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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: IGC (Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência) </title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "IGC (Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência) "
	</description>

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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.20.000133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZeroCostDL4Mic: an open platform to simplify access and use of Deep-Learning in Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.20.000133v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resources and expertise needed to use Deep Learning (DL) in bioimaging remain significant barriers for most laboratories. We present https://github.com/HenriquesLab/ZeroCostDL4Mic/wiki, a platform simplifying access to DL by exploiting the free, cloud-based computational resources of Google Colab. https://github.com/HenriquesLab/ZeroCostDL4Mic/wiki allows researchers to train, evaluate, and apply key DL networks to perform tasks including segmentation, detection, denoising, restoration, resolution enhancement and image-to-image translation. We demonstrate the application of the platform to study multiple biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamier, L. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukkala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattila, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karinou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Solak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krull, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, T.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZeroCostDL4Mic: an open platform to simplify access and use of Deep-Learning in Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.05.425371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule super-resolution imaging of T-cell plasma membrane CD4 redistribution upon HIV-1 binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.05.425371v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first step of cellular entry for the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) occurs through the binding of its envelope protein (Env) with the plasma membrane receptor CD4 and co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 on susceptible cells, primarily CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Although there is considerable knowledge of the molecular interactions between Env and host cell receptors that lead to successful fusion, the precise way in which HIV-1 receptors redistribute to sites of virus binding at the nanoscale remains unknown. Here, we quantitatively examine changes in the nanoscale organisation of CD4 on the surface of CD4+ T cells following HIV-1 binding. Using single-molecule super-resolution imaging, we show that CD4 molecules are distributed mostly as either individual molecules or small clusters of up to 4 molecules. Following virus binding, we observe a local 3-to-10-fold increase in cluster diameter and molecule number for virus-associated CD4 clusters. Moreover, a similar but smaller magnitude reorganisation of CD4 was also observed with recombinant gp120. For the first time, our results quantify the nanoscale CD4 reorganisation triggered by HIV-1 on host cells. Our quantitative approach provides a robust methodology for characterising the nanoscale organisation of plasma membrane receptors in general with the potential to link spatial organisation to function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorente Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule super-resolution imaging of T-cell plasma membrane CD4 redistribution upon HIV-1 binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3D architecture and molecular foundations of de novo centriole assembly via bicentrioles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryCentrioles are structurally conserved organelles, composing both centrosomes and cilia. In animal cycling cells, centrioles often form through a highly characterized process termed canonical duplication. However, a large diversity of eukaryotes form centrioles de novo through uncharacterized pathways. This unexplored diversity is key to understanding centriole assembly mechanisms and how they evolved to assist specific cellular functions. Here, combining electron microscopy and tomography, we show that during spermatogenesis of the moss Physcomitrium patens, centrioles are born as a co-axially oriented centriole pair united by a cartwheel. We observe that microtubules emanate from those bicentrioles, which localize to the spindle poles during cell division. Thereafter, each bicentriole breaks apart, and the two resulting sister centrioles mature asymmetrically, elongating specific microtubule triplets and a naked cartwheel. Subsequently, two cilia are assembled which are capable of beating asynchronously. We further show that conserved cartwheel and centriole wall components, SAS6, BLD10 and POC1 are expressed during spermatogenesis and are required for this de novo biogenesis pathway. Our work supports a scenario where centriole biogenesis is more diverse than previously thought and that conserved molecular modules underlie diversification of this essential pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixão, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schorb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranfield, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt-Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3D architecture and molecular foundations of de novo centriole assembly via bicentrioles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aster repulsion drives local ordering in an active system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems are a form of active matter, which often undergo rapid changes in their material state, e.g. liquid to solid transitions. Yet, such systems often also display remarkably ordered structures. It remains an open question as to how local ordering occurs within active systems. Here, we utilise the rapid early development of Drosophila melanogaster embryos to uncover the mechanisms driving short-ranged order. During syncytial stage, nuclei synchronously divide (within a single cell defined by the ellipsoidal eggshell) for nine cycles after which most of the nuclei reach the cell cortex. Despite the rapid nuclear division and repositioning, the spatial pattern of nuclei at the cortex is highly regular. Such precision is important for subsequent cellularisation and morphological transformations. We utilise ex vivo explants and mutant embryos to reveal that microtubule asters ensure the regular distribution and maintenance of nuclear positions in the embryo. For large networks of nuclei, such as in the embryo, we predict - and experimentally verify - the formation of force chains. The ex vivo extracts enabled us to deduce the force potential between single asters. We use this to predict how the nuclear division axis orientation in small ex vivo systems depend on aster number. Finally, we demonstrate that, upon nucleus removal from the cortex, microtubule force potentials can reorient subsequent nuclear divisions to minimise the size of pattern defects. Overall, we show that short-ranged microtubule-mediated repulsive interactions between asters can drive ordering within an active system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufnagel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aster repulsion drives local ordering in an active system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.09.142596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-renewal capacity of double negative 3 (DN3) early thymocytes preserves thymus autonomous function but compromises the β-selection checkpoint 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.09.142596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T lymphocyte differentiation in the thymus relies on high cellular turnover, and cell competition enforces thymocyte replenishment. If deprived of competent progenitors, the thymus can maintain thymopoiesis autonomously for several weeks but this bears a high risk of leukemia. Here we show that double negative 3 early (DN3e) thymocytes can acquire stem cell like properties, which enables them to maintain thymopoiesis. Specifically, DN3e proved to be long-lived, they proliferated and differentiated in vivo, were necessary for autonomous thymopoiesis, and included DNA-label-retaining cells. Single cell RNAseq revealed a transcriptional program of thymopoiesis similar in autonomy and the controls. Nevertheless, a new population was identified in thymus autonomy that was enriched for an aberrant Notch target gene signature and bypassed the {beta}-selection checkpoint. In sum, DN3e have the potential to self-renew and differentiate in vivo if cell competition is compromised but this enables the accumulation of atypical cells, probably leading to leukemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paiva, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.142596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-renewal capacity of double negative 3 (DN3) early thymocytes preserves thymus autonomous function but compromises the β-selection checkpoint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/584524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Epha1 expression is a potential cell surface marker for embryonic neuro-mesodermal progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/584524v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate body is built during embryonic development by the sequential addition of new tissue as the embryo grows at its caudal end. During this process, the neuro-mesodermal progenitors (NMPs) generate the postcranial neural tube and paraxial mesoderm. Recently, several approaches have been designed to determine their molecular fingerprint but a simple method to isolate NMPs from embryos without the need for transgenic markers is still missing. We isolated NMPs using a genetic strategy that exploits their self-renew properties, and searched their transcriptome for cell surface markers. We found a distinct Epha1 expression profile in progenitor-containing areas of the mouse embryo, consisting of two cell subpopulations with different Epha1 expression levels. We show that Sox2+/T+ cells are preferentially associated with the Epha1 compartment, indicating that NMPs might be contained within this cell pool. Transcriptional profiling showed enrichment of high Epha1-expressing cells in known NMP and early mesoderm markers. Also, tail bud cells with lower Epha1 levels contained a molecular signature suggesting the presence of notochord progenitors. Our results thus indicate that Epha1 could represent a valuable cell surface marker for different subsets of axial progenitors, most particularly for NMPs taking mesodermal fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Lemos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Epha1 expression is a potential cell surface marker for embryonic neuro-mesodermal progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/857078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trem-2 modulation of gut microbiota is blunted during hepatotoxic injury and uncoupled from liver repair responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/857078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The involvement of gut microbiota in liver disease has been addressed in the context of the "leaky gut hypothesis" postulating that dysbiosis allow microbial components to elicit liver inflammatory responses and hepatic tissue damage. Conversely, commensal gut microbiota acting on innate immune receptors protect against hepatotoxic insults. Given that mice deficient for the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem-2) show increased vulnerability to experimental drug-induced hepatic damage we explored the possibility that Trem-2 is a modulator of gut microbiota composition.

We found that microbiota composition in untreated Trem-2 KO mice differs from the wild-type showing overall decrease in microbiota diversity and increased representation of Verrucomicrobia. Interestingly, induction of liver damage with hepatotoxic drugs blunted this microbiota diversity difference and altered phyla composition with increased representation of Verrucomicrobia during acute hepatic injury and Proteobacteria during chronic challenge. Furthermore, co-housing experiments that homogenized microbiota diversity showed that the increased liver tissue vulnerability to hepatotoxic insults in Trem-2 KO mice was not dependent on microbiota composition. This work uncouples Trem-2 dependent alterations in gut commensal microbiota from Trem-2 pro-recovery effects in the damaged liver tissue. These findings support the possibility that unlinked actions of innate immune receptors contribute to disease association with microbiota alterations, particularly with the Verrucomicrobia phylum.

ImportanceTrem-2 is a mammalian innate immunity receptor involved in development and resolution of tissue damage, namely in the brain and in the liver. Nevertheless, it is not known whether gut microbiota is contributing to these Trem-2 mediated phenotypes. We found that Trem-2 KO mice spontaneously display different gut microbiota composition as compared to wild-type mice, namely with increased abundance of the phylum Verrucomicrobia. Notably these differences do not impact the control of Trem-2 on liver tissue vulnerability to hepatotoxic insults. This work uncouples Trem-2 modulation of gut microbiota and the role of Trem-2 on responses to liver damage. This work brings new insights on role of innate immune receptors on the association of organic and systemic diseases with gut microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penha-Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trem-2 modulation of gut microbiota is blunted during hepatotoxic injury and uncoupled from liver repair responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.08.330993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental effects of oxytocin neurons on social affiliation and processing of social information 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.08.330993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hormones regulate behavior either through activational effects that facilitate the acute expression of specific behaviors or through organizational effects that shape the development of the nervous system thereby altering adult behavior. Much research has implicated the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) in acute modulation of various aspects of social behaviors across vertebrate species, and OXT signaling is associated with the developmental social deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders, however, little is known about the role of OXT in the neurodevelopment of the social brain. We show that perturbation of OXT neurons during early zebrafish development led to a loss of dopaminergic neurons, associated with visual processing and reward, and blunted the neuronal response to social stimuli in the adult brain. Ultimately, adult fish whose OXT neurons were ablated in early life, displayed altered functional connectivity within social decision-making brain nuclei both in naive state and in response to social stimulus and became less social. We propose that OXT neurons have an organizational role, namely to shape forebrain neuroarchitecture during development and to acquire an affiliative response towards conspecifics.

Significance StatementSocial behavior is developed over the lifetime of an organism and the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates social behaviors across vertebrate species, and is associated with neuro-developmental social deficits such as autism. However, whether oxytocin plays a role in the developmental maturation of neural systems that are necessary for social behavior remains poorly explored. We show that proper behavioral and neural response to social stimuli depends on a developmental process orchestrated by oxytocin neurons. Animals whose oxytocin system is ablated in early life show blunted neuronal and behavioral responses to social stimuli as well as wide ranging disruptions in the functional connectivity of the Social Brain. We provide a window into the mechanisms underlying oxytocin-dependent developmental processes that implement adult sociality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wircer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.330993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental effects of oxytocin neurons on social affiliation and processing of social information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.15.417840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFT88 transports Gucy2d, a guanylyl cyclase, to maintain sensory cilia function in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.15.417840v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia are involved in a plethora of motility and sensory-related functions. Ciliary defects cause several ciliopathies, some of which with late-onset, suggesting cilia are actively maintained. While much is known about cilia assembly, little is understood about the mechanisms of their maintenance. Given that intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for cilium assembly, we investigated the role of one of its main players, IFT88, in ciliary maintenance. We show that DmIFT88, the Drosophila melanogaster orthologue of IFT88, continues to move along fully formed sensory cilia, and that its acute knockdown in the ciliated neurons of the adult affects sensory behaviour. We further identify DmGucy2d, the Drosophila guanylyl cyclase 2d, as a DmIFT88 cargo, whose loss also leads to defects in sensory behaviour maintenance. DmIFT88 binds to the intracellular part of DmGucy2d, which is evolutionarily conserved and mutated in several degenerative retina diseases, taking the cyclase into the cilia. Our results offer a novel mechanism for the maintenance of sensory cilia function and its potential role in human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitouni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okenve-Ramos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sporbert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalthoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopfert, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt-Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.417840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFT88 transports Gucy2d, a guanylyl cyclase, to maintain sensory cilia function in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.23.002873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.23.002873v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of social behaviors across taxa. On the other hand, the social environment, which is composed of conspecifics genotypes, is also known to influence the development of social behavior, creating the possibility for indirect genetic effects. Here we used a knockout line for the oxytocin receptor in zebrafish to investigate how the genotypic composition of the social environment (Es) interacts with the oxytocin genotype (G) of the focal individual in the regulation of its social behavior. For this purpose, we have raised wild-type or knock-out zebrafish in either wild-type or knock-out shoals and tested different components of social behavior in adults. GxEs effects were detected in some behaviors, highlighting the need to control for GxEs effects when interpreting results of experiments using genetically modified animals, since the social environment can either rescue or promote phenotypes associated with specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbalagan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blechman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.002873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.08.288217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Wolbachia proliferation by the amplification and deletion of an addictive genomic island 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.08.288217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia is one of the most prevalent bacterial endosymbionts, infecting approximately 40% of terrestrial arthropod species. Wolbachia is often a reproductive parasite but can also provide fitness benefits to its host, as, for example, protection against viral pathogens. This protective effect is currently being applied to fight arboviruses transmission by releasing Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes. Titre regulation is a crucial aspect of Wolbachia biology. Higher titres can lead to stronger phenotypes and fidelity of transmission but can have a higher cost to the host. Since Wolbachia is maternally transmitted, its fitness depends on host fitness, and, therefore, its cost to the host may be under selection. Understanding how Wolbachia titres are regulated and other aspects of Wolbachia biology has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. Here we developed a forward genetic screen to identify new Wolbachia over-proliferative mutant variants. We characterized in detail two new mutants, wMelPop2 and wMelOctoless, and show that the amplification or loss of the Octomom genomic region lead to over-proliferation. These results confirm previous data and expand on the complex role of this genomic region in the control of Wolbachia proliferation. Both new mutants shorten the host lifespan and increase antiviral protection. Moreover, we show that Wolbachia proliferation rate in Drosophila melanogaster depends on the interaction between Octomom copy number, the host developmental stage, and temperature. Our analysis also suggests that the life shortening and antiviral protection phenotypes of Wolbachia are dependent on different, but related, properties of the endosymbiont; the rate of proliferation and the titres near the time of infection, respectively. Altogether, we demonstrate the feasibility of a novel and unbiased experimental approach to study Wolbachia biology, which can be further adapted to characterize other genetically intractable bacterial endosymbionts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Madrigal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Wolbachia proliferation by the amplification and deletion of an addictive genomic island]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.29.361501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals conserved transcriptional programs underpinning organogenesis and reproduction in land plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.29.361501v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of plant organs, including leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, mediated the explosive radiation of land plants, which shaped the biosphere and allowed the establishment of terrestrial animal life. Furthermore, the fertilization products of angiosperms, seeds serve as the basis for most of our food. The evolution of organs and immobile gametes required the coordinated acquisition of novel gene functions, the co-option of existing genes, and the development of novel regulatory programs. However, our knowledge of these events is limited, as no large-scale analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data have been performed for land plants. To remedy this, we have generated gene expression atlases for various organs and gametes of 10 plant species comprising bryophytes, vascular plants, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Comparative analysis of the atlases identified hundreds of organ- and gamete-specific gene families and revealed that most of the specific transcriptomes are significantly conserved. Interestingly, the appearance of organ-specific gene families does not coincide with the corresponding organs appearance, suggesting that co-option of existing genes is the main mechanism for evolving new organs. In contrast to female gametes, male gametes showed a high number and conservation of specific genes, suggesting that male reproduction is highly specialized. The expression atlas capturing pollen development revealed numerous transcription factors and kinases essential for pollen biogenesis and function. To provide easy access to the expression atlases and these comparative analyses, we provide an online database, www.evorepro.plant.tools, that allows the exploration of expression profiles, organ-specific genes, phylogenetic trees, co-expression networks, and others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbachova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprunck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresselhaus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutwil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals conserved transcriptional programs underpinning organogenesis and reproduction in land plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.391151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures of resource competition: clonal interference drives the emergence of ecotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.391151v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial ecosystems harbor an astonishing diversity that can persist for long times. To understand how such diversity is structured and maintained, ecological and evolutionary processes need to be integrated at similar timescales. Here, we study a model of resource competition that allows for evolution via de novo mutation, and focus on rapidly adapting asexual populations with large mutational inputs, as typical of many bacteria species. We characterize the adaptation and diversification of an initially maladapted population and show how the eco-evolutionary dynamics are shaped by the interaction between simultaneously emerging lineages - clonal interference. We find that in large populations, more intense clonal interference fosters diversification under sympatry, increasing the probability that phenotypically and genetically distinct clusters stably coexist. In smaller populations, the accumulation of deleterious and compensatory mutations can push further the diversification process and kick-start speciation. Our findings have implications beyond microbial populations, providing novel insights about the interplay between ecology and evolution in clonal populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amicone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures of resource competition: clonal interference drives the emergence of ecotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/823773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trem-2 promotes emergence of restorative macrophages and endothelial cells during recovery from hepatic tissue damage. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/823773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are pivotal in mounting liver inflammatory and tissue repair reactions upon hepatic injury showing remarkable functional plasticity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms determining macrophage transition from inflammatory to restorative phenotypes in the damaged liver remain unclear. Using mouse models of acute (APAP) or chronic (CCl4) drug-induced hepatotoxic injury we show that the immune receptor Trem-2 controls phenotypic shifts in liver macrophages and impacts endothelial cell differentiation during tissue recovery.nnTrem-2 gene ablation led to delayed re-population of Kupffer cells correlating with deterred resolution of hepatic damage following acute and chronic injury. We found that during tissue recovery macrophages in transition to the Kupffer cell compartment expressed high levels of Trem-2. Acquisition of the transition phenotype was associated with an unique transcriptomic profile denoting strong responsiveness to oxidative stress and downmodulation of the pro-inflammatory phenotype, which was not observed in absence of Trem-2.nnDuring tissue recovery lack of Trem-2 favored accumulation of a liver-damage associated endothelial cell population (LDECs) engaged in a transcriptional program compatible with endothelial de-differentiation. Accordingly, LDECs precursor potential is supported by the downregulation of surface endothelial cell markers and striking in vitro morphological changes towards typical endothelial cells.nnIn conclusion, we found that the dynamics of liver macrophages in response to liver injury is critically controlled by Trem-2 and is interlinked with the de-differentiation of endothelial cells and heightened liver pathology. We propose that Trem-2 promotes the transition from the pro-inflammatory to the tissue repair phase by driving the acquisition of restorative properties of phagocytic macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penha-Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trem-2 promotes emergence of restorative macrophages and endothelial cells during recovery from hepatic tissue damage.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.10.374751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana across tissues and stress conditions highlight major functional differences with animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.10.374751v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlternative splicing (AS) is a widespread regulatory mechanism in multicellular organisms. Numerous transcriptomic and single-gene studies in plants have investigated AS in response to specific conditions, especially environmental stress, unveiling substantial amounts of intron retention that modulate gene expression. However, a comprehensive study contrasting stress-response and tissue-specific AS patterns and directly comparing them with those of animal models is still missing.

ResultsWe generated a massive resource for A. thaliana (PastDB; pastdb.crg.eu), comprising AS and gene expression quantifications across tissues, development and environmental conditions, including abiotic and biotic stresses. Harmonized analysis of these datasets revealed that A. thaliana shows high levels of AS (similar to fruitflies) and that, compared to animals, disproportionately uses AS for stress responses. We identified core sets of genes regulated specifically by either AS or transcription upon stresses or among tissues, a regulatory specialization that was tightly mirrored by the genomic features of these genes. Unexpectedly, non-intron retention events, including exon skipping, were overrepresented across regulated AS sets in A. thaliana, being also largely involved in modulating gene expression through NMD and uORF inclusion.

ConclusionsNon-intron retention events have likely been functionally underrated in plants. AS constitutes a distinct regulatory layer controlling gene expression upon internal and external stimuli whose target genes and master regulators are hardwired at the genomic level to specifically undergo post-transcriptional regulation. Given the higher relevance of AS in the response to different stresses when compared to animals, this molecular hardwiring is likely required for a proper environmental response in A. thaliana.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paula, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.374751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana across tissues and stress conditions highlight major functional differences with animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.30.320192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple pathways to homothallism in closely related yeast lineages in the Basidiomycota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.30.320192v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual reproduction in fungi relies on proteins with well-known functions encoded by the mating-type (MAT) loci. In the Basidiomycota, MAT loci are often bipartite, with the P/R locus encoding pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors and the HD locus encoding heterodimerizing homeodomain transcription factors (Hd1/Hd2). The interplay between different alleles of these genes within a single species usually generates at least two compatible mating types. However, a minority of species are homothallic, reproducing sexually without an obligate need for a compatible partner. Here we examine the organization and function of the MAT loci of Cystofilobasidium capitatum, a species in the order Cystofilobasidiales, which is unusually rich in homothallic species. We determined MAT gene content and organization in C. capitatum and found that it resembles a mating type of the closely related heterothallic species Cystofilobasidium ferigula. To explain the homothallic sexual reproduction observed in C. capitatum we examined HD-protein interactions in the two Cystofilobasidium species and determined C. capitatum MAT gene expression both in a natural setting and upon heterologous expression in Phaffia rhodozyma, a homothallic species belonging to a clade sister to Cystofilobasidium. We conclude that the molecular basis for homothallism in C. capitatum appears to be distinct from that previously established for P. rhodozyma. Unlike the latter species, homothallism in C. capitatum may involve constitutive activation or dispensability of the pheromone receptor and the functional replacement of the usual Hd1/Hd2 heterodimer by an Hd2 homodimer. Overall, our results suggest that homothallism evolved multiple times within the Cystofilobasidiales.

ImportanceSexual reproduction is important for the biology of eukaryotes because it strongly impacts the dynamics of genetic variation. In fungi, although sexual reproduction is usually associated with the fusion between cells belonging to different individuals (heterothallism), sometimes a single individual is capable of completing the sexual cycle alone (homothallism). Homothallic species are unusually common in a fungal lineage named Cystofilobasidiales. Here we studied the genetic bases of homothallism in one species in this lineage, Cystofilobasidium capitatum, and found it to be different in several aspects when compared to another homothallic species, Phaffia rhodozyma, belonging to the genus most closely related to Cystofilobasidium. Our results strongly suggest that homothallism evolved independently in Phaffia and Cystofilobasidium, lending support to the idea that transitions between heterothallism and homothallism are not as infrequent as previously thought. Our work also helps to establish the Cystofilobasidiales as a model lineage in which to study these transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabrita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David-Palma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.320192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple pathways to homothallism in closely related yeast lineages in the Basidiomycota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.21.885673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell competition regulates the kinetics of thymopoiesis and thymus cellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.21.885673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell competition in the thymus is a homeostatic process that drives turnover. If the process is impaired, thymopoiesis can be autonomously maintained for several weeks, but this causes leukemia. We aimed to understand the impact of cell competition on thymopoiesis, identify the cells involved and determine how the process is regulated. Using thymus transplantation experiments we found that cell competition occurs within the double negative 2 (DN2) and 3 early (DN3e) thymocytes and inhibits thymus autonomy. Furthermore, the expansion of DN2b is regulated by a negative feedback loop imposed by double positive thymocytes and determines the kinetics of thymopoiesis. This feedback loop impacts on cell cycle duration of DN2b, in a response controlled by interleukin 7 availability. Altogether, we show that thymocytes do not merely follow a pre-determined path if provided with the correct signals. Instead, thymopoiesis dynamically integrates cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous aspects that fine-tune normal thymus function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros-Arias, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.885673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell competition regulates the kinetics of thymopoiesis and thymus cellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/606012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muller’s Ratchet and the Long-Term Fate of Chromosomal Inversions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/606012v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal inversions contribute widely to adaptation and speciation, yet they present a unique evolutionary puzzle as both their allelic content and frequency evolve in a feedback loop. In this simulation study, we quantified the role of the allelic content in determining the long-term fate of the inversion. Recessive deleterious mutations accumulated on both arrangements with most of them being private to a given arrangement. This led to increasing overdominance, allowing for the maintenance of the inversion polymorphism and generating strong non-adaptive divergence between arrangements. The accumulation of mutations was mitigated by gene conversion but nevertheless led to the fitness decline of at least one homokaryotype under all considered conditions. Surprisingly, this fitness degradation could be permanently halted by the branching of an arrangement into multiple highly divergent haplotypes. Our results highlight the dynamic features of inversions by showing how the non-adaptive evolution of allelic content can play a major role in the fate of the inversion.

Author SummaryA chromosomal inversion is a segment of the chromosome that is flipped (inverted arrangement) relative to the normal orientation (standard arrangement). Such structural mutations may facilitate evolutionary processes such as adaptation and speciation, because reduced recombination in inverted regions allows beneficial combinations of alleles to behave as a "single unit". This locally reduced recombination can have major consequences for the evolution of the allelic content inside the inversion. We used simulations to investigate some of these consequences. Inverted regions tended to accumulate more deleterious recessive mutations than the rest of the genome, which decreased the fitness of homokarotypes (individuals with two copies of the same arrangement). This led to a strong selective advantage for heterokaryotypes (individuals with one copy of each arrangement), maintaining the inversion polymorphism in the population. The accumulation of deleterious mutations also resulted in strong divergence between arrangements. We occasionally observed an arrangement that diverged into a small number of highly differentiated haplotypes, stopping the fitness decrease in homokaryotypes. Our results highlight the dynamic features of inversions by showing how the evolution of allelic content can greatly affect the fate of an inversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berdan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butlin, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muller’s Ratchet and the Long-Term Fate of Chromosomal Inversions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/613901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCL5-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of Gdf15-deficient mice protects against abdominal sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/613901v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction condition caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection. Here we report that the circulating levels of growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) are strongly increased in septic shock patients and correlate with mortality. In mice, we find that peptidoglycan is a potent ligand that signals through the TLR2-Myd88 axis for the secretion of GDF15 and that Gdf15-deficient animals are protected against abdominal sepsis due to increased chemokine CXC ligand 5 (CXCL5)-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneum leading to better local bacterial control. Our results identify GDF15 as a potential target to improve sepsis treatment. Its inhibition should increase neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection and consequently lead to better pathogen control and clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaco, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves-Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seixas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velho, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moita, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCL5-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of Gdf15-deficient mice protects against abdominal sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.09.333781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of Castanea crenata Allene Oxide Synthase in Arabidopsis Improves the Defense to Phytophthora cinnamomi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.09.333781v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a key enzyme of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. The AOS gene was previously found to be upregulated in an Asian chestnut species resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi (Castanea crenata), while lower expression values were detected in the susceptible European chestnut (Castanea sativa). Here, we report a genetic and functional characterization of the C. crenata AOS (CcAOS) upon its heterologous gene expression in a susceptible ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains a single AOS gene. It was found that Arabidopsis plants expressing CcAOS delay pathogen progression and exhibit more vigorous growth in its presence. They also show upregulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid-related genes. As in its native species, heterologous CcAOS localized to plastids, as revealed by confocal imaging of the CcAOS-eGFP fusion protein in transgenic Arabidopsis roots. This observation was confirmed upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. To further confirm a specific role of CcAOS in the defense mechanism against the pathogen, we performed crosses between transgenic CcAOS plants and an infertile Arabidopsis AOS knockout mutant line. It was found that plants expressing CcAOS exhibit normal growth, remain infertile but are significantly more tolerant to the pathogen than wild type plants.

Together, our results indicate that CcAOS is an important player in plant defense responses against oomycete infection and that its expression in susceptible varieties may be a valuable tool to mitigate biotic stress responses.

One-sentence summaryHeterologous expression of the Castanea crenata allene oxide synthase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana improves the defense response to the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrazina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malho, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of Castanea crenata Allene Oxide Synthase in Arabidopsis Improves the Defense to Phytophthora cinnamomi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.29.178699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wolbachia and host intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute additively to post-mating isolation in spider mites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.29.178699v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWolbachia are widespread maternally-inherited bacteria suggested to play a role in arthropod host speciation through induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, but this hypothesis remains controversial. Most studies addressing Wolbachia-induced incompatibilities concern closely-related populations, which are intrinsically compatible. Here, we used three populations of two genetically differentiated colour forms of the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae to dissect the interaction between Wolbachia-induced and host-associated incompatibilities, and to assess their relative contribution to post-mating isolation. We found that these two sources of incompatibility act through different mechanisms in an additive fashion. Host-associated incompatibility contributes 1.5 times more than Wolbachia-induced incompatibility in reducing hybrid production, the former through an overproduction of haploid sons at the expense of diploid daugters (ca. 75% decrease) and the latter by increasing the embryonic mortality of daughters (by ca. 49%). Furthermore, regardless of cross direction, we observed near-complete F1 hybrid sterility and complete F2 hybrid breakdown between populations of the two forms, but that Wolbachia did not contribute to this outcome. This study identifies the mechanistic independence and additive nature of host-intrinsic and Wolbachia-induced sources of isolation. It suggests that Wolbachia could drive reproductive isolation in this system, thereby potentially affecting host differentiation and distribution in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zele, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wolbachia and host intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute additively to post-mating isolation in spider mites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.23.309567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A first-takes-all model of centriole copy number control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.23.309567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cells control the numbers of its subcellular components is a fundamental question in biology. Given that biosynthetic processes are fundamentally stochastic it is utterly puzzling that some structures display no copy number variation within a cell population. Centriole biogenesis, with each centriole being duplicated once and only once per cell cycle, stands out due to its remarkable fidelity. This is a highly controlled process, which depends on low-abundance rate-limiting factors. How can exactly one centriole copy be produced given the natural variation in the concentration of these key players? Hitherto, tentative explanations of this control evoked lateral inhibition-or phase separation-like mechanisms emerging from the dynamics of these rate-limiting factors, but how centriole number is regulated remains unclear. Here, we propose a novel solution to centriole copy number control based on the assembly of a centriolar scaffold, the cartwheel. We hypothesise that once the first cartwheel is formed it continues to elongate by stacking the intermediate cartwheel building blocks that would otherwise form supernumerary structures. Using probability theory and computer simulations, we show that this mechanism may ensure formation of one and only one cartwheel over a wide range of parameter values at physiologically relevant conditions. By comparison to alternative models, we conclude that the key signatures of this novel mechanism are an increasing assembly time with cartwheel numbers and that stochasticity in cartwheel building blocks should be converted into variation in cartwheel numbers or length, both of which can be tested experimentally.

Author summaryCentriole duplication stands out as a biosynthetic process of exquisite fidelity in the noisy world of the cell. Each centriole duplicates exactly once per cell cycle, such that the number of centrioles per cell shows no variance across cells, in contrast with most cellular components that show broadly distributed copy numbers. We propose a new solution to the number control problem. We show that elongation of the first cartwheel, a core centriolar structure, may sequester the building blocks necessary to assemble supernumerary centrioles. As a corollary, the variation in regulatory kinases and cartwheel components across the cell population is predicted to translate into cartwheel length variation instead of copy number variation, which is an intriguing overlooked possibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dias Louro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt-Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carneiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.309567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A first-takes-all model of centriole copy number control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.29.068650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plk4 triggers autonomous de novo centriole biogenesis and maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.29.068650v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrioles form centrosomes and cilia. In most proliferating cells, centrioles assemble through canonical duplication, which is spatially, temporally and numerically regulated by the cell cycle and the presence of mature centrioles. However, in certain cell-types, centrioles assemble de novo, yet by poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we established a controlled system to investigate de novo centriole biogenesis, using Drosophila melanogaster egg explants overexpressing Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), a trigger for centriole biogenesis. We show that at high Plk4 concentration, centrioles form de novo, mature and duplicate, independently of cell cycle progression and of the presence of other centrioles. Plk4 concentration determines the kinetics of centriole assembly. Moreover, our results suggest Plk4 operates in a switch-like manner to control the onset of de novo centriole formation, and that distinct biochemical kinetics regulate de novo and canonical biogenesis. Finally, we investigated which other factors modulate de novo centriole assembly and reveal that proteins of the pericentriolar matrix (PCM) promote biogenesis, likely by locally concentrating critical components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nabais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessoa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zanten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carneiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plk4 triggers autonomous de novo centriole biogenesis and maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.16.423141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.16.423141v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals develop in unpredictable, variable environments. In response to environmental change some aspects of development adjust to generate plastic phenotypes. Other aspects of development, however, are buffered against environmental change to produce robust phenotypes. How organ development is coordinated to accommodate both plastic and robust developmental responses is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the steroid hormone ecdysone coordinates both plasticity of organ size and robustness of organ pattern in the developing wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using fed and starved larvae that lack prothoracic glands, which synthesise ecdysone, we show that nutrition regulates growth both via ecdysone and via an ecdysone-independent mechanism, while nutrition regulates patterning only via ecdysone. We then demonstrate that growth shows a graded response to ecdysone concentration, while patterning shows a threshold response. Collectively, these data support a model where nutritionally-regulated ecdysone fluctuations confer plasticity by regulating disc growth in response to basal ecdysone levels, and confers robustness by initiating patterning only once ecdysone peaks exceeds a threshold concentration. This could represent a generalizable mechanism through which hormones coordinate plastic growth with robust patterning in the face of environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueira Alves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shingleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astral microtubule crosslinking by Feo safeguards uniform nuclear distribution in the Drosophila syncytium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859975v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early insect embryo develops as a multinucleated cell distributing the genome uniformly to the cell cortex. Mechanistic insight for nuclear positioning beyond cytoskeletal requirements is missing. Contemporary hypotheses propose actomyosin driven cytoplasmic movement transporting nuclei, or repulsion of neighbor nuclei driven by microtubule motors. Here, we show that microtubule crosslinking by Feo and Klp3A is essential for nuclear distribution and internuclear distance maintenance in Drosophila. Germline knockdown causes irregular, less dense nuclear delivery to the cell cortex and smaller distribution in ex vivo embryo explants. A minimal internuclear distance is maintained in explants from control embryos but not from Feo inhibited embryos, following micromanipulation assisted repositioning. A dimerization deficient Feo abolishes nuclear separation in embryo explants while the full-length protein rescues the genetic knockdown. We conclude that Feo and Klp3A crosslinking of antiparallel microtubule overlap generates a length-regulated mechanical link between neighboring microtubule asters. Enabled by a novel experimental approach, our study illuminates an essential process of embryonic multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/859975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astral microtubule crosslinking by Feo safeguards uniform nuclear distribution in the Drosophila syncytium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.04.412072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the interplay between rapid bacterial evolution within the mouse intestine and transmission between hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.04.412072v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to limitations on high-resolution strain tracking, selection dynamics during gut-microbiota colonization and transmission between hosts remain mostly mysterious. Here, we introduced hundreds of barcoded Escherichia coli strains into germ-free mice and quantified strain-level dynamics and metagenomic changes. Mutants involved in motility and utilization of abundant metabolites were reproducibly selected within days. Even with rapid selection, coprophagy enforced similar barcode distributions across co-housed mice. Whole-genome sequencing of hundreds of isolates quantified evolutionary dynamics and revealed linked alleles. A population-genetics model predicted substantial fitness advantages for certain mutants and that migration accounted for ~10% of the resident microbiota each day. Treatment with ciprofloxacin demonstrated the interplay between selection and transmission. While initial colonization was mostly uniform, in two mice a bottleneck reduced diversity and selected for ciprofloxacin resistance in the absence of drug. These findings highlight the interplay between environmental transmission and rapid, deterministic selection during evolution of the intestinal microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the interplay between rapid bacterial evolution within the mouse intestine and transmission between hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proficiency of the original host species determines community-level plasmid dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are common in natural bacterial communities, facilitating bacterial evolution via horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial species vary in their proficiency to host plasmids: Whereas plasmids are stably maintained in some species regardless of selection for plasmid-encoded genes, in other species, even beneficial plasmids are rapidly lost. It is, however, unclear how this variation in host proficiency affects plasmid persistence in communities. Here, we test this using multispecies bacterial soil communities comprising species varying in their proficiency to host a large conjugative mercury resistance plasmid. Plasmids reached higher community-level abundance where beneficial and when introduced to the community in a more proficient host species. Proficient plasmid host species were also better able to disseminate the plasmid to a wider diversity of host species. These findings suggest that the dynamics of plasmids in natural bacterial communities depend not only upon the plasmids attributes and the selective environment, but also upon the proficiency of their host species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kottara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proficiency of the original host species determines community-level plasmid dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.28.317081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic signature of the maternal microbiota in the fetus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.28.317081v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maternal microbiota affects the development of the offspring by microbial metabolites translocating to the fetus. We investigated samples of placenta, fetal intestine and brain from germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen free (SPF) mouse dams by non-targeted metabolic profiling. One hundred one annotated metabolites and altogether 3680 molecular features were present in significantly different amounts in the placenta and/or fetal organs of GF and SPF mice. The concentrations of more than half of the annotated and differentially expressed metabolites were lower in the GF organs, suggesting their microbial origin or a metabolic response of the host to the presence of gut microbiota. The clearest separation was observed in the placenta. Metabolites that were detected in lower amounts in the fetal organs in the GF mice included 5-aminovaleric acid betaine, trimethylamine N-oxide, catechol-O-sulphate, hippuric and pipecolic acid. Derivatives of the amino acid tryptophan, such as kynurenine, 3-indolepropionic acid and hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were also decreased in the absence of microbiota. Several metabolites had higher levels in the GF mice. These could be precursors of microbial metabolites or indicators of host metabolic response to the absence of gut microbiota. Ninety-nine molecular features were only detected in the SPF mice, suggesting the existence of yet unidentified microbially modified metabolites that potentially influence fetal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessa-Morikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kärkkäinen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koistinen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iivanainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niku, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic signature of the maternal microbiota in the fetus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.24.395905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor subunit, KLP68D, localises Drosophila odour receptor coreceptor in the distal domain of the olfactory cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.24.395905v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliary localisation of the odour receptor coreceptor (Orco) is essential for insect olfaction. Here, we show that in the Drosophila antenna Orco enters the bipartite cilia expressed on the olfactory sensory neurons in two discrete, one-hour intervals after the adult eclosion. Genetic analyses suggest that the heterotrimeric kinesin-2 is essential for Orco transfer from the base into the cilium. Using in vitro pulldown assay, we show that Orco binds to the C-terminal tail domain of KLP68D, the {beta}-subunit of kinesin-2. Reduced Orco enrichment decreases electrophysiological response to odours and loss of olfactory behaviour. Finally, we show that kinesin-2 function is necessary to compact Orco to an approximately four-micron stretch at the distal portion of the ciliary outer-segment bearing singlet microtubule filaments. Altogether, these results highlight an independent, tissue-specific regulation of Orco entry at specific developmental stages and its localisation to a ciliary subdomain by kinesin-2.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/395905v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (69K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@177d376org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc14d6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc2d21org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16e90c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Author SummaryJana, Jain, Dutta et al., show that the odour receptor coreceptor only enters the cilia expressed on olfactory sensory neurons at specified developmental stages requiring heterotrimeric kinesin-2. The motor also helps to localise the coreceptor in a compact, environment-exposed domain at the ciliary outer-segment.

HighlightsO_LIOdorant receptor coreceptor (Orco) selectively enters the olfactory cilia.
C_LIO_LIOrco localises in a specific domain at the distal segment of the olfactory cilium.
C_LIO_LIOrco/ORx binds to the C-terminal tail domain of the kinesin-2{beta} motor subunit.
C_LIO_LIOrco entry across the transition zone and its positioning require Kinesin-2.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusumilli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girotra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirolikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.395905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor subunit, KLP68D, localises Drosophila odour receptor coreceptor in the distal domain of the olfactory cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.21.960252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming of Human Cells to Pluripotency Induces CENP-A Chromatin Depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.21.960252v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are central to development as they are the precursors of all cell types in the embryo. Therefore, maintaining a stable karyotype is essential, both for their physiological role as well as for use in regenerative medicine. In culture, an estimated 10-30% of PSC lines present karyotypic abnormalities, but the underlying causes remain unknown. To gain insight into the mitotic capacity of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, we explore the structure of the centromere and kinetochore. Centromere function depends on CENP-A nucleosome-defined chromatin. We show that while PSCs maintain abundant pools of CENP-A, CENP-C and CENP-T, these essential centromere components are strongly reduced at stem cell centromeres. Outer kinetochore recruitment is also impaired to a lesser extent, indicating an overall weaker kinetochore. This impairment is specific for the kinetochore forming centromere complex while the inner centromere protein Aurora B remains unaffected. We further show that, similar to differentiated human cells, CENP-A chromatin assembly in PSCs requires transition into G1 phase. Finally, reprogramming experiments indicate that reduction of centromeric CENP-A levels is an early event during dedifferentiation, coinciding with global chromatin remodelling. Our characterisation of centromeres in human stem cells drives new hypotheses including a possible link between impaired centromere function and stem cell aneuploidies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milagre, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, L. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming of Human Cells to Pluripotency Induces CENP-A Chromatin Depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.065003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage independent inhibition of NF-κB transcription by anthracyclines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.065003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthracyclines are among the most used and effective anticancer drugs. Their activity has been attributed to DNA double-strand breaks resulting from topoisomerase II poisoning and to eviction of histones from select sites in the genome. Here we show that the extensively used anthracyclines Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin and Epirubicin, decrease the transcription of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B)-dependent gene targets, but not interferon responsive genes. Using an NMR-based structural approach, we demonstrate that anthracyclines disturb the complexes formed between the NF-{kappa}B subunit RelA and its DNA binding sites. The variant anthracyclines Aclarubicin, Doxorubicinone and the newly developed Dimethyl-doxorubicin, which share anticancer properties with the other anthracyclines but do not induce DNA damage, also suppressed inflammation, thus uncoupling DNA damage from the effects on inflammation. These findings have implications for anticancer therapy and for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs with limited side effects for life-threatening conditions such as sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejanovic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriakou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozzelino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anrather, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geerlof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neefjes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves-Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moita, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.065003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage independent inhibition of NF-κB transcription by anthracyclines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/756767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA breaks are key contributors to the cost of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/756767v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance often generates a fitness cost to bacteria in drug-free environments. Understanding the causes of the cost is considered the Holy Grail in the antibiotic resistance field, as it is the main determinant of the prevalence of resistances upon reducing antibiotics use. We show that DNA breaks can explain most of the variation in the cost of resistances common in pathogens. Here we demonstrate that targeting the RNase that degrades R-loops, which cause DNA breaks, exacerbates the cost of resistance. Consequently, lack of RNase HI function drives resistant clones to extinction in populations with high initial frequency of resistance, both in laboratory conditions and in a mouse model of gut colonization. Thus, RNase HI provides a target specific against resistant bacteria, which we validate using a repurposed drug. In summary, we revealed key mechanisms underlying the cost of antibiotic resistance that can be exploited to specifically eliminate resistant bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balbontin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA breaks are key contributors to the cost of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.01.182824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut cancer increases the risk for Drosophila to be preyed upon by hunting spiders in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.01.182824v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predators are thought to prey on individuals that are in poor physical condition, although the evidence supporting this is ambiguous. We tested if sick individuals where more predated using Drosophila melanogaster flies as manipulable preys. We asked whether hunting spiders, trapped from the wild, would selectively prey upon flies with compromised health (i.e. chronically infected or cancerous) versus healthy flies under laboratory conditions. Flies chronically infected with the bacterium Providencia rettgeri, a natural Drosophila pathogen, were not selectively preyed upon by jumping spiders. We strengthened and confirmed our finding with another hunting spider species, small wolf spiders. We discuss that this result supports the hypothesis that chronic infection is associated with reduced symptoms notably to avoid the potentially deadly consequences of host predation on pathogens. We then induced colon cancer in some of the flies and asked whether the presence of cancer led to selective predation; there is little evidence for this, even in vertebrates. As the cancer developed, the incidence of predation by jumping spiders on the afflicted flies increased. We conclude that disease can have different lethal consequences through predation, even in invertebrate species, and that cancer is a factor in selective predation. Our results may explain why early tumours, but not metastasized cancers, are commonly detected in organisms in the wild, as cancer bearing individuals are rapidly eliminated due to the strong selective pressure against them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>duneau, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut cancer increases the risk for Drosophila to be preyed upon by hunting spiders in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.122713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Step-specific adaptation and trade-off over the course of an infection by GASP-mutation small colony variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.122713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During an infection, parasites face a succession of challenges, each decisive for disease outcome. The diversity of challenges requires a series of parasite adaptations to successfully multiply and transmit from host to host. Thus, the pathogen genotypes which succeed during one step might be counter-selected in later stages of the infection. Using the bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and adult Drosophila melanogaster as hosts, we showed that such step-specific adaptations, here linked to GASP mutations in the X. nematophila master gene regulator lrp, exist and can trade-off with each other. We found that nonsense lrp mutations had lowered ability to resist the host immune response, while all classes of mutations in lrp were associated with a decrease in the ability to proliferate during early infection. We demonstrate that reduced proliferation of X. nematophila best explains diminished virulence in this infection model. Finally, decreased proliferation during the first step of infection is accompanied with improved proliferation during late infection, suggesting a trade-off between the adaptations to each step. Step-specific adaptations could play a crucial role in the chronic phase of infections in any diseases that show similar small colony variants (also known as SCV) to X. nematophila.

ImportanceWithin-host evolution has been described in many bacterial diseases, and the genetic basis behind the adaptations stimulated a lot of interest. Yet, the studied adaptations are generally focused on antibiotic resistance, rarely on the adaptation to the environment given by the host, and the potential trade-off hindering adaptations to each step of the infection are rarely considered. Those trade-offs are key to understand intra-host evolution, and thus the dynamics of the infection. However, the understanding of these trade-offs supposes a detailed study of host-pathogen interactions at each step of the infection process, with for each step an adapted methodology. Using Drosophila melanogaster as host and the bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila, we investigated the bacterial adaptations resulting from GASP mutations known to induce small colony variant (SCV) phenotype positively selected within-the-host over the course of an infection, and the trade-off between step-specific adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardacz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthuisot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdy, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>duneau, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Step-specific adaptation and trade-off over the course of an infection by GASP-mutation small colony variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/844084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere shortening produces an inflammatory environment that promotes tumor invasiveness in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/844084v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer incidence increases exponentially with age, when human telomeres are shorter. Similarly, telomerase mutant zebrafish (tert) have premature short telomeres and anticipate cancer incidence to younger ages. However, because short telomeres constitute a road block to cell proliferation, telomere shortening is currently viewed as a tumor suppressor mechanism and should protect from cancer. This conundrum is not fully understood. In our current study, we report that telomere shortening promotes cancer in a non-cell autonomous manner. Using zebrafish chimeras, we show increased incidence of invasive melanoma when WT tumors are generated in tert mutant zebrafish. tert zebrafish show increased levels of senescence (cdkn2a and ink4a/b) and inflammation (TNF-). In addition, we transferred second generation tert blastula cells into WT to produce embryo chimeras. Cells with very short telomeres induced senescence and increased neutrophil numbers in surrounding larval tissues in a non-cell autonomous manner, creating an inflammatory environment. Considering that inflammation is pro-tumorigenic, we transplanted melanoma-derived cells into second generation tert zebrafish embryos and observed that tissue environment with short telomeres leads to increased micrometastasis. To test if inflammation was necessary for this effect, we treated melanoma transplants with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and show that higher melanoma invasiveness can be averted. Thus, apart from the cell autonomous role of short telomeres in contributing to genome instability, we propose that telomere shortening with age causes systemic chronic inflammation leading to increased tumor incidence.

Significance StatementCancer incidence increases exponentially in human midlife. Even though mutation accumulation in somatic tissues results in increased tumorigenesis, it is currently not understood how aging contributes to cancer. Telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes, shorten with each cell division. Here we show that telomere shortening contributes to cancer in a non-cell autonomous manner. Using embryo chimeras of telomerase deficient zebrafish generated from melanoma-prone fish, we show that tumors arise more frequently and become more invasive in animals with shorter telomeres. Telomere shortening gives rise to increased senescence and systemic inflammation. We observed increased melanoma metastasis dissemination in zebrafish larvae with very short telomeres. Thus, telomere shortening similar to human aging, generates a chronic inflammatory environment that increases cancer incidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lex, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzullo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes-Bastos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannetti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere shortening produces an inflammatory environment that promotes tumor invasiveness in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.03.280792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environment and sex control lifespan and telomere length in wild-derived African killifish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.03.280792v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length is correlated positively with longevity at the individual level, but negatively when compared across species. Here, we tested the association between lifespan and telomere length in African annual killifish. We analyzed telomere length in 18 Nothobranchius strains derived from diverse habitats and measured the laboratory lifespan of 14 strains of N. furzeri and N. kadleci. We found that males had shorter telomeres than females. The longest telomeres were recorded in strains derived from dry region where male lifespans were shortest. At the individual level, we detected a weak negative association between rapid juvenile growth and shorter telomeres in early adulthood. Overall, average telomere length was a good descriptor of telomere length distribution. However, within-individual telomere length spread was not related to any pattern. This substantial variation in telomere length between strains from different environments provides killifish as powerful tool to understand the evolutionarily adaptive value of telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reichard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannetti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrtilek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.280792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environment and sex control lifespan and telomere length in wild-derived African killifish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/570671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A weak Foxp3 hypomorph enhances spontaneous and therapeutic immune surveillance of cancer in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/570671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well established that therapeutic impairment of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in mice and humans favors immune rejection of solid tumors. Less explored are the genetic associations between Foxp3 allelic variants and tumor incidence, only sporadically reported in human studies. In this work, we tested and demonstrate that Foxp3fGFP, an allele classified as hypomorphic in Th1 inflammatory contexts but not affecting health at steady state, confers increased anti-tumor immunity. Our conclusions stem out of the analysis of three tumor models of different tissue origin, in two murine genetic backgrounds. When compared to wild type animals, mice carrying the Foxp3fGFP allele spontaneously delay, reduce or prevent primary tumor growth, decrease metastasis growth and potentiate the response to anti-CTLA4 monotherapy. These findings suggest that allelic variance at the Foxp3 locus may have significant impact on cancer incidence and/or the success of cancer-immunotherapies in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida-Santos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caramalho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demengeot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A weak Foxp3 hypomorph enhances spontaneous and therapeutic immune surveillance of cancer in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.10.186742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION AND REPRODUCTION IN PRIMATE EVOLUTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.10.186742v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most mammals express a functional GGTA1 gene encoding the N-acetyllactosaminide -1,3-galactosyltransferase enzyme, which synthesizes Gal1-3Gal{beta}1-4GlcNAc (Gal) and are thus tolerant to this self-expressed glycan epitope. Old World primates including humans, however, carry GGTA1 loss-of-function mutations and lack Gal. Presumably, fixation of such mutations was propelled by natural selection, favoring the emergence of Gal-specific immunity, which conferred resistance to Gal-expressing pathogens. Here we show that loss of Ggta1 function in mice enhances resistance to bacterial sepsis, irrespectively of Gal-specific immunity. Rather, the absence of Gal from IgG-associated glycans increases IgG effector function, via a mechanism associated with enhanced IgG-Fc gamma receptor (Fc{gamma}R) binding. The ensuing survival advantage against sepsis comes alongside a cost of earlier onset of reproductive senescence. Mathematical modeling of this trade-off shows that under conditions of high exposure to virulent pathogens, selective pressure can fix GGTA1 loss-of-function mutations, as likely occurred during the evolution of primates towards humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumnima Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A. Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Weis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Sobral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro Truglio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahtiyar Yilmaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia Rebelo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvia Cardoso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erida Gjini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Nunez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel P. Soares</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.186742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION AND REPRODUCTION IN PRIMATE EVOLUTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.10.426121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic context shapes the function of a gene regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.10.426121v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression levels are influenced by multiple coexisting molecular mechanisms. Some of these interactions, such as those of transcription factors and promoters have been studied extensively. However, predicting phenotypes of gene regulatory networks remains a major challenge. Here, we use a well-defined synthetic gene regulatory network to study how network phenotypes depend on local genetic context, i.e. the genetic neighborhood of a transcription factor and its relative position. We show that one gene regulatory network with fixed topology can display not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different phenotypes, depending solely on the local genetic context of its components. Our results demonstrate that changes in local genetic context can place a single transcriptional unit within two separate regulons without the need for complex regulatory sequences. We propose that relative order of individual transcriptional units, with its potential for combinatorial complexity, plays an important role in shaping phenotypes of gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagy-Staron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso Carter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnleitner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavcic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guet, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic context shapes the function of a gene regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.30.179499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric neurogenic commitment of retinal progenitors is regulated via the Notch endocytic pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.30.179499v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During brain development, progenitor cells need to balance proliferation and differentiation in order to generate different neurons in the correct numbers and proportions. Currently, the patterns of multipotent progenitors’ division that lead to neurogenic entry and the factors that regulate them are not fully understood. We here use the zebrafish retina to address this gap, exploiting the possibilities for quantitative live-imaging. We show that early neurogenic progenitors arise from asymmetric divisions. Notch regulates this asymmetry as when inhibited, symmetric divisions producing two neurogenic progenitors occur. Surprisingly, Notch does not act through an apicobasal activity gradient as previously suggested but through asymmetric inheritance of Sara-positive endosomes. Further, the resulting neurogenic progenitors show cell biological features different from multipotent progenitors, raising the possibility that an intermediate state of progenitors exists in the retina. Our study thus opens new insights into the regulation of proliferative and differentiative events during central nervous system development.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nerli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Martins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.179499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric neurogenic commitment of retinal progenitors is regulated via the Notch endocytic pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/568709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Mutational Load Allows for High Mutation Rate Variation in Gut Commensal Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/568709v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria generally live in species-rich communities, such as the gut microbiota. Yet, little is known about bacterial evolution in natural ecosystems. Here, we followed the long-term evolution of commensal Escherichia coli in the mouse gut. We observe the emergence of polymorphism for mutation rate, ranging from wild-type levels to 1000-fold higher. By combining experiments, whole-genome sequencing and in silico simulations, we identify the molecular causes and evolutionary conditions that allow these hypermutators to emerge and coexist within a complex microbiota. The hypermutator phenotype is caused by mutations in DNA polymerase III, which increase mutation rate by ~1000-fold (a mutation in the proofreading subunit) and stabilize hypermutator fitness (mutations in the catalytic subunit). The strong mutation rate variation persists for >1000 generations, with coexistence between lineages carrying 4 to >600 mutations. This in vivo molecular evolution pattern is consistent with deleterious mutations of ~0.01-0.001% fitness effects, 100 to 1000-fold lower than current in vitro estimates. Despite large numbers of deleterious mutations, we identify multiple beneficial mutations that do not reach fixation over long periods of time. This indicates that the dynamics of beneficial mutations are not shaped by constant positive Darwinian selection but by processes leading to negative frequency-dependent or temporally fluctuating selection. Thus, microbial evolution in the gut is likely characterized by partial sweeps of beneficial mutations combined with hitchhiking of very slightly deleterious mutations, which take a long time to be purged but impose a very weak mutational load. These results are consistent with the pattern of genetic polymorphism that is emerging from metagenomics studies of the human gut microbiota, suggesting that we identified key evolutionary processes shaping the genetic composition of this community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramiro, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Mutational Load Allows for High Mutation Rate Variation in Gut Commensal Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.08.430189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional neuronal migration coordinates retinal morphogenesis bypreventing spatial competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.08.430189v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the design of industrial products is often optimized for the sequential assembly of single components, organismal development is hallmarked by the concomitant occurrence of tissue growth and organization. Often this means that proliferating and differentiating cells occur at the same time in a shared tissue environment that continuously changes. How cells adapt to architectural changes in order to prevent spatial interference remains unclear. To understand how cell movements important for growth and organization are orchestrated, we here study the emergence of photoreceptor neurons that occur during the peak of retinal growth using zebrafish, human tissue and human organoids. Quantitative imaging reveals that successful retinal morphogenesis depends on active bidirectional photoreceptor translocation. This leads to a transient transfer of the entire cell population away from the apical proliferative zone. This migration pattern is driven by distinct cytoskeletal machineries, depending on direction: microtubules are required for basal translocation, while actomyosin drives apical movement. Blocking photoreceptor translocation leads to apical overcrowding that hampers progenitor movements. Thus, photoreceptor migration is crucial to prevent competition for space and thereby allows concurrent tissue growth and lamination. This shows that neuronal migration, in addition to its canonical role in cell positioning, is involved in coordinating morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Martins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzschmar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional neuronal migration coordinates retinal morphogenesis bypreventing spatial competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.18.431843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral route of infection determines the effect of Drosophila melanogaster gut bacteria on host resistance and tolerance to disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.18.431843v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbial community interacting with a host can modulate the outcome of pathogenic infections. For instance, Wolbachia, one of the most prevalent invertebrate endosymbionts, strongly increases resistance of Drosophila melanogaster and other insect hosts, to many RNA viruses. D. melanogaster is also in continuous association with gut bacteria, whose role in antiviral immunity is poorly characterized. Here we asked how gut-colonizing bacteria impact viral titres and host survival, and how these interact with route of infection or Wolbachia presence. We compared germ-free flies and flies associated with two gut bacteria species recently isolated from wild flies (Acetobacter thailandicus and Lactobacillus brevis). We found that Wolbachia-conferred protection to both DCV or FHV is not affected by the presence or absence of these gut bacteria. Flies carrying A. thailandicus have lower DCV loads than germ-free flies, upon systemic infection, but reduced survival, indicating that these bacteria increase resistance to virus and decrease disease tolerance. Association with L. brevis, alone or in combination with A. thailandicus, did not lead to changes in survival to systemic infection. In contrast to the effect on systemic infection, we did not observe an impact of these bacteria on survival or viral loads after oral infection. Overall, the impact of gut-associated bacteria in resistance and tolerance to viruses was mild, when compared with Wolbachia. These results indicate that the effect of gut-associated bacteria to different viral infections, and different routes of infection, is complex and understanding it requires a detailed characterization of several parameters of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral route of infection determines the effect of Drosophila melanogaster gut bacteria on host resistance and tolerance to disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic switching outcompetes genetic mutations during adaptation to fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434930v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance allows for the emergence of phenotypic plasticity in clonal populations and enables the rapid stochastic switching between distinct phenotypes. In natural environments, where stress conditions can recurrently fluctuate, clones with an epigenetic control of genes targeted by selection should be fitter than clones that rely solely on genetic mutation. To test this prediction, we engineered switcher and non-switcher yeast strains, where the uracil biosynthesis gene URA3 is under fluctuating selection. Competitions of clones with an epigenetically controlled URA3 with clones without switching ability (SIR3 knock-out), show that epigenetic switching dominates under rapidly changing stresses. We further show that this advantage depends both on the switching rate and the period of environmental fluctuations. Remarkably, epigenetic clones with a high, but not with a low, rate of switching can co-exist with non-switchers even under a constant selective pressure, consistent with different constraints on the evolution of the rate of epigenetic switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic switching outcompetes genetic mutations during adaptation to fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico logical modelling to uncover cooperative interactions in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434958v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multistep development of cancer involves the cooperation between multiple molecular lesions, as well as complex interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding tumour microenvironment. The search for these synergistic interactions using experimental models made tremendous contributions to our understanding of oncogenesis. Yet, these approaches remain labour intensive and challenging. To tackle such a hurdle, an integrative, multidisciplinary effort is required. In this article, we highlight the use of logical computational models combined to experimental validations as an effective approach to identify cooperative mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in the context of cancer biology. In silico models overcome limitations of reductionist approaches by capturing tumour complexity, and by generating powerful testable hypotheses. We review representative examples of logical models reported in the literature and their validation. We then provide further analyses of our logical model of Epithelium to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), searching for additional cooperative interactions involving inputs from the tumour microenvironment and gain of function mutations in NOTCH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvaggio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaouiya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janody, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico logical modelling to uncover cooperative interactions in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.22.441007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amino acids 484 and 494 of SARS-CoV-2 spike are hotspots of immune evasion affecting antibody but not ACE2 binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.22.441007v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution and host immunity is critical to control COVID-19 pandemics. At the core is an arms-race between SARS-CoV-2 antibody and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) recognition, a function of the viral protein spike. Mutations in spike impacting antibody and/or ACE2 binding are appearing worldwide, with the effect of mutation synergy still incompletely understood. We engineered 25 spike-pseudotyped lentiviruses containing individual and combined mutations, and confirmed that E484K evades antibody neutralization elicited by infection or vaccination, a capacity augmented when complemented by K417N and N501Y mutations. In silico analysis provided an explanation for E484K immune evasion. E484 frequently engages in interactions with antibodies but not with ACE2. Importantly, we identified a novel amino acid of concern, S494, which shares a similar pattern. Using the already circulating mutation S494P, we found that it reduces antibody neutralization of convalescent and post-immunization sera, particularly when combined with E484K and N501Y. Our analysis of synergic mutations provides a landscape for hotspots for immune evasion and for targets for therapies, vaccines and diagnostics.

One-Sentence SummaryAmino acids in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein implicated in immune evasion are biased for binding to neutralizing antibodies but dispensable for binding the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alenquer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lousa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Lopes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demengeot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penha-Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amino acids 484 and 494 of SARS-CoV-2 spike are hotspots of immune evasion affecting antibody but not ACE2 binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.01.428994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST) - A New Population Genomics Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.01.428994v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model in population genetics and genomics, and a growing number of whole-genome datasets from natural populations of this species have been published over the last 20 years. A major challenge is the integration of these disparate datasets, often generated using different sequencing technologies and bioinformatic pipelines, which hampers our ability to address questions about the evolution and population structure of this species. Here we address these issues by developing a bioinformatics pipeline that maps pooled sequencing (Pool-Seq) reads from D. melanogaster to a hologenome consisting of fly and symbiont genomes and estimates allele frequencies using either a heuristic (PoolSNP) or a probabilistic variant caller (SNAPE-pooled). We use this pipeline to generate the largest data repository of genomic data available for D. melanogaster to date, encompassing 271 population samples from over 100 locations in >20 countries on four continents based on a combination of 121 unpublished and 150 previously published genomic datasets. Several of these locations have been sampled at different seasons across multiple years. This dataset, which we call Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST), is coupled with sampling and environmental meta-data. A web-based genome browser and web portal provide easy access to the SNP dataset. Our aim is to provide this scalable platform as a community resource which can be easily extended via future efforts for an even more extensive cosmopolitan dataset. Our resource will enable population geneticists to analyze spatio-temporal genetic patterns and evolutionary dynamics of D. melanogaster populations in unprecedented detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaerts-Marquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murga-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronado-Zamora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rota-Stabelli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Guerreiro, M. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casillas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ometto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeschcke, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onder, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schou, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, T. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzaro, B. P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser-Schmitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyridou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staubach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serga, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic Veselinovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamenkovic-Radak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia-R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST) - A New Population Genomics Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.19.444774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of mutators during experimental evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.19.444774v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and objectivesTo understand how organisms evolve, it is fundamental to study how mutations emerge and establish. Here, we estimated the rate of mutation accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and investigated the repeatability of its evolution when facing a new cell type but no immune or drug pressures.

MethodologyWe performed experimental evolution with two strains of SARS-CoV-2, one carrying the originally described spike protein (CoV-2-D) and another carrying the D614G mutation that has spread worldwide (CoV-2-G). After 15 passages in Vero cells and whole genome sequencing, we characterized the spectrum and rate of the emerging mutations and looked for evidences of selection across the genomes of both strains.

ResultsFrom the mutations accumulated, and excluding the genes with signals of selection, we estimate a spontaneous mutation rate of 1.25x10-6 nt-1 per infection cycle for both lineages of SARS-CoV-2. We further show that mutation accumulation is heterogeneous along the genome, with the spike gene accumulating mutations at rate five-fold higher than the genomic average. We also observe the emergence of mutators in the CoV-2-G background, likely linked to mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and/or in the error-correcting exonuclease protein.

Conclusions and implicationsThese results provide valuable information on how spontaneous mutations emerge in SARS-CoV-2 and on how selection can shape its genome towards adaptation to new environments.

Lay summaryMutation is the ultimate source of variation. We estimated how the SARS-COV-2 virus--cause of the COVID-19 pandemic--mutates. Upon infecting cells, its genome can change at a rate of 0.04 per replication. We also find that this rate can change and that its spike protein can adapt, even within few replications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borges, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amicone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ze-Ze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiomar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of mutators during experimental evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.22.444626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-option of local and systemic immune responses by the hormonal signalling system triggering metamorphosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.22.444626v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect metamorphosis is regulated by the production, secretion and degradation of two peripheral hormones: 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) and juvenile hormone (JH). In addition to their roles in developmental regulation, increasing evidence suggests that these hormones are involved in innate immunity processes, such as phagocytosis and the induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. AMP regulation includes systemic responses as well as local responses at surface epithelia that contact with the external environment. At pupariation, Drosophila melanogaster increases dramatically the expression of three AMP genes, drosomycin (drs), drosomycin-like 2 (drsl2) and drosomycin-like 5 (drsl5). We show that the systemic action of drs at pupariation is dependent on ecdysone signalling in the fat body and operates via the ecdysone downstream target, Broad-Z4. In parallel, ecdysone also regulates local responses, specifically through the activation of drsl2 expression in the gut. Finally, we confirm the relevance of this ecdysone dependent AMP expression for the control of bacterial persistence by showing that flies lacking drs expression in the fat body have higher bacterial persistence over metamorphosis. Together, our data emphasize the importance of the association between ecdysone signalling and immunity using in vivo studies and establish a new role for ecdysone at pupariation, which impacts developmental success by regulating the immune system in a stage-dependent manner. We speculate that this co-option of immune effectors by the hormonal system may constitute a pre-emptive mechanism to control bacterial numbers in the pupa at the core of metamorphosis evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.444626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-option of local and systemic immune responses by the hormonal signalling system triggering metamorphosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.04.429865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical model reveals that heterogeneity in the number of ion transporters regulates the fraction of mouse sperm capacitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.04.429865v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Capacitation is a complex maturation process mammalian sperm must undergo in the female genital tract to be able to fertilize an egg. This process involves, amongst others, physiological changes in flagellar beating pattern, membrane potential, intracellular ion concentrations and protein phosphorylation. Typically, in a capacitation medium, only a fraction of sperm achieve this state. The cause for this heterogeneous response is still not well understood and remains an open question. Here, one of our principal results is to develop a discrete regulatory network, with mostly deterministic dynamics in conjunction with some stochastic elements, for the main biochemical and biophysical processes involved in the early events of capacitation. The model criterion for capacitation requires the convergence of specific levels of a select set of nodes. Besides reproducing several experimental results and providing some insight on the network interrelations, the main contribution of the model is the suggestion that the degree of variability in the total amount and individual number of ion transporters among spermatozoa regulates the fraction of capacitated spermatozoa. This conclusion is consistent with recently reported experimental results. Based on this mathematical analysis, experimental clues are proposed for the control of capacitation levels. Furthermore, cooperative and interference traits that become apparent in the modelling among some components also call for future theoretical and experimental studies.

Author summaryFertilization is one of the fundamental processes for the preservation of life. In mammals, sperm undergo a complex process during their passage through the female tract known as capacitation, which enables them for fertilization. At the present time, it is accepted from experimental observation, though not understood, that only a fraction of the sperm is capacitated. In this work, by means of a network mathematical model for regulatory sperm intracellular signaling processes involved in mice capacitation, we find that the variability in the distribution of the number of ion transporters intervenes in the regulation of the capacitation fraction. Experimental verification of this suggestion could open a line of research geared to the regulation of the degree of heterogeneity in the number of ion transporters as a fertility control. The model also uncovers, through in silico overactivation and loss of function of network nodes, synergetic traits which again call for experimental verification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguado-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priego Espinosa, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darszon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Mekler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical model reveals that heterogeneity in the number of ion transporters regulates the fraction of mouse sperm capacitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in effective size across the genome: effects on the Inverse Instantaneous Coalescence Rate (IICR) and implications for demographic inference under linked selection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448122v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative contribution of selection and neutrality in shaping species genetic diversity is one of the most central and controversial questions in evolutionary theory. Genomic data provide growing evidence that linked selection, i.e. the modification of genetic diversity at neutral sites through linkage with selected sites, might be pervasive over the genome. Several studies proposed that linked selection could be modelled as first approximation by a local reduction (e.g. purifying selection, selective sweeps) or increase (e.g. balancing selection) of effective population size (Ne). At the genome-wide scale, this leads to variations of Ne from one region to another, reflecting the heterogeneity of selective constraints and recombination rates between regions. We investigate here the consequences of such genomic variations of Ne on the genome-wide distribution of coalescence times. The underlying motivation concerns the impact of linked selection on demographic inference, because the distribution of coalescence times is at the heart of several important demographic inference approaches. Using the concept of Inverse Instantaneous Coalescence Rate, we demonstrate that in a panmictic population, linked selection always results in a spurious apparent decrease of Ne along time. Balancing selection has a particularly large effect, even when it concerns a very small part of the genome. We also study more general models including genuine population size changes, population structure or transient selection and find that the effect of linked selection can be significantly reduced by that of population structure. The models and conclusions presented here are also relevant to the study of other biological processes generating apparent variations of Ne along the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boitard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arredondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity in effective size across the genome: effects on the Inverse Instantaneous Coalescence Rate (IICR) and implications for demographic inference under linked selection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.18.448975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin VI regulates ciliogenesis by promoting the turnover of the centrosomal/satellite protein OFD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.18.448975v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin motor protein myosin VI is a multivalent protein with diverse functions. Here, we identified and characterised a myosin VI ubiquitous interactor, the oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) protein, whose mutations cause malformations of the face, oral cavity, digits, and polycystic kidney disease. We found that myosin VI regulates the localisation of OFD1 at the centrioles and, as a consequence, the recruitment of the distal appendage protein cep164. Myosin VI depletion in non-tumoural cell lines causes an aberrant localisation of OFD1 along the centriolar walls, which is due to a reduction in the OFD1 mobile fraction. Finally, loss of myosin VI triggers a severe defect in ciliogenesis that could be causally linked to an impairment in the autophagic removal of OFD1 from satellites. Altogether, our results highlight an unprecedent layer of regulation of OFD1 and a pivotal role of myosin VI in coordinating the formation of the distal appendages and primary cilium with important implications for the genetic disorders known as ciliopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magistrati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestrini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lince-Faria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beznoussenko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maspero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.448975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin VI regulates ciliogenesis by promoting the turnover of the centrosomal/satellite protein OFD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.27.453460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular mechanical forces drive endocardial cell volume decrease during cardiac valve morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.27.453460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ morphogenesis involves dynamic changes of tissue properties at the cellular scale. In addition, cells need to adapt to their mechanical environment through mechanosensitive pathways. How mechanical cues influence cell behaviors during morphogenesis, however, remains poorly understood. Here we studied the influence of mechanical forces during the formation of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) where cardiac valves develop. We show that in zebrafish the AVC forms within a zone of tissue convergence between the atrium and the ventricle which is associated with increased activation of the actomyosin meshwork and endocardial cell orientation changes. We demonstrate that tissue convergence occurs with a major reduction of endocardial cell volume triggered by mechanical forces and the mechanosensitive channels TRPP2/TRPV4. In addition, we show that the extracellular matrix component hyaluronic acid controls cell volume changes. Together, our data suggest that cell volume change is a key cellular feature activated by mechanical forces during cardiovascular morphogenesis. This work further unravels how mechanical forces and extracellular matrix can influence tissue remodeling in developing organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vermot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagena-Pantoula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular mechanical forces drive endocardial cell volume decrease during cardiac valve morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.454277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic architecture of sociality and its associated genetic polymorphisms in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.454277v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sociality is often seen as a single phenotypic trait, but it relies on motivational and cognitive components implemented by specific causal mechanisms. Hence, these components may have evolved independently, or may have been linked by phenotypic correlations driven by a shared selective pressure for increased social competence. Furthermore, these components may be domain-specific or of general domain across social and non-social contexts. Here we have characterized the phenotypic architecture of sociality in zebrafish, which has been increasingly used as a model organism in social neuroscience. For this purpose, we have behaviorally phenotyped zebrafish from different wild type lines in four tests: social tendency, social and non-social recognition, and open-field test. Our results indicate that: (1) sociality has two main components that are independent from each other (social tendency and social recognition), hence not supporting the occurrence of a sociality syndrome; (2) both social traits are phenotypically linked to non-social traits (non-social exploration and non-social memory, respectively), forming two general behavioral modules, general inspection and general recognition, and suggesting that sociality traits have been co-opted from general-domain motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, the study of the association between genetic polymorphisms (i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) and each behavioral module further supports this view, since several SNPs from a list of candidate "social" genes, are statistically associated with the general inspection (motivational), but not with a general recognition (cognitive), behavioral module. The SNPs associated with general inspection are widespread across different chromosomes and include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and synaptic plasticity genes, suggesting that this behavioral module is regulated by multiple genes, each of them with small effects. Together, these results support the occurrence of general domain motivational and cognitive behavioral modules in zebrafish, which have been co-opted for the social domain.

Author summarySocial living has been considered one of the major transitions in evolution and it has been considered to act as a major selective force shaping the evolution of brain and behavior in animals. Sociality relies on two basic behavioral mechanisms: (1) the willingness to approach and be near others (aka social tendency); and (2) the ability to distinguish between others (aka social recognition) in order to adjust the behavior expressed during social interactions according to the identity of the interactant. There is an ongoing debate on to what extent these social abilities have specifically evolved in response to social living and are domain specific, or if they were selected as a broad response to cognitive demands and are of general domain. Here, we used zebrafish to test the domain-specific vs. general domain hypotheses and to assess the association of social tendency and social recognition with a set of candidate "social" genes (i.e. genes that have been linked to social behavior in other studies with different vertebrate species). We found that both social traits are not correlated to each other and are of general domain, and that only social tendency is associated with candidate "social" genes, suggesting that social tendency and social recognition are independent behavioral modules that rely on separate genetic architectures and that can evolve separately.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kareklas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teles, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic architecture of sociality and its associated genetic polymorphisms in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.04.454891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring inter- and intrachromosomal Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities                from imbalanced segregation of recombinant haplotypes in hybrid populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.04.454891v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) are a major component of reproductive isolation between species. DMIs imply negative epistasis, and are exposed when two diverged populations hybridize. Mapping the locations of DMIs has largely relied on classical genetic mapping. Approaches to date are hampered by low power and the challenge of identifying DMI loci on the same chromosome, because strong initial linkage of parental haplotypes weakens statistical tests. Here, we propose new statistics to infer negative epistasis from haplotype frequencies in hybrid populations. When two divergent populations hybridize, the variance in heterozygosity at two loci decreases faster with time at DMI loci than at random pairs of loci. When two populations hybridize at near-even admixture proportions, the deviation of the observed variance from its expectation becomes negative for the DMI pair. This negative deviation enables us to detect intermediate to strong negative epistasis both within and between chromosomes. In practice, the detection window in hybrid populations depends on the demographic scenario, the recombination rate, and the strength of epistasis. When the initial proportion of the two parental populations is uneven, only strong DMIs can be detected with our method unless migration prevents parental haplotypes from being lost. We use the new statistics to infer candidate DMIs from three hybrid populations of swordtail fish. We identify numerous new DMI candidates, some of which are inferred to interact with several loci within and between chromosomes. Moreover, we discuss our results in the context of an expected enrichment in intrachromosomal over interchromosomal DMIs.

Author SummaryGenetic incompatibility in the form of (Bateson-)Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) is an important component of reproductive isolation between species. However, the evolutionary role of DMIs during the process of speciation is contentious. DMIs occur when two or more genetic variants interact to reduce their carriers fitness. Once recombination combines incompatible variants in hybrids, selection acts to remove these variants from the population. One step towards addressing the evolutionary role of DMIs is to quantify the prevalence of DMIs in incipient and hybridizing species. Here, we present statistics that are sensitive to the resulting recombinant imbalance and that can indicate the location of DMIs in hybrid genomes in various demographic scenarios. We use simulations to show that the time window during which a DMI is detectable depends on its genomic location, the severity of the DMI, and the populations demography. Importantly, our statistic distinguishes genetic associations arising due to physical linkage from those arising due to gene interactions, which allows for the inference of both inter- and intrachromosomal DMIs. Applying our statistics to three hybrid populations of swordtail fish, we confirm previously known DMIs and identify new candidate incompatibilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.454891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring inter- and intrachromosomal Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities                from imbalanced segregation of recombinant haplotypes in hybrid populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.12.456059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule deacetylation reduces cell stiffness to allow the onset of collective cell migration in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.12.456059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis, tissue repair and cancer metastasis rely on collective cell migration (CCM). In vitro studies propose that migrating cells are stiffer when exposed to stiff substrates, known to allow CCM, but softer when plated in compliant non-permissive surfaces. Here, by combining in vivo atomic force microscopy (iAFM) and modelling we reveal that to collectively migrate in vivo, cells require to dynamically decrease their stiffness in response to the temporal stiffening of their native substrate. Moreover, molecular and mechanical perturbations of embryonic tissues uncover that this unexpected cell mechanical response is achieved by a new mechanosensitive pathway involving Piezo1-mediated microtubule deacetylation. Finally, lowering microtubule acetylation and consequently cell stiffness was sufficient to allow CCM in soft non-permissive substrates, suggesting that a fixed value of substrate stiffness is not as essential for CCM as it is reaching an optimal cell-to-substrate stiffness value. These in vivo insights on cell-to-substrate mechanical interplay have major implications to our re-interpretation of physiological and pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marchant, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmi-Kakkada, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriga, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule deacetylation reduces cell stiffness to allow the onset of collective cell migration in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.08.459166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The X-linked splicing regulator MBNL3 has been co-opted to restrict placental growth in eutherians 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.08.459166v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eutherian placenta is a major site for parental genetic conflict. Here, we identify the X-linked Mbnl3 gene as a novel player in this dispute. Mbnl3 belongs to an RNA binding protein family whose members regulate alternative splicing and other aspects of RNA metabolism in association with cellular differentiation. We find that, in eutherians, Mbnl3 has become specifically expressed in placenta and has undergone accelerated sequence evolution leading to changes in its RNA binding specificities. Although its molecular roles are partly redundant with those of Mbnl2, Mbnl3 has also acquired novel biological functions. In particular, whereas Mbnl2;Mbnl3 double knockout mice display severe placental maturation defects leading to strong histological and functional abnormalities, Mbnl3 knockout alone results in increased placental growth and favors placental and fetal resource allocation during limiting conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spruce, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plass, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez de Lagran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permanyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierssen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernaute, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The X-linked splicing regulator MBNL3 has been co-opted to restrict placental growth in eutherians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.06.463413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocin regulation of social transmission of fear in zebrafish reveals its evolutionary conserved role in emotional contagion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.06.463413v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional contagion is the most ancestral form of empathy that relies on simple perception-action mechanisms, on top of which more complex forms of empathic behaviors, such as consolation and helping, have evolved. Here we tested to what extent the proximate mechanisms of emotional contagion are evolutionary conserved by assessing the role of oxytocin, known to regulate empathic behaviors in mammals, in social fear contagion in zebrafish, which represents an evolutionary divergent line to that of tetrapods, within vertebrates. Using mutants for the ligand of the fish oxytocin nonapeptide and both of its receptors in zebrafish we showed that oxytocin is necessary for observer zebrafish to copy the distressed behavior of conspecific demonstrators. Exogeneous administration of oxytocin to the ligand mutant rescued the ability of observers to express social fear transmission, indicating that oxytocin is not only necessary but also sufficient for emotional contagion. The brain regions in the ventral telencephalon that are associated with emotional contagion in zebrafish are homologous to those known to be involved in the same process in rodents (e.g. striatum, lateral septum), and receive direct projections from oxytocinergic neurons located in the pre-optic area. Finally, we ruled out the hypothesis that social transmission of fear in zebrafish merely relies on behavior contagion by motor imitation, and we showed that it rather relies on emotion discrimination. Together our results support an evolutionary conserved role for oxytocin as a key regulator of basic empathic behaviors across vertebrates.

One-Sentence SummaryOxytocin is necessary and sufficient for social fear contagion in zebrafish supporting an evolutionary conserved role for oxytocin in emotional contagion among vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akinrinade, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kareklas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliksberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levkowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocin regulation of social transmission of fear in zebrafish reveals its evolutionary conserved role in emotional contagion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.12.464038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social and asocial learning in zebrafish are encoded by a shared brain network that is differentially modulated by local activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.12.464038v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group living animals can use social and asocial cues to predict the presence of a reward or a punishment in the environment through associative learning. The degree to which social and asocial learning share the same mechanisms is still a matter of debate, and, so far, studies investigating the neuronal basis of these two types of learning are scarce and have been restricted to primates, including humans, and rodents. Here we have used a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm in which a social (fish image) or an asocial (circle image) conditioned stimulus (CS) have been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US=food), and we have used the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos to map the neural circuits associated with social and asocial learning. Our results show that the learning performance is similar with social (fish image) and asocial (circle image) CSs. However, the brain regions involved in each learning type are distinct. Social learning is associated with an increased expression of c-fos in olfactory bulbs, ventral zone of ventral telencephalic area, ventral habenula and ventromedial thalamus, whereas asocial learning is associated with a decreased expression of c-fos in dorsal habenula and anterior tubercular nucleus. Using egonetworks, we further show that each learning type has an associated pattern of functional connectivity across brain regions. Moreover, a community analysis of the network data reveals four segregated functional submodules, which seem to be associated with different cognitive functions involved in the learning tasks: a generalized attention module, a visual response module, a social stimulus integration module and a learning module. Together, these results suggest that, although there are localized differences in brain activity between social and asocial learning, the two learning types share a common learning module and social learning also recruits a specific social stimulus integration module. Therefore, our results support the occurrence of a common general-purpose learning module, that is differentially modulated by localized activation in social and asocial learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunliffe, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social and asocial learning in zebrafish are encoded by a shared brain network that is differentially modulated by local activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.23.465581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin 7 receptor drives Early T lineage Progenitor expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.23.465581v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) and IL-7 receptor (IL-7r) are essential for T lymphocyte differentiation, by driving proliferation and survival of specific developmental stages. While early T lineage progenitors (ETP), the most immature thymocyte population known, have a history of IL-7r expression, it is unclear whether IL-7r is required at this stage. Here, we show that mice lacking IL-7 or IL-7r have a marked loss of ETPs that results mostly from a cell-autonomous defect in proliferation and survival, although no changes were detected in Bcl2 protein levels. Further, a fraction of ETPs responded to IL-7 stimulation ex vivo by phosphorylating Stat5, and IL-7r was enriched in the most immature Flt3+Ccr9+ ETPs. Consistently, IL-7 promoted the expansion of Flt3+ but not Flt3-ETPs on OP9-DLL4 cocultures, without affecting differentiation at either stage. Taken together, our data show that IL-7/IL-7r is necessary following thymus seeding, by promoting proliferation and survival of the most immature thymocytes.

SummaryPaiva et al. show that IL-7/IL-7r signaling upon thymus seeding is essential for proliferation and survival of the most immature early T lineage progenitors (ETP), thereby determining the physiological ETP cellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paiva, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin 7 receptor drives Early T lineage Progenitor expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.03.467152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepBacs: Bacterial image analysis using open-source deep learning approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.03.467152v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep Learning (DL) is rapidly changing the field of microscopy, allowing for efficient analysis of complex data while often out-performing classical algorithms. This revolution has led to a significant effort to create user-friendly tools allowing biomedical researchers with little background in computer sciences to use this technology effectively. Thus far, these approaches have mainly focused on analysing microscopy images from eukaryotic samples and are still underused in microbiology. In this work, we demonstrate how to use a range of state-of-the-art artificial neural-networks particularly suited for the analysis of bacterial microscopy images, using our recently developed ZeroCostDL4Mic platform. We showcase different DL approaches for segmenting bright field and fluorescence images of different bacterial species, use object detection to classify different growth stages in time-lapse imaging data, and carry out DL-assisted phenotypic profiling of antibiotic-treated cells. To also demonstrate the DL capacity to enhance low-phototoxicity live-cell microscopy, we showcase how image denoising can allow researchers to attain high-fidelity data in faster and longer imaging. Finally, artificial labelling of cell membranes and predictions of super-resolution images allow for accurate mapping of cell shape and intracellular targets. To aid in the training of novice users, we provide a purposefully-built database of training and testing data, enabling bacteriologists to quickly explore how to analyse their data through DL. We hope this lays a fertile ground for the efficient application of DL in microbiology and fosters the creation of novel tools for bacterial cell biology and antibiotic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Chamier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conduit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinho, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepBacs: Bacterial image analysis using open-source deep learning approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.20.440527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient dopamine neuron activity precedes and encodes the vigor of contralateral movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.20.440527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons (DANs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have been related to movement vigor, and loss of these neurons leads to bradykinesia in Parkinsons disease. However, it remains unclear whether DANs encode a general motivation signal or modulate movement kinematics. We imaged activity of SNc DANs in mice trained in a novel operant task which relies on individual forelimb sequences. We uncovered that a similar proportion of SNc DANs increased their activity before ipsi- vs. contralateral sequences. However, the magnitude of this activity was higher for contralateral actions, and was related to contralateral but not ipsilateral sequence length. In contrast, the activity of reward-related DANs, largely distinct from those modulated by movement, was not lateralized. Finally, unilateral dopamine depletion impaired contralateral, but not ipsilateral, sequence length. These results indicate that movement-initiation DANs encode more than a general motivation signal, and invigorate kinematic aspects of contralateral movements.

TeaserTransient activity in substantia nigra compacta dopamine neurons encodes contralateral, but not ipsilateral action vigor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves da Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castela, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient dopamine neuron activity precedes and encodes the vigor of contralateral movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.464998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A within-host infection model to explore tolerance andresistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.464998v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How are some individuals surviving infections while others die? The answer lies in how infected individuals invest into controlling pathogen proliferation and mitigating damage, two strategies respectively called resistance and disease tolerance. Pathogen within-host dynamics (WHD), influenced by resistance, and its connection to host survival, determined by tolerance, decide the infection outcome. To grasp these intricate effects of resistance and tolerance, we used a deterministic theoretical model where pathogens interact with the immune system of a host. The model describes the positive and negative regulation of the immune response, consider the way damage accumulate during the infection and predicts WHD. When chronic, infections stabilize at a Set-Point Pathogen Load (SPPL). Our model predicts that this situation can be transient, the SPPL being then a predictor of life span which depends on initial condition (e.g. inoculum). When stable, the SPPL is rather diagnostic of non lethal chronic infections. In lethal infections, hosts die at a Pathogen Load Upon Death (PLUD) which is almost independent from the initial conditions. As the SPPL, the PLUD is affected by both resistance and tolerance but we demonstrate that it can be used in conjunction with mortality measurement to distinguish the effect of disease tolerance from that of resistance. We validate empirically this new approach, using Drosophila melanogaster and the pathogen Providencia rettgeri. We found that, as predicted by the model, hosts that were wounded or deficient of key antimicrobial peptides had a higher PLUD, while Catalase mutant hosts, likely to have a default in disease tolerance, had a lower PLUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthuisot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FERDY, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>duneau, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A within-host infection model to explore tolerance andresistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.24.497412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges and pitfalls of inferring microbial growth rates from lab cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.24.497412v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After more than 100 years of generating monoculture batch culture growth curves, microbial ecologists and evolutionary biologists still lack a reference method for inferring growth rates. Our work highlights the challenges of estimating the growth rate from growth curve data and shows that inaccurate estimates of growth rates significantly impact the estimated relative fitness, a principal quantity in evolution and ecology. First, we conducted a literature review and found which different types of methods are currently used to estimate growth rates. These methods differ in the meaning of the estimated growth rate parameter. Kinetic models estimate the intrinsic growth rate {micro} whereas statistical methods - both model-based and model-free - estimate the maximum per capita growth rate {micro}max. Using math and simulations, we show the conditions in which {micro}max is not a good estimator of {micro}. Then, we demonstrate that inaccurate absolute estimates of {micro} is not overcome by calculating relative values. Importantly, we find that poor approximations for {micro} sometimes lead to wrongly classifying a beneficial mutant as deleterious. Finally, we re-analyzed four published data-sets using most of the methods found by our literature review. We detected no single best-fitting model across all experiments within a data-set and found that the Gompertz models, which were among the most commonly used, were often among the worst fitting. Our study provides suggestions for how experimenters can improve their growth rate and associated relative fitness estimates and highlights a neglected but fundamental problem for nearly everyone who studies microbial populations in the lab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghenu, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrec, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges and pitfalls of inferring microbial growth rates from lab cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.21.496937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary models predict potential mechanisms of escape from mutational meltdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.21.496937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutagenic drugs are promising candidates for the treatment of various RNA virus infections. Increasing the mutation rate of the virus leads to rapid accumulation of deleterious mutation load, which is proposed to ultimately result in extinction as described by the theoretical concepts of mutational meltdown and lethal mutagenesis. However, the conditions and potential mechanisms of viral escape from the effects of mutagenic drugs have not been conceptually explored. Here we apply a computational approach to quantify the population dynamics and genetics of a population under high mutation rates and discuss the likelihood of adaptation to a mutagenic drug by means of three proposed mechanisms: (1) a proportion of "traditional" beneficial mutations that increase growth/fitness, (2) a mutation rate modifier (i.e., evolution of resistance to the mutagenic drug) that reduces the mutation rate, and (3) a modifier of the distribution of fitness effects, which either decreases or increases deleterious effects of mutations (i.e., evolution of tolerance to the mutagenic drug). We track the population dynamics and genetics of evolving populations and find that successful adaptations have to appear early to override the increasing mutational load and rescue the population from its imminent extinction. We highlight that the observed stochasticity of adaptation, especially by means of modifiers of the distribution of fitness effects, is difficult to capture in experimental trials, which may leave potential dangers of the use of mutagenic treatments unexposed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Arce, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary models predict potential mechanisms of escape from mutational meltdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.07.495102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioImage Model Zoo: A Community-Driven Resource for Accessible Deep Learning in BioImage Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.07.495102v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning-based approaches are revolutionizing imaging-driven scientific research. However, the accessibility and reproducibility of deep learning-based workflows for imaging scientists remain far from sufficient. Several tools have recently risen to the challenge of democratizing deep learning by providing user-friendly interfaces to analyze new data with pre-trained or fine-tuned models. Still, few of the existing pre-trained models are interoperable between these tools, critically restricting a models overall utility and the possibility of validating and reproducing scientific analyses. Here, we present the BioImage Model Zoo (https://bioimage.io): a community-driven, fully open resource where standardized pre-trained models can be shared, explored, tested, and downloaded for further adaptation or direct deployment in multiple end user-facing tools (e.g., ilastik, deepImageJ, QuPath, StarDist, ImJoy, ZeroCostDL4Mic, CSBDeep). To enable everyone to contribute and consume the Zoo resources, we provide a model standard to enable cross-compatibility, a rich list of example models and practical use-cases, developer tools, documentation, and the accompanying infrastructure for model upload, download and testing. Our contribution aims to lay the groundwork to make deep learning methods for microscopy imaging findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) across software tools and platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuttenmueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pape, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lopez-de-Haro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Sans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-la-Torre-Gutierrez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankhead, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreshuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioImage Model Zoo: A Community-Driven Resource for Accessible Deep Learning in BioImage Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.14.491942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endoplasmic Reticulum membranes are continuously required to maintain mitotic spindle size and forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.14.491942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane organelle function, localization, and proper partitioning upon cell division depend on interactions with the cytoskeleton. Whether, reciprocally, membrane organelles also impact on the function of cytoskeletal elements remains less clear. Here, we show that acute disruption of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) around spindle poles affects mitotic spindle size and function in Drosophila syncytial embryos. Acute ER disruption was achieved through the inhibition of ER membrane fusion by the dominant-negative cytoplasmic domain of Atlastin. We reveal that when the ER is disrupted specifically at metaphase, mitotic spindles become smaller, despite no significant changes in microtubule dynamics. These smaller spindles are still able to mediate sister chromatid separation, yet with decreased velocity. Furthermore, by inducing mitotic exit, we found that nuclear separation and distribution are affected upon ER disruption. Our results suggest that ER integrity around spindle poles is crucial for the maintenance of mitotic spindle shape and pulling forces. Additionally, ER integrity also ensures nuclear spacing during syncytial divisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endoplasmic Reticulum membranes are continuously required to maintain mitotic spindle size and forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.05.490747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RanBP1 plays an essential role in directed migration of neural crest cells during development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.05.490747v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell migration is essential for embryonic development, tissue regeneration and repair, and has been implicated in pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis. It is, in part, directed by external cues that promote front-to-rear polarity in individual cells. However, our understanding of the pathways that underpin the directional movement of cells in response to external cues remains incomplete. To examine this issue we made use of neural crest cells (NC), which migrate as a collective during development to generate vital structures including bones and cartilage. Using a candidate approach, we found an essential role for Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1), a key effector of the nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway, in enabling directed migration of these cells. Our results indicate that RanBP1 is required for establishing front-to-rear polarity, so that NCs are able to chemotax. Moreover, our work suggests that RanBP1 function in chemotaxis involves the polarity kinase LKB1/PAR4. We envisage that regulated nuclear export of LKB1 through Ran/RanBP1 is a key regulatory step required for establishing front-to-rear polarity and thus chemotaxis, during NC collective migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bariga, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mencarelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichaud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RanBP1 plays an essential role in directed migration of neural crest cells during development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dual character of the inhibitory functions of CD6 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490054v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell membrane scaffold proteins play important roles in T cell biology, functioning as multi-functional signaling hubs. CD6 assembles a large intracellular signalosome but, unlike typical membrane-attached scaffolds like LAT or PAG, it has a sizeable ectodomain that binds a well-characterized ligand, CD166. It is unclear whether CD6 has net inhibitory or costimulatory functions or how its ectodomain influences these activities. To explore these questions, we dissected the signaling functions of the extracellular and cytoplasmic regions of CD6. We found that CD6 was delivered to the immunological synapse and suppressed T cell responsiveness in vitro wholly dependently of its cytoplasmic domain, indicating that CD6 very potently imposes tonic inhibition, acting as a structural and signaling inhibitory hub. However, the cell-intrinsic suppression of autoimmunity by CD6 in vivo was also impacted by extracellular interactions, demonstrated by the increased susceptibility of mice to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after removal of the ligand binding region of the ectodomain of CD6. Our work identifies CD6 as a new class of  on/off switching scaffold-receptor that constrains immune responsiveness at two speeds. First, it sets signaling thresholds via tonic inhibition, functioning as a cytoplasmic membrane-bound scaffold and, second, by cycling between signaling-enabling and signalinginhibiting ectodomain isoforms it functions as an immune checkpoint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sousa Linhares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malissen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dual character of the inhibitory functions of CD6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.07.487490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity 3D live-cell nanoscopy through data-driven enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.07.487490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the development of new image analysis approaches has highlighted the possibility of recovering superresolution information from short sequences of wide-field images. Our recently developed method, SRRF (Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations), enables long-term live-cell imaging beyond the resolution limit without specialized hardware. Here, we present eSRRF (enhanced-SRRF), a significant improvement over our initial method, enhancing image fidelity to the underlying structure and resolution. Especially, eSRRF uses automated data-driven parameter optimization, including an estimation of the number of frames necessary for optimal reconstruction. We demonstrate the improved fidelity of the images reconstructed with eSRRF and highlight its versatility and ease of use over a wide range of microscopy techniques and biological systems. We also extend eSRRF to 3D super-resolution microscopy by combining it with multi-focus microscopy (MFM), obtaining volumetric super-resolution imaging of live cells with acquisition speed of ~1 volume/second.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heil, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galgani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity 3D live-cell nanoscopy through data-driven enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.21.489023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluid manipulations uncover mechanosensation for zebrafish left-right establishment during one-hour time interval 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.21.489023v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other vertebrates define body axis left-right asymmetry in the early stages of embryo development (Shiratori and Hamada, 2006). The mechanism behind left-right establishment is not fully understood (Mizuno et al., 2020; Maerker et al., 2021; Minegishi et al., 2021). Symmetry breaking occurs in a dedicated organ called the left-right organizer (LRO) and involves motile cilia generating fluid-flow therein. However, it has been a matter of debate whether the process of symmetry breaking relies on a chemosensory or a mechanosensory mechanism (Shinohara et al., 2012). Novel tailored manipulations for LRO fluid extraction in living zebrafish embryos allowed us to pinpoint a decisive developmental period for breaking left-right symmetry during development. The shortest critical time-window was narrowed to one hour and characterized by a mild counterclockwise flow. The experimental challenge consisted in emptying the LRO of its fluid, abrogating simultaneously flow force and chemical determinants. Our findings revealed an unprecedented recovery capacity of the embryo to re-fil and re-circulate new LRO fluid. The embryos that later developed laterality problems were found to be those that had lower anterior angular velocity and thus less anterior-posterior heterogeneity. Aiming to test if this led to differential endocytosis of any molecular determinant, we replaced the LRO fluid by a physiological buffer. Despite some transitory flow homogenization, laterality defects were absent unless viscosity was altered demonstrating that symmetry breaking does not depend on the nature of the fluid content but rather relies on fluid mechanics. Altogether, we conclude that mechanosensing is the likely mechanism to govern left-right early establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluid manipulations uncover mechanosensation for zebrafish left-right establishment during one-hour time interval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.14.480268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING1 activation in brain endothelium by Plasmodium-sequestered heme leads to lethal cerebral malaria through activation of type I IFN response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.14.480268v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening form of Plasmodium falciparum infection caused by brain inflammation. Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of CM pathology, which is also associated with the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) inflammatory pathway. The molecular triggers and sensors eliciting brain type I IFN cellular responses during CM remain largely unknown. We herein identified the stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING1) as the key innate immune sensor that induces Ifn{beta}1 transcription in the brain of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (Pba). This STING1/IFN{beta}-mediated response increases brain CXCL10 governing the extent of brain leucocyte infiltration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and determining CM lethality. The critical role of brain endothelial cells (BECs) in fueling type I IFN-driven brain inflammation was demonstrated in brain endothelial-specific IFN{beta}-reporter and STING1-deficient Pba-infected mice, which are significantly protected from CM lethality. Moreover, extracellular particles (EPs) released from Pba-infected erythrocytes activated STING1-dependent type I IFN response in BECs, a response requiring intracellular acidification. Fractionation of the EPs enabled us to identify a defined fraction carrying hemoglobin degradation remnants that activates STING1/IFN{beta} in the brain endothelium, a process correlated with heme content. Notably, stimulation of STING1-deficient BECs with heme, docking experiments and in vitro binding assays unveiled that heme is a putative STING1 ligand. This work shows that heme resultant from the parasite heterotrophic activity operates as an alarmin triggering brain endothelial inflammatory responses via STING1/IFN{beta}/CXCL10 axis crucial to CM pathogenesis and lethality.

SignificanceCM results from loss of blood-brain endothelial barrier function caused by unrestrained inflammatory response in the natural course of infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, the role of brain endothelium in triggering inflammatory mechanisms is still undetermined. We found that the innate immune sensor STING1 is crucial for production of IFN{beta} in brain endothelial cells in Plasmodium-infected mice. This in turn stimulates CXCL10-mediated recruitment of leukocytes and subsequent brain inflammation and tissue damage. We identified within extracellular particles released from Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes, a fraction containing products of hemoglobin degradation, namely heme, which we show can bind STING1. Our results unravel a new angle of CM pathogenesis: heme contained in particles triggers the STING/IFN{beta}/CXCL10 axis in brain endothelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pais, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatbar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acurcio, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa-Silva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penha-Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING1 activation in brain endothelium by Plasmodium-sequestered heme leads to lethal cerebral malaria through activation of type I IFN response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ADAM17 sheddase complex regulator iTAP modulates inflammation, epithelial repair, and tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487842v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metalloprotease ADAM17 catalyzes the shedding of key signalling molecules from the cell surface, including the inflammatory cytokine TNF (tumour necrosis factor) and activating ligands of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor). ADAM17 exists within an assemblage called the "sheddase complex" containing a rhomboid pseudoprotease (iRhom1 or iRhom2). iRhoms control multiple aspects of ADAM17 biology, including its vesicular trafficking, maturation from its precursor pro-form, activation on the cell surface and specificity for subsets of proteolytic targets. Previous studies from our laboratory and others identified the FERM domain-containing protein Frmd8/iTAP as an iRhom-binding protein. iTAP is required to maintain the cell surface stability of the sheddase complex, thereby preventing the precocious shunting of ADAM17 and iRhom2 to lysosomes and their consequent degradation. As pathophysiological role(s) of iTAP have not been addressed, here we sought to characterize the impact of loss of iTAP on ADAM17-associated phenotypes in mice. Our data show that iTAP KO mice exhibit defects in ADAM17 activity in inflammatory and intestinal epithelial barrier repair functions, but do not exhibit the collateral effects associated with global loss of ADAM17. Furthermore, we show that iTAP promotes cancer cell growth in a cell-autonomous manner, and by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Our work suggests that pharmacological intervention at the level of iTAP may be beneficial to target ADAM17 activity in specific compartments during chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer, avoiding the deleterious impact on vital functions associated with the widespread inhibition of ADAM17 in normal tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adrain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badenes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbridge, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faisca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ADAM17 sheddase complex regulator iTAP modulates inflammation, epithelial repair, and tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.06.487296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ana1/CEP295 is an essential player in the centrosome maintenance program regulated by Polo kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.06.487296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrioles play critical roles in our cells, being part of centrosomes and cilia, which are important microtubule organising centers (MTOC) with a variety of roles. While centrioles are very stable structures, they disappear in certain cell types upon differentiation, such as in oocytes. Little is known about the regulation of centriole structural integrity. We previously uncovered that the pericentriolar material (PCM), and its recruiter Polo kinase, are required for both the maintenance of centriole structural integrity and centrosome MTOC activity. Using an hypothesis driven RNAi screen, we show that both the cartwheel and the centriole wall play an important role in centrosome integrity. In particular, we uncovered that the centriole wall protein ANA1 is critical for the integrity of both new and mature centrioles, in Drosophila oogenesis as well as in cultured cells. Moreover, our results show that the activity of both Polo and the PCM in centriole integrity depends on ANA1. Our work suggests that the structural integrity of centrioles, once thought to be very stable organelles, depends on the turnover of key components, suggesting new perspectives for understanding the dysfunction of those structures in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pimenta-Marques, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perestrelo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis-Rodrigues, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lince-Faria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt-Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ana1/CEP295 is an essential player in the centrosome maintenance program regulated by Polo kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.01.486763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xport-A functions as a chaperone by stabilizing the first 5 transmembrane domains of Rhodopsin-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.01.486763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhodopsin-1 (Rh1), the main photo-sensitive protein of Drosophila, is a seven transmembrane domain protein, which is inserted co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Maturation of Rh1 occurs in the ER, where various chaperones interact with Rh1 to aid in its folding and subsequent transport in the secretory pathway. Xport-A has been shown to be a chaperone/ transport factor for Rh1, but the exact molecular mechanism for Xport-A activity upon Rh1 is not known. Here, based on computational predictions, we propose a model where Xport-A functions as a chaperone in the biosynthesis of Rh1 by stabilizing the first 5 transmembrane domains of Rh1, but not the full length Rh1 protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordeiro, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xport-A functions as a chaperone by stabilizing the first 5 transmembrane domains of Rhodopsin-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.02.482557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved transcriptional program of metazoan male germ cells uncovers ancient origins of human infertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.02.482557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male germ cells share a common origin across animal species, therefore they likely retain a conserved genetic program that defines their cellular identity. However, the unique evolutionary dynamics of male germ cells coupled with their widespread leaky transcription pose significant obstacles to the identification of the core spermatogenic program. Through network analysis of the spermatocyte transcriptome of vertebrate and invertebrate species, we describe the conserved evolutionary origin of metazoan male germ cells at the molecular level. We estimate the average functional requirement of a metazoan male germ cell to correspond to the expression of approximately 10,000 protein-coding genes, a third of which defines a genetic scaffold of deeply conserved genes that has been retained throughout evolution. Such scaffold contains a set of 79 functional associations between 104 gene expression regulators that represent a core component of the conserved genetic program of metazoan spermatogenesis. By genetically interfering with the acquisition and maintenance of male germ cell identity, we uncover 161 previously unknown spermatogenesis genes and three new potential genetic causes of human infertility. These findings emphasize the importance of evolutionary history on human reproductive disease and establish a cross-species analytical pipeline that can be repurposed to other cell types and pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correia, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyrwoll, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobral, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilgur, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuppe, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudêncio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nóvoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leocádio, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutwil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tüttelmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved transcriptional program of metazoan male germ cells uncovers ancient origins of human infertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.27.474243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABA represses TOR and root meristem activity through nuclear exit of the SnRK1 kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.27.474243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes plant tolerance to major stresses like drought, partly by modulating plant growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that cell proliferation in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem is controlled by the interplay between three kinases, SNF1-RELATED KINASE 2 (SnRK2), the main driver of ABA signaling, the SnRK1 energy sensor, and the growth-promoting TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase. Under favorable conditions, the SnRK11 catalytic subunit is enriched in the nuclei of root cells and this is accompanied by normal cell proliferation and meristem size. Depletion of SnRK2s in a snrk2.2 snrk2.3 double mutant causes constitutive cytoplasmic localization of SnRK11 and a reduction in meristem size, suggesting that, under non-stress conditions, SnRK2s enable growth by retaining SnRK11 in the nucleus. In response to elevated ABA levels, SnRK11 translocates to the cytoplasm and this is accompanied by inhibition of TOR, decreased cell proliferation and meristem size. Blocking nuclear export with leptomycin B abrogates ABA-driven SnRK11 relocalization to the cytoplasm and the inhibition of TOR. Fusion of SnRK11 to an SV40 nuclear localization signal leads to defective TOR repression in response to ABA, demonstrating that SnRK11 nuclear exit is a premise for this repression. Altogether, we demonstrate that SnRK2-dependent changes in SnRK11 subcellular localization are crucial for the regulation of TOR activity and root growth in response to ABA. Such swift relocalization of key regulators may represent a more general strategy of sessile organisms like plants to rapidly respond to environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belda-Palazon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.474243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABA represses TOR and root meristem activity through nuclear exit of the SnRK1 kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.08.483540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD5L constraints acute and systemic inflammation and can be a novel potent therapeutic agent against sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.08.483540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global burden of sepsis, with an estimated 49 million cases and 11 million deaths in 2017, often passes unnoticed to the general public even though it is the direct cause of nearly 20% of all deaths worldwide. This unawareness is perhaps due to misconceptions, or miscoding in the reporting of the ultimate causes of death, as in many diseases it is not the actual infectious agent that causes the biggest harm. Rather, it is the uncontrolled inflammation leading to septic shock that is the most menacing manifestation associated with many infections, and becomes deadly serious once it has passed the stage where anti-microbial drugs no longer have any effect to inactivate or destroy the pathogen. Here we show that the combined anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) protein CD5L contribute to a remarkable therapeutic effect of the protein to fight sepsis, such that when exogenously administered in C57BL/6 mice with induced lethal-grade sepsis, it can be a very effective curative agent to treat this condition. The resistance conferred by CD5L to polybacterial-induced sepsis using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model is consistent with the reported observations that CD5L physically binds and inactivates diverse species and strains of bacteria. Accordingly, our CD5L-knockout mice are significantly more susceptible to experimentally-induced mid-grade CLP than wild-type animals. We show that CD5L is centered on promoting neutrophil recruitment and activation, overall contributing to reducing the bacteria burden of the animals. However, the dramatic susceptibility of CD5L-deficient animals is not necessarily correlated only with pathogen load, as these mice are also extremely susceptible to sterile sepsis induced by nonlethal doses of LPS. Notwithstanding the observed capacity of CD5L to directly bind to a broad range of pathogens, typical of many PRRs, our evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory properties of the protein are at least as important as its pathogen-binding potential, and can, and should, be explored to treat the deadly inflammation storm that is sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gärtner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malissen, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD5L constraints acute and systemic inflammation and can be a novel potent therapeutic agent against sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.03.482911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Follicle cell contact maintains main body axis polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.03.482911v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila melanogaster the anterior-posterior body axis is maternally established and governed by differential localization of partitioning defective (Par) proteins within the oocyte. At mid-oogenesis, Par-1 accumulates at the posterior end of the oocyte while Par-3/Bazooka is excluded there but maintains its localization along the remaining oocyte cortex. This mutual exclusion leads to a polarized microtubule network and accumulation of posterior determinant oskar later in oogenesis. Reciprocal biochemical interactions between Par proteins can explain their cortical exclusion and domain formation - for example, Par-1 excludes Par-3 by phosphorylation. However, past studies have proposed the need for somatic cells at the posterior end to initiate oocyte polarization by providing a trigger signal. To date, despite modern screening approaches and genetic manipulation, neither the molecular identity nor the nature of the signal is known. Here, we provide the first evidence that mechanical contact of posterior follicle cells (PFCs) with the oocyte cortex causes the posterior exclusion of Bazooka and maintains oocyte polarity. We show that Bazooka prematurely accumulates exclusively where posterior follicle cells have been mechanically detached or ablated. This occurs before Par-1 is removed suggesting that phosphorylation of Bazooka by Par-1 is not sufficient to maintain Bazooka exclusion in the absence of PFC contact. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PFC contact maintains Par-1 and oskar localization and microtubule cytoskeleton polarity in the oocyte. Our observations suggest that cell-cell contact mechanics modulates Par protein binding sites at the oocyte cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Follicle cell contact maintains main body axis polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.481995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the actin/MRTF-A/SRF signalling pathway in pre-malignant mammary epithelial cells by P-cadherin is essential for transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.481995v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations in the expression or function of cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in all steps of tumour progression. Among those, P-cadherin expression is highly enriched in basal-like breast cancer, a molecular subset of triple-negative breast carcinomas, playing a central role in inducing cancer cell self-renewal, as well as collective cell migration and invasion capacity. To decipher the P-cadherin-dependent signalling network, we generated a humanised P-cadherin fly model, establishing a clinically relevant platform for functional exploration of P-cadherin effectors in vivo. We report that actin nucleators, MRTF and SRF are main effectors of P-cadherin functional effects. In addition, we validated these findings in a human mammary epithelial cell line with conditional activation of the Src oncogene, which recapitulates molecular events taking place during cellular transformation. We show that prior to triggering the gain of malignant phenotypes, Src induces a transient increase in P-cadherin expression levels, which correlates with MRTF-A accumulation, its nuclear translocation and the upregulation of SRF target genes. Moreover, knocking down P-cadherin, or preventing Factin polymerization with Latrunculin A, impairs SRF transcriptional activity. Furthermore, blocking MRTF-A nuclear translocation with CCG-203971 hampers proliferation, selfrenewal and invasion. Thus, in addition to sustaining malignant phenotypes, P-cadherin can also play a major role in the very early stages of breast carcinogenesis by promoting a transient boost of MRTF-A/SRF signalling through actin regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faria, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesus, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerreiro, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meireles, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais-de-Sa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janody, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.481995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the actin/MRTF-A/SRF signalling pathway in pre-malignant mammary epithelial cells by P-cadherin is essential for transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.25.481972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision-related convergent gene losses reveal SERPINE3's unknown role in the eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.25.481972v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research, knowledge about the genes that are important for development and function of the mammalian eye and are involved in human eye disorders remains incomplete. During mammalian evolution, mammals that naturally exhibit poor vision or regressive eye phenotypes have independently lost many eye-related genes. This provides an opportunity to predict novel eye-related genes based on specific evolutionary gene loss signatures. Building on these observations, we performed a genome-wide screen across 49 mammals for functionally uncharacterized genes that are preferentially lost in species exhibiting lower visual acuity values. The screen uncovered several genes, including SERPINE3, a putative serine proteinase inhibitor. A detailed investigation of 381 additional mammals revealed that SERPINE3 is independently lost in 18 lineages that typically do not primarily rely on vision, predicting a vision-related function for this gene. To test this, we show that SERPINE3 has the highest expression in eyes of zebrafish and mouse. In the zebrafish retina, serpine3 is expressed in Mueller glia cells, a cell type essential for survival and maintenance of the retina. A CRISPR-mediated knockout of serpine3 in zebrafish resulted in alterations in eye shape and defects in retinal layering. Furthermore, two human polymorphisms that are in linkage with SERPINE3 are associated with eye-related traits. Together, these results suggest that SERPINE3 has a role in vertebrate eyes. More generally, by integrating comparative genomics with experiments in model organisms, we show that screens for specific phenotype-associated gene signatures can predict functions of uncharacterized genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indrischek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirilenko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roscito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision-related convergent gene losses reveal SERPINE3's unknown role in the eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.23.481572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin II is required for efficient Spindle Assembly Checkpoint activation in Drosophila male meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.23.481572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reductional nuclear division in meiosis is essential for diploid life. A fundamental event in meiosis is chromatin condensation, through mechanisms not yet fully understood. Current data suggest that Condensins are key players in building and sustaining mitotic and meiotic chromosome structure. In Drosophila, Condensin II appears to be dispensable for faithful mitosis in somatic tissues yet essential in the germline. Previous work has demonstrated that in Drosophila male meiosis, Condensin II is required for the segregation of homologous chromosomes into distinct territories during prophase I, possibly through the resolution of chromosomal intertwines. Here we show that in addition to this well-established function in meiotic chromatin assembly, Condensin II is required for robust Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) signaling in male meiosis. In the absence of Condensin II, spermatocytes undergo faster meiotic divisions and display reduced ability to prolong meiosis in the presence of spindle poisons. This is attributed to the inability to recruit a key SAC component (Mad1) to the kinetochore. Importantly, we demonstrate that the absence of a robust SAC response in Condensin II mutants, and consequent accelerated meiosis, is a strong contributor to the meiotic defects associated with these mutants. We show that artificial prolongation of meiotic divisions, using conditions that delay anaphase onset in a SAC-independent manner, is sufficient to rescue segregation defects and aneuploidy associated with Condensin II mutations. We therefore conclude that Condensin II can be dispensable for the resolution of topological problems and chromosome condensation if cells are able to prolong meiosis. Yet, the newly found role of this complex in the robustness of the SAC reduces meiotic timing leading to severe chromosome segregation defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin II is required for efficient Spindle Assembly Checkpoint activation in Drosophila male meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.02.478784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The metric backbone preserves community structure and is a primary transmission subgraph in contact networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.02.478784v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of social networks strongly affects how different phenomena spread in human society, from the transmission of information to the propagation of contagious diseases. It is well-known that heterogeneous connectivity strongly favors spread, but a precise characterization of the redundancy present in social networks and its effect on the robustness of transmission is still lacking. This gap is addressed by the metric backbone, a weight- and connectivity-preserving subgraph that is sufficient to compute all shortest paths of weighted graphs. This subgraph is obtained via algebraically-principled axioms and does not require statistical sampling based on null-models. We show that the metric backbones of nine contact networks obtained from proximity sensors in a variety of social contexts are generally very small, 49% of the original graph for one and ranging from about 6% to 20% for the others. This reflects a surprising amount of redundancy and reveals that shortest paths on these networks are very robust to random attacks and failures. We also show that the metric backbone preserves the full distribution of shortest paths of the original contact networks--which must include the shortest inter- and intra-community distances that define any community structure--and is a primary subgraph for epidemic transmission based on pure diffusion processes. This suggests that the organization of social contact networks is based on large amounts of shortest-path redundancy which shapes epidemic spread in human populations. Thus, the metric backbone is an important subgraph with regard to epidemic spread, the robustness of social networks, and any communication dynamics that depend on complex network shortest paths.

Author summaryIt is through social networks that contagious diseases spread in human populations, as best illustrated by the current pandemic and efforts to contain it. Measuring such networks from human contact data typically results in noisy and dense graphs that need to be simplified for effective analysis, without removal of their essential features. Thus, the identification of a primary subgraph that maintains the social interaction structure and likely transmission pathways is of relevance for studying epidemic spreading phenomena as well as devising intervention strategies to hinder spread. Here we propose and study the metric backbone as an optimal subgraph for sparsification of social contact networks in the study of simple spreading dynamics. We demonstrate that it is a unique, algebraically-principled network subgraph that preserves all shortest paths. We also discover that nine contact networks obtained from proximity sensors in a variety of social contexts contain large amounts of redundant interactions that can be removed with very little impact on community structure and epidemic spread. This reveals that epidemic spread on social networks is very robust to random interaction removal. However, extraction of the metric backbone subgraph reveals which interventions--strategic removal of specific social interactions--are likely to result in maximum impediment to epidemic spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brattig Correia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The metric backbone preserves community structure and is a primary transmission subgraph in contact networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.03.479016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABA signaling prevents phosphodegradation of the Arabidopsis SR45 splicing factor to negatively autoregulate inhibition of early seedling development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.03.479016v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing is a key posttranscriptional mechanism to expand the coding capacity of eukaryotic genomes. Although the functional relevance of this process remains poorly understood in plant systems, major modulators of alternative splicing called serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins have been implicated in plant stress responses mediated by the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone. Loss of function of the Arabidopsis thaliana SR-like protein SR45, a bona fide splicing factor, has been shown to cause plant hypersensitivity to environmental cues and activation of the ABA pathway. Also, consistent with both animal and plant SR proteins being extensively and reversibly phosphorylated at their C-termini, ABA-induced changes in the phosphorylation status of SR45 have been reported.

Here, we show that SR45 overexpression reduces Arabidopsis sensitivity to ABA during early seedling development. Moreover, exposure to ABA dephosphorylates SR45 at multiple amino acid residues and leads to accumulation of the protein via reduction of SR45 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Using phosphomutant and phosphomimetic transgenic Arabidopsis lines, we demonstrate the functional relevance of ABA-mediated dephosphorylation of a single SR45 residue, T264, in antagonizing SR45 ubiquitination and degradation to promote its function as a repressor of seedling ABA sensitivity. Taken together, our results reveal a mechanism in which ABA signaling negatively autoregulates during early plant development via posttranslational control of the SR45 splicing factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque-Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szakonyi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABA signaling prevents phosphodegradation of the Arabidopsis SR45 splicing factor to negatively autoregulate inhibition of early seedling development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.01.478601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extinction time under mutational meltdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.01.478601v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMutational meltdown describes an eco-evolutionary process in which the accumulation of deleterious mutations causes a fitness decline that eventually leads to the extinction of a population. Possible applications of this concept include medical treatment of RNA virus infections based on mutagenic drugs that increase the mutation rate of the pathogen. To determine the usefulness and expected success of such an antiviral treatment, estimates of the expected time to mutational meltdown are necessary. Here, we compute the extinction time of a population under high mutation rates, using both analytical approaches and stochastic simulations. Extinction is the result of three consecutive processes: (1) initial accumulation of deleterious mutations due to the increased mutation pressure; (2) consecutive loss of the fittest haplotype due to Mullers ratchet; (3) rapid population decline towards extinction. We find accurate analytical results for the mean extinction time, which show that the deleterious mutation rate has the strongest effect on the extinction time. We confirm that intermediatesized deleterious selection coefficients minimize the extinction time. Finally, our simulations show that the variation in extinction time, given a set of parameters, is surprisingly small.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lansch-Justen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusseddu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extinction time under mutational meltdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale colocalization of NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors controls signal integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266429v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NK cell responses depend on the balance of signals from inhibitory and activating receptors. However, how the integration of antagonistic signals occurs upon NK cell-target cell interaction is not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that NK cell inhibition via the inhibitory receptor Ly49A is dependent on its relative colocalization at the nanometer scale with the activating receptor NKG2D upon immune synapse (IS) formation. NKG2D and Ly49A signal integration and colocalization was studied using NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP-expressing primary NK cells, forming ISs with NIH3T3 target cells, with or without expression of single chain trimer (SCT) H2-Dd and an extended form of SCT H2-Dd-CD4 MHC-I molecules. Nanoscale colocalization was assessed by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP and measured for each synapse. In the presence of their respective cognate ligands, NKG2D and Ly49A colocalize at a nanometer scale leading to NK cell inhibition. However, increasing the size of the Ly49A ligand reduced the nanoscale colocalization with NKG2D consequently impairing Ly49A-mediated inhibition. Thus, our data shows NK cell signal integration is critically dependent on the dimensions of NK cell ligand-receptor pairs by affecting their relative nanometer-scale colocalization at the IS. Together, our results suggest the balance of NK cell signals, and NK cell responses, are determined by the relative nanoscale colocalization of activating and inhibitory receptors in the immune synapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale colocalization of NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors controls signal integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.31.478442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix topology guides collective cell migration in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.31.478442v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse modes of cell migration shape organisms in health and disease and much research has focused on the role of intracellular and extracellular components in different cell migration phenomena. What is less explored, however, is how the arrangement of the underlying extracellular matrix that many cells move upon in vivo influences migration.

Combining novel transgenic lines and image analysis pipelines, reveals that during zebrafish optic cup formation cells use cryptopodia-like protrusions to migrate collectively and actively over a topologically changing matrix. These changing topologies correspond to different cell-matrix interactions. Interference with matrix topology results in loss of cryptopodia and inefficient migration. Thus, matrix topology influences the efficiency of directed collective cell migration during eye morphogenesis, a concept likely conserved in other developmental and disease contexts.

One-Sentence SummaryDynamic cell-matrix interactions, crucial for successful collective rim cell migration, rely on extracellular matrix topologies during optic cup development in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soans, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomatina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluessler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sbalzarini, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modes, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix topology guides collective cell migration in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.18.476730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing Myf5 and Lbx1 contribution to carapace development by reproducing their turtle-specific signatures in mouse embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.18.476730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe turtle carapace is an evolutionary novelty resulting from changes in the processes that build ribs and their associated muscles in most tetrapod species. Turtle embryos have several unique features that might play a role in this process, including the carapacial ridge, a Myf5 gene with shorter coding region that generates an alternative splice variant lacking exon 2, and unusual expression patterns of Lbx1 and HGF.

ResultsWe generated Myf5 alleles reproducing the Myf5 turtle expression features. At mid gestation, mouse embryos expressing Myf5 lacking exon 2 reproduced some early properties of turtle somites, but still developed into viable and fertile mice. Extending Lbx1 expression into the hypaxial dermomyotomal lip of trunk somites to mimic the turtle Lbx1 expression pattern, produced fusions in the distal part of the ribs.

ConclusionsTurtle-like Myf5 activity might generate a plastic state in developing trunk somites under which they can either enter carapace morphogenetic routes, possibly triggered by signals from the carapacial ridge, or still engage in the development of a standard tetrapod ribcage in the absence of those signals. In addition, trunk Lbx1 expression might play a later role in the formation of the lateral border of the carapace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing Myf5 and Lbx1 contribution to carapace development by reproducing their turtle-specific signatures in mouse embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.17.476573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamic analysis of Zα domain-nucleic acid interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.17.476573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA/RNA molecules adopting the left-handed conformation (Z-form) have been attributed with immunogenic properties. However, their biological role and importance has been a topic of debate for many years. The discovery of Z-DNA/RNA binding domains (Z domains) in varied proteins that are involved in the innate immune response, such as the interferon inducible form of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 (p150), Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), the fish kinase PKZ and the poxvirus inhibitor of interferon response E3L, indicates important roles of Z-DNA/RNA in immunity and self/non-self-discrimination. Such Z domain-containing proteins recognise left-handed Z-DNA/RNA in a conformation-specific manner. Recent studies have implicated these domains in virus recognition. Given these important emerging roles for the Z domains, it is pivotal to understand the mechanism of recognition of the Z-DNA/Z-RNA by these domains. To this end, we assessed the binding thermodynamics of Z domain from ORF112 and ADAR1 on T(CG)3 and T(CG)6 oligonucleotides which have high propensity to adopt the Z-conformation. Our study highlights important differences in the mode of binding by the two Z domains originating from different proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed together with isothermal titration calorimetry to tease apart finer details of the binding thermodynamics. Our work advances the understanding on binding thermodynamics of Z domains to their cognate nucleic acid substrates and contributes to the efforts to gain a complete appreciation of this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SRINIVASAN, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiadis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamic analysis of Zα domain-nucleic acid interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.11.475860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two modes of evolution shape bacterial strain diversity in the gut for thousands of generations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.11.475860v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How and at what pace bacteria evolve when colonizing healthy hosts remains unclear. Here, by monitoring evolution for more than six thousand generations in the mouse gut, we show that the successful colonization of an invader Escherichia coli depends on the diversity of the existing microbiota and the presence of a closely related strain. Following colonization, two modes of evolution were observed: one in which diversifying selection leads to long-term coexistence of ecotypes and a second in which directional selection propels selective sweeps. These modes can be quantitatively distinguished by the statistics of mutation trajectories. In our experiments, diversifying selection was marked by the emergence of metabolic mutations, and directional selection by acquisition of prophages, which bring their own benefits and costs. In both modes, we observed parallel evolution, with mutation accumulation rates comparable to those typically observed in vitro on similar time scales. Our results show that gut environments can rapidly generate diversifying selection and ecotype formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frazao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güleresi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lässig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two modes of evolution shape bacterial strain diversity in the gut for thousands of generations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.12.475857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Protective Inter-Organ Communication Response Against Life-Threatening Malarial Anemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.12.475857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anemia is a clinical hallmark and independent risk factor of malaria mortality, the disease caused by Plasmodium spp. infection. While malarial anemia arises from parasite-induced hemolysis, whether and how host metabolic adaptation to malaria regulates anemia severity is less understood. Here we demonstrate that reprogramming of organismal iron (Fe) metabolism by the kidneys is a central component of the host metabolic response regulating the pathogenesis of life-threatening malarial anemia. Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) are the main cell compartment responsible for Fe storage and recycling during Plasmodium infection in mice. Transcriptional reprogramming of RPTEC couples immune resistance to Plasmodium infection to renal Fe export via the induction of the cellular Fe exporter SLC40A1/ferroportin 1. This integrated defense strategy is essential to deliver Fe to erythroblasts and support compensatory erythropoiesis to prevent the development of life-threatening anemia. Failure to mobilize Fe from RPTEC causes acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with life-threatening anemia in P. falciparum-infected individuals. These findings reveal an unexpected role of the kidneys in the control of organismal Fe metabolism and anemia severity during malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacomboio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ademolue, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharaux, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Protective Inter-Organ Communication Response Against Life-Threatening Malarial Anemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.30.474527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut melange a trois: fluctuating selection modulated by microbiota, host immune system, and antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.30.474527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron is critical in host-microbe interactions, and its availability is tightly regulated in the mammalian gut. Antibiotics and inflammation can perturb iron availability in the gut, which could alter host-microbe interactions. Here, we show that an adaptive allele of iscR, a major regulator of iron homeostasis of Escherichia coli, is under fluctuating selection in the mouse gut. In vivo competitions in immune-competent, immune-compromised, and germ-free mice reveal that the selective pressure on an iscR mutant E. coli is modulated by the presence of antibiotics, the microbiota, and the immune system. In vitro assays show that iron availability is an important mediator of the iscR allele fitness benefits or costs. We identify Lipocalin-2, a hosts immune protein that prevents bacterial iron acquisition, as a major host mechanism underlying fluctuating selection of iscR. Our results provide a remarkable example of strong fluctuating selection acting on bacterial iron regulation in the mammalian gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barreto, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut melange a trois: fluctuating selection modulated by microbiota, host immune system, and antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.19.500451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rotational diffusion of B-cell receptor vs antibody paratopes differentially affects their antigen binding kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.19.500451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the pioneering works of Berg and Purcell, discriminating between diffusion followed by binding has played a central role in understanding cell signaling. B-cell receptors (BCR) and antibodies (Ab) challenge that simplified view as binding to antigen follows after a chain of diffusion and rotations, including whole molecule rotation, and independent tilts and twists of their Fab arms due to their Y-shaped structure and flexibility. In this paper, we combine analytical calculations with Brownian simulations to derive the first-passage times due to these three rotations positioning the Fab paratopes at a proper distance and orientation required for antigen binding. Applying these estimations and those for 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D translational diffusion of, respectively, BCRs and Abs, we evidence that measuring Ab-Ag effective kinetic binding rates using experimental methods in which the analyte is in solution gives values proportional to the intrinsic binding rates, k+ and k-, only for values of k+ up to 109 s-1, beyond which a plateau of the effective 3D on rate between 108 M-1s-1 and 109 M-1s-1 is attained. Moreover, for BCR-Ag interactions, the effective 2D on and off binding rates can be inferred from the corresponding effective 3D on and off rates only for values of effective 3D on rates lower than 106 M-1s-1. This is highly relevant when one seeks to relate BCR-antigen binding strength and B cell response, particularly during germinal center reactions. Thus, there is an urgent need to revisit our current understanding of the BCR-antigen kinetic rates in germinal centers using state-of-the-art experimental assays for BCR-Ag interactions.

Significance StatementIn germinal centers, binding between BCRs and antigen (Ag) tethered on the membrane of follicular dendritic cells occurs via two-dimensional (2D) membrane-to-membrane interactions. In contrast, in in vitro assays antibody (Ab)-antigen interactions occur with one component in solution. Structurally, there are large qualitative and quantitative differences between BCR-Ag 2D and Ab-Ag 3D translational and rotational diffusion processes, with the 2D translational diffusion being about 1000-fold lower than the 3D one. Moreover, the effective binding kinetics of both BCR-Ag and Ab-Ag interactions strongly deviate from the intrinsic molecular on and off rates. Here we expose this mismatch and, performing numerical and analytical calculations, quantify the ranges for which the experimental in-vitro data is informative on the BCR-Ag binding strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rotational diffusion of B-cell receptor vs antibody paratopes differentially affects their antigen binding kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.500779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Wolbachia on transposable element activity largely depend on Drosophila melanogaster host genotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.500779v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive DNA sequences capable of changing position in host genomes, thereby causing mutations. TE insertions typically have deleterious effects but they can also be beneficial. Increasing evidence of the contribution of TEs to adaptive evolution further raises interest in understanding what factors impact TE activity. Based on previous studies associating the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia to changes in the abundance of piRNAs, a mechanism for TE repression, and to transposition of specific TEs, we hypothesized that Wolbachia infection would interfere with TE activity. We tested this hypothesis by studying expression of 14 TEs in a panel of 25 Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes, naturally infected with Wolbachia and annotated for TE insertions. The host genotypes differed significantly in Wolbachia titers inside individual flies, with broad-sense heritability around 20%, and in the number of TE insertions, which depended greatly on TE identity. By removing Wolbachia from the target host genotypes, we generated a panel of 25 pairs of Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-negative lines in which we quantified transcription levels our target TEs. We found variation in TE expression that was dependent on Wolbachia status, TE identity, and host genotype. Comparing between pairs of Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-negative flies, we found that Wolbachia removal affected TE expression in 23.7% of the TE-genotype combinations tested, with up to 4.6 times differences in median level of transcript. Our data shows that Wolbachia can impact TE activity in host genomes, underscoring the importance this endosymbiont can have in the generation of genetic novelty in hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eugenio, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marialva, M. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beldade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Wolbachia on transposable element activity largely depend on Drosophila melanogaster host genotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.28.501817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.28.501817v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective antibody responses are essential to generate protective humoral immunity. Different inflammatory signals polarize T cells towards an appropriate effector phenotype during an infection or immunization. Th1 and Th2 cells have been associated with the polarization of humoral responses for several decades. However, it is now established that T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have a unique ability to access the B cell follicle and support the Germinal Centre (GCs) responses by providing help to B cells. We investigated the specialization of Tfh cells induced under type-1 and type-2 conditions. We first studied homogenous Tfh cell populations generated by adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with type-1 and type-2 adjuvants. Using a machine learning approach, we established a gene expression signature that discriminates Tfh cells polarized towards type-1 and type-2 response, defined as Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells. The Tfh1 and Tfh2 distinct signature was validated against datasets of Tfh cells induced following LCMV or helminth infection. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we also dissected the heterogeneity of Tfh cells from the two immunizing conditions. Our results show that Tfh cells acquire a specialized function under distinct types of immune responses, but with the coexistence of a small population of Tfh cells of the alternative type. Furthermore, the specific molecular hallmarks of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells identified herein offer putative new targets for tuning humoral responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S. S. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khalidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilbey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piaggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama-Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffelt, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florindo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.03.502602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus liquid condensates can undergo pharmacological hardening 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.03.502602v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple viral infections form biomolecular condensates in the host cell to compartmentalize viral reactions. Accumulating evidence indicates that these viral condensates may be hardened, a strategy with potential for exploitation as novel antiviral therapy, given that viral reactions rely on specific material properties for function. However, there is no molecular understanding on how to specifically and efficiently modify the material properties of viral condensates, a pre-requisite for overcoming off-target effects by rational drug design. In vitro, the material properties of biological condensates are modified by different thermodynamic parameters, including free energy, concentration, and type/strength of interactions. Here, we used influenza A virus liquid cytosolic condensates, A.K.A viral inclusions, to provide a proof of concept that modulating the type/strength of transient interactions among the interactome in IAV inclusions is more efficient at hardening these structures than varying the temperature or concentration, both in in vitro and in in vivo models. This stabilization can be achieved by a known pharmacological sticker that can specifically change the material properties of viral inclusions without affecting host proteome abundance nor solubility. Our work supports the development of antivirals targeting the material properties of biomolecular condensates in viral infections. It also provides a framework for the selection of compounds with this activity for general application and thus provides an advance in disease therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etibor, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale-Costa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vello, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenquer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savitski, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus liquid condensates can undergo pharmacological hardening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.11.503564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deterministic and probabilistic fate decisions co-exist in a single retinal lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.11.503564v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correct nervous system development depends on the timely differentiation of progenitor cells into neurons. While the output of progenitor differentiation is well investigated at the population and clonal level, the possibilities and constraints for fate decisions of specific progenitors over development are less explored. Particularly little is known about their variability and competence plasticity. To fill this gap, we here use long-term live imaging to follow the outcome of progenitor divisions in the zebrafish retina.

We find that neurogenic Atoh7 expressing progenitors produce different neuronal types over development with time-dependent probabilities. Interestingly, deterministic and probabilistic fate decisions co-exist in the same lineage. While interference with the deterministic fate affects lineage progression, interference with fate probabilities of the stochastic lineage branch results in a broader range of fate possibilities than seen in controls. When tissue development is challenged, Atoh7 expressing progenitors can produce any neuronal type, arguing against the concept of fixed competence windows. Stochastic modelling of fate probabilities in challenged conditions revealed a simple gene regulatory network able to recapitulate the observed competence changes during development. Based on our results, we postulate that fate plasticity could be involved in robust retinal development, a concept possibly applicable to other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nerli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzschmar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianucci, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Martins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zechner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deterministic and probabilistic fate decisions co-exist in a single retinal lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.22.504744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast4DReg: Fast registration of 4D microscopy datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.22.504744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unwanted sample drift is a common issue that plagues microscopy experiments, preventing accurate temporal quantification of biological processes. While multiple methods and tools exist to correct images post-acquisition, performing drift correction of large 3D videos using open-source solutions remains challenging and time-consuming. Here we present a new tool developed for ImageJ/Fiji called Fast4DReg that can quickly correct axial and lateral drift in 3D video microscopy datasets. Fast4DReg works by creating intensity projections along multiple axes and estimating the drift between frames using 2D cross-correlations. Using synthetic and acquired datasets, we demonstrate that Fast4DReg performs better than other state-of-the-art open-source drift correction tools and significantly outperforms them in speed (5x to 60x). We also demonstrate that Fast4DReg can be used to register misaligned channels in 3D using either calibration slides or misaligned images directly. Altogether Fast4DReg provides a quick and easy-to-use method to correct 3D imaging data before further visualization and analysis. Fast4DReg is available on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pylvänäinen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast4DReg: Fast registration of 4D microscopy datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.01.506172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis decreases with increasing antibiotic pressure but not temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.01.506172v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting mutational effects is essential for the control of antibiotic resistance (ABR). Predictions are difficult when there are strong genotype-by-environment (GxE), gene-by-gene (GxG or epistatic), or gene- by-gene-by-environment (GxGxE) interactions. We quantified GxGxE effects in Escherichia coli across environmental gradients. We created intergenic fitness landscapes using gene knock-outs and single nucleotide ABR mutations previously identified to vary in the extent of GxE effects in our environments of interest. Then, we measured competitive fitness across a complete combinatorial set of temperature and antibiotic dosage gradients. In this way, we assessed the predictability of 15 fitness landscapes across 12 different but related environments. We found GxG interactions and rugged fitness landscapes in the absence of antibiotic, but as antibiotic concentration increased, the fitness effects of ABR genotypes quickly overshadowed those of gene knock-outs, and the landscapes became smoother. Our work reiterates that some single mutants, like those conferring resistance or susceptibility to antibiotics, have consistent effects across genetic backgrounds in stressful environments. Thus, although epistasis may reduce the predictability of evolution in benign environments, evolution may be more predictable in adverse environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghenu, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis decreases with increasing antibiotic pressure but not temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.17.508285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT1 is required to establish but not maintain IFNγ-induced transcriptional memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.17.508285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure of human cells to interferon-{gamma} (IFN{gamma}) results in a mitotically heritable yet reversible state called long-term transcriptional memory. We previously identified the clustered GBP genes as strongly primed by IFN{gamma}. Here we discovered that in primed cells, both interferon-responsive transcription factors STAT1 and IRF1 target chromatin with accelerated kinetics upon re-exposure to IFN{gamma}, specifically at promotors of primed genes. Priming does not alter the degree of IFN{gamma}-induced STAT1 activation or nuclear import, indicating that memory does not alter upstream JAK-STAT signalling. We found STAT1 to be critical to establish transcriptional memory but in a manner that is independent of mere transcription activation. Interestingly, while Serine 727 phosphorylation of STAT1 was maintained during the primed state, STAT1 is not required for the heritability of GBP gene memory. Our results suggest that memory of interferon exposure constitutes a STAT1-mediated, heritable state that is established during priming. This renders GBP genes poised for subsequent STAT1 and IRF1 binding and accelerated gene activation upon a secondary interferon exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tehrani, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikulski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul-Zani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwek, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, L. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT1 is required to establish but not maintain IFNγ-induced transcriptional memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.30.510086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
McIdas localizes at centrioles and controls centriole numbers through PLK4-dependent phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.30.510086v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centriole duplication cycle must be tightly controlled and coordinated with the chromosome cycle. Aberrations in centriole biogenesis can lead to cancer, developmental disorders and ciliopathies. Here, we show that McIdas -previously implicated in cell cycle control and centriole amplification in multiciliated cells-is critical to maintain centriole numbers. Using expansion microscopy, we demonstrate that McIdas is present at the middle part of centrioles, where it exhibits a differential localization during the cell cycle. McIdas loss perturbs daughter centriole biogenesis and centrosomal SAS6 recruitment, whereas its overexpression induces centriole overduplication. Consistently, McIdas depletion reduces PLK4-induced centriole amplification. McIdas interacts with and is phosphorylated by PLK4 in multiple sites identified by mass spectrometry. Mutational analysis shows that McIdas phosphorylation is important for centriole number control. Overall, our results identify a novel, direct role of McIdas on centriole duplication that can link its previously characterized roles in the chromosome cycle and multiciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skamnelou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitouni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaridou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilopoulou, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsika, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumakis, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spyroulias, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt-Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taraviras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lygerou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[McIdas localizes at centrioles and controls centriole numbers through PLK4-dependent phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.11.511765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semaphorin 4B is an ADAM17-cleaved inhibitor of adipocyte thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.11.511765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe metalloprotease ADAM17 (also called TACE) plays fundamental roles in homeostasis by shedding key signaling molecules from the cell surface. Although its importance for the immune system and epithelial tissues is well-documented, little is known about the role of ADAM17 in metabolic homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ADAM17 expression, specifically in adipose tissues, on metabolic homeostasis.

MethodsWe used histopathology, molecular, proteomic, transcriptomic, in vivo integrative physiological and ex vivo biochemical approaches to determine the impact of adipose tissue-specific deletion of ADAM17 upon adipocyte and whole organism metabolic physiology.

ResultsADAM17adipoq-cre{Delta}/{Delta} mice exhibited a hypermetabolic phenotype characterized by elevated energy consumption and increased levels of adipocyte thermogenic gene expression. On a high fat diet, these mice were more thermogenic, while exhibiting elevated expression levels of genes associated with lipid oxidation and lipolysis. This hypermetabolic phenotype protected mutant mice from obesogenic challenge, limiting weight gain, hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance. Activation of beta-adrenoceptors by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, a key regulator of adipocyte physiology, triggered the shedding of ADAM17 substrates, and regulated ADAM17 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, hence identifying a functional connection between thermogenic licensing and the regulation of ADAM17. Proteomic studies identified Semaphorin 4B (SEMA4B), as a novel ADAM17-shed adipokine, whose expression is regulated by physiological thermogenic cues that acts to dampen thermogenic responses in adipocytes. Transcriptomic data showed that cleaved SEMA4B acts in an autocrine manner in brown adipocytes to dampen the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, adipogenesis, lipid uptake, storage and catabolism.

ConclusionOur findings identify a novel ADAM17-dependent axis, regulated by beta-adrenoceptors and mediated by the ADAM17-cleaved form of SEMA4B, that may act to limit uncontrolled energy depletion during thermogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badenes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tueshaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbridge, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faisca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travnickova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carobbio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Puig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moita, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strisovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenthaler, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semaphorin 4B is an ADAM17-cleaved inhibitor of adipocyte thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.25.394544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How ancient forest fragmentation and riparian connectivity generate high levels of genetic diversity in a micro-endemic Malagasy tree 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.25.394544v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding landscape changes is central to predicting evolutionary trajectories and defining conservation practices. While human-driven deforestation is intense throughout Madagascar, exceptions in areas like the Loky-Manambato region (North) raise questions. Such regions also harbor a rich and endemic flora, whose evolutionary origin remains poorly understood. We assessed the genetic diversity of an endangered microendemic Malagasy olive species (Noronhia spinifolia Hong-Wa) to better understand the vegetation dynamic in the Loky-Manambato region and its influence on past evolutionary processes. We characterized 72 individuals sampled across eight forests through nuclear and mitochondrial restriction associated sequencing data (RADseq) and chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSR). Combined population and landscape genetics analyses indicate that N. spinifolia diversity is largely explained by the current forest cover, highlighting a long-standing habitat mosaic in the region. This sustains a major and long-term role of riparian corridors in maintaining connectivity across those antique mosaic-habitats, calling for the study of organismal interactions that promote gene flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salmona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pors, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong-Wa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razanatsoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriaholinirina, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloharijaona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavitsara, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.394544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How ancient forest fragmentation and riparian connectivity generate high levels of genetic diversity in a micro-endemic Malagasy tree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.25.513679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the genetic consequences of habitat contraction: edge effects and habitat loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.25.513679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural climate change and recent anthropogenic activities have largely contributed to habitat loss and fragmentation across the world, leading to 70% of worldwide remaining forests to be within 1 km of forests edges (Haddad et al., 2015). Ecological studies have shown that edge-effect influences ecological communities, species richness and abundance across many taxa, contributing to worldwide decline in biodiversity. Since edge-effect reduces species abundance and connectivity, it is also expected to negatively influence species genetic variation. In fact, previous theoretical studies had showed that populations closer to the edges of a finite stepping-stone model tends to have shorter coalescence times, and therefore, lower genetic diversity, than central populations. However, predicting the impact of edge effect on local genetic diversity remains challenging in realistic and more complex habitat fragments, where the additive effect of multiple edges is expected to take place. In the present study we explore the genetic consequence of habitat loss at the scale of a habitat fragment (patch-scale), looking at the interplay between patch-size and edge-effect on spatial genetic diversity. We propose a statistical approach to estimate  edge-impacted effective population size from habitat cover information and use this measure to predict spatial genetic diversity in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations. We address these questions using spatially-explicit simulations and propose a spatially-explicit analytical framework able to model spatio-temporal changes in genetic diversity due to edge-effect and habitat loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sgarlata, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zoeten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasteiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the genetic consequences of habitat contraction: edge effects and habitat loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.19.512836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and demographic evolution in response to interspecific competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.19.512836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competition can drive rapid evolution which, in turn, alters the trajectory of ecological communities. The role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in ecological communities is increasingly well-appreciated, but a mechanistic framework for identifying the types of traits that will evolve, and their trajectories, is required. Metabolic theory makes explicit predictions about how competition should shape the evolution of metabolism and size but these predictions have gone largely untested, particularly in eukaryotes. We use experimental evolution of a eukaryotic phototroph to examine how metabolism, size, and demography coevolve under both inter- and intra-specific competition. We find that the focal species evolves a smaller body size in response to competition, reducing density-dependence and maximizing carrying capacity. Metabolic theory successfully predicted most of these adaptations, but we also find important departures from theory. Longer-term evolution (70 generations) led to Pareto improvements in both population growth rate and carrying capacity, suggesting that classic r-K trade-offs observed among species can be evaded within species. The evasion of this trade-off appeared to arise due to the rapid evolution of enhanced metabolic plasticity: lineages exposed to competition evolved more labile metabolisms that tracked resource availability more effectively than lineages that were competition-free. We predict that rapid evolution in both size and metabolism may be a ubiquitous feature of adaptation to changing resource regimes that occur via species invasions and environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghedini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and demographic evolution in response to interspecific competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.21.513246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Diversity of the Eliurus genus in northern Madagascar with a Putative New Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.21.513246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Madagascar exhibits extraordinarily high level of species richness and endemism, while being severely threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation (HL&F). In front of such threat to biodiversity, conservation effort can be directed, for instance, in the documentation of species that are still unknown to science, or in investigating how species respond to HL&F. The tufted-tail rats genus (Eliurus spp.) is the most speciose genus of endemic rodents in Madagascar, with 13 described species, which occupy two major habitat types: dry or humid forests. The large species diversity and association to specific habitat types make the Eliurus genus a suitable model for investigating species adaptation to new environments, as well as response to HL&F (dry vs humid). In the present study, we investigated Eliurus spp. genomic diversity across northern Madagascar, a region covered by both dry and humid fragmented forests. From the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear genomic (RAD-seq) data of 124 Eliurus individuals sampled in poorly studied forests of northern Madagascar, we identified an undescribed Eliurus taxon (Eliurus sp. nova). We tested the hypothesis of a new Eliurus species using several approaches: i) DNA barcoding; ii) phylogenetic inferences; iii) species delimitation tests based on the Multi-Species Coalescent (MSC) model, iv) genealogical discordance index (gdi); v) the ad-hoc test of isolation-by-distance within versus between sister-taxa, vi) comparisons of %GC content patterns and vii) morphological analyses. All analyses support the recognition of the undescribed lineage as a distinct species. In addition, we show that Eliurus myoxinus, a species known from the dry forests of western Madagascar, is, surprisingly, found mostly in humid forests in northern Madagascar. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of such findings in the context of Eliurus species evolution and diversification, and use the distribution of northern Eliurus species as a proxy for reconstructing past changes in forest cover and vegetation type in northern Madagascar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sgarlata, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasolondraibe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pors, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralantoharijaona, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotonanahary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribar-Pelozuelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaonarivelo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriaholinirina, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloharijaona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Diversity of the Eliurus genus in northern Madagascar with a Putative New Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.21.517340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An SNF2 helicase-like protein links mitotic transcription termination to sister chromatid resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.21.517340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMitotic chromatin is largely assumed incompatible with transcription due to changes in the transcription machinery and chromosome architecture. However, the mechanisms of mitotic transcriptional inactivation and their interplay with chromosome assembly remain largely unknown. By monitoring ongoing transcription in Drosophila early embryos, we reveal that eviction of nascent mRNAs from mitotic chromatin occurs after substantial chromosome compaction and is not promoted by condensin I. Instead, we show that the timely removal of transcripts from mitotic chromatin is driven by the SNF2 helicase-like protein Lodestar (Lds), identified here as a modulator of sister chromatid cohesion defects. In addition to transcriptional termination, we uncovered that Lds cooperates with Topoisomerase 2 to ensure efficient sister chromatid resolution and mitotic fidelity. We conclude that mitotic transcriptional termination is not a passive consequence of cell cycle progression and/or chromosome compaction but occurs via dedicated mechanisms with functional parallelisms to sister chromatid resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boavida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaetani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinho, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An SNF2 helicase-like protein links mitotic transcription termination to sister chromatid resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.26.518027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Endothelial Cells Exposure to Malaria Parasites Links Type I Interferon Signalling to Antigen Presentation, Immunoproteasome Activation, Endothelium Disruption, and Cellular Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.26.518027v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral malaria (CM) lethality is attributable to brain edema induction but the cellular mechanisms involving brain microvascular endothelium in CM pathogenesis are unexplored. Activation of the STING-INFb-CXCL10 axis in brain endothelial cells (BECs) is a prominent component of the innate immune response in cerebral malaria (CM) development in mouse models. Using a T cell-reporter system, we show that Type I IFN signaling in BECs exposed to Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes (PbA-IE), functionally enhances MHC Class-I antigen presentation through gamma-interferon independent immunoproteasome activation and impacted the proteome functionally related to vesicle trafficking, protein processing, and folding and antigen presentation. In vitro assays show that Type I IFN signaling and immunoproteasome activation are also involved in the dysfunction of the endothelial barrier through disturbing gene expression in the Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway. We demonstrate that IE exposure induces a substantial increase in BECs glucose uptake while glycolysis blockade abrogates INFb secretion impairing immunoproteasome activation, antigen presentation, and Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. Metabolome analysis show that energy demand and production are markedly increased in BECs exposed to IE as revealed by enriched content in glucose and amino acid catabolites. In accordance, glycolysis blockade in vivo delayed the clinical onset of CM in mice. Our results unveiled that Type I IFN signaling and subsequent immunoproteasome activation in BECs contribute to enhanced antigen presentation and the impairment of the endothelial barrier function. We also show that Type I IFN signaling and its downstream effects are licensed by dramatic increase in glucose uptake impacting on energy metabolism pathways. This work substantiates the hypothesis that Type I IFN-immunoproteasome induction response in BECs contributes to CM pathology and fatality (1) by increasing antigen presentation to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and (2) by promoting endothelial barrier dysfunction, favoring brain vasogenic edema.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=126 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518027v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@859960org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1186de4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d6b625org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50751d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG AUTHOR SUMMARYCerebral malaria is a severe clinical form of malaria infection that leads to respiratory arrest and death due to brain swelling. Disruption of blood vessels in the brain barrier is a hallmark of cerebral malaria development. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are still unsettled. We explored the hypothesis that immune response of brain blood vessels to malaria infection is an initiator of inflammatory events leading to cerebral malaria. Our experiments unveiled that proinflammatory Type I interferon action increases the presentation of parasite molecules by brain blood vessel cells to cytotoxic immune cells and promotes brain vessel disruption. We found that these effects are determined by activation of protein degradation systems upon exposure of brain blood vessel cells to malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes. Our findings unveil a critical role of Type I interferon in brain blood vessels cells signaling in initiating immunopathology mechanisms associated to cerebral malaria development and suggest that blocking Type I interferon induction in the brain provides a path to prevent this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muktadir Shafi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegvari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penha-Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.518027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Endothelial Cells Exposure to Malaria Parasites Links Type I Interferon Signalling to Antigen Presentation, Immunoproteasome Activation, Endothelium Disruption, and Cellular Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel pathways converge with quorum sensing to regulate plant and insect host-specific factors in Erwinia carotovora 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532345v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erwinia carotovora Ecc15 is a vector-borne phytopathogen that relies on insects to be transmitted between plant hosts. To interact with its hosts, this bacterium depends on host-specific bacterial traits. Plant tissue maceration depends on production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE), while survival in the digestive tract of the insect requires the Erwinia virulence factor (evf). Evf expression is responsible for the cost of Ecc15 infection in Drosophila melanogaster and overexpression is lethal to the insect host. Therefore, its expression must be well controlled. Expression of evf and PCWDEs is co-regulated by quorum sensing via the transcriptional regulator Hor. Since virulence factors are often controlled by multiple signals, we asked which additional factors regulate evf expression. Using a genetic screen, we identified the sensor histidine kinase arcB and a new TetR-like regulator (named herein as lvtR, after Low Virulence Transcriptional Repressor), as novel regulators not only of evf, but also of pelA, which encodes a major PCWDE. We further demonstrate that arcB and lvtR mutants have reduced plant tissue maceration and reduced development delay and lethality in Drosophila melanogaster, compared to wild-type bacteria. Thus showing the importance of these regulators in the establishment of Erwinia-host-vector interactions. We also found that ArcB and LvtR regulation converges on Hor, independently of quorum sensing, to co-regulate expression of both plant and insect bacterial interaction factors during plant infection. Taken together, our results reveal a novel regulatory hub that enables Ecc15 to integrate quorum sensing responses and environmental cues to co-regulate traits required for infection of both the plant and the insect vector. Moreover, we show that ArcB regulation of bacteria-host interaction processes is conserved in other bacteria.

Author SummaryVector-borne pathogens depend on continuous cycles of replication and transmission between hosts and vectors, requiring multiple factors to interact with each of the hosts. The expression of these multiple interaction factors can be very costly, so it is expected that regulation of virulence has been evolutionarily tuned to produce expressions patterns that minimize the cost of establishing the infection while maximizing transmission efficiency of the pathogen. Here, we investigate the tripartite interaction between Ecc15, a plant and an insect, and show that quorum sensing, a widely conserved sensory regulator arcB and a regulator of previously unknown function, lvtR, converge to simultaneously co-regulate the expression of bacterial factors required for these interactions. Gene expression regulation is channeled through the conserved regulator Hor, which serves as a molecular hub for the integration of these multiple signals. Our data suggest that integration of multiple signals to co-regulate plant and insect associated factors ensure fine-tune titration of gene expression and maximization of bacterial energetic resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira, F. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel pathways converge with quorum sensing to regulate plant and insect host-specific factors in Erwinia carotovora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Questioning Neanderthal admixture: on models, robustness and consensus in human evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and ancient DNA data have revolutionized palaeoanthropology and our vision of human evolution, with indisputable landmarks like the sequencing of Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes. Yet, using genetic data to identify, date and quantify evolutionary events--like ancient bottlenecks or admixture--is not straightforward, as inferences may depend on model assumptions. In the last two decades, the idea that Neanderthals and members of the Homo sapiens lineage interbred has gained momentum. From the status of unlikely theory, it has reached consensus among human evolutionary biologists. This theory is mainly supported by statistical approaches that depend on demographic models minimizing or ignoring population structure, despite its widespread occurrence and the fact that when ignored, population structure can lead to infer spurious demographic events. We simulated genomic data under a structured and admixture-free model of human evolution, and found that all the tested admixture approaches identified long Neanderthal fragments in our simulated genomes and an admixture event that never took place. We also observed that several published admixture models failed to predict important empirical diversity or admixture statistics, and that our model was best at predicting these statistics jointly. Our results suggest that models accounting for population structure are fundamental to improve our understanding of human evolution, and that admixture between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens needs to be re-evaluated in the light of structured models. Beyond the Neanderthal case, we argue that ancient hybridization events, which are increasingly documented in many species, including with other hominins, may also benefit from such reevaluation.

Significance statementThe idea that Neanderthals and some ancestral Homo sapiens populations interbred has gained momentum in the last two decades. Yet, this theory is mainly supported by statistical approaches that assume highly simplified models of hominin evolution. A major issue is that these methods have been poorly tested in the context of population structure, despite its widespread occurrence in many vertebrate species. We simulated data under a structured model and found that all tested methods identified spurious admixture events, suggesting a lack of robustness to population structure. Besides, our structured model was better at predicting several key genomic statistics than the tested admixture models. This suggests that admixture should be re-evaluated in the light of population structure, in hominins and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Questioning Neanderthal admixture: on models, robustness and consensus in human evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The positioning mechanics of microtubule asters in Drosophila embryo explants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535028v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule asters are essential in localizing the action of microtubules in processes including mitosis and organelle positioning. In large cells, such as the one-cell sea urchin embryo, aster dynamics are dominated by hydrodynamic pulling forces. However, in systems with more densely positioned nuclei such as the early Drosophila embryo, which packs around 6000 nuclei within the syncytium in a crystalline-like order, it is unclear what processes dominate aster dynamics. Here, we take advantage of a cell cycle regulation Drosophila mutant to generate embryos with multiple asters, independent from nuclei. We use an ex vivo assay to further simplify this biological system to explore the forces generated by and between asters. Through live imaging, drug and optical perturbations, and theoretical modelling, we demonstrate that these asters likely generate an effective pushing force over short distances.

Significance StatementUsing cytosolic explants from Drosophila syncytial embryos combined with quantitative microscopy and perturbations, de-Carvalho et al., reveal the mechanical forces separating Drosophila microtubule asters. Aster separation drives precise nuclear positioning in multinucleated embryo cells, a vital process for tissue formation and gene expression during subsequent embryo development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlili, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The positioning mechanics of microtubule asters in Drosophila embryo explants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.533615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional profiling of populations in the clam Ruditapes decussatus suggests genetically determined differentiation in gene-expression along parallel temperature gradients and between races of the Atlantic Ocean and West Mediterranean sea 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.533615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ongoing ocean warming due to climate change poses new challenges for marine life and its exploitation. We have used transcriptomics to find genetically-based responses to increased temperature in natural populations of the marine clam Ruditapes decussatus living along parallel thermal gradients in southern Europe. Clams of the Atlantic and West Mediterranean races were collected in a northern (cool) and a southern (warm) localities. The animals were kept in running seawater in the warm, Atlantic southern locality for a 15-week period, during which water temperature raised to typical southern European summer values. After this period, the expression profile was obtained for a total of 34 clams and 11,025 probes by means of an oligonucleotide microarray. We found distinct transcriptional patterns for each population based on a total of 553 differentially expressed genes (DEG), indicating innate differences which probably have a genetic basis. Race and latitude contributed significantly to gene expression differences, with very different sets of DEG. A gene ontology analysis showed that races differed mainly at genes involved in ribosomal function and protein biosynthesis, while genes related to glutathione metabolism and ATP synthesis in the mitochondria were the most outstanding as to north/south transcriptional differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patarnello, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancela, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargelloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.533615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional profiling of populations in the clam Ruditapes decussatus suggests genetically determined differentiation in gene-expression along parallel temperature gradients and between races of the Atlantic Ocean and West Mediterranean sea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared evolutionary path in social microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social networks can influence the ecology of gut bacteria, shaping the species composition of the gut microbiome in humans and other animals. Gut commensals evolve and can adapt at a rapid pace when colonizing healthy hosts. Here, we aimed at assessing the impact of host-to-host bacterial transmission on Escherichia coli evolution in the mammalian gut. Using an in vivo experimental evolution approach in mice, we found a transmission rate of 7% ({+/-}3% 2SE) of E. coli cells per day between hosts inhabiting the same household. Consistent with the predictions of a simple population genetics model of mutation-selection-migration, the level of shared events resulting from within host evolution is greatly enhanced in co-housed mice, showing that hosts undergoing the same diet and habit are not only expected to have similar microbiome species compositions but also similar microbiome evolutionary dynamics. Furthermore, we estimated the rate of mutation accumulation of E. coli to be 2.9x10-3 ({+/-}5x10-4 2SE) mutations/genome/generation, irrespective of the social context of the regime. Our results reveal the impact of bacterial migration across hosts in shaping the adaptive evolution of new strains colonizing gut microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frazao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared evolutionary path in social microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary conservation of mechanical strain distributions in functional transitions of protein structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527482v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the tenets of molecular biology is that dynamic transitions between three-dimensional structures determine the function of proteins. Therefore, it seems only natural that evolutionary analysis of proteins, presently based mainly on their primary sequence, needs to shift its focus towards their function as assessed by corresponding structural transitions. This can be facilitated by recent progress in cryogenic electron microscopy that provides atomic structures of multiple conformational states for proteins and protein assemblies isolated from evolutionarily related species. In this work, we study evolutionary conservation of multi-protein assembly function by using mechanical strain as a quantitative footprint of structural transitions. We adopt the formalism of finite strain analysis, developed in condensed matter physics, and apply it, as a case study, to a classical multi-protein assembly, the ATP synthase. Our Protein Strain Analysis (PSA) provides a precise characterization of rotation domains that agrees with the present biophysical knowledge. In addition, we obtain a strain distribution on the protein structure associated with functional transitions. By analyzing in detail, the strain patterns of the chains responsible for ATP synthesis across distinct species, we show that they are evolutionarily conserved for the same functional transition. Such conservation is not revealed by displacement or rotation patterns. Furthermore, within each functional transition, we can identify conserved strain patterns for ATP synthases isolated from different organisms. The observed strain conservation across evolutionary distant species indicates that strain should be essential in future structure-based evolutionary studies of protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sartori, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary conservation of mechanical strain distributions in functional transitions of protein structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HOS1 promotes plant tolerance to low-energy stress via the SnRK1 protein kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525711v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants need to integrate internal and environmental signals to mount adequate stress responses. The NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX (NPC) component HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1) is emerging as such an integrator, affecting responses to cold, heat, light and salinity. Stress conditions often converge in a low-energy signal that activates SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) to promote stress tolerance and survival. Here, we explored the role of HOS1 in the SnRK1-dependent response to low-energy stress in Arabidopsis thaliana, using darkness as a treatment and a combination of genetic, biochemical and phenotypic assays. We show that the induction of starvation genes and plant tolerance to prolonged darkness are defective in the hos1 mutant. HOS1 interacts physically with the SnRK11 catalytic subunit in yeast-two-hybrid and in planta, and the nuclear accumulation of SnRK11 is reduced in the hos1 mutant. Likewise, another NPC mutant, nup160, exhibits lower activation of starvation genes and decreased tolerance to prolonged darkness. Importantly, defects in low-energy responses in the hos1 background are rescued by fusing SnRK11 to a potent nuclear localization signal, or by sugar supplementation during the dark treatment. Altogether, this work demonstrates the importance of HOS1 for the nuclear accumulation of SnRK11, which is key for plant tolerance to low-energy conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margalha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Palazon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Confraria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HOS1 promotes plant tolerance to low-energy stress via the SnRK1 protein kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Idioblasts accumulating anticancer alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus leaves are a unique cell type 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529939v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Catharanthus roseus leaves produce a range of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) that include low levels of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. The MIA pathway displays a complex architecture spanning different subcellular and cell-type localizations and is under complex regulation. As a result, the development of strategies to increase the levels of the anticancer MIAs has remained elusive. The pathway involves mesophyll specialised idioblasts where the late unsolved biosynthetic steps are thought to occur. Here, protoplasts of C. roseus leaf idioblasts were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their differential alkaloid and transcriptomic profiles were characterised. This involved the assembly of an improved C. roseus transcriptome from short- and long-read data, IDIO+. It was observed that C. roseus mesophyll idioblasts possess a distinctive transcriptomic profile associated with protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, and indicative that this cell type is a carbon sink, in contrast with surrounding mesophyll cells. Moreover, it is shown that idioblasts are a hotspot of alkaloid accumulation, suggesting that their transcriptome may hold the keys to the in-depth understanding of the MIA pathway and the success of strategies leading to higher levels of the anticancer drugs.

HighlightCatharanthus mesophyll idioblasts are a hotspot of anticancer alkaloid accumulation. The idioblast transcriptome reveals commitment with stress responses and provides a roadmap towards the increase of anticancer alkaloid levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guedes, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carqueijeiro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bispo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sottomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Idioblasts accumulating anticancer alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus leaves are a unique cell type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pot1 promotes telomere DNA replication via the Stn1-Ten1 complex in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525167v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that protect the chromosome-ends from eliciting DNA repair while ensuring their complete duplication. Pot1 is a subunit of telomere capping complex that binds to the G-rich overhang and inhibits the activation of DNA damage checkpoints. In this study, we explore new functions of fission yeast Pot1 by using a pot1-1 temperature sensitive mutant. We show that pot1 inactivation impairs telomere DNA replication resulting in the accumulation of ssDNA leading to the complete loss of telomeric DNA. Recruitment of Stn1 to telomeres, an auxiliary factor of DNA lagging strand synthesis, is reduced in pot1-1 mutants and overexpression of Stn1 rescues loss of telomeres and cell viability at restrictive temperature. We propose that Pot1 plays a crucial function in telomere DNA replication by recruiting Stn1-Ten1 and Pol-primase complex to telomeres, thus promoting lagging-strand DNA synthesis at stalled replication forks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borges, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escandell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matmati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pot1 promotes telomere DNA replication via the Stn1-Ten1 complex in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.08.522175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sugar signaling modulates SHOOT MERISTEMLESS expression and meristem function in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.08.522175v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In plants, development of all above-ground tissues is controlled by the shoot apical meristem (SAM) which balances cell proliferation and differentiation to allow life-long growth. To maximize fitness and survival, meristem activity is adjusted to the prevailing conditions through a poorly understood integration of developmental signals with environmental and nutritional information. Here, we show that sugar signals influence SAM function by altering the protein levels of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), a key regulator of meristem maintenance. STM is less abundant in the inflorescence meristems of plants grown or treated under limiting light conditions, with lower STM levels correlating with lower sugar content in these meristems. Additionally, sucrose but not light is sufficient to sustain STM accumulation in excised inflorescences. Plants overexpressing the 1-subunit of SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) accumulate less STM protein under optimal light conditions, despite higher sugar accumulation in the meristem. Furthermore, SnRK11 interacts physically with STM, suggesting a direct local repression. Surprisingly, silencing SnRK1 in the meristem leads to reduced STM expression and severe developmental phenotypes previously associated with STM loss-of-function. Altogether, we demonstrate that sugars promote STM accumulation and that the SnRK1 sugar sensor plays a dual role in the SAM, limiting STM abundance under unfavorable conditions but being required for overall meristem organization and integrity. This highlights the importance of sugars and SnRK1 signaling for the proper coordination of meristem activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopes, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formosa-Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malivert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Confraria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landrein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.522175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sugar signaling modulates SHOOT MERISTEMLESS expression and meristem function in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATG9A facilitates the biogenesis of influenza A virus liquid condensates near the ER by dissociating recycling vesicles from microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is now established that many viruses that threaten public health establish condensates via phase transitions to complete their lifecycles, and knowledge on such processes may offer new strategies for antiviral therapy. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV), liquid condensates known as viral inclusions, concentrate the 8 distinct viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) that form IAV genome and are viewed as sites dedicated to the assembly of the 8-partite genomic complex. Despite not being delimited by host membranes, IAV liquid inclusions accumulate host membranes inside as a result of vRNP binding to the recycling endocytic marker Rab11a, a driver of the biogenesis of these structures. We lack molecular understanding on how Rab11a-recycling endosomes condensate specifically near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites upon IAV infection. We show here that liquid viral inclusions interact with the ER to fuse, divide and slide. We uncover that, contrary to previous indications, the reported reduction in recycling endocytic activity is a regulated process rather than a competition for cellular resources involving a novel role for the host factor ATG9A. In infection, ATG9A mediates the removal of Rab11a-recycling endosomes carrying vRNPs from microtubules. We observe that the recycling endocytic usage of microtubules is rescued when ATG9A is depleted, which prevents condensation of Rab11a endosomes near the ER. The failure to produce viral inclusions accumulates vRNPs in the cytosol, reduces genome assembly and the release of infectious virions. We propose that the ER supports the dynamics of liquid IAV inclusions, with ATG9A facilitating their formation. This work advances our understanding on how epidemic and pandemic influenza genomes are formed. It also reveals the plasticity of recycling pathway endosomes to undergo condensation in response to infection, disclosing new roles for ATG9A beyond its classical involvement in autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vale-Costa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etibor, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATG9A facilitates the biogenesis of influenza A virus liquid condensates near the ER by dissociating recycling vesicles from microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.18.520961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory changes associated with the head to trunk developmental transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.18.520961v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of vertebrate embryos is characterized by early formation of the anterior tissues followed by the sequential extension of the axis at their posterior end to build the trunk and tail structures, first by the activity of the primitive streak and then of the tail bud. Embryological, molecular and genetic data demonstrate that head and trunk development are significantly different, indicating that the transition into the trunk formation stage involves changes in regulatory gene networks, that might include the acquisition of cell competence to respond to key regulatory factors. Herein, we explored the regulatory changes involved in this developmental transition by assessing the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility profiles from the posterior epiblast region of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)7.5 and E8.5. We observed changes in various cell processes, including signaling pathways, ubiquitination, ion dynamics and metabolic processes involving lipids that could contribute to the functional switch in the progenitor region of the embryo. Our data also led to the identification of novel mechanisms controlling the differential Wnt functional requirements during head and trunk development. Moreover, we found substantial changes in chromatin accessibility mostly mapping to intergenic regions, indicating a significant switch in the regulatory elements controlling either head or trunk development. In addition, we tested the functional relevance of potential enhancers of Wnt5a and Nr2f2, identified in the accessibility assays, that reproduced the expression profiles of the target genes. Deletion of these regions by genome editing had limited effect on the expression of those genes, suggesting the existence of redundant enhancers that guarantee robust expression patterns. Overall, this study provides new insights on the regulatory mechanisms that change during the transition from head to trunk development.

Author SummaryVertebrate main body axis is generated sequentially from head to tail. The developmental processes building head and trunk structures are significantly different, and the transition between these two stages requires substantial changes in functional gene regulatory networks. Herein, we explored such changes through genome wide analyses in developing mouse embryos. We observed significant differences in several signaling pathways and in the basic cell machinery, which may interact promoting a functional switch in the differentiating progenitor cells. We also found substantial changes in the accessibility of regulatory elements controlling either head or trunk formation, which conditioned the binding activity of key developmental transcription factors. Overall, our study gives relevant insights into the mechanisms regulating the head to trunk transition that, if disrupted, can lead to embryonic developmental arrest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duarte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brattig Correia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.18.520961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory changes associated with the head to trunk developmental transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.06.519343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulse-chase experiments reveal dynamics of RNA binding protein Exuperantia in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.06.519343v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cells, mRNA can be associated with various proteins, forming ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) which take part in spatiotemporal control of translation. In the Drosophila melanogaster developing egg chamber, a set of RNPs is transported from the nurse cells to the oocyte and targeted selectively to specific cellular locations. This mRNA sorting process leads to the final oocyte polarization pre-defining the body axes of the future embryo. However, how mRNA is encoded for selection and directed transport is mechanistically not well understood. A master mRNA involved in body axes formation is bicoid, which localizes anterolaterally and is essential for head and thorax definition of the embryo. A protein that was identified essential for bicoid anterior localization is Exuperantia (Exu). Here, we use a live imaging-based pulse-chase approach, which reveals selective transport dynamics of Exu from nurse cells to the oocyte during mid to late-stage oogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlota, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de-Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telley, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulse-chase experiments reveal dynamics of RNA binding protein Exuperantia in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.482130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbes are potential key players in the evolution of life histories and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.482130v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes can have profound effects on host fitness and health and the appearance of late-onset diseases. Host-microbe interactions thus represent a major environmental context for healthy aging of the host and might also mediate trade-offs between life-history traits in the evolution of host senescence. Here, we have used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study how host-microbe interactions may modulate the evolution of life histories and aging. We first characterized the effects of two non-pathogenic and one pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, together with the pathogenic Serratia marcescens DB11 strain, on population growth rates and survival of C. elegans from five different genetic backgrounds. We then focused on an outbred C. elegans population, to understand if microbe-specific effects on the reproductive schedule and in traits such as developmental rate and survival were also expressed in the presence of males and standing genetic variation, which could be relevant for the evolution of C. elegans and other nematode species in nature. Our results show that host-microbe interactions have a substantial host-genotype-dependent impact on the reproductive aging and survival of the nematode host. Although both pathogenic bacteria reduced host survival in comparison with benign strains, they differed in how they affected other host traits. Host fertility and population growth rate were affected by S. marcescens DB11 only during early adulthood, whereas this occurred at later ages with the pathogenic E. coli IAI1. In both cases, these effects were largely dependent on the host genotypes. Given such microbe-specific genotypic differences in host life history, we predict that the evolution of reproductive schedules and senescence might be critically contingent on host-microbe interactions in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelo, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbes are potential key players in the evolution of life histories and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping host-microbe transcriptional interactions by dual perturb-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537779v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogens and other endosymbionts reprogram host cell transcription to suppress immune responses and recalibrate biosynthetic pathways. This reprogramming is critical in determining the outcome of infection or colonisation. Here, we combine pooled CRISPR knockout screening with dual host-microbe single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify the molecular mediators of these transcriptional interactions, a method we term dual perturb-seq. Applying dual perturb-seq to the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, we are able to identify previously uncharacterised effector proteins and directly infer their function from the transcriptomic data. We show that TgGRA59 contributes to the export of other effector proteins from the parasite into the host cell and identify a novel effector, TgSOS1, that is necessary for sustained host STAT6 signalling and thereby contributes to parasite immune evasion and persistence. Together, this work demonstrates a novel tool that can be broadly adapted to interrogate host-microbe transcriptional interactions and reveal mechanisms of infection and immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butterworth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockyer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping host-microbe transcriptional interactions by dual perturb-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel virus-induced cyclic dinucleotide, 2'3'-c-di-GMP, mediates STING-dependent antiviral immunity in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, the enzyme cGAS senses the presence of cytosolic DNA and synthesizes the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) 2'3'-cGAMP. This CDN binds to and activates the protein STING to trigger immunity. We recently discovered in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster two cGAS-like receptors (cGLRs) that activate STING-dependent antiviral immunity and can produce 3'2'-cGAMP, in addition to 2'3'-cGAMP. Here we explore CDN-mediated immunity in 14 different Drosophila species covering 50 million years of evolution and report that 2'3'-cGAMP and 3'2'-cGAMP fail to control infection by Drosophila C virus in D. serrata, D. sechellia and D. mojavensis. Using an accurate and sensitive mass spectrometry method, we discover an unexpected diversity of CDNs produced in a cGLR-dependent manner in response to viral infection in D. melanogaster, including a novel CDN, 2'3'-c-di-GMP. We show that 2'3'-c-di-GMP is the most potent STING agonist identified so far in D. melanogaster and that this molecule also activates a strong antiviral transcriptional response in D. serrata. Our results shed light on the evolution of cGLRs in flies and provide a basis for the understanding of the function and regulation of this emerging family of PRRs in animal innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedelin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meignin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imler, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel virus-induced cyclic dinucleotide, 2'3'-c-di-GMP, mediates STING-dependent antiviral immunity in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.539963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunomodulatory Leptin Receptor+ Sympathetic Perineurial Cells Protect Against Obesity by Facilitating Neuroendocrine-Mediated Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.539963v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose tissues (ATs) are innervated by sympathetic nerves, which drive reduction of fat mass via lipolysis and thermogenesis. Here, we report a population of immunomodulatory leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing barrier cells which ensheath sympathetic axon bundles in adipose tissues. These LepR-expressing Sympathetic Perineurial Cells (SPCs) produce IL33, a factor for maintenance and recruitment of regulatory T cell (Treg) and eosinophils in AT. Brown adipose tissues (BAT) of mice lacking IL33 in SPCs (SPCIL33cKO) have fewer Treg and eosinophils, resulting in increased BAT inflammation. SPCIL33cKO mice are more susceptible to diet-induced obesity, independently of food intake. Furthermore, SPCIL33cKO mice have impaired adaptive thermogenesis, and are unresponsive to leptin-induced rescue of metabolic adaptation. We, therefore, identify LepR-expressing SPCs as a source of IL33 which orchestrate an anti-inflammatory environment in BAT, preserving sympathetic-mediated thermogenesis and body weight homeostasis. LepR+ IL33+ SPCs provide a cellular link between leptin and immune regulation of body weight, unifying neuroendocrinology and immunometabolism as previously disconnected fields of obesity research.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=86 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539963v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@195fa69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16b2e5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b12b62org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@973c1b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights- Sympathetic Perineurial Cells (SPCs) co-express LepR+ and IL33
- SPC-derived IL33 prevents BAT inflammation via Treg and eosinophil recruitment
- Obesity is worsened in high fat diet-fed SPCIL33cKO mice, despite normal food intake
- Adaptive thermogenesis is impaired in SPCIL33cKO mice
- Rescue of metabolic adaptation to fasting by leptin is impaired in SPCIL33cKO mice
- SPCs link leptin to immunometabolic regulation of body weight homeostasis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haberman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arus, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz-Ozcan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freibergerova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zentai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C. J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grainger, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakarov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannacone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginhoux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunomodulatory Leptin Receptor+ Sympathetic Perineurial Cells Protect Against Obesity by Facilitating Neuroendocrine-Mediated Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLEM-Reg: An automated point cloud based registration algorithm for correlative light and volume electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correlative light and volume electron microscopy (vCLEM) is a powerful imaging technique that enables the visualisation of fluorescently labelled proteins within their ultrastructural context on a subcellular level. Currently, expert microscopists align vCLEM acquisitions using time-consuming and subjective manual methods. This paper presents CLEM-Reg, an algorithm that automates the 3D alignment of vCLEM datasets by leveraging probabilistic point cloud registration techniques. These point clouds are derived from segmentations of common structures in each modality, created by state-of-the-art open-source methods, with the option to leverage alternative tools from other plugins or platforms. CLEM-Reg drastically reduces the time required to register vCLEM datasets to a few minutes and achieves correlation of fluorescent signal to sub-micron target structures in EM on three newly acquired vCLEM benchmark datasets (fluorescence microscopy combined with FIB-SEM or SBF-SEM). CLEM-Reg was then used to automatically obtain vCLEM overlays to unambiguously identify TGN46-positive transport carriers involved in the trafficking of proteins between the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane. The datasets are available in the EMPIAR and BioStudies public image archives for reuse in testing and developing multimodal registration algorithms by the wider community. A napari plugin integrating the algorithm is also provided to aid end-user adoption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krentzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elphick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domart, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLEM-Reg: An automated point cloud based registration algorithm for correlative light and volume electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.26.549647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maintenance of centriole appendages and motile cilia basal body anchoring relies on TBCCD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.26.549647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosomes are organelles consisting of two structurally and functionally distinct centrioles, with the mother centriole having complex distal (DA) and subdistal appendages (SDA). Despite their importance, how appendages are assembled and maintained remains unclear. This study investigated human TBCCD1, a centrosomal protein essential for centrosome positioning, to uncover its localization and role at centrioles. We found that TBCCD1 localizes at both proximal and distal regions of the two centrioles, forming a complex structure spanning from SDA to DA and extending inside and outside the centriole lumen. TBCCD1 depletion caused centrosome mispositioning, which was partially rescued by taxol, and the loss of microtubules (MTs) anchored to centrosomes. TBCCD1 depletion also reduced levels of SDA proteins involved in MT anchoring such as Centriolin/CEP110, Ninein, and CEP170. Additionally, TBCCD1 was essential for the correct positioning of motile cilia basal bodies and associated structures in Paramecium. This study reveals that TBCCD1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein essential for centriole and basal body localization and appendage assembly and maintenance. A BioID screening also linked TBCCD1 to ciliopathy-associated protein networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmona, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehraz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemullois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lince-Faria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyaud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolasco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raught, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassin, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koll, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.549647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maintenance of centriole appendages and motile cilia basal body anchoring relies on TBCCD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The substrate quality of CK2 target sites has a determinant role on their function and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547533v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most biological processes are regulated by peptide-recognition modules (PRMs) that bind to short linear motifs (SLiMs). Such interactions are rapidly reversible and often occur at low affinity. The protein kinase domain represents one such binding module, and known substrates may have full or only partial matches to the kinase recognition motif, a property known as  substrate quality. However, it is not yet clear whether differences in substrate quality represent neutral variation along the phosphosite sequence or if these differences have functional consequences that are subject to selection. We explore this question in detail for the acidophilic kinase CK2. CK2 is well-characterised, clinically important, and a fundamental enzyme for many aspects of cell biology. We show that optimal CK2 sites are phosphorylated at maximal stoichiometries and found in many conditions whereas minimal substrates are phosphorylated at lower stoichiometries, are more dynamic during the cell cycle, and have regulatory functions. Optimal CK2 sites also tend to be older and more conserved than minimal sites, and evolutionary simulations indicate that the substrate quality of CK2 phosphosites is often tuned by selection. For intermediate target sites, increases or decreases to substrate quality may be deleterious, which we demonstrate experimentally for a CK2 substrate at the kinetochore. The results together suggest that minimal and optimal phosphosites are strongly differentiated in terms of their functional and evolutionary properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon-Arsenault, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The substrate quality of CK2 target sites has a determinant role on their function and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tgfbr1 controls developmental plasticity between the hindlimb and external genitalia by remodeling their regulatory landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hindlimb and external genitalia of present-day tetrapods are thought to derive from an ancestral common primordium that evolved to generate a wide diversity of structures adapted for efficient locomotion and mating in the ecological niche conquered by the species. We show that despite long evolutionary distance from the ancestral condition, the early primordium of the mouse external genitalia preserved the capacity to take hindlimb fates. In the absence of Tgfbr1, the pericloacal mesoderm generates an extra pair of hindlimbs at the expense of the external genitalia. It has been shown that the hindlimb and the genital primordia share many of their key regulatory factors. Tgfbr1 controls the response to those factors by modulating the accessibility status of regulatory elements that control the gene regulatory networks leading to the formation of genital or hindlimb structures. Our work uncovers a remarkable tissue plasticity with potential implications in the evolution of the hindlimb/genital area of tetrapods, and identifies a novel mechanism for Tgfbr1 activity that might also contribute to the control of other physiological or pathological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lozovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korovesi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tgfbr1 controls developmental plasticity between the hindlimb and external genitalia by remodeling their regulatory landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustness of biomolecular networks suggests functional modules far from the edge of chaos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547297v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common feature of complex systems is their ability to balance the flexibility needed to adapt to their environment with the rigidity required for robust function. It has been conjectured that living systems accomplish this by existing at the "edge of chaos", i.e., the critical boundary between ordered and disordered dynamics. Simple toy models of gene regulatory networks lend support to this idea, and mathematical tools developed for these toy models yield similar results when applied to experimentally-supported models of specific cellular regulatory mechanisms (functional modules). Here, however, we demonstrate that a deeper inspection of 72 experimentally-supported discrete dynamical models of functional modules reveals previously unobserved order in these systems on long time scales, suggesting greater rigidity in these systems than was previously conjectured. Our analysis relies on new measures that quantify the tendency of perturbations to spread through a discrete dynamical system. A benefit of our new approach is that it accounts for how system trajectories are mapped to phenotypes in practice. Because these measures are computationally expensive to estimate, existing tools were insufficient for the ensemble of models considered here. To simulate the tens of millions of trajectories required for convergence, we developed a multipurpose CUDA-based simulation tool, which we have made available as the open-source Python library cubewalkers. We find that in experimentally-supported models of biomolecular functional modules, perturbation propagation is more transitory than previously thought, and that even in cases where large perturbation cascades persist, their phenotypic effects are often minimal. Moreover, by examining the impact of update scheme on experimentally-supported models, we find evidence that stochasticity and desynchronization can lead to increased recovery from regulatory perturbation cascades in functional modules and uncover previously unreported population-level robustness to even timing perturbations in these systems. We identify specific biological mechanisms underlying these dynamical behaviors and highlight them in experimentally-supported regulatory networks from the systems biology literature. Based on novel measures and simulations, our results suggest that-contrary to current theory-functional modules of biological systems are ordered and far from the edge of chaos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozum, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustness of biomolecular networks suggests functional modules far from the edge of chaos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.547026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processive movement of Staphylococcus aureus essential septal peptidoglycan synthases is independent of FtsZ treadmilling and drives cell constriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.547026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cell division is mediated by the tubulin-homolog FtsZ, which recruits peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis enzymes to the division site. Septal PG synthases promote inward growth of the division septum, but the mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal regulation of these enzymes are poorly understood. Recent studies on various organisms have proposed different models for the relationship between the movement and activity of septum-specific PG synthases and FtsZ treadmilling. Here, we studied the movement dynamics of conserved cell division proteins relative to the rates of septum constriction and FtsZ treadmilling in the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The septal PG synthesis enzyme complex FtsW/PBP1 and its putative activator protein, DivIB, moved processively, around the division site, with the same velocity. Impairing FtsZ treadmilling did not affect FtsW and DivIB velocities or septum constriction rates. Contrarily, inhibition of PG synthesis slowed down or completely stopped both septum constriction and the directional movement of FtsW/PBP1 and DivIB. Our findings support a model for S. aureus in which a single population of processively moving FtsW/PBP1 remains associated with DivIB to drive cell constriction independently of treadmilling FtsZ filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaeper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squyres, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinho, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processive movement of Staphylococcus aureus essential septal peptidoglycan synthases is independent of FtsZ treadmilling and drives cell constriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.15.528680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In search of the Goldilocks zone for hybrid speciation II: hard times for hybrid speciation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.15.528680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization opens a unique window for observing speciation mechanisms and is a potential engine of speciation. One controversially discussed outcome of hybridization is homoploid hybrid speciation by reciprocal sorting, where a hybrid population maintains a mixed combination of the parental genetic incompatibilities, preventing further gene exchange between the newly formed population and the two parental sources. Previous work showed that, for specific linkage architectures (i.e., the genomic location and order of hybrid incompatibilities), reciprocal sorting could reliably result in hybrid speciation. Yet, the sorting of incompatibilities creates a risk of population extinction. To understand how demographic consequences of the purging of incompatibilities interact with the formation of a hybrid species, we model an isolated hybrid population resulting from a single admixture event. We study how population size, linkage architecture and the strength of the incompatibility affect survival of the hybrid population, resolution/purging of the genetic incompatibilities and the probability of observing hybrid speciation. We demonstrate that the extinction risk is highest for intermediately strong hybrid incompatibilities. In addition, the linkage architecture displaying the highest hybrid speciation probabilities changes drastically with population size. Overall, this indicates that population dynamics can strongly affect the outcome of hybridization and the hybrid speciation probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In search of the Goldilocks zone for hybrid speciation II: hard times for hybrid speciation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theft of Host Transferrin Receptor-1 by Toxoplasma gondii is required for infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient acquisition by apicomplexan parasites is essential to drive their intracellular replication, yet the mechanisms that underpin essential nutrient acquisition are not defined. Using the apicomplexan model Toxoplasma gondii, we show that host cell proteins including the transferrin receptor 1, transferrin, ferritin heavy and light chains, and clathrin light chain are robustly taken up by tachyzoites. Tachyzoite acquisition of host cell protein was not related to host cell type or parasite virulence phenotypes. Bradyzoites possessed little capacity to acquire host cell proteins consistent with the cyst wall representing a barrier to host cell protein cargo. Increased trafficking of host cell transferrin receptor 1 and transferrin to endolysosomes boosted tachyzoite acquisition of host proteins and growth rate. Theft of host transferrin 1 and transferrin did not significantly affect iron levels in the tachyzoite. This study provides insight into essential functions associated with parasite theft of host iron sequestration and storage proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevarez, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzik, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theft of Host Transferrin Receptor-1 by Toxoplasma gondii is required for infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic basis of variation in thermal developmental plasticity for Drosophila melanogaster body pigmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal differences in insect pigmentation are attributed to the influence of ambient temperature on pigmentation development. This thermal plasticity is adaptive and heritable, thereby capable of evolving. However, the specific genes contributing to the variation in plasticity that can drive its evolution remain largely unknown. To address this, we analyzed pigmentation and pigmentation plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured two components of pigmentation in the thorax and abdomen: overall darkness and the proportion of length covered by darker pattern elements (a trident in the thorax and bands in the abdomen) in females from two developmental temperatures (17{degrees}C or 28{degrees}C) and 191 genotypes. Using a GWAS approach to identify the genetic basis of variation in pigmentation and its response to temperature, we identified numerous dispersed QTLs, including some mapping to melanogenesis genes (yellow, ebony, and tan). Remarkably, we observed limited overlap between QTLs for variation within specific temperatures and those influencing thermal plasticity, as well as minimal overlap between plasticity QTLs across pigmentation components and across body parts. For most traits, consistent with selection favoring the retention of plasticity, we found that lower plasticity alleles were often at lower frequencies. The functional analysis of selected candidate QTLs and pigmentation genes largely confirmed their contributions to variation in pigmentation and/or pigmentation plasticity. Overall, our study reveals the existence and underlying basis of extensive and trait-specific genetic variation for pigmentation and pigmentation plasticity, offering a rich reservoir of raw material for natural selection to shape the independent evolution of these traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lafuente, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duneau, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beldade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic basis of variation in thermal developmental plasticity for Drosophila melanogaster body pigmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.22.554351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tgfbr1 regulates lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm reorganization during the trunk to tail transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.22.554351v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the trunk to tail transition the mammalian embryo builds the outlets for the intestinal and urogenital tracts, lays down the primordia for the hindlimb and external genitalia, and switches from the epiblast/primitive streak to the tailbud as the driver of axial extension. Genetic and molecular data indicate that Tgfbr1 is a key regulator of the trunk to tail transition. Tgfbr1 has been shown to control the switch of the neuro mesodermal-competent cells from the epiblast to the chordo-neural hinge to generate the tail bud. We now show that Tgfbr1 signaling also controls the remodeling of the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) and of the embryonic endoderm associated with the trunk to tail transition. In the absence of Tgfbr1 the two LPM layers do not converge at the end of the trunk, extending instead as separate layers enclosing the celomic cavity until the caudal embryonic extremity, and failing to activate markers of primordia for the hindlimb and external genitalia. However, this extended LPM, does not exhibit the molecular signatures characteristic of this tissue in the trunk. The vascular remodeling involving the dorsal aorta and the umbilical artery leading to the connection between embryonic and extraembryonic circulation was also affected in the Tgfbr1 mutant embryos. Similar alterations in the LPM and vascular system were also observed in Isl1 null mutants, indicating that this factor acts in the regulatory cascade downstream of Tgfbr1 in LPM-derived tissues. In addition, in the absence of Tgfbr1 the embryonic endoderm fails to expand to form the endodermal cloaca and to extend posteriorly to generate the tail gut. We present evidence suggesting that the remodeling activity of Tgfbr1 in the LPM and endoderm results from the control of the posterior primitive streak fate after its regression during the trunk to tail transition. Our data, together with previously reported observations, place Tgfbr1 at the top of the regulatory processes controlling the trunk to tail transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lozovska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nóvoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurberg, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjantonakis, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tgfbr1 regulates lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm reorganization during the trunk to tail transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation to oral infection in D. melanogaster through evolution of both resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens exert strong selection on hosts, that evolve and deploy different defensive strategies, namely minimizing pathogen exposure (avoidance), directly promoting pathogen elimination (resistance), and/or managing the deleterious effects of illness (disease tolerance). However, how the response to pathogens partitions across these processes has never been directly assessed in a single system, let alone in the context of known adaptive trajectories under controlled selection regimes. Here, an experimental evolution system composed of D. melanogaster and its natural pathogen P. entomophila is used to independently assess the role of behavioural traits, and of resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms on host evolution. We compare one replicate of a population adapted to oral infection with P. entomophila (BactOral) to a replicate of its control population to find no evidence for behavioural change but measurable differences in both resistance and disease tolerance. In BactOral, we identify a relative decrease in bacterial loads correlated with an increase in gut production of specific AMPs, but no differences in bacterial intake, in gut cell renewal rate, or in the rate of bacterial defecation, pointing to a strengthening in resistance. Additionally, we posit that disease tolerance also contributes to the adaptive response of the BactOral population through a tighter control of its immune response and of the deleterious effects of exposure. This study reveals a genetically complex and mechanistically multi-layered response, possibly reflecting the structure of adaptation to infection in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulo, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akyaw, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation to oral infection in D. melanogaster through evolution of both resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.553838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
African bush pigs exhibit porous species boundaries and appeared in Madagascar concurrently with human arrival 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.553838v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several African mammals exhibit a phylogeographic pattern where closely related taxa are split between West/Central and East/Southern Africa, but their evolutionary relationships and histories remain controversial. Bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) and red river hogs (P. porcus) are recognised as separate species due to morphological distinctions, a perceived lack of interbreeding at contact, and putatively old divergence times, but historically, they were considered conspecific. Moreover, the presence of Malagasy bushpigs as the sole large terrestrial mammal shared with the African mainland raises intriguing questions about its origin and arrival in Madagascar. Analyses of 67 whole genomes revealed a genetic continuum between the two species, with putative signatures of historical gene flow, variable FST values, and a recent divergence time (<500,000 years). Thus, our study challenges key arguments for splitting Potamochoerus into two species and suggests their speciation might be incomplete. Our findings also indicate that Malagasy bushpigs diverged from southern African populations and underwent a limited bottleneck 1,000-5,000 years ago, concurrent with human arrival in Madagascar. These results shed new light on the evolutionary history of an iconic and widespread African genus and provide insight into the longstanding biogeographic puzzle surrounding the bushpigs presence in Madagascar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balboa, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertola, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruniche-Olsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmona, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muwanika, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masembe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Erill, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotoarivony, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrique, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanghoj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinding, M.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atickem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegismund, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moltke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrechtsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.553838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[African bush pigs exhibit porous species boundaries and appeared in Madagascar concurrently with human arrival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NanoPyx: super-fast bioimage analysis powered by adaptive machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To overcome the challenges posed by large and complex microscopy datasets, we have developed NanoPyx, an adaptive bioimage analysis framework designed for high-speed processing. At the core of NanoPyx is the Liquid Engine, an agent-based machine-learning system that predicts acceleration strategies for image analysis tasks. Unlike traditional single-algorithm methods, the Liquid Engine generates multiple CPU and GPU code variations using a meta-programming system, creating a competitive environment where different algorithms are benchmarked against each other to achieve optimal performance under the user"s computational environment. In initial experiments focusing on super-resolution analysis methods, the Liquid Engine demonstrated an over 10-fold computational speed improvement by accurately predicting the ideal scenarios to switch between algorithmic implementations. NanoPyx is accessible to users through a Python library, code-free Jupyter notebooks, and a napari plugin, making it suitable for individuals regardless of their coding proficiency. Furthermore, the optimisation principles embodied by the Liquid Engine have broader implications, extending their applicability to various high-performance computing fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NanoPyx: super-fast bioimage analysis powered by adaptive machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.566997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel gut probiotic engages microbiota for recovery and pathobiont clearance while preventing inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.566997v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiota inhabiting the mammalian gut serves as a protective barrier against pathogen invasion through a mechanism known as colonization resistance. Antibiotic treatments can inadvertently disturb the gut microbiota, compromising colonization resistance and increasing hosts susceptible to infections. Non-pneumoniae Klebsiella spp. members of the gut microbiota play a crucial role in colonization resistance and clearance from the gut of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae following antibiotic-induced perturbations. Specifically, Klebsiella strain ARO112 a gut microbiota isolate, can effectively resist and clear Escherichia coli colonization after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.

We assessed the potential of Klebsiella sp ARO112 to promote clearance of Enterobacteriaceae pathobiont Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) mouse model susceptible to inflammatory episodes. In antibiotic-treated IBD-predisposed mice infected with the AIEC, Klebsiella sp. ARO112 promoted a faster recovery of gut microbiota members potentially involved in butyrate production and accelerated pathobiont clearance. Functionally, ARO112-driven microbiota recovery promoted higher butyrate levels and prevented intestinal inflammation compared to untreated animals. Conversely, treatment with the well-known probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 enhanced AIEC colonization and inflammation. Furthermore, we assessed the safety of ARO112 as a potential next-generation probiotic; phenotypic comparison of ARO112 against closely related Enterobacteriaceae revealed its lower pathogenic potential, including being more recalcitrant to antibiotic resistance acquisition.

Overall, our results showing that Klebsiella sp. ARO112 can resolve infections while contributing to the promotion of intestinal health, underscore its potential as a biotherapy agent that can disrupt inflammation-treatment-infection cycles. This potential extends beyond IBD patients, encompassing individuals with other inflammatory-based conditions related to microbiota imbalances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel gut probiotic engages microbiota for recovery and pathobiont clearance while preventing inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.564392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fending for oneself or partnering up: Competition between mixo- and heterotrophic ciliates under dynamic resource supply 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.564392v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outcome of species competition strongly depends on the traits of the competitors and associated trade-offs, as well as on environmental variability. Here we investigate the relevance of consumer trait variation for species coexistence in a ciliate consumer - microalgal prey system under fluctuating regimes of resource supply. We focus on consumer competition and feeding traits, and specifically on the consumers ability to overcome periods of resource limitation by mixotrophy, i.e. the ability of photosynthetic carbon fixation via algal symbionts in addition to phagotrophy. In a 48-day chemostat experiment, we investigated competitive interactions of different heterotrophic and mixotrophic ciliates of the genera Euplotes and Coleps under different resource regimes, providing prey either continuously or in pulses under constant or fluctuating light, entailing periods of resource depletion in fluctuating environments, but overall providing the same amount of prey and light. Although ultimate competition results remained unaffected, population dynamics of mixotrophic and heterotrophic ciliates were significantly altered by resource supply mode. However, the effects differed among species combinations and changed over time. Whether mixotrophs or heterotrophs dominated in competition strongly depended on the genera of the competing species and thus species-specific differences in the minimum resource requirements that are associated with feeding on shared prey, nutrient uptake, light harvesting and access to additional resources such as bacteria. Potential differences in the curvature of the species resource-dependent growth functions may have further mediated the species-specific responses to the different resource supply modes. In addition, while the presence of a heterotrophic competitor may have a direct negative effect on the growth rate of a mixotrophic species through grazing on a shared prey species, its presence may also have an indirect positive effect on the growth rate of the mixotroph by reducing competition between the autotroph and mixotroph for shared nutrients and light. Our study thus demonstrates that complex trophic interactions determine the outcome of competition, which can only be understood by taking on a multidimensional trait perspective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flöder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klauschies, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaassen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.564392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fending for oneself or partnering up: Competition between mixo- and heterotrophic ciliates under dynamic resource supply]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive relaxed selection on spermatogenesis genes coincident with the evolution of polygyny in gorillas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564379v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gorillas have a polygynous social system in which the highest-ranking male has almost exclusive access to females and sires most of the offspring in the troop. Such behavior results in a dramatic reduction of sperm competition, which is ultimately associated with numerous traits that cause low efficacy of gorilla spermatogenesis. However, the molecular basis behind the remarkable erosion of the gorilla male reproductive system remains unknown. Here, we explored the genetic implications of the polygynous social system in gorillas by testing for altered selection intensity across 13,310 orthologous protein-coding genes from 261 Eutherian mammals. We identified 578 genes with relaxed purifying selection in the gorilla lineage, compared with only 96 that were positively selected. Genes under relaxed purifying selection in gorillas have accumulated numerous deleterious amino acid substitutions, their expression is biased towards male germ cells and are enriched in functions related to meiosis and sperm biology. We tested the role of gorilla relaxed genes previously not implicated in male reproductive function using the Drosophila model system and identified 41 novel spermatogenesis genes required for normal fertility. Furthermore, by exploring exome/genome sequencing data of infertile men with severe spermatogenic impairment, we found that the human orthologs of the gorilla relaxed genes are enriched for loss-of-function variants in infertile men. These data provide compelling evidence that reduced sperm competition in gorillas is associated with relaxed purifying selection on genes related to male reproductive function. The accumulation of deleterious mutations in these genes likely provides the mechanistic basis behind the low efficacy of gorilla spermatogenesis and uncovers new candidate genes for human male infertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schüueftan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brattig-Correia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tüttelmann, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive relaxed selection on spermatogenesis genes coincident with the evolution of polygyny in gorillas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.25.563906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unpredictability of the fitness effects of antimicrobial resistance mutations across environments in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.25.563906v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a major public health concern. When resistant bacteria are highly prevalent in microbial populations, antibiotic restriction protocols are often implemented to reduce their spread. These measures rely on the existence of deleterious fitness effects (i.e., costs) imposed by AMR mutations during growth in the absence of antibiotics. According to this assumption, resistant strains will be outcompeted by susceptible strains that do not pay the cost during the period of restriction. Hence, the success of a given intervention depends on the magnitude and direction of fitness effects of mutations, which can vary depending on the genetic and environmental context. However, the fitness effects of AMR mutations are generally studied in laboratory reference strains and estimated in a limited number of environments, usually a standard laboratory growth medium. In this study, we systematically measure how three sources of variation impact the fitness effects of AMR mutations: the type of resistance mutation, the genetic background of the host, and the growth environment. We demonstrate that while AMR mutations are generally costly in antibiotic-free environments, their fitness effects vary widely and depend on complex interactions between the AMR mutation, genetic background, and environment. We test the ability of the Rough Mount Fuji genotype-fitness model to reproduce the empirical data in simulation. We identify model parameters that reasonably capture the variation in fitness effects due to genetic variation. However, the model fails to accommodate variation when considering multiple growth environments. Overall, this study reveals a wealth of variation in the fitness effects of resistance mutations owing to genetic background and environmental conditions, that will ultimately impact their persistence in natural populations.

Authors AbstractThe emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial populations poses a continuing threat to our ability to successfully treat bacterial infections. During exposure to antibiotics, resistant microbes outcompete susceptible ones, leading to increases in prevalence. This competitive advantage, however, can be reversed in antibiotic-free environments, due to deleterious fitness effects imposed by resistance determinants, a concept referred to as the  cost of resistance. The extent of these fitness effects is an important factor governing the prevalence of resistance in natural populations. However, predicting the fitness effects of resistance mutations is challenging, since their magnitude can change depending on the genetic background in which the mutation arose and the environmental context. Comprehensive data on these sources of variation is lacking, and we address this gap by determining the fitness effects of resistance mutations introduced in a range of Escherichia coli clinical isolates, measured in different antibiotic-free environments. Our results reveal wide variation in the fitness effects, driven by irreducible interactions between resistance mutations, genetic backgrounds, and growth environments. We evaluate the performance of a fitness landscape model to reproduce the data in simulation, highlight its strengths and weaknesses, and call for improvements to accommodate these important sources of variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unpredictability of the fitness effects of antimicrobial resistance mutations across environments in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transertion and cell geometry organize the Escherichia coli nucleoid during rapid growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562172v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWBacterial chromosomes are spatiotemporally organized and sensitive to environmental changes. However, the mechanisms underlying chromosome configuration and reorganization are currently not fully understood. Using 3D single-molecule localization microscopy and live-cell imaging, we show that the Escherichia coli nucleoid adopts a condensed, membrane-associated configuration during rapid growth. To study the influence of different biosynthetic processes on nucleoid morphology and positioning, we recorded multi-colour super-resolution images during drug treatment. After developing analysis routines for confocal and super-resolution images, we captured highly resolved snapshots which revealed the complete loss of the membrane-bound state of the nucleoid within 10 minutes of halting transcription and translation. This indicates an active role of transertion (coupled transcription, translation and membrane insertion) in nucleoid organization. In contrast, cell wall synthesis inhibition only affects nucleoid organization during morphological changes. Further, we provide evidence that the E. coli nucleoid spatially correlates with MreB in unperturbed E. coli cells, while this correlation diminishes in cells with changed cell geometry or upon inhibition of protein biosynthesis. Replication inhibition experiments, as well as multi-drug treatments highlight the role of entropic effects and transcription in nucleoid condensation and positioning. In summary, we provide experimental evidence for transertion as a principal organiser of the bacterial nucleoid, and show that an altered metabolic state and antibiotic treatment both lead to major changes in the degree of transertion and overall spatial organization of the nucleoid. Our high-resolution characterization reveals dynamics of antibiotic action and provides tools to quantify bacterial chromosome organization. This does not only provide valuable insights into the role of transertion, but can also be applied to study other cell-biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middlemiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transertion and cell geometry organize the Escherichia coli nucleoid during rapid growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of Trypanosoma-induced vascular damage sheds insights into Trypanosoma vivax sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558284v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple blood-borne pathogens infecting mammals establish close interactions with the host vascular endothelium as part of their life cycles. In this work, we investigate differences in the interactions of three Trypanosoma species: T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax with the blood vasculature. Infection with these species results in vastly different pathologies, including different effects on vascular homeostasis, such as changes in vascular permeability and microhemorrhages. While all three species are extracellular parasites, T. congolense is strictly intravascular, while T. brucei is capable of surviving both extra- and intravascularly. Our knowledge regarding T. vivax tropism and its capacity of migration across the vascular endothelium is unknown. In this work, we show for the first time that T. vivax parasites sequester to the vascular endothelium of most organs, and that, like T. congolense, T. vivax Y486 is largely incapable of extravasation. Infection with this parasite species results in a unique effect on vascular endothelium receptors including general downregulation of ICAM1 and ESAM, and upregulation of VCAM1, CD36 and E-selectin. Our findings on the differences between the two sequestering species (T. congolense and T. vivax) and the non-sequestering, but extravasating, T. brucei raise important questions on the relevance of sequestration to the parasites survival in the mammalian host, and the evolutionary relevance of both sequestration and extravasation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porqueddu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Niz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of Trypanosoma-induced vascular damage sheds insights into Trypanosoma vivax sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.11.557148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus activates the unfolded protein response and induces the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates that are essential for efficient viral propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.11.557148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the main causes of annual respiratory epidemics in humans. IAV employs multiple strategies to evade host immunity and hijack cellular mechanisms to support proper virion formation and propagation. Some of these strategies encompass the manipulation of pathways involved in protein homeostasis, leading to changes in the host proteome and protein distribution within the cell. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the interplay between IAV and the host cells proteostasis mechanisms throughout the entire infectious cycle. We reveal that IAV infection induces the activation of the inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR), at an infection stage that coincides with high rates of viral protein translation. This activation is particularly important for infection, as attenuation of virus production was observed upon IRE1 inhibition. Concomitantly to UPR activation, we observed the accumulation of virus-induced insoluble protein aggregates, which contain both viral and host proteins and are associated with a dysregulation of the host cell RNA metabolism. We demonstrate that this accumulation is important for IAV propagation, as its prevention using a quinoline-steroid hybrid compound significantly reduces the number of produced infectious virus particles. Our data suggests that the formation of these insoluble protein aggregates favors the final steps of the infection cycle, more specifically the virion assembly. Our findings reveal additional mechanisms by which IAV disrupts the host cell proteostasis to favor infection and uncover new cellular targets that can be explored for the development of host-directed antiviral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarabando, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitorino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus activates the unfolded protein response and induces the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates that are essential for efficient viral propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.19.567606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DL4MicEverywhere: Deep learning for microscopy made flexible, shareable, and reproducible 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.19.567606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning has revolutionised the analysis of extensive microscopy datasets, yet challenges persist in the widespread adoption of these techniques. Many lack access to training data, computing resources, and expertise to develop complex models. We introduce DL4MicEverywhere, advancing our previous ZeroCostDL4Mic platform, to make deep learning more accessible. DL4MicEverywhere uniquely allows flexible training and deployment across diverse computational environments by encapsulating methods in interactive Jupyter notebooks within Docker containers -a standalone virtualisation of required packages and code to reproduce a computational environment-. This enhances reproducibility and convenience. The platform includes twice as many techniques as originally provided by ZeroCostDL4Mic and enables community contributions via automated build pipelines. DL4MicEverywhere empowers participatory innovation and aims to democratise deep learning for bioimage analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo-Cenalmor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pylvänäinen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arganda-Carreras, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AI4Life Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DL4MicEverywhere: Deep learning for microscopy made flexible, shareable, and reproducible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of the MSPDBL2 antigen in a discrete subset of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts is regulated by GDV1 but not linked to sexual commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568010v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein MSPDBL2 is a polymorphic antigen targeted by acquired immune responses, and normally expressed in only a minority of mature schizonts. The potential relationship of MSPDBL2 to sexual commitment is examined, as variable mspdbl2 transcript levels and proportions of MSPDBL2-positive mature schizonts in clinical isolates have previously correlated with levels of many sexual stage parasite gene transcripts, although not with the master regulator ap2-g. It is demonstrated that conditional overexpression of GDV1, which promotes sexual commitment, also substantially increases the proportion of MSPDBL2-positive schizonts in culture. Conversely, truncation of the gdv1 gene is shown to prevent any expression of MSPDBL2. However, across diverse P. falciparum cultured lines the variable proportions of MSPDBL2 positivity in schizonts does not correlate significantly with variable gametocyte conversion rates, indicating it is not involved in sexual commitment. Confirming this, examining a line with endogenous HA-tagged AP2-G showed that the individual schizonts expressing MSPDBL2 are mostly different to those expressing AP2-G. Using a selection-linked integration system, modified P. falciparum lines were engineered to express an intact or disrupted version of MSPDBL2, showing the protein is not required for sexual commitment or early gametocyte development. Asexual parasite multiplication rates were also not affected by expression of either intact or disrupted MSPDBL2 in a majority of schizonts. Occurring alongside sexual commitment, the role of the discrete MSPDBL2-positive schizont subpopulation requires further investigation in natural infections where it is under immune selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freville, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetteh, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of the MSPDBL2 antigen in a discrete subset of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts is regulated by GDV1 but not linked to sexual commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fracture in Living Cell Monolayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522736v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of tissues to sustain mechanical stress and avoid rupture is a fundamental pillar of their function. Rupture in response to physiological levels of stress can be undesired, for example resulting from disease or genetic mutations, or be an integral part of developmental processes, such as during blastocoel formation in mouse or leg eversion in flies. Despite its importance, we know very little about rupture in cellularised tissues because it is a multi-scale phenomenon that necessitates comprehension of the interplay between mechanical forces and processes at the molecular and cellular scales. Using a combination of mechanical measurements, live imaging and computational modelling, we characterise rupture in epithelial monolayers. We show that, despite consisting of only a single layer of cells, monolayers can withstand surprisingly large deformations, often accommodating several-fold increases in their length before rupture. At large deformation, epithelia increase their stiffness multiple-fold in a process controlled by a supracellular network of keratin filaments. Perturbing keratin organisation fragilised monolayers and prevented strain stiffening. Using computational approaches, we show that, although the kinetics of adhesive bond rupture ultimately control tissue strength, tissue rheology and the history of deformation prior to failure set the strain and stress that the tissue reaches at the onset of fracture. Our data paint a picture of epithelia as versatile materials that combine resistance to shocks with deformability when subjected to low strain rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfanti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouchard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fracture in Living Cell Monolayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Arabidopsis SR protein relieving ABA inhibition of seedling establishment represses ABA-responsive alternative splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572415v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits postgerminative growth under unfavorable conditions to delay the transition to the autotrophic stage and promote plant survival. While stress-induced ABA accumulation is well established to trigger extensive transcriptional changes, it is becoming clear that it also relies on alternative splicing to enhance stress tolerance. However, the upstream components modulating posttranscriptional regulation of the ABA response remain largely unknown. Here, we show that loss of function of the Arabidopsis SR34a protein enhances sensitivity to ABA during seedling establishment. Individual-nucleotide crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) combined with RNA-sequencing revealed that SR34a is an alternative splicing regulator that binds predominantly GCU-rich exonic sequences near splice sites. We find that SR34a targets all alternative splicing event types, including in RNAs encoding known determinants of ABA sensitivity, to prevent ABA-responsive splicing in germinated seeds. Our study sheds mechanistic light on how plant SR proteins regulate alternative splicing and counteract ABA inhibition of early plant growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laloum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez, R. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Arabidopsis SR protein relieving ABA inhibition of seedling establishment represses ABA-responsive alternative splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.572891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis reveals novel phylogenetically intermediate Streptococci with high phenotypic diversity in the human distal lung microbiota. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.572891v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococci are one of the predominant and the most diverse genus in the human lung. Previously, we isolated human distal lung Streptococci from bronchoalvolear lavage fluid (BALF) as part of the human Lung Microbiota culture Collection (LuMiCol). Here, we performed whole genome sequencing, comparative phylogenomics and phenotypic characterization of six Streptococcal isolates representing the phylogenetic diversity of the genus in distal human lung. Here, we report five new species and one new subspecies including phylogenetic intermediates of commonly found Streptococci not limited to human lung. Pangenome analysis reveals gene content, evolutionary relationships, and metabolic functions shedding light on contribution of these Streptococci to lung microbial metabolism. Antimicrobial resistance gene analysis followed by MIC determination revealed macrolide, lincosamide and tetracycline resistance in lung Streptococci. We show the presence of capsular genes in lung streptococci both matching to the prototypical capsular genes (cps) and unique genes. Interestingly, the new Streptococcus isolate sp. nov. P2E5, genetically identical to the most prevalent Streptococcus in the human distal lung was revealed to be a phylogenetic intermediate between the S. mitis group and S. pneumoniae. It also harbors the pneumolysin (ply) gene and was found to have the serotype 21E. Finally, core genome phylogeny reveals that lung Streptococci the are evolutionary distinct from oral Streptococcal isolates in expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). Hence, these findings we reveal new phylogenetically distinct Streptococcal species from the human distal lung microbiota and its genetic diversity and metabolism to understand the microbial ecology of human lung.

ImportanceA healthy human distal lung harbour characteristic microbial communities mostly composed of oropharyngeal taxa, which are facultative or obligative anaerobes despite lung being the medium of oxygen intake. However, little is known about the genetic and functional diversity of these bacteria owing to the lack of resources including availability of primary lung isolate from human samples. Therefore, we have established a large bacterial collection that covers all major phyla by cultivating human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) under various conditions. Streptococcus is the most prevalent and diverse genera in the human lung microbiota. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we studied six diverse lung isolates from our collection representing the actual Streptococcal diversity and identify these as new species and subspecies. We hypothesize that learning about the phylogenetic genetic diversity, preferred metabolism and molecular structures of these Streptococci will provide with new insights on the understudied microbial ecosystem of the human lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanungo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Rosso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarton-Loheac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Küffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.572891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomic analysis reveals novel phylogenetically intermediate Streptococci with high phenotypic diversity in the human distal lung microbiota.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.03.576026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BiaPy: A unified framework for versatile bioimage analysis with deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.03.576026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BiaPy is an open-source library and application that streamlines the use of common deep learning approaches for bioimage analysis. Designed to simplify technical complexities, it offers an intuitive interface, zero-code notebooks, and Docker integration, catering to both users and developers. While focused on deep learning workflows for 2D and 3D image data, it enhances performance with multi-GPU capabilities, memory optimization, and scalability for large datasets. Although BiaPy does not encompass all aspects of bioimage analysis, such as visualization and manual annotation tools, it empowers researchers by providing a ready-to-use environment with customizable templates that facilitate sophisticated bioimage analysis workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco-Barranco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres-San Roman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo-Cenalmor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Marfil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Galvez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudero, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arganda-Carreras, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.576026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BiaPy: A unified framework for versatile bioimage analysis with deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.15.580424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of human cell populations to different levels of centriole amplification involves a two-step response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.15.580424v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrioles are the main components of cilia and centrosomes, which play a central role in cell division and signalling. Their numbers are strictly regulated. Centriole amplification, or the presence of extra centrioles, often occurs in tumours and leads to aneuploidy and altered signalling and has been associated with cancer development and malignancy. Negative selection of cells with extra centrioles prevents numerical errors from expanding in the population, resulting in an overproduction-selection balance. However, how chronic perturbation of key centriolar regulators affects centriole number dynamics is poorly described. PLK4, a key regulator of centriole biogenesis, is often overexpressed in cancer. Here, we studied the long-term dynamics of cell populations exposed to different levels of PLK4 overexpression. We measured absolute and relative fitness in the evolving populations, quantified centriole numbers over time, as well as various aspects of the immediate response to centriole amplification. Our experiments indicated negative selection against cells with extra centrioles and outcompetition of PLK4-overexpressing cells by a cell line carrying a truncated form of PLK4, that does not amplify centrioles. In populations where cells carrying the truncated form of PLK4 were absent, cells overexpressing full-length PLK4 maintained the capacity to amplify centrioles over the course of experimental evolution and, strikingly, converge to the same degree of centriole amplification regardless of the level of PLK4 overexpression. Our results support a population-level response to centrosome amplification to control centriole amplification levels. Future work is necessary to further characterise this response and the mechanisms that allow cell populations to maintain centriole amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dias Louro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peneda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of human cell populations to different levels of centriole amplification involves a two-step response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cGAS-STING is responsible for aging of telomerase deficient zebrafish. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584360v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere shortening occurs in multiple tissues throughout aging. When telomeres become critically short, they trigger DNA damage responses and p53 stabilization, leading to apoptosis or replicative senescence. In vitro, cells with short telomeres activate the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway resulting in type I interferon inflammation and senescence. However, the consequences of these events to the organism are not yet understood. Here, we show that sting is responsible for premature aging of telomerase-deficient zebrafish. We generated sting-/- tert-/- double mutants and observed a thorough rescue of tert-/- phenotypes. At the cellular level, lack of cGAS-STING in ter t mutants resulted in reduced senescence, increased cell proliferation, and low inflammation despite similar short telomeres. Critically, absence of sting function resulted in dampening of the DNA damage response and low p53 levels. At the organism level, sting-/- tert-/- zebrafish regained fertility, delayed cachexia, and cancer incidence, resulting in increased healthspan and lifespan of telomerase mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serifoglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allavena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos-Lopes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzullo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousounis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompouki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cGAS-STING is responsible for aging of telomerase deficient zebrafish.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.585772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamic dissipation constrains metabolic versatility of unicellular growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.585772v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic versatility enables unicellular organisms to grow in vastly different environments. Since growth occurs far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the second law of thermodynamics has long been believed to pose key constraints to life. Yet, such constraints remain largely unknown. Here, we integrate published data spanning decades of experiments on unicellular chemotrophic growth and compute the corresponding thermodynamic dissipation. Due to its span in chemical substrates and microbial species, this dataset samples the versatility of metabolism. We find two empirical thermodynamic rules: first, the amount of energy dissipation per unit of biomass grown is largely conserved across metabolic types and domains of life; second, aerobic respiration exhibits a trade-off between dissipation and growth, reflecting in its high thermodynamic efficiency. By relating these rules to the fundamental thermodynamic forces that drive and oppose growth, our results show that dissipation imposes tight constraints on metabolic versatility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cossetto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenfels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.585772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamic dissipation constrains metabolic versatility of unicellular growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome assembly of the Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), a model for human pathogenic virus infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), a rodent species native to the Americas, has emerged as a valuable laboratory model of infections by numerous human pathogens including poliovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

ResultsHere we report the first reference assembly of the cotton rat genome organized at a chromosomal level, providing annotation of 24,878 protein-coding genes. Data from PCR-free whole genome sequencing, linked-read sequencing and RNA sequencing from pooled cotton rat tissues were analyzed to assemble and annotate this novel genome sequence. Spectral karyotyping data using fluorescent probes derived from mouse chromosomes facilitated the assignment of cotton rat orthologs to syntenic chromosomes, comprising 25 autosomes and a sex chromosome in the haploid genome. Comparative phylome analysis revealed both gains and losses of numerous genes including immune defense genes against pathogens. We identified thousands of recently retrotransposed L1 and SINE B2 elements, revealing widespread genetic innovations unique to this species.

ConclusionsWe anticipate that annotation and characterization of the first chromosome-level cotton rat genome assembly as described here will enable and accelerate ongoing investigations into its host defenses against viral and other pathogens, genome biology and mammalian evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Garrido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akagi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorostecki, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullikin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alioto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niewiesk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome assembly of the Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), a model for human pathogenic virus infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomass competition unifies individual and community scaling patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586593v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both metabolism and growth scale sublinearly with body mass for most species. Ecosystems show the same sublinear scaling between production and total biomass but ecological theory cannot reconcile the existence of these nearly identical scalings at different levels of biological organization. We solve this paradox using marine phytoplankton to connect individual and ecosystem scalings across three orders of magnitude in body size and biomass. Competitive interactions determined by biomass, rather than differences in species size, slow metabolism in a consistent fashion across species that dominates over species-specific peculiarities, resulting in a unique behavior across community compositions. The allometry of ecosystem production thus emerges from this metabolic density-dependence, independently of the equilibrium state or resource regime of the system. Our findings demonstrate the mechanistic basis of ecosystem allometries, unifying aspects of physiology and ecology to explain why growth patterns are so strikingly similar across scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fant, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghedini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomass competition unifies individual and community scaling patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.28.586951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life history traits influence the dynamics of genetic diversityin a refugium population undergoing expansion andcontraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.28.586951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species ranges are dynamic, experiencing expansions, contractions or shifts as a response to habitat changes induced by extrinsic factors such as climate change and, more recently, human activities. While the scientific literature has explored the genetic effects of spatial processes, published studies rarely incorporate life-history traits to study the effect of such changes on species living in the same environments. There is thus a gap in our understanding regarding the variation in genetic diversity patterns among species with distinct life-history traits such as growth rates and generation times, experiencing the same habitat change scenarios. In this study, we first used spatial simulations to investigate the temporal dynamics of genetic diversity within refugium populations experiencing a range expansion followed by a stationary and a contraction period. We explored different scenarios, varying both the speed of contraction and the life-history traits of the simulated species. In addition, we used a simpler panmictic model for which we derived analytical results. Altogether, we identified three temporal dynamics of genetic diversity in the refugium population during the contraction phase: scenarios where genetic diversity i) decreased throughout the contractions, ii) increased for periods that could be greater than thousands of years before plateauing and then decreasing or iii) followed a persistent increasing trend, without any visible effect of the expansion or contraction. We show that these different temporal dynamics can be predicted by comparing the observed expected heterozygosity (He) to the values expected if the species were at equilibrium within the refuge (He refuge) and within the whole landscape (He landscape). We also observe that there are scenarios where a rapid contraction maintains more diversity just at the end of the contraction, as widely believed and as reported in a previous simulation study. However, we also observe the opposite pattern for a wide range of parameters. The widespread idea that observing high diversity levels in a refugium population is due to a recent and rapid habitat loss is thus not necessarily true and will depend on various life history traits and how they relate to habitat change dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgarlata, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano-Panos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasteiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paixao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.586951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life history traits influence the dynamics of genetic diversityin a refugium population undergoing expansion andcontraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.588091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear deformability facilitates apical nuclear migration in the developing zebrafish retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.588091v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear positioning is an important aspect of cell and developmental biology. One example is the apical positioning of nuclei in retinal and other neuroepithelia. Here, apical nuclear migration is crucial for correct tissue formation. Cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive nuclei to the apical side have been explored. Yet, whether also nuclear properties influence apical nuclear migration remained comparatively less understood. Lamin A/C expression levels have been shown to be directly related to nuclear deformability. Further, it was shown that many nuclei in early development, including neuroepithelial nuclei, express only low levels of Lamin A/C.

Thus, we asked whether increased expression of Lamin A in the densely packed zebrafish retinal neuroepithelium affects nuclear migration phenomena. We find that overexpressing Lamin A in retinal nuclei of single cells or in the whole tissue increased nuclear stiffness and consequently impaired apical positioning. Interestingly, also nuclei of control cells embedded in a Lamin A overexpressing environment displayed impaired apical nuclear migration. When Lamin A is overexpressed at the tissue level this further leads to a delay in mitotic entry. Thus, nuclear material properties, within cells but also in the surrounding environment, can influence nuclear and cell behavior in densely packed neuroepithelia.

Overall, this work quantitatively shows a relevance of low Lamin A/C levels in early neuroepithelial development. These findings are most likely also applicable for other developing tissues which feature nuclear and cell motion through crowded environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maia-Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorjao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espina, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriga, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erzberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear deformability facilitates apical nuclear migration in the developing zebrafish retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFI207, a young and fast-evolving protein, controls retroviral replication via the STING pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591891v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian AIM-2-like receptor (ALR) proteins bind nucleic acids and initiate production of type I interferons or inflammasome assembly, thereby contributing to host innate immunity. In mice, the Alr locus is highly polymorphic at the sequence and copy number level and we show here, is one of the most dynamic regions of the genome. One rapidly evolving gene within this region, Ifi207, was introduced to the Mus genome by gene conversion or an unequal recombination event a few million years ago. Ifi207 has a large, distinctive repeat region that differs in sequence and length among Mus species and even closely related inbred Mus musculus strains. We show that IFI207 controls MLV infection in vivo and that it plays a role in the STING-mediated response to cGAMP, dsDNA, DMXXA and MLV. IFI207 binds to STING and inclusion of its repeat region appears to stabilize STING protein. The Alr locus and Ifi207 provide a clear example of the evolutionary innovation of gene function, possibly as a result of host-pathogen co-evolution.

IMPORTANCEThe Red Queen hypothesis predicts that the arms race between pathogens and the host may accelerate evolution of both sides, and therefore cause higher diversity in virulence factors and immune-related proteins, respectively (1). The Alr gene family in mice has undergone rapid evolution in the last few million years and includes the creation of two novel members, MndaL and Ifi207. Ifi207 in particular became highly divergent, with significant genetic changes between highly related inbred mice. IFI207 protein acts in the STING pathway and contributes to anti-retroviral resistance via a novel mechanism. The data show that under the pressure of host-pathogen coevolution in a dynamic locus, gene conversion and recombination between gene family members creates new genes with novel and essential functions that play diverse roles in biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Briceno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFI207, a young and fast-evolving protein, controls retroviral replication via the STING pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.06.548004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
This microtubule does not exist: Super-resolution microscopy image generation by a diffusion model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.06.548004v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generative models, such as diffusion models, have made significant advancements in recent years, enabling the synthesis of high-quality realistic data across various domains. Here, we explore the adaptation and training of a diffusion model on super-resolution microscopy images from publicly available databases. We show that the generated images resemble experimental images, and that the generation process does not memorize existing images from the training set. Additionally, we compare the performance of a deep learning-based deconvolution method trained using our generated high-resolution data versus training using high-resolution data acquired by mathematical modeling of the sample. We obtain superior reconstruction quality in terms of spatial resolution using a small real training dataset, showing the potential of accurate virtual image generation to overcome the limitations of collecting and annotating image data for training. Finally, we make our pipeline publicly available, runnable online, and user-friendly to enable researchers to generate their own synthetic microscopy data. This work demonstrates the potential contribution of generative diffusion models for microscopy tasks and paves the way for their future application in this field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saguy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahimov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alalouf, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechtman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.548004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[This microtubule does not exist: Super-resolution microscopy image generation by a diffusion model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
