments, and constrain evolutionary processes that could contribute to hospital strain persistence and transfer into premature infant microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the ForT/PRPP complex uncovers the mechanism of C-C bond formation in C-nucleotide antibiotic biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-C bond formation is at the heart of anabolism and organic chemistry, but relatively few enzymatic strategies for catalyzing this reaction are known. The enzyme ForT catalyzes C-C bond formation between 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and 4-amino-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate to make a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the C-nucleotide formycin A 5-phosphate; we now report the 2.5 [A] resolution structure of the ForT/PRPP complex and thus locate the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified those residues critical for PRPP recognition and catalysis. Structural conservation with GHMP kinases suggests that stabilization of the negatively charged pyrophosphate leaving group is crucial for catalysis in ForT. A mechanism for this new class of C-C bond forming enzymes is proposed.

Entry for the Table of Contents

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=180 SRC="FIGDIR/small/009662v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (12K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1817d54org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b3558org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b248eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7d0c62_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG A new class of enzymes catalyse C-C bond formation by irreversible CO2 and pyrophosphate production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radadiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Crecy-Lagard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naismith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.009662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the ForT/PRPP complex uncovers the mechanism of C-C bond formation in C-nucleotide antibiotic biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hoja loca1 Mutant and AUX/1 IAA Function in Maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant architecture is determined by the iterative building of phytomer units, each containing a portion of stem, an organ and an axillary meristem. Each phytomer can follow different developmental paths underpinning the complexity, and plasticity, of plant form. Auxin plays a central role in the coordination of phytomer development, regulating organ initiation and patterning across all axes. This diversity in auxin function results from changes in the activities and expression of auxin signaling components, including the AUX/IAA repressors. Higher land plants have multigene AUX/IAA families, which leads to functional redundancy. Dominant mutations, which prevent AUX/IAA degradation in response to auxin, have highlighted the importance of these proteins in fine-tuning organ development. Here we report a new dominant AUX/IAA mutant in maize, Hoja loca1 (Oja). Oja has a mutation in the degron motif of ZmIAA28 and specifically affects aerial organ initiation and leaf medio-lateral patterning, but phytomer initiation remains unchanged. Mutant phenotypes are variable and transcriptional profiling of individual meristems identified clusters of genes that may underpin the phenotypic differences. The unique phenotype of Oja provides evidence of species-specific sub-functionalization of the AUX/IAAs, and illustrates the crucial role of auxin signaling in the tight coordination of phytomer unit development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hoja loca1 Mutant and AUX/1 IAA Function in Maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.839274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biallelic variants in the RNA exosome gene EXOSC5 are associated with developmental delays, short stature, cerebellar hypoplasia and motor weakness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.839274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA exosome is an essential ribonuclease complex involved in the processing and degradation of both coding and noncoding RNAs. We present three patients with biallelic variants in EXOSC5, which encodes a structural subunit of the RNA exosome. The common clinical features of these patients comprise failure to thrive, short stature, feeding difficulties, developmental delays that affect motor skills, hypotonia and esotropia. Brain MRI revealed cerebellar hypoplasia and ventriculomegaly. The first patient had a deletion involving exons 5-6 of EXOSC5 and a missense variant, p.Thr114Ile, that were inherited in trans, the second patient was homozygous for p.Leu206His, and the third patient had paternal isodisomy for chromosome 19 and was homozygous for p.Met148Thr. We employed three complementary approaches to explore the requirement for EXOSC5 in brain development and assess the functional consequences of pathogenic variants in EXOSC5. Loss of function for the zebrafish ortholog results in shortened and curved tails and bodies, reduced eye and head size and edema. We modeled pathogenic EXOSC5 variants in both budding yeast and mammalian cells. Some of these variants show defects in RNA exosome function as well as altered interactions with other RNA exosome subunits. Overall, these findings expand the number of genes encoding RNA exosome components that have been implicated in human disease, while also suggesting that disease mechanism varies depending on the specific pathogenic variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slavotinek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misceo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frengen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtig, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enyenihi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterrett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Veras, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beleford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treidene, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hoof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasken, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.839274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biallelic variants in the RNA exosome gene EXOSC5 are associated with developmental delays, short stature, cerebellar hypoplasia and motor weakness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has enabled the rapid, unbiased detection and identification of microbes without pathogen-specific reagents, culturing, or a priori knowledge of the microbial landscape. mNGS data analysis requires a series of computationally intensive processing steps to accurately determine the microbial composition of a sample. Existing mNGS data analysis tools typically require bioinformatics expertise and access to local server-class hardware resources. For many research laboratories, this presents an obstacle, especially in resource limited environments.

FindingsWe present IDseq, an open source cloud-based metagenomics pipeline and service for global pathogen detection and monitoring (https://idseq.net). The IDseq Portal accepts raw mNGS data, performs host and quality filtration steps, then executes an assembly-based alignment pipeline which results in the assignment of reads and contigs to taxonomic categories. The taxonomic relative abundances are reported and visualized in an easy-to-use web application to facilitate data interpretation and hypothesis generation. Furthermore, IDseq supports environmental background model generation and automatic internal spike-in control recognition, providing statistics which are critical for data interpretation. IDseq was designed with the specific intent of detecting novel pathogens. Here, we benchmark novel virus detection capability using both synthetically evolved viral sequences, and real-world samples, including IDseq analysis of a nasopharyngeal swab sample acquired and processed locally in Cambodia from a tourist from Wuhan, China, infected with the recently emergent SARS-CoV-2.

ConclusionThe IDseq Portal reduces the barrier to entry for mNGS data analysis and enables bench scientists, clinicians, and bioinformaticians to gain insight from mNGS datasets for both known and novel pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyenoso, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissato Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish atoh7-/- mutant, lakritz, highlights Atoh7-dependent genetic networks with potential implications for human eye diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of the bHLH transcription protein Atoh7 is a crucial factor conferring competence to retinal progenitor cells for the development of retinal ganglion cells. A number of studies have emerged establishing ATOH7 as a retinal disease gene. Remarkably, such studies uncovered ATOH7 variants associated with global eye defects including optic nerve hypoplasia, microphthalmia, retinal vascular disorders and glaucoma. The complex genetic networks and cellular decisions arising downstream of atoh7 expression, and how their dysregulation cause development of such disease traits remains unknown. To begin to understand such Atoh7-dependent events in vivo we performed transcriptome analysis of wild type and atoh7 mutant (lakritz) zebrafish embryos at the onset of retinal ganglion cell differentiation. We investigated in silico interplays of atoh7 and other disease-related genes and pathways. By network reconstruction analysis of differentially expressed genes we identified gene clusters enriched in retinal development, cell cycle, chromatin remodelling, stress response and Wnt pathways. By weighted gene coexpression network we identified coexpression modules affected by the mutation and enriched in retina development genes tightly connected to atoh7. We established the groundwork whereby Atoh7-linked cellular and molecular processes can be investigated in the dynamic multi-tissue environment of the developing normal and diseased vertebrate eye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Covello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchemin, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremonti, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichenlaub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allende, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramialison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish atoh7-/- mutant, lakritz, highlights Atoh7-dependent genetic networks with potential implications for human eye diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An empirical comparison of univariate versus multivariate methods for the analysis of brain-behavior mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lesion symptom mapping (LSM) tools are used on brain injury data to identify the neural structures critical for a given behavior or symptom. Univariate lesion-symptom mapping (ULSM) methods provide statistical comparisons of behavioral test scores in patients with and without a lesion on a voxel by voxel basis. More recently, multivariate lesion-symptom mapping (MLSM) methods have been developed that consider the effects of all lesioned voxels in one model simultaneously. However, very little work has been done to empirically compare the advantages and disadvantages of these two different methods. In the current study, we provide a needed systematic comparison of 5 ULSM and 8 MLSM methods, using both synthetic and real data to identify the potential strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. We tested power and spatial precision of each LSM method for both single and dual (network type) anatomical target simulations across anatomical target location, sample size, noise level, and lesion smoothing. Additionally, we performed false positive simulations to identify the characteristics associated with each methods spurious findings. Simulations showed no clear superiority of either ULSM or MLSM methods overall, but rather highlighted specific advantages of different methods. No single method produced a thresholded LSM map that exclusively delineated brain regions associated with the target behavior. Thus, different LSM methods are indicated, depending on the particular study design, specific hypotheses, and sample size. Overall, we recommend the use of both ULSM and MLSM methods in tandem to enhance confidence in the results: Brain foci identified as significant across both types of methods are unlikely to be spurious and can be confidently reported as robust results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dronkers, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An empirical comparison of univariate versus multivariate methods for the analysis of brain-behavior mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A faster implementation of association mapping from k-mers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) attempt to map genotypes to phenotypes in organisms. This is typically performed by genotyping individuals using microarray or by aligning whole genome sequencing reads to a reference genome. Both approaches require knowledge of a reference genome which limits their application to organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. This caveat can be removed using alignment-free association mapping methods based on k-mers from sequencing reads. Here we present an implementation of an alignment free association mapping method [1] to improve its execution time and flexibility. We have tested our implementation on an E. Coli ampicillin resistance dataset and observe improvement in performance over the original implementation while maintaining accuracy in results. Finally, we demonstrate that the method can be applied to find sex specific sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehrab, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahmid, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.040675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A faster implementation of association mapping from k-mers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer progression is characterized by rare, transient events which are nonetheless highly consequential to disease etiology and mortality. Detailed cell phylogenies can recount the history and chronology of these critical events - including metastatic seeding. Here, we applied our Cas9-based lineage tracer to study the subclonal dynamics of metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft mouse model, revealing the underlying rates, routes, and drivers of metastasis. We report deeply resolved phylogenies for tens of thousands of metastatically disseminated cancer cells. We observe surprisingly diverse metastatic phenotypes, ranging from metastasis-incompetent to aggressive populations. These phenotypic distinctions result from pre-existing, heritable, and characteristic differences in gene expression, and we demonstrate that these differentially expressed genes can drive invasiveness. Furthermore, metastases transit via diverse, multidirectional tissue routes and seeding topologies. Our work demonstrates the power of tracing cancer progression at unprecedented resolution and scale.

One Sentence SummarySingle-cell lineage tracing and RNA-seq capture diverse metastatic behaviors and drivers in lung cancer xenografts in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okimoto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CeMbio - The C. elegans microbiome resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of microbiomes by sequencing has revealed a plethora of correlations between microbial community composition and various life-history characteristics of the corresponding host species. However, inferring causation from correlation is often hampered by the sheer compositional complexity of microbiomes, even in simple organisms. Synthetic communities offer an effective approach to infer cause-effect relationships in host-microbiome systems. Yet the available communities suffer from several drawbacks, such as artificial (thus non-natural) choice of microbes, microbe-host mismatch (e.g. human microbes in gnotobiotic mice), or hosts lacking genetic tractability. Here we introduce CeMbio, a simplified natural Caenorhabditis elegans microbiota derived from our previous meta-analysis of the natural microbiome of this nematode. The CeMbio resource is amenable to all strengths of the C. elegans model system, strains included are readily culturable, they all colonize the worm gut individually, and comprise a robust community that distinctly affects nematode life-history. Several tools have additionally been developed for the CeMbio strains, including diagnostic PCR primers, completely sequenced genomes, and metabolic network models. With CeMbio, we provide a versatile resource and toolbox for the in-depth dissection of naturally relevant host-microbiome interactions in C. elegans.

Dataset accession numbersWhole genome sequencing data (PRJNA624308); microbiome sequencing [PRJEB37101 and PRJEB37035]; data supplement on the GSA Figshare Portal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dirksen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietje, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaleta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulenburg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CeMbio - The C. elegans microbiome resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parental population range expansion before secondary contact promotes heterosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population genomic analysis of hybrid zones is instrumental to our understanding of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Many temperate hybrid zones are formed by the secondary contact between two parental populations that have undergone post-glacial range expansion. Here we show that explicitly accounting for historical parental isolation followed by range expansion prior to secondary contact is fundamental for explaining genetic and fitness patterns in these hybrid zones. Specifically, ancestral population expansion can result in allele surfing where neutral or slightly deleterious mutations drift to high frequency at the expansion front. If these surfed deleterious alleles are recessive, they can contribute to substantial heterosis in hybrids produced at secondary contact, counteracting negative effects of Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (BDMIs) hence weakening reproductive isolation. When BDMIs are linked to such recessive deleterious alleles the fitness benefit of introgression at these loci can facilitate introgression at the BDMIs. The extent to which this occurs depends on the strength of selection against the linked deleterious alleles and the distribution of recombination across the chromosome. Finally, surfing of neutral loci can alter the expected pattern of population ancestry, thus accounting for historical population expansion is necessary to develop accurate null genomic models of secondary-contact hybrid zones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiseberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parental population range expansion before secondary contact promotes heterosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.067207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thiocyanate and organic carbon inputs drive convergent selection for specific autotrophic Afipia and Thiobacillus strains within complex microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.067207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thiocyanate (SCN-) contamination threatens aquatic ecosystems and pollutes vital fresh water supplies. SCN- degrading microbial consortia are commercially deployed for remediation, but the impact of organic amendments on selection within SCN- degrading microbial communities has not been investigated. Here, we tested whether specific strains capable of degrading SCN- could be reproducibly selected for based on SCN- loading and the presence or absence of added organic carbon. Complex microbial communities derived from those used to treat SCN- contaminated water were exposed to systematically increased input SCN concentrations in molasses-amended and -unamended reactors and in reactors switched to unamended conditions after establishing the active SCN- degrading consortium. Five experiments were conducted over 790 days and genome-resolved metagenomics was used to resolve community composition at the strain level. A single Thiobacillus strain proliferated in all reactors at high loadings. Despite the presence of many Rhizobiales strains, a single Afipia variant dominated the molasses-free reactor at moderately high loadings. This strain is predicted to breakdown SCN- using a novel thiocyanate dehydrogenase, oxidize resulting reduced sulfur, degrade product cyanate (OCN-) to ammonia and CO2 via cyanase, and fix CO2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Removal of molasses from input feed solutions reproducibly led to dominance of this strain. Neither this Afipia strain nor the thiobacilli have the capacity to produce cobalamin, a function detected in low abundance community members. Although sustained by autotrophy, reactors without molasses did not stably degrade SCN- at high loading rates, perhaps due to loss of biofilm-associated niche diversity. Overall, convergence in environmental conditions led to convergence in the strain composition, although reactor history also impacted the trajectory of community compositional change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huddy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzinga, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.067207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thiocyanate and organic carbon inputs drive convergent selection for specific autotrophic Afipia and Thiobacillus strains within complex microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous Reports of Sensed Hand Position During Sensorimotor Adaptation 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor learning entails multiple learning processes, some volitional and explicit, and others automatic and implicit. A new method to isolate implicit adaptation involves the use of a "clamped" visual perturbation in which, during a reaching movement, visual feedback is limited to a cursor that follows an invariant trajectory, offset from the target by a fixed angle. Despite full awareness that the cursor movement is not contingent on their behavior, as well as explicit instructions to ignore the cursor, systematic changes in motor behavior are observed, and these changes have the signatures of implicit adaptation observed in studies using classic visuomotor perturbations. While it is clear that the response to clamped feedback occurs automatically, it remains unknown if the adjustments in behavior remain outside the participants awareness. To address this question, we used the clamp method and directly probed awareness by asking participants to report their hand position after each reach. As expected, we observed robust deviations in hand angle away from the target (average of [~]18{degrees}). The hand reports also showed systematic deviations over the course of adaptation, initially attracted towards the visual feedback and then in the opposite direction, paralleling the shift in hand position. However, these effects were subtle ([~]2{degrees} at asymptote), with the hand reports dominated by a feedforward signal associated with the motor intent yet modulated in a limited way by feedback sources. These results confirm that adaptation in response to a visual perturbation is not only automatic, but also largely implicit.

NEWS AND NOTEWORTHYSensorimotor adaptation operates in an obligatory manner. Qualitatively, subjective reports obtained after adaptation demonstrate that, in many conditions, participants are unaware of significant changes in behavior. In the present study, we quantified participants awareness of adaptation by obtaining reports of hand position on a trial-by-trial basis. The results confirm that participants are largely unaware of adaptation, but also reveal the subtle influence of feedback on their subjective experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous Reports of Sensed Hand Position During Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability of visual cortex architecture and perception 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How much of the functional organization of our visual system is inherited? Here we tested the heritability of retinotopic maps in human visual cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We demonstrate that retinotopic organization shows a closer correspondence in monozygotic (MZ) compared to dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, suggesting a partial genetic determination. Using population receptive field (pRF) analysis to examine the preferred spatial location and selectivity of these neuronal populations, we estimate a heritability around 30% for polar angle preferences and spatial selectivity, as quantified by pRF size, in extrastriate areas V2 and V3. Our findings are consistent with heritability in both the macroscopic arrangement of visual regions and stimulus tuning properties of visual cortex. This could constitute a neural substrate for variations in a range of perceptual effects, which themselves have been found to be at least partially genetically determined. These findings also add convergent evidence for the hypothesis that functional map topology is linked with cortical morphology.

HighlightsO_LIWe analyzed retinotopic maps from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs
C_LIO_LIVisual field maps in V1-V3 are more similar in monozygotic twins
C_LIO_LIHeritability is greater in V1 and V3 for polar angle and population receptive field sizes
C_LIO_LIEccentricity maps show lesser degree of heritability
C_LIO_LIFurther evidence for link between cortical morphology and topology of retinotopic maps
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=182 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/077545v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (77K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ceacd6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b51604org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b860f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e67398_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlayson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzkopf, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability of visual cortex architecture and perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInsertion and deletion sequencing errors are relatively common in next-generation sequencing data and produce long stretches of mistranslated sequence. These frameshifting errors can cause very serious damages to downstream data analysis of reads. However, it is possible to obtain more precise alignment of DNA sequences by taking into account both coding frame and sequencing errors estimated by quality scores.

ResultsHere we designed and proposed a novel hidden Markov model (HMM)-based pairwise alignment algorithm, Meta-Align, that aligns DNA sequences in the protein space, incorporating quality scores from the DNA sequences and allowing frameshifts caused by insertions and deletions. Our model is based on both an HMM transducer of a pair HMM and profile HMMs for all possible amino acid pairs. A Viterbi algorithm over our model produces the optimal alignment of a pair of metagenomic reads taking into account all possible translating frames and gap penalties in both the protein space and the DNA space. To reduce the sheer number of states of this model, we also derived and implemented a computationally feasible model, leveraging the degeneracy of the genetic code. In a benchmark test on a diverse set of simulated reads based on BAliBASE we show that Meta-Align outperforms TBLASTX which compares the six-frame translations of a nucleotide query sequence against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database using the BLAST algorithm. We also demonstrate the effects of incorporating quality scores on Meta-Align.

ConclusionsMeta-Align will be particularly effective when applied to error-prone DNA sequences. The package of our software can be downloaded at https://github.com/shravan-repos/Metaalign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TOMII, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.087676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bimodular PKS platform that expands the biological design space 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditionally engineered to produce novel bioactive molecules, Type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) could be engineered as a new biosynthetic platform for the production of de novo fuels, commodity chemicals, and specialty chemicals. Previously, our investigations manipulated the first module of the lipomycin PKS to produce short chain ketones, 3-hydroxy acids, and saturated, branched carboxylic acids. Building upon this work, we have expanded to multi-modular systems by engineering the first two modules of lipomycin to generate unnatural polyketides as potential biofuels and specialty chemicals in Streptomyces albus. First, we produce 20.6 mg/L of the ethyl ketone, 4,6 dimethylheptanone through a reductive loop exchange in LipPKS1 and a ketoreductase knockouts in LipPKS2. We then show that an AT swap in LipPKS1 and a reductive loop exchange in LipPKS2 can produce the potential fragrance 3-isopropyl-6-methyltetrahydropyranone. Highlighting the challenge of maintaining product fidelity, in both bimodular systems we observed side products from premature hydrolysis in the engineered first module and stalled dehydration in reductive loop exchanges. Collectively, our work expands the biological design space and moves the field closer to the production of “designer” biomolecules.HighlightsEngineered lipomycin module 1 and module 2 to produce unnatural polyketides as valuable bio-based chemicalsA reductive loop swap and ketoreductase knockout used to produce 20 mg/mL of a novel ethyl ketone, a gasoline replacementAn acyltransferase swap and reductive loop swap successfully produced δ-lactone, a potential fragrant compoundIncomplete reduction and premature hydrolysis observed in engineered modulesCompeting Interest StatementJ.D.K. has a financial interest in Amyris, Lygos, Demetrix, Napigen, Maple Bio, Berkeley Brewing Sciences, Ansa Biotech and Apertor Labs.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zargar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia,