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This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Subject Collection "Zoology"
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<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.28.721477v1?rss=1"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.24.720739v1?rss=1"/>
<rdf:li rdf:resource="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.27.720970v1?rss=1"/>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.05.722933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative taxonomy of Trichiurus (Scombriformes: Trichiuridae) reveals a new cutlassfish species from Java, Indonesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.05.722933v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Trichiurus is the most economically valuable fish in the family Trichiuridae, currently recognized to include 10 valid species. However, historically numerous morphologically similar congeners have been erroneously assigned as synonyms or subspecies of T. lepturus. In this study, we examined 16 hairtail specimens collected from the southern waters of Java Island, Indonesia. Integrated morphological and mitochondrial phylogenetic analyses (COX1 and 16S rRNA), compared against global Trichiurus sequences, revealed that these specimens form an independent lineage that diverged early from other congeners. Consequently, we describe this lineage as a previously undescribed cryptic species. Diagnostic characters include: first anal-fin spine below 36th-37th dorsal-fin rays; anus below 35th-36th dorsal-fin rays; anteriormost tip of supraoccipital well posterior to posterior distal margin of eye; anterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine non-serrated; fangs on both jaws with barb-like processes; upper jaw long, mean 16.6% (15.5-17.6%) of preanal length; snout short, 12.0% (10.9-13.1%) of preanal length; eye small, diameter 5.3% (4.3-5.7%) of preanal length; and absence of hyperostosis on dorsal cranium. We herein propose the name Trichiurus javaensis sp. nov., and provide a formal morphological description and diagnostic characterization of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Wu, T., Li, C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.05.05.722933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative taxonomy of Trichiurus (Scombriformes: Trichiuridae) reveals a new cutlassfish species from Java, Indonesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.04.722703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habitat-specific environmental characteristics are associated with the movement of male and female loggerhead sea turtles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.04.722703v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linking animal movements to environmental drivers is essential for understanding ecological processes and anticipating species responses to climate change. We investigated habitat-specific movements in a globally significant aggregation of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) nesting in Cabo Verde. Satellite tags on 15 adults (12 females, 3 males) provided multi-year tracks spanning breeding, migration, and foraging habitats. Movements and phenology differed by habitat. During the breeding season, females used either coastal areas, remaining within [~]20 m depth, or undertook long looping forays up to 360 km. Males showed two strategies: two remained resident in Cabo Verde waters, including Fra, the largest male tracked (Curved carapace length of 105 cm compared with a male mean of 90.7 {+/-} 10.3 cm), while the third migrated annually to distant foraging grounds and returned ahead of the subsequent breeding season. In foraging habitats, turtles adopted neritic or oceanic strategies: neritic turtles remained localised in warm, productive waters, whereas oceanic turtles ranged widely in deeper, less productive areas. Time- and space-shift analyses showed that oceanic foragers used intermediate sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a conditions relative to nearby or temporally shifted alternatives, consistent with movement within a thermal-trophic trade-off. Together, these results show how sex, body size, and energy balance drive habitat-specific movement dynamics in a changing ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Roman-Torres, P., Schofield, G., Stiebens, V., Roder, C., Reischig, T., Diniz, H., Correia, S., Taxonera, A., Hays, G. C., Eizaguirre, C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.05.04.722703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habitat-specific environmental characteristics are associated with the movement of male and female loggerhead sea turtles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.29.721791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in the microbiome of the trophosome of Lamellibrachia satsuma induced by rearing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.29.721791v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdult vestimentiferan tubeworms inhabiting hydrothermal vents and cold seeps lack a mouth and anus and rely entirely on organic matter produced by sulfur -oxidizing autotrophic bacterial symbionts in their trophosomes. These symbionts, which predominantly belong to the genus Proteobacteria, are acquired horizontally from the environment. However, the effects of rearing conditions that differ from natural habitats on the microbiome composition or abundance of these bacteria remain unclear.

MethodsWe conducted a metagenomic analysis of Lamellibrachia satsuma reared in an aquarium under sulfide-supplemented and sulfide-free conditions.

ResultsImmediately after collection, the microbiome was dominated by known symbionts within {gamma}-Proteobacteria, exhibiting low species diversity. After 6 months of rearing, the abundance of these symbionts significantly decreased under both conditions, whereas overall bacterial diversity increased. In particular, -Proteobacteria became more abundant under sulfide-supplemented conditions, while {delta}-Proteobacteria predominated in the absence of sulfide. Despite these changes, symbionts were not entirely lost, and the hosts survived for 6 months, likely due to their low metabolic rate. These findings suggest that the microbiome of L. satsuma can respond flexibly to changes in the rearing environment. They also indicate that the hosts metabolism can be maintained even with a smaller quantity of symbiotic bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Koito, T., Tahara, M., Taira, R., Yamaki, A., Sugimura, M., Makita, H., Yamamoto, T., Yamanaka, T. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.29.721791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in the microbiome of the trophosome of Lamellibrachia satsuma induced by rearing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.30.721899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The control of targeted jumps in nymphal praying mantises 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.30.721899v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arboreal insects have developed various strategies to navigate their discontinuous habitats. Many insects, including leafhoppers, katydids, and praying mantises, exhibit the ability to actively leap across their leafy platforms and land on a distant substrate. This behavior is especially important for non-winged insects, including nymphal forms of winged insects, which cannot fly between these substrates. To make a targeted jump, an animal must first orient towards the target, estimate the target distance and angular location, and jump with the appropriate take-off speeds and angles to land on their intended substrate. In three-dimensional space, jumping from one point to another requires estimating distance, as well as azimuthal and elevational angles. Jumping insects such as mantises typically reorient their bodies on the substrate to align with the azimuthal direction of the target. This behavior effectively reduces the task to a two-dimensional problem, in which they must estimate only the distance to the target and its elevational angle. Many insects, including praying mantises, perform rhythmic lateral head movements called  peering before performing a targeted jump. Although previous studies suggest that mechanisms such as motion parallax while peering are used for distance estimation, the full repertoire of behaviors that enable mantises to jump to arbitrarily located substrates remains unclear. We hypothesized that mantises have distinct behaviors for distance and elevation angle estimation, which enable them to independently modulate their take-off speeds and angles before jumping. To test this hypothesis, we developed behavioral assays in which mantises were placed on a launch platform and jumped to a target platform positioned at variable distances and angles. Using this apparatus, we filmed the jumps of Giant Asian mantis nymphs (Hierodula spp.) with high-speed videography and tracked body parts to quantify take-off speed and angle. Because mantis jumps are ballistic, their trajectories can be modeled as projectile motion. Our results indicate that mantises estimate target distance and elevation angle using two separate behavioral strategies: distance is assessed through peering maneuvers that generate motion parallax, whereas elevation angle is determined through visual fixation of the target accompanied by specific postural adjustments. By combining these behaviors, mantises modulate the magnitude and direction of propulsive force to achieve successful jumps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kumar, G. G. S., Sane, S. P. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.30.721899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The control of targeted jumps in nymphal praying mantises]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.29.721582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First hematological and biochemical data in a rehabilitated giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) from southern Cameroon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.29.721582v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) is one of the least studied pangolin species worldwide, with no published hematological and biochemical data available. We report the first blood parameters from a rehabilitated adult male from Campo Maan National Park (southern Cameroon). Hematological and biochemical findings are described and discussed in relation to available data from other pangolin species. These preliminary results provide the first reference framework for this species and highlight their relevance for clinical assessment, health monitoring, and conservation management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Montblanc, M., Harvey-Carroll, J., Vanassche, J., Donaldson, M., Connelly, E., Hywood, L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.29.721582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First hematological and biochemical data in a rehabilitated giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) from southern Cameroon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.28.721477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Brightly Coloured Invaders: A Characterisation of the Invasive Lema Beetle, Lema equestris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Hawaii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.28.721477v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduced to Hawaii in 2016, Lema equestris has become a garden pest commonly reported on Solanum americanum, which is grown as a native and cultural plant in Hawaii and supports native vertebrates elsewhere across Oceania. Originally identified as L. solani, the species was later found to have been misidentified. Here, molecular and morphological evidence is used to discriminate Hawaiian specimens from L. solani and support the updated identification of L. equestris. As a new invasive species, it is important to confirm host associations and determine whether it will prey on important species, such as endemic or endangered plants, in its new range or any potential range to which it could spread. To this end, feeding assays were performed with adults, first-instar larvae, and newly hatched naive larvae on 11 potential hosts, comprising mostly Solanum species: Solanum americanum, potato, tomato, tomatillo, poha (gooseberry), chili pepper, eggplant, tobacco, tree tobacco, cabbage, and Brazilian nightshade. While feeding was attempted on cabbage, poha berry, and Brazilian nightshade, no host besides S. americanum supported survival. Rearing was used to further characterize the biology and life history of L. equestris, including instar length and distinctive morphological traits for identifying each life stage. While many basic biological traits are confirmed here, much remains to be studied to better understand this species and why it has begun to spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Weaver, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.28.721477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Brightly Coloured Invaders: A Characterisation of the Invasive Lema Beetle, Lema equestris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Hawaii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.24.720739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse gingival venipuncture: a refined technique for serial blood collection in small rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.24.720739v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess the safety, efficacy, and repeatability of a novel blood collection technique, percutaneous reverse gingival venipuncture (RGV), across multiple rodent species, and to characterize the associated anatomy through dissection and histopathology.

MethodsSuccess rate and complications of RGV were evaluated at a private practice between December 2024 and September 2025 in client-owned chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) (n=102), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) (n=78), Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (n=32), dwarf hamsters (Phodopus campbelli and P. sungorus) (n=4), squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus, C. finlaysonii) (n=7), prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) (n=2), a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (n=1) and a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) (n=1). An experimental study was conducted in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) (n=5), Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) (n=12), and chinchillas (n=11) from February 2026 to March 2026 to evaluate RGV success rate, serial hematology, and histopathology.

ResultsThe success rate of RGV was 100% in most rodent species, but was lower in guinea pigs (44.87%, n=78) and chinchillas (64.60%, n=113). No animals experienced clinical complications. No significant changes in serial hematology were appreciated in Chinese hamsters (n=6) on days 0, 7, and 14. Histopathology did not reveal any complications.

ConclusionsRGV in anesthetized rodents is safe, effective, minimally invasive, and repeatable, yielding clinically relevant blood volumes with precise control and minimal risks.

Clinical RelevanceRGV may facilitate more routine hematology and chemistry analysis in rodents by veterinary practitioners, with few risks and complications. In research settings, RGV may improve animal welfare and contribute to refinement and reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Luapan, J., Johnson, H., Seiberlich, M., Brayton, C. A., Jimenez, I. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.24.720739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse gingival venipuncture: a refined technique for serial blood collection in small rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.27.720970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing Pyrethroids and DDT Resistance and kdr Mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Sokoto, North-West Nigeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.27.720970v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) is the primary vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Although insecticide-based vector control has been central to prevention, the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance poses a serious biological threat to control efforts. Effective resistance monitoring is essential for sustaining vector control but remains highly limited in malaria-endemic hotspots. Here, we assessed pyrethroid and DDT resistance intensity and the frequency of the L1014F knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Sokoto, north-western Nigeria.

MethodologyResistance status and intensity to five insecticides were determined in adult Anopheles reared from larvae collected in 2021 and 2022 using the World Health Organization (WHO) tube test and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay, respectively. A subset of resistant mosquitoes was analyzed using PCR-based diagnostic assays to identify species within the Anopheles gambiae complex and to genotype for the West African kdr mutation (L1014F).

ResultsHigh knockdown times (KDT) were observed, with KDT50 ranging from 38 to 91 minutes and KDT95 from 104 to 678 minutes, indicating increased resistance levels across all insecticides. In 2021, resistance was detected to DDT, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, while susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin (98%) and suspected resistance to deltamethrin (91%) were recorded. In 2022, a general increase in resistance to all insecticides was observed, with mortality rates ranging from 41% to 81%. High resistance intensity was observed against DDT, while permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin exhibited low resistance intensity in both years, failing to reach 10x the diagnostic dose. Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin showed low to moderate resistance intensity. The 1014F kdr mutant genotype was widely distributed (68.1%) across species and years. Allele frequencies were higher in An. gambiae s.s. (0.83) than in An. arabiensis (0.71), with significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p < 0.05), except for An. gambiae s.s. in 2021 (p = 0.7).

ConclusionThese findings reveal a concerning increase in key insecticide resistance among Anopheles populations in Sokoto, underpinned by strong genetic mechanisms. This underscores the urgent need for integrated vector management strategies to sustain effective vector control efforts in the region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Salisu, U. B., Abubakar, M. Y., Sani, A., Abdullahi, M. A., Yakubu, A. G., Ahmad, Y. A., Kabir, B. R., Lawal, S. D. D., Olawole, V. T., Pius, V. G., Abdullahi, A. M., Sani, A., Ibrahim, J., Onu, A., Ndams, I. S., Sallau, A. B., Shuaibu, M. N., Hang, J., Abdullahi, Y. M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.27.720970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing Pyrethroids and DDT Resistance and kdr Mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Sokoto, North-West Nigeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.24.720648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new species of Rana from Anhui, China (Anura, Ranidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.24.720648v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of the brown frog genus Rana may be underestimated as the high similarity of morphological characters. A new species belonging to the genus Rana is delineated based on eight specimens obtained from the Tianma National Nature Reserve, Jinzhai County, Luan City, Anhui Province, China. The phylogenetic analysis based on three mitochondrial genes (12S, ND2, and Cyt b) and one nuclear gene (BDNF) showed that the new species formed an independent clade closely related to R. culainensis and received strong support. In addition, morphological differentiation confirmed the phylogenetic results, and both supported the validity of a new species (Rana tianmaensis sp. nov.) in the R. japonica species group. The discovery of this new species enhances peoples understanding of the biodiversity of Rana and can provide important foundational data for scientific decision-making on protected area construction, ecological conservation, and species diversity. With the inclusion of newly described species in this study, the distribution of Rana genus in China now includes 31 recognized species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ He, Z., Wang, S., Wu, S., Bai, Y., Wei, J., Li, Y., Li, H., Liu, Y., Li, X., Wu, X., Wang, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.24.720648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new species of Rana from Anhui, China (Anura, Ranidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.21.719825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genotype-by-diet interactions determine Black Soldier Fly life-history traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.21.719825v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, is increasingly valued in applied entomology due to its remarkable capacity to upcycle organic waste and for high nutritional value of its larvae. As a result of global expansion and domestication, the species now displays substantial genetic diversity, yet performance differences between strains remain poorly documented. This study aimed to better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype, as well as their interaction, to support the improvement of its domestication. Five distinct strains collected from the wild by artisanal farmers or obtained from industrial farms were genetically characterized using whole genome sequencing. These analyses revealed high genetic divergence based on mitochondrial genome and SNP nuclear genome phylogeny. To assess phenotypic performance, the strains were reared on three diets differing in nutritional value: poor (alfalfa meal), intermediate (wheat bran) and rich (chicken feed) and their growth rate was assessed. At harvest, we evaluated different life history traits including survival rate, average larval mass, feed conversion ratio, substrate reduction and bioconversion rate. Statistical analyses revealed strong effects of both diet and strain (p < 0.001), but the key result was the pronounced strain x diet interaction. Performance varied drastically depending on substrate quality: some strains showed high versatility across all diets, while others performed mainly on nutrient-rich substrates or excelled in substrate degradation. In contrast, other strains displayed more specialized profiles, with marked sensitivity to fibrous diets. These contrasted reaction norms highlight that diet performance cannot be interpreted independently of the strain genetics. Overall, these findings underscore the value of preserving diverse local genetic resources and the need for improved molecular tools to guide strain selection.

ImplicationThis study shows that performance of the black soldier fly depends strongly on interactions between genetic background and diet, confirming the importance of genotype-environment relationships. While results are based on a limited number of strains and substrates, the consistent strain x diet interaction suggests broader relevance for rearing systems. These findings highlight the need to integrate genomic data into phenotypic assessments. Practically, they indicate that strain selection should be tailored to substrate type to optimize productivity and efficiency. This has direct economic benefits for insect farming and waste management industries because improved strain-diet matching can enhance organic waste bioconversion and support circular economy strategies. Overall, preserving genetic diversity and developing molecular tools for strain selection are key steps toward more sustainable and efficient insect production systems of this study have implications for the development and sustainable BSF systems production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Jiogue, J., Merle, M., Konde, M., Foughar, M., Genevey, C., Permana, A., Maquart, P.-O., Filee, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.21.719825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genotype-by-diet interactions determine Black Soldier Fly life-history traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.18.719342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative anatomy of the giraffe distal limb 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.18.719342v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giraffe in human care are known to experience significant clinical issues related to their feet. To characterize normal foot anatomy, we analyzed six sets of front and hind feet from wild Angolan giraffe and one calf in human care. We used computed tomography, three-dimensional reconstruction, sagittal sections, and gross dissection to acquire as much gross anatomical detail as possible. Significant anatomical findings include the deep digital flexor tendon that is very gracile as it crosses the fetlock and proximal phalanges but widens significantly before inserting onto the entire palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx. Significant subcutaneous abaxial veins were noted at the level of the fetlock in both front and hind feet. The digital cushion was found to be a complex structure consisting of two distinct regions, one underneath the distal phalanx, characterized by multiple transversely oriented small adipose compartments separated by dense connective tissue septa, and a significantly larger portion within the heel bulb, consisting of two sagittally oriented fat bodies encased in a dense connective tissue capsule and divided by a thick septum. The proportion of adipose tissue volume in the heel bulbs compared to the distal phalanx decreases with age. The thickness of the sole was found to be much greater than that of the wall and the sole appears to be the major weight supporting structure of the foot. In particular, the heel is greatly expanded in giraffe relative to other ruminants and was found to consist of softer material than the rest of the sole. Data presented here provide an overview of normal giraffe foot anatomy, which can be compared with data from giraffe in human care to better understand, guide treatment and prevention of abnormal anatomical conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Wilhite, D. R., Miller, D., Schilz, A., Brown, M. B., Fennessy, J., Fennessy, S., Newman, K. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.18.719342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative anatomy of the giraffe distal limb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.19.719439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Transcriptomic and Functional Analysis Reveals Fatty Acyl Elongases Involved in Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.19.719439v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elongases are essential enzymes in the biosynthesis of sex pheromones in many lepidopteran species. Together with desaturases, they determine the carbon skeletons of many pheromone precursors, thereby contributing to the production of species-specific chemical signals. However, to date, such fatty acyl elongase gene has not been functionally characterized. The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, utilizes a blend of C18 monounsaturated aldehydes and alcohols as its sex pheromone, implying a critical elongation step from C16 precursors. In this study, we performed pheromone gland transcriptome analysis and identified 45 candidate biosynthetic genes. Functional assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the {Delta}11 desaturase Cmed070400 produces (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid, which serves as the substrate for elongation. Multiple elongases catalyzed its conversion to (Z)-13-octadecenoic acid, with Cmed092440 showing the highest activity. These findings provide the first experimental evidence for elongase-mediated formation of C18 pheromone precursors in C. medinalis. The identification of a minimal set of functionally active enzymes further enables reconstruction of this pathway in plant systems, offering a basis for sustainable production of pheromone precursors for pest management applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Chen, L.-Y., Lin, X.-Y., Wang, K.-X., Xiao, F., Tang, H.-T., Dong, S., Zheng, L.-L., Xia, Y.-H. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.19.719439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Transcriptomic and Functional Analysis Reveals Fatty Acyl Elongases Involved in Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.19.719466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) suggest eelgrass (Zostera sp.) foddering of Late Iron Age sheep (Ovis aries) in Denmark 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.19.719466v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stable isotope analysis provides an important tool for reconstructing past livestock management practices and landscape use. However, isotopic data for sheep from Late Iron Age (AD 375/400-1050) Denmark remain limited. Here, we present bulk bone collagen {delta}{superscript 1}3C, {delta}{superscript 1}N, and {delta}3S isotope analyses of 27 sheep (Ovis aries) from six archaeological sites in Denmark, dated to the Germanic Iron Age (AD 375/400-750) and Viking Age (AD 750-1050).

The analysed sheep exhibit a consistent pattern of enriched {delta}13C values relative to previously published isotopic datasets for Scandinavian livestock, while {delta}15N values display substantial inter-individual variability. Sulfur isotope values fall within moderate ranges consistent with mixed terrestrial and coastal environmental influences. The decoupling of {delta}13C enrichment from elevated {delta}15N values suggests that the observed carbon isotope signal does not reflect marine protein consumption but rather the incorporation of a 13C-enriched plant resource into sheep diets.

We propose that eelgrass (Zostera sp.), either through direct grazing in coastal environments or supplementary foddering with harvested eelgrass, represents a plausible dietary source to explain this isotopic pattern. The results indicate that Late Iron Age sheep management strategies in Denmark incorporated coastal plant resources within flexible pastoral systems, potentially supporting intensified wool production associated with expanding textile economies.

HighlightsO_LIStable isotope values of Late Iron Age sheep show some dietary marine input.
C_LIO_LIEnriched {delta}13C values suggest eelgrass as supplementary fodder.
C_LIO_LI{delta}34S values indicate adaptive grazing across coastal and inland landscapes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Jaeger, J. H., Tarrant, D., Richards, M. P., Ulriksen, J., Sarauw, T., Kastholm, O. T., Nielsen, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.19.719466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) suggest eelgrass (Zostera sp.) foddering of Late Iron Age sheep (Ovis aries) in Denmark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Curious Case of the Golden Orb -- Relict of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), a deep sea anemone 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719276v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery and collection of the enigmatic Golden Orb by the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer and ROV Deep Discover in deep Alaskan waters during 2023 has yielded substantial interest by the scientific and public communities alike. Initial field identifications of the specimen collected at 3,250 meters depth ranged from an egg mass to sponge to microbial biofilm. Here we characterize the biology and ecology of the Golden Orb, as well as other specimens of similar appearance identified since the collection of the original material. Through an integrative taxonomic approach including morphological analysis and genomic characterization of the Golden Orb, we identified the presence of cnidocytes of the spirocyst type (restricted to Hexacorallia), as well as metazoan DNA, from which we were able to derive complete mitochondrial genomes and Ultra Conserved Elements. These results indicate that the Golden Orb and a similar specimen from deep equatorial waters represent remnant cuticles belonging to the geographically widespread deep-sea anemone ally Relicanthus daphneae. We also document the presence of cuticle from a collected specimen of R. daphneae from the Southern Ocean and in situ photographic evidence of similar cuticles beneath living individuals. These findings underscore the extent to which the biodiversity and organismal biology of obscure deep sea fauna broadly remain unresolved and highlight the value of whole-specimen collections and rigorous taxonomic follow-up in telepresence-enabled ocean exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Auscavitch, S. R., Reft, A., Collens, A. B., Mah, C., Best, M., Benedict, C., Rodriguez, E., Daly, M., Collins, A. G. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Curious Case of the Golden Orb -- Relict of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), a deep sea anemone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is a dam-altered river in the U.S. Southwest a barrier to dispersal for populations of a common lizard, Uta stansburiana? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719235v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dams can significantly alter natural riverine systems, but their impact on movement across rivers for most terrestrial vertebrates is poorly known. The completion of Glen Canyon and Flaming Gorge dams in Arizona and Utah (southwestern United States) profoundly changed the Colorado and Green Rivers and have altered habitat for many species. The common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) offers an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of riverine impoundments on migration and gene flow in terrestrial biodiversity. To assess these effects, we collected tissue samples from 241 Uta stansburiana above and below Glen Canyon Dam and on both sides of the Colorado river at three separate study areas. We used eight microsatellite loci to estimate genetic exchange in the context of genetic diversity and structure. One study area below Flaming Gorge Dam and above Glen Canyon Dam has annual periods of warmer water temperatures and lower flows that are closer to pre-dam conditions, whereas two study areas below Glen Canyon Dam have cold water temperatures year-round, and less pronounced seasonal low flow episodes. We predicted that warmer water temperatures above Glen Canyon Dam would promote greater genetic exchange among populations than below the dam. However, we found evidence for low levels of genetic exchange between sites both above and below Glen Canyon Dam, and a moderate amount of exchange at a site below this dam where lizards could conceivably move from one side to the other. Our results imply that 1) the changes in water temperature and hydrology in dam-altered rivers are a barrier for this species even when the distance from the dam is great; and 2) genetic exchange may be dependent on river morphology. These results are relevant to other small vertebrates, particularly ectotherms, that occupy habitat proximal to a dammed river and has implications for the conservation management of impounded river systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Corsetti, T. C., Walker, F. M., Holton, P. B., Sanchez, D. E., Allan, G. J., Lyman, J. A., Chambers, C. L., Beier, P. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is a dam-altered river in the U.S. Southwest a barrier to dispersal for populations of a common lizard, Uta stansburiana?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time heart rate in the wild: remote collection of cardiac data in baboons using a low-power Bluetooth and LoRaWAN system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719194v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LICardiac rate and rhythm reveal how animals adapt physiologically to day-to-day challenges, with consequences for health and fitness. However, these data remain difficult to collect in wild animals, despite their relevance for individual health and fitness.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present a system for collecting and transmitting long-term, fine-scaled physiological data in wild animals. We implanted Bluetooth-enabled cardiac and physiological monitor devices in three wild adult female baboons in the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya and paired these devices with collars that enabled remote data downloads over long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN).
C_LIO_LIThe system performed well over >10 months, providing the first long-term cardiac data in wild primates. The baboons showed strong circadian patterns in heart rate, heart rate variability, and activity. We also present data on one female who left her social group for unknown reasons; while alone she exhibited higher heart rate variability, lower activity, and evidence of disrupted sleep.
C_LIO_LIIn sum, physiologgers paired with low-energy methods of remote data retrieval are powerful tools for investigating physiology in wild animals on timescales that extend over many months, with minimal disruption to their behavior.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Person, E. S., Andreadis, C. R., Beaton, A. G., Namunyak, A. N., Kariuki, E., Solheim, P., Taylor, A., Leimgruber, P., Moraes, R. N., Iaizzo, P. A., Tung, J., Pontzer, H., Akinyi, M. Y., Alberts, S. C., van Dam, T. J., Laske, T. G., Archie, E. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time heart rate in the wild: remote collection of cardiac data in baboons using a low-power Bluetooth and LoRaWAN system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily feeding rhythms may play a role in the genetic variability of feed efficiency in growing pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719142v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWImproving feed efficiency in pigs is essential for reducing production costs and environmental impacts. This study examines the influence of circadian feeding rhythms and genetic polymorphisms on feed efficiency variability using two pig lines divergently selected for Residual Feed Intake (RFI) over ten generations. Feeding behavior was monitored using automatic concentrate dispensers, recording 6,494,097 visits from 3,824 pigs to analyze meal frequency, duration, and diurnal patterns. LRFI pigs ate less frequently, with larger meals and longer durations, they exhibited two distinct feeding peaks: one around 8:00 AM and a higher one at 5:00 PM and they consumed more feed during the diurnal period and less at night. HRFI pigs showed a smoother, less rhythmic feeding behavior with increased nocturnal intake. The differences between the two RFI lines became more pronounced as the number of generations of selection increased, suggesting a genetic basis. Feeding behaviors, including intake during the two main diurnal peaks, were found to be heritable (heritability estimates: 0.30-0.40) and genetic correlations were observed between feed intake and RFI, especially for intake between the two peaks. Then, we investigated the evolution of allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA sequences surrounding 10 core clock genes (ARNTL, CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, NPAS2, NR1D1, PER1, PER2, PER3, RORA) along generations of selection. SNPs with significant frequency changes were mapped to regulatory regions and transposable elements, especially in HRFI line, suggesting potential functional impacts on circadian regulation. These results underscore the role of feeding behavior and genetic variation in feed efficiency, offering insights for breeding programs aimed at improving metabolic efficiency and sustainability in pig production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Gilbert, H., Foury, A., Agboola, L., Devailly, G., Gondret, F., Moisan, M.-P. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily feeding rhythms may play a role in the genetic variability of feed efficiency in growing pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive opsin gene expansion and non-cerebral origin of the minimalist eye in a model tardigrade 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718617v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Panarthropod vision exhibits extraordinary morphological and functional diversity, yet the sensory biology of tardigrades--microscopic extremophiles renowned for their resilience--remains poorly understood. In the model tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris, we uncover an unprecedented expansion of opsin genes, with over 100 paralogs constituting the largest known opsin repertoire in any animal. Paradoxically, the visual system is structurally minimalist: a paired, inverse pigment-cup ocellus embedded within the brain lobes, forming a single-pixel, dual-receptor organ. Integrating genomic, phylogenetic, molecular expression, and ultrastructural analyses, we show that directional vision relies on a single rhabdomeric opsin (He-R-Opsin-V), localized to microvilli of the rhabdomeric cell. A ciliary photoreceptor with a lamellated cilium co-expresses two ciliary opsins (He-C-Opsin-1 and -2), suggesting non-visual light detection. These and other non-visual opsins are differentially expressed in the brain, gut, storage cells, and peripheral tissues, implicating them in circadian regulation, neuromodulation, ecdysis, digestion, and environmental sensing. Crucially, the eye is an internalized epidermal vesicle, not a cerebral derivative, challenging long-standing assumptions about its evolutionary origin. These findings reveal how extreme miniaturization drives sensory system simplification in visual organs while enabling parallel evolutionary innovation in non-visual photoreception. This study establishes a new paradigm for sensory evolution in microscale animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Dutta, S., Gross, V., Hering, L., Klein, M., Flenner, S., Greving, I., Longo, E., Mayer, G. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive opsin gene expansion and non-cerebral origin of the minimalist eye in a model tardigrade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
155 years after Van Beneden: redescription and first molecular characterisation of the enigmatic type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870 (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), and comparison to other Ascarophis species in the North Atlantic 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718624v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nematodes belonging to the Cystidicolidae Skrjabin, 1946 constitute more than 23 genera of 111 recognized species in fish from many habitats including the deep-sea, continental shelves, estuarine and freshwater habitats. The taxonomy of many species within the Cystidicolidae is unsettled due to their small size and correspondingly small morphological characters requiring use of scanning electron microscopy and supported more recently by molecular studies. The type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870, which belongs to one of the first described and most speciose cystidicolid genera with 46 species, is based on a two-sentence description of a single female specimen from an Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, presumably captured off the coast of Belgium in the North Sea (Van Beneden, 1870). New material was collected/examined from Atlantic cod and haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, from Iceland and the North Sea and specimens present in the Natural History Museum, London were also studied. Based on these materials, A. morrhuae is morphologically redescribed and the first DNA sequences of this species are provided, it is differentiated from other Ascarophis species present in the North Atlantic and previous records are reviewed. This information provides a foundation for taxonomic and phylogenetic reconsideration of all cystidicolid nematodes and related families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Appy, R. G., Vanhove, M. P. M., MacKenzie, K., Hernandez-Orts, J. S., Kmentova, N. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[155 years after Van Beneden: redescription and first molecular characterisation of the enigmatic type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870 (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), and comparison to other Ascarophis species in the North Atlantic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.11.717882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise-induced Sweat Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.11.717882v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent hyperglycemia impairs wound healing in diabetic patients, and severe cases may even lead to disability or death. Glycemic control alone cannot effectively prevent the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers, a serious complication of diabetes. However, safe, efficient, and cost-effective therapies remain unavailable and are urgently needed. Using a novel sports medicine paradigm, we predicted, based on reverse-transcriptomics, that exercise-induced sweat has the potential to promote would healing in diabetic foot ulcers. Subsequent animal experiments demonstrated that sweat can indeed promote re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, upregulate the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, the angiogenesis marker CD31, and -SMA, and significantly accelerate wound healing in a mouse model of diabetic foot ulcers. This study provides a new direction for sports medicine and offers a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Zhao, M., Tong, Y., Yao, H., Cao, J., Liang, T., Fei, Q., Liang, M., Yang, B., Sun, M. S., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Cui, Q. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.11.717882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise-induced Sweat Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.10.717815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing calcein marking in the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) for repeated-measures and mark-recapture studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.10.717815v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcein is a fluorescent marker commonly used to label growing calcified structures in marine organisms, but its efficacy is species- and context-specific. We evaluated calcein marking success and survival in the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) during winter in the Gulf of Maine. Snails were immersed for 24 h in seawater containing 0, 50, or 100 mg L-1 calcein and scored for fluorescent marks 22 days later. Overall marking success was low (12.5% of exposed snails evaluated) but was strongly size-dependent: each 1 mm increase in shell length reduced the odds of acquiring a mark by 27%. Among exposed snails, higher calcein concentration (100 mg L-1) produced significantly brighter marks than the lower concentration (50 mg L-1). Survival was 100% across all treatments. The low overall marking rate likely reflects suppressed shell growth at winter temperatures. We recommend 100 mg L-1 calcein with a 24-h immersion for marking L. littorea and suggest that marking during warmer months would improve efficacy across a broader size range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Ahlefeld, G. K., Benavides, C. E., Chioffi, M. A., Furtney, F., Goerck de Carvalho Macedo, S., Korn, C. E. H., Marra-Perrault, G., McGlashan, E. A. F., Watts, L. A., Wilkinson, K. J., Wells, C. D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.10.717815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing calcein marking in the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) for repeated-measures and mark-recapture studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.08.717229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate identification of invasive Aedes mosquito species using low-cost imaging and geometric wing morphometrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.08.717229v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate species identification is crucial to assess the medical and veterinary relevance of a mosquito specimen, but it requires high experience of the observers and well-equipped laboratories. This study aimed to evaluate whether low-cost imaging in combination with geometric wing morphometrics can provide accurate identification of invasive, morphologically similar Aedes species.

The right wings of 670 female specimens covering 184 Ae. aegypti, 156 Ae. albopictus, 166 Ae. j. japonicus and 164 Ae. koreicus, were removed, mounted and photographed with a professional stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and a macro lens (Apexel-24XMH, Apexel, Shenzhen, China) attached to a smartphone. The coordinates of 18 landmarks on the vein crosses were digitalized by a single observer for each image. In addition, the landmarks of 20 specimens per species and imaging device were digitalized by six different observers to assess the degree of the observer error. The superimposed shape variables were used to compare the species classification accuracy of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost.

In the single-observer landmark data, the LDA achieved the best classification results with a mean accuracy of 95 % for landmarks from microscope images and 92 % for those obtained from smartphone images. In the multi-observer landmark data, LDA consistently performed worse than the other three classifiers, and the reduction in the accuracy was more pronounced for smartphone images than for microscope images. This pattern was associated with a higher degree of observer error for smartphone images, as confirmed by a landmark-wise comparison across all landmarks.

Geometric wing morphometrics provides a reliable method to distinguish the most common invasive Aedes species in Europe. Thereby, the image quality obtained by smartphones equipped with a macro lens is sufficient and represents a cost-effective alternative to professional microscopes. However, due to the greater degree of observer variation for smartphone images, landmark coordinates for such images should ideally be collected by a single observer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Sauer, F. G., Joest, H., Sulesco, T., Duve, P., Loc, D. H., Nolte, K., Luehken, R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.08.717229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate identification of invasive Aedes mosquito species using low-cost imaging and geometric wing morphometrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.07.716894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Adaptations for Load-Bearing in a Dermal Bone: The Pectoral Fin Spine of the Russian Sturgeon (Huso gueldenstaedtii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.07.716894v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dermal bone, which forms a variety of skeletal structures and persists in a wide range of extant vertebrates, evolved prior to endochondral bone which forms all mammalian load-bearing bones. Sturgeons are a family of fish which diverged soon after the lobe-finned/ray-finned split. Sturgeon retain a long robust spine at the leading edge of the pectoral fin, called the pectoral fin spine (PFS). Pectoral fin spines are bone elements that are present in many extinct and extant species of non-tetrapod jawed fish. In this study, we characterize the structure (light, polarized, micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy), composition (FTIR, TGA, BMD), and mechanical properties (3-point bending and microindentation) of the pectoral fin spine (PFS) of the Russian sturgeon (Huso gueldenstaedtii). The microstructure of the PFS is highly organized as it is formed by dermal osteonal bone and parallel fibered bone. Its microarchitecture, along with high material toughness, anisotropy, and substantial ash content, enables the PFS to bear loads and function in both locomotion and protection. In addition, we show an interconnected network of neurovascular canals and ornamentations, features also found in pectoral fin spines of other non-tetrapod jawed fish. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that dermal bone can form structurally organized, mechanically competent load-bearing elements and provide new insight into pectoral fin spines in ray-finned fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Marroquin-Arroyave, E., Milgram, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.07.716894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Adaptations for Load-Bearing in a Dermal Bone: The Pectoral Fin Spine of the Russian Sturgeon (Huso gueldenstaedtii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF FLAXSEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, LIPID PROFILE AND IMMUNITY OF MALE RABBIT 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716729v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaxseeds have high nutritive value due to the presence of proteins, lignins (SDG), fatty acids, vitamins, dietary fibers, minerals and carbohydrates. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of distinct doses of flaxseeds on hematological parameters, immunity and lipid profile of male rabbit. In this research, 60 male rabbits were isolated into four groups, three treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 and a control group T0, with 15 rabbits in each group. The treatment groups were given 4%, 6% and 8% of flaxseeds per daily diet for 45 days. On 15th, 30th and 45th day of experiment, blood samples were collected to examine their hematological parameters. Serum was separated from the collected blood sample to perform ELISA and serum lipid profile test to assess antibody titer and lipid profile of the rabbits respectively. The results indicated a significant reduction in TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in contrast to HDL-C which increased significantly in all treatment groups. Whereas, the statistical analysis of hematological parameters showed an HSD (p[&le;]0.05) in flaxseed treated groups. A maximum level of Hb, WBCs, RBCs, MCHC, MCV, HCT, MCH and differential leukocytes count was recorded in high dose group T3 (8% flaxseeds) followed by medium dose group T2 (6% flaxseeds) and low dose group T1 (4% flaxseeds) respectively. There was a significant rise in antibody titer (p[&le;]0.05) against RHDV (Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus) comparable to non-treated group. The outcomes illustrated that flaxseeds as nutritional supplement are undoubtedly beneficial to health and prevent various diseases.

Study contributionThis research specifically explores how dietary supplementation with flaxseeds, a widely recognized source of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants, can influence metabolic health and immune function. These findings have significant implications for nutritional interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health, immune support, and overall well-being, making it highly relevant to the journals readership.

The aim of this study was to investigates the dose-dependent effect of flaxseeds on hematological parameters, lipid profile and immunity of male rabbits. Using a controlled experimental design, male rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with varying doses of flaxseeds over a period of 45 days. Key parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C, antibody titer, red, white blood cell, platelet counts, Hb, HCT, MCV. MCHC, MCH and differential leukocytes levels were measured to assess the impact of flaxseeds. The results demonstrated that flaxseed supplementation significantly restored lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, LDL-C and increasing HDL-C while also enhancing immune function by rising antibody titer and maintaining healthy blood profiles in the subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kanwal, A., Iqbal, R., Farhan, F., Kanwal, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF FLAXSEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, LIPID PROFILE AND IMMUNITY OF MALE RABBIT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiographic assessment of bone maturation as a tool for age estimation in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716530v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the first radiographic ageing framework for common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), based on ossification and epiphyseal fusion patterns in the pectoral flipper, demonstrating higher reliability for chronological age estimation than currently available epigenetic approaches for this species. Using individuals of known dental age, we calibrated two modelling approaches to predict dental age from radiographic bone scores: 1) a univariate polynomial regression using a total bone score (sum of 16 scores across all assessed flipper bones), and 2) a multivariate canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) incorporating 16 individual bone-score variables. Both approaches successfully predicted dental age from skeletal ossification patterns. For an age range of 0 to 24 years, polynomial regression demonstrated high predictive accuracy with median absolute errors (MAEs) of 1.25 years in females (Spearmans {rho} = 0.93, R{superscript 2} = 0.90) and 1.08 years in males ({rho} = 0.95, R{superscript 2} = 0.86). The CAP model yielded MAEs of 1.35 years in females ({rho} = 0.90, R{superscript 2} = 0.85) and 1.80 years in males ({rho} = 0.94, R{superscript 2} = 0.84). Notably, both radiographic bone ageing models achieved equal or lower median absolute errors and higher coefficients of determination than a recently developed epigenetic clock for common dolphins derived from the same population (MAE = 1.80, Pearsons correlation (r) = 0.91, R{superscript 2} = 0.82). When applying the bone ageing models to individuals of unknown dental age, both models produced age estimates consistent with expected life-history stages (foetus, neonate, juvenile, subadult, adult), although accuracy declined in dolphins above 20 years, likely as a consequence of subtle age-related variation in skeletal changes in this species. Radiographic ageing provides an accurate non-invasive tool for demographic assessment to support conservation management of common dolphins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hanninger, E.-M. F. F., Barratclough, A., Betty, E. L., Anderson, M. J., Perrott, M. R., Bowler, J., Palmer, E. I., Peters, K. J., Stockin, K. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiographic assessment of bone maturation as a tool for age estimation in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semen collection, short term storage, and cryopreservation in the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716302v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As global reptile populations continue to decline, improving reproductive success in managed populations of listed species, such as Phrynosoma cornutum (the Texas horned lizard) has become increasingly critical for species survival. One understudied area of reproductive research in reptile species is gamete collection and storage, a crucial component for maintaining genetic diversity. In Texas, semen was collected from wild P. cornutum (n = 20) in June 2025. Semen collection was performed via electroejaculation (EEJ) under alfaxalone anesthesia. Prior to semen collection, snout-vent-lengths (SVL) and weights were recorded and testes measurements were taken using a portable ultrasound. Average sperm motility and concentration across all lizards was 83.7% and 85.7 x 106 sperm/mL, respectively. While lizards with longer SVLs had higher sperm motility, weight and testis size did not affect sperm parameters. Samples were extended in INRA96 and divided for use in cold-storage longevity or cryopreservation trials. Samples under cold-storage conditions were assessed for motility daily for 10 days. Motility was not significantly reduced until 48 hours post-collection and maintained 19% motility at day 10. For cryopreservation, samples were diluted 1:1 in INRAFreeze cryopreservation media and frozen in liquid nitrogen, then immediately thawed. Average post-thaw sperm motility was 13.9%, with the highest post-thaw motility recorded at 38.2%. This is the first report of semen storage and cryopreservation in Phrynosoma and provides valuable insight into semen storage potential in reptile species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Julien, A. R., Griffioen, J. A., Perry, S. M., Doege, R., Burger, I. J., Barber, D. R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semen collection, short term storage, and cryopreservation in the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.715475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forensic Identification of Confiscated Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) Casques and Implications for Individual Quantification in Wildlife Crimes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.715475v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In wildlife forensic practice, species identification and estimation of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) for highly processed specimens have long relied on weight-based conversion methods, which may result in underestimation of the number of individuals involved in a case. Focusing on confiscated casque products of the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil), this study combines macroscopic morphological examination with mitochondrial DNA barcoding (16S rRNA, COI, and Cytb) to explore a more robust approach for individual quantification. The results demonstrate that the conventional "weight-based" approach overlooks critical biological information contained in anatomical structures and cannot accurately reflect the actual number of individuals involved. Based on this, we propose an anatomy-based criterion centered on the principle of structural uniqueness: specimens retaining biologically unique beak or casque structures should be directly assigned to a single individual, whereas weight-based estimation should only be applied when original anatomical features are entirely absent. In addition, considering material loss during processing, we propose approximately 85 g as a reference threshold for estimating the number of individuals in heavily processed solid casque products. This approach improves the scientific rigor and accuracy of forensic identification and provides reliable technical support for the conviction, sentencing, and law enforcement of wildlife trafficking cases involving helmeted hornbill and other endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Shen, Y., He, K., Wang, W., Huang, L., Chen, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.715475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forensic Identification of Confiscated Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) Casques and Implications for Individual Quantification in Wildlife Crimes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating cognitive enrichment for dairy calves through behavioral measures of participation and engagement: a pilot study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715895v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introducing cognitive enrichment from an early age has the potential to enhance an animals capacity to learn both simple and complex tasks, promote neural plasticity, and support cognitive development. This is applicable for young cattle who are at a critical stage in their development and could benefit from the influence cognitive enrichment has on their behavioral expression. This study aims to explore the effects cognitive enrichment has on weaned dairy calves through analyzing behavioral measures of voluntary participation and short-term behavioral reactions to enrichment exposure. Our study involved a total of five pairs of weaned calves (n=8 treatment; n=2 control). The treatment groups were presented with three variations of a puzzle box, each equipped with unique challenges that offer different solutions (push, slide, pull). These boxes were provided to the calves twice daily over the span of nine days in an isolated corridor located behind their pen. We hypothesized that motivated calves would consistently engage with cognitive enrichment voluntarily over time and express directed natural behaviors, reflecting sustained participation across repeated trials. Results demonstrated that calves consistently visited the cognitive enrichment area across trials, with an average latency of 75.7 {+/-} 47.0s from the pen to the enrichment. Secondly, the calves spent a significant proportion of trial time within the enrichment area at 65% (870.1 {+/-} 21s). Lastly, all calves expressed a broad range of behaviors in line with their natural exploration within the enrichment area, while the puzzle box treatment groups expressed higher durations of behavioral expressions when compared to the control (F=11.7, p<0.0001). Combined, these results indicate the calves motivations to voluntarily participate in a cognitive challenge. While these are promising findings for cognitive enrichment and its applicability to dairy calves, further work is needed to understand broader parameters. Specifically, how can social dynamics influence enrichment interaction in groups, how can this type of enrichment be implemented on farms, and what are the long-term effects to providing cognitive enrichment in the early stages of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Amarioarei, G., Cellier, M., Aigueperse, N., Wolfe, T., Shepley, E., Diallo, A. B., Vasseur, E. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating cognitive enrichment for dairy calves through behavioral measures of participation and engagement: a pilot study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Reveals Persistent Individual Signatures in Bat Echolocation Calls of the Greater Leaf-nosed Bat 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715443v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraspecific variation is a prerequisite for natural selection and can manifest in various phenotypic traits, including vocal signals. However, classifying individuals based on their vocalizations, or acoustic individual identification (AIID), remains a significant challenge. This is particularly true for species that use rapidly varying echolocation calls for orientation. Here, we demonstrate that deep learning can overcome the limitation of traditional methods and reveal persistent individual signatures within bat echolocation calls. We recorded echolocation calls from 34 individuals of the greater leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger) under controlled laboratory conditions, with 19 individuals recorded repeatedly over three months. We show that a convolutional neural network (CNN) dramatically outperforms a traditional method, achieving an average identification accuracy of 84% for single calls and 91% for call sequences. In contrast, the traditional Discriminant Functional Analysis method achieved accuracies of only 39% and 47%, respectively. Through systematically altering the temporal structure of echolocation calls in input sequences, we found that temporal patterning enhances individual classification accuracy, suggesting it contributes to the encoding of individual-specific information. This study revealed that echolocation calls of H. armiger can contain stable, individual identity that were previously undetectable. Our findings highlight the potential of deep learning for non-invasive AIID and provide a methodological basis for future studies aiming to monitor animals in more dynamic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Li, A., Huang, W., Xie, X., Wen, W., Ji, L., Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Luo, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Reveals Persistent Individual Signatures in Bat Echolocation Calls of the Greater Leaf-nosed Bat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feeding the host reshapes virulence: nonlinear scaling in a microsporidian pathogen. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714583v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resource availability is a central driver of ecological and evolutionary processes, yet its effects on infectious disease and virulence are not fully understood. A key limitation is that many studies consider only a narrow range of resource conditions or a limited subset of host and pathogen traits, potentially obscuring non-linear relationships. Here, we quantify how a gradient of six food levels simultaneously shapes host fitness and pathogen performance in the Daphnia magna- Ordospora colligata system. Across two laboratory experiments, we measured infection rates, pathogen burden, host fecundity, survival, and filtration rates. Increased food availability enhanced pathogen fitness, with both infection rates and spore burden increasing with provisioning. In contrast, host responses were trait-specific: while fecundity increased with food availability, pathogen-induced reductions in fecundity (i.e., virulence) peaked at intermediate resource levels, despite continued increases in pathogen load. This pattern indicates that resource availability alters host tolerance as well as pathogen growth, generating non-linear disease outcomes. Host survival was unaffected by either food provisioning or infection, further demonstrating that resource availability can simultaneously influence host and pathogen traits in different directions. Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple fitness components across provisioning levels to understand disease dynamics and suggest that ongoing anthropogenic changes in resource availability may alter host-pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Carrier-Belleau, C., Officer, M., McCartan, N., Strawbridge, J., Zulkipli, N., Piggott, J. J., Luijckx, P. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feeding the host reshapes virulence: nonlinear scaling in a microsporidian pathogen.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
