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This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Subject Collection "All"
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<link>https://www.biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadband gamma-band EEG changes during magnetophosphene perception induced by 20 Hz magnetic field stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718626v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective. Magnetophosphenes are visual percepts induced by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF; <300 Hz), yet their EEG correlates remain poorly characterized and are not reliably captured by classical low-frequency markers. We tested whether magnetophosphene perception is associated with broadband high-frequency EEG changes rather than focal oscillatory effects. Approach. EEG was recorded in N=13 healthy volunteers during 20 Hz sinusoidal magnetic-field exposure delivered using transcranial alternating magnetic stimulation (tAMS) in a global-head configuration. Three conditions were analyzed: no exposure (0 mT), subthreshold (5 mT), and suprathreshold (50 mT). Gamma-band activity (30-80 Hz) was quantified using complementary spectral approaches, including aperiodic-adjusted measures. Main results. Perception reports sharply dissociated the three conditions, with frequent perception at 50 mT only. Suprathreshold stimulation was associated with spatially distributed increases in gamma-band activity over frontal and occipital electrodes. These effects persisted after aperiodic correction using two independent parameterization methods and did not exhibit a consistent narrowband peak, indicating broadband high-frequency changes. Significance. Magnetophosphene perception is not reliably captured by focal low-frequency EEG markers but is instead associated with distributed broadband high-frequency activity. These findings challenge standard assumptions derived from classical visual paradigms and suggest that perception under magnetic stimulation reflects large-scale, state-dependent neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Moulin, M., Fresnel, E., Modolo, J., Bouisset, N., Ramdani, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadband gamma-band EEG changes during magnetophosphene perception induced by 20 Hz magnetic field stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.717430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic Ras-Src-cortactin signaling rewires actin-generated forces to drive basement membrane rupture and initiate breast cancer invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.717430v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic HRas activation plays a fundamental role in tumorigenesis, yet the cellular mechanisms by which HRas downstream signaling drives basement membrane (BM) disruption during early breast cancer invasion remain unclear. Using HRas-inducible breast spheroids, we demonstrate that HRas rewires cellular mechanotransduction of tumor-associated extracellular matrix stiffening to promote invasion. This process occurs independently of canonical myosin II-mediated contractility and proteolytic BM degradation. Transcriptomic and kinome profiling identified an HRas-Src-cortactin-Arp2/3 signaling axis that generates disruptive mechanical BM stress. We describe cortical triplet (CT) structures, defined by cortactin-dependent actin reinforcement and localized BM loss. CTs integrate increased cortical tension, actin polymerization forces, and myosin I-dependent contractility, thereby predicting invasion events. Pharmacological inhibition of Src or Arp2/3 reduced CT formation and invasion. Furthermore, elevated expression of HRas-cortactin-Arp2/3 axis components correlated with poor patient survival. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism of early breast cancer invasion and highlight potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Platz-Baudin, E., Eschenbruch, J., Herfs, Y., Dreissen, G., Wein, R., van der Vorst, E. P., Rose, M., Merkel, R., Noetzel, E. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.717430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic Ras-Src-cortactin signaling rewires actin-generated forces to drive basement membrane rupture and initiate breast cancer invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibration of in-frame indel variant effect predictors for clinical variant classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718599v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) represent a substantial source of genetic variation in humans and are associated with a diverse array of functional consequences. Despite their prevalence and clinical importance, indels, particularly short in-frame indels, remain critically understudied compared to single nucleotide variants and are challenging to interpret clinically. While many computational predictors for missense variants have been rigorously evaluated and calibrated for clinical use, the clinical utility of tools for in-frame indels remains uncertain. To address this gap, we have calibrated in-frame indel prediction tools for clinical variant classification. We constructed a high-confidence dataset of in-frame indel variants ([&le;] 50bp) from clinical and population databases and estimated the prior probability of pathogenicity of a rare in-frame indel observed in a disease-associated gene, and of an insertion and deletion separately. Using a previously developed statistical framework based on local posterior probabilities, we then established score thresholds for eight computational tools, corresponding to distinct evidence levels for pathogenic and benign classification according to ACMG/AMP guidelines. All in-frame indel predictors evaluated here reached multiple evidence levels of pathogenicity and/or benignity, demonstrating measurable clinical value. However, these models consistently exhibited lower performance levels compared to missense predictors, highlighting the need for improved computational approaches for indel classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Abderrazzaq, H., Singh, M., Babb, L., Bergquist, T., Brenner, S. E., Pejaver, V., O'Donnell-Luria, A., Radivojac, P., ClinGen Computational Working Group,, ClinGen Variant Classification Working Group ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibration of in-frame indel variant effect predictors for clinical variant classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LagCI Enables Inference of Temporal Causal Relationships from Dense Multi-Omic Time Series 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718654v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring causal relationships from time-series data is critical for uncovering the dynamics of biological regulation. However, in multi-omics studies, this task is often hampered by sparse temporal sampling and the limitations of existing methods. To address this, we developed Lagged-Correlation Based Causal Inference (lagCI), a computational framework designed to identify time-lagged associations by combining comprehensive lag-correlation profiling with a robust statistical filtering scheme. Rather than relying on simple cross-correlation, lagCI analyzes the entire correlation profile and applies a quality-scoring system to filter out spurious associations that often plague high-dimensional datasets. We first tested lagCI on wearable physiological data, where it successfully captured the well-known causal link between physical activity and heart rate, even accounting for variations in lag times between individuals. Moving to high-frequency human multi-omics, we used lagCI to build a directed network of 1,624 molecules connected by over 157,000 predicted interactions. This network didn't just mirror established biology (such as cytokine-hormone crosstalk); it also pointed to specific molecular hubs that seem to orchestrate the timing of metabolic and immune responses. Overall, lagCI provides a data-driven way to extract temporal insights from dense longitudinal omics. We've made the tool available as an R package with multiple interfaces to ensure it's accessible for both bioinformaticians and clinicians.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Ge, Y., Bai, S., Qiang, Z., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Shen, X. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LagCI Enables Inference of Temporal Causal Relationships from Dense Multi-Omic Time Series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Machine Learning for Adaptive Immune Receptors with immuneML 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718648v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning (ML) enables adaptive immune receptor repertoires (AIRRs) analyses for biomarker identification and therapeutic development. With the majority of AIRR data partially or imperfectly labeled, unsupervised ML is essential for motif discovery, biologically meaningful clustering, and generation of novel receptor sequences. However, no unified framework for unsupervised ML exists in the AIRR field, hindering the assessment of model robustness and generalizability. Here, we present an immuneML release advancing unsupervised ML in the AIRR field through unified clustering workflows, interpretable generative modeling, integration with protein language model embeddings, dimensionality reduction, and visualization. We demonstrate immuneML's utility in three use cases: (i) benchmarking generative models for epitope-specific sequence generation, assessing specificity and novelty, (ii) systematic evaluation of clustering approaches on experimental receptor sequences against biological properties, such as epitope specificity and MHC, and (iii) unsupervised analysis of an experimental AIRR dataset to examine potential confounding, a practice widespread in related fields but unexplored in AIRR analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Pavlovic, M., Wurtzen, C., Kanduri, C., Mamica, M., Scheffer, L., Lund-Andersen, C., Gubatan, J. M., Ullmann, T., Greiff, V., Sandve, G. K. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Machine Learning for Adaptive Immune Receptors with immuneML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved deconvolution of circulating tumor DNA from ultra-low-pass whole-genome methylation sequencing using CelFiE-ISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718632v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsy using ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing (ULP-WGS, ~0.25x coverage) is a promising tool to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for cancer management, and the use of the native Oxford Nanopore (ONT) sequencing platform adds DNA methylation to the set of detectable features. Here, we test the performance of methylation-based cell-type deconvolution in ULP-WGS samples from diverse epithelial malignancies and investigate several new computational strategies using our CelFiE-ISH deconvolution framework. We find that incorporating larger numbers of markers restricted to the epithelial cell lineage can reduce the cancer fraction limit of detection down to 1.7-3.1%, matching or exceeding the 3% floor of established copy-number alteration (CNA) benchmarks. Our study provides a useful strategy for analysis of ULP-WGS ONT data and indicates that marker selection remains a key challenge for analyzing methylation-based cancer datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Katsman, E., Isaac, S., Darwish, A., Maoz, M., Inbar, M., Marouani, M., Unterman, I., Gugenheim, A., Salaymeh, N., Abu Khdeir, S., Uziely, B., Peretz, T., Kaduri, L., Hubert, A., Cohen, J. E., Salah, A., Temper, M., Sela, T., Grinshpun, A., Zick, A., Berman, B. P., Eden, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved deconvolution of circulating tumor DNA from ultra-low-pass whole-genome methylation sequencing using CelFiE-ISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and adaptations of the seminal proteome in an insect with traumatic insemination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718635v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein composition of sperm and seminal fluid are key to male fitness. However, we currently lack an understanding of the factors that shape seminal proteome composition. The common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) mates by traumatic insemination, subjecting the ejaculate to a unique selective environment as sperm traverse the female genital and paragenital system. We provide the first high-throughput proteomic characterisation of the sperm and seminal fluid proteome in a hemimetabolous insect and the first in-depth proteomic characterisation of the male bedbug reproductive system. Our analysis revealed conserved and unique features of the sperm and seminal fluid proteome with possible links to features of sperm behaviour linked to traumatic insemination. The sperm proteome showed elevated rates of molecular evolution, unlike most other studied species. Conversely, the sperm proteome also contained many conserved proteins. Notably, we found an expansion of Sperm-leucylaminopeptidases (S-Laps) in bedbugs and other hemimetabolous insects, suggesting the origin of S-Laps is perhaps even more ancient than previously thought. Using in silico protein-ligand binding predictions, we show that S-Laps have likely retained catalytic activity. Our results provide a list of candidate proteins involved in reproduction and a foundation for future studies of this expanding global pest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Garlovsky, M. D., Otti, O., Reinhardt, K., Karr, T. L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and adaptations of the seminal proteome in an insect with traumatic insemination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk Between Calcium Dynamics and ROS Levels in U87 Glioblastoma Cells Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718611v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF PEMFs) have been proposed to modulate intracellular signaling in cancer cells, however, the primary mediators and their temporal sequence remain incompletely understood. In this study, U87 glioblastoma cells were exposed to ELF PEMF at varying frequencies and amplitudes, and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m) were monitored. Exposure likely led to rapid ROS elevation and a decrease in {Delta}{Psi}m, indicating early mitochondrial involvement in ELF PEMF responses. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of Ca2+ oscillations suggested that low-frequency exposures produced higher spectral power and amplitude compared with controls, consistent with enhanced Ca2+ signaling activity. Parallel pharmacological experiments demonstrated that ROS elevation may occur independently of IP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release, as 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2 APB) inhibition did not prevent ROS increase. In contrast, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively suppressed ROS without significantly altering basal cytosolic Ca2+ levels. These observations indicate that ROS likely acts as an early mediator of cellular responses to ELF PEMF exposure, with downstream modulation of calcium signaling pathways. The magnitude of ROS elevation and Ca2+ modulation was strongly dependent on field frequency and amplitude, consistent with a frequency-dependent biological window. Overall, ROS likely acts as a primary mediator of ELF PEMF bioeffects, highlighting its potential relevance for glioblastoma therapy, and future studies are warranted to assess other glioma lines to confirm generalizability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hadichgeni, S., Shariatpanahi, S. P., Goliaei, B., H. Sajedi, R., Same-Majandeh, A., Salehi, F., Nezamtaheri, M. S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk Between Calcium Dynamics and ROS Levels in U87 Glioblastoma Cells Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy of Purified Borrelial Lipoproteins (PBL) as an oral formulation in reducing transmission of Lyme spirochetes from reservoir hosts to Ixodes scapularis ticks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718640v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blocking transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative agent of Lyme disease (LD), from reservoir hosts to humans via Ixodes scapularis ticks represents an alternative strategy to reduce LD incidence. Here, we evaluated Purified Borrelial Lipoproteins (PBL) with a combination of adjuvants, for their ability to limit Bb transmission using C3H/HeN mice and Peromyscus leucopus reservoir models. Immunization with PBL as oral gavage, either alone or nanoparticle-encapsulated, elicited increased antibody responses and reduced pathogen burden in fed larvae and select host tissues. A formulation combining PBL with a recombinant fusion protein adjuvant consisting of Cholera Toxin B subunit, Outer surface protein A, and two-tandem repeats of an M-cell-targeting peptide (rCOM) induced durable protective immunity for up to 10 months in C3H/HeN mice. This oral regimen significantly reduced Bb burden in host tissues, in fed larvae from vaccinated hosts, molted nymphs, and nymph-challenged naive mice. Immunization with PBL+rCOM elevated peripheral levels of Bb-specific IgG isotypes and increased antigen-specific T cell responses producing IFN-{gamma} and IL-4 at days 28 and 65 post-immunization. Significant protective responses were observed in P. leucopus, including strong antibody responses, reduced Bb burden in tissues and reduced Bb transmission to naive larvae, independent of sex but influenced by challenge dose. Sodium chloride content in oral formulation modulated vaccine induced protective responses. Notably, Bb burden in infected nymphs was reduced during the bloodmeal on vaccinated hosts with decreased pathogen transmission to both vertebrate hosts. These findings support PBL+rCOM as a promising oral, reservoir-targeted, transmission-blocking biologic for controlling Lyme disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kumaresan, V., Starling-Lin, J. F., MacMackin-Ingle, T., Kilgore, N., Seshu, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy of Purified Borrelial Lipoproteins (PBL) as an oral formulation in reducing transmission of Lyme spirochetes from reservoir hosts to Ixodes scapularis ticks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-fingertip 3D Skin Surface Deformation under Tangential Loading 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718652v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During tactile interaction, skin deformation drives the widespread activation of tactile afferents distributed across the fingertip. Yet the full spatial extent and evolution of these deformations remain largely unquantified. Using high-resolution 3D imaging, we reconstructed the complete volar surface of the fingertip under progressive tangential loadings typical of object manipulation. We show that much of the deformation occurs in the out-of-contact regions, accounting for approximately 70% of the total deformation energy. This deformation consistently initiates in the peripheral zones and smoothly propagates inward as partial slip develops. Tangential loading also induces pronounced directional asymmetries and local curvature changes, reflecting both surface and bulk tissue deformation. Furthermore, we observe localized strain patterns consistent with skin wrinkling across all participants, with individual variations in intensity and location driven by distinct frictional and biomechanical properties. This dataset provides a strong foundation for developing highly accurate biomechanical models and for linking fingertip mechanics to tactile neural encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Doumont, D., Lefevre, P., Delhaye, B. P. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-fingertip 3D Skin Surface Deformation under Tangential Loading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.717370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Signal Generating (SiGn) fMRI Phantom 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.717370v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) quality assurance has traditionally relied on static, geometrically regular phantoms that cannot generate the dynamic signal changes fMRI analysis pipelines are designed to detect. Here we present the Signal Generating (SiGn) anthropomorphic brain phantom, a 3D-printed cortical model derived from an individual participant's structural MRI, filled with tissue-mimicking agar gels and coupled to a hemin-based infusion system that produces controlled, time-varying T2*-weighted signal changes. We validated the phantom across two scanning sessions on a 3,T Siemens MAGNETOM Vida scanner, demonstrating that hemin infusion produced spatially localised activation detectable by standard general linear model analyses. Because the phantom's geometry is derived from real participant anatomy, its functional data can be coregistered and spatially normalised to standard brain templates through the same pipeline applied to human data, enabling end-to-end assessment of how each preprocessing step affects a known ground-truth signal. To support adoption and reproducibility, we openly release the full resource at https://doi.org/10.60809/drum.31411158, including 3D-printable STL model files, tissue-mimicking gel recipes, the BIDS-formatted dataset, preprocessing and analysis scripts, and a containerised reproducibility workflow; the corresponding archival container image is also deposited on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19495290. This framework is intended to lower the barrier for other groups to fabricate, scan, and analyse an equivalent device on their own hardware, adapt it to specific research questions, and iteratively improve the design, thereby supporting more rigorous and transparent fMRI quality assurance practices across the neuroimaging community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Galea, S., Seychell, B. C., Galdi, P., Hunter, T., Bajada, C. J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.717370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Signal Generating (SiGn) fMRI Phantom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer survival modeling reveals structural limits of genomic feature integration in immunotherapy outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718634v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved outcomes across multiple cancer types, yet reliable predictors of survival remain limited. While genomic features such as tumor mutational burden (TMB) are widely used, their contribution to predictive modeling in heterogeneous real-world cohorts remains unclear. We evaluated the relative contributions of clinical and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) features in pan-cancer survival modeling. Methods We analyzed 658 patients treated with ICIs with matched WGS data from the Genomics England. Using a leakage-controlled machine learning framework with strict train-test separation, we compared four models: TMB-only, clinical-only, clinical+TMB, and an integrated 11-feature clinico-genomic XGBoost survival model. Model performance was assessed using Harrells concordance index (C-index) with bootstrap confidence intervals. Results TMB alone demonstrated near-random discrimination (C-index 0.50; 95% CI 0.44-0.56). Clinical variables substantially improved predictive performance (0.59; 95% CI 0.53-0.64), with marginal gain from adding TMB (0.59). The integrated model achieved a C-index of 0.60 (95% CI 0.55-0.65). While improvement over TMB alone was significant, incremental gain beyond optimized clinical models was modest. Feature attribution analysis showed that model performance was dominated by clinical variables, with genomic features contributing limited additional signal. Conclusions These findings suggest that, in heterogeneous pan-cancer cohorts, predictive performance is constrained by the underlying data structure, in which dominant clinical signals overshadow genome-scale features. This study highlights fundamental limitations in integrating genomic data into survival models across diverse cancer types and provides a benchmark for future computational approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hassan, W., Adeleke, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer survival modeling reveals structural limits of genomic feature integration in immunotherapy outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of artificial light colour, intensity, structure and contrast on moth flight behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718644v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nocturnal moths are severely affected by light pollution, most notoriously through fatal attraction to artificial lights, yet flight-to-light is not their only response. To investigate how artificial lights impact flight behaviour, we exposed over 1200 wild-caught moths of 62 species to LED lights with different characteristics, under varying background lighting conditions, and tracked over 500 flight paths in three dimensions. Flight-to-light behaviour and flight tortuosity both increased with light intensity, irrespective of spectrum, though tortuosity was affected by lower levels of white than amber light, suggesting white LEDs could impact moth trajectories from greater distances. Flight tortuosity was also higher upon exposure to a single light versus three producing equivalent illuminance. Conversely, higher background light levels led to reductions in both flight-to-light and tortuosity, but moths were also less likely to take flight in these conditions, suggesting that both point sources and diffuse background lighting disrupt moth movement. Finally, moths caught using light traps were less likely to fly and, if they did, more likely to fly towards light sources than those caught with butterfly nets. These findings suggest mitigation policies for light pollution should prioritize reducing light intensity, and point to new directions for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Briolat, E. S., Galloway, J. A. M., van Berkel, M., Bennie, J., Gaston, K. J., Troscianko, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of artificial light colour, intensity, structure and contrast on moth flight behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting polycomb complexes for enhanced fetal hemoglobin production 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718974v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 regulate diverse developmental processes, including the fetal-to-adult switch in hemoglobin production, a process whose reversal is a goal for the treatment of sickle cell disease and {beta}-thalassemia. PRC inhibitors show promise for various disorders, but use is limited because of pleiotropic PRC activities. We explored whether fetal hemoglobin (HbF) can be reactivated in adult erythroid cells by selective perturbations of PRC1 or PRC2 components without complete loss of PRC function. A high-density CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis screen identified a region in the EZH2 subunit where Cas9 induced exon 14 skipping (EZH2{Delta}14). EZH2{Delta}14, which lacks a portion of the CXC domain, relieves HbF repression while largely maintaining cellular fitness. EZH2{Delta}14 retains H3K27 methylation and repression of a PRC target gene subset. Experiments in cells derived from mice bearing human {beta}-globin genes confirm that pathways mediating EZH2 control of HbF expression can function in a mouse model of HBG switching. These findings demonstrate that partial disruption of PRC can yield selective phenotypes, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting non-enzymatic domains within chromatin-modifying complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kaminski, P. J., Min, K., Traxler, E. A., Khandros, E., Abdulmalik, O., Godfrey, B., Keller, C. A., Giardine, B. M., Hardison, R. C., Shi, J., Blobel, G. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.718974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting polycomb complexes for enhanced fetal hemoglobin production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapy-associated mutagenesis at CTCF binding sites is shaped by chromatin context and DNA repair capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718780v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotoxic cancer therapies introduce DNA damage that can be fixed as somatic mutations in surviving tumor cells. However, the impact of therapy-associated mutagenesis on regulatory elements remains unclear. CTCF binding sites (CBS) are chromatin architectural elements that exhibit recurrent localized mutation enrichment in cancer genomes. We asked whether treatment exposure is associated with increased mutagenesis at CBS in 4,870 whole-genome sequences from metastatic tumors across 17 cancer types and 45 therapies. Radiotherapy and trifluridine exposure in metastatic colorectal cancer were associated with increased mutation enrichment at CBS. This enrichment was pronounced at motif-containing sites and in low-expression or late-replicating genomic contexts. Alterations in DNA damage response genes, including BRCA2, were associated with increased CBS mutation enrichment following radiotherapy. Together, these findings indicate that therapy-associated mutagenesis at CTCF binding sites is shaped by chromatin context and DNA repair capacity, extending the mutational consequences of cancer treatment to regulatory genome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Cheng, K. C., Klein, Z. P., Mishra, J., Bahcheli, A. T., Lok, B. H., Pugh, T. J., Reimand, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapy-associated mutagenesis at CTCF binding sites is shaped by chromatin context and DNA repair capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoregulated SMCR8-FIP200 interaction connects the ALS/FTD-linked C9orf72 complex to autophagy initiation and mitochondrial quality control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718395v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansions in the non-coding region of C9ORF72 are a major genetic cause of ALS/FTD and reduce C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex levels, but how this contributes to autophagy-lysosome dysfunction and previously reported mitochondrial quality-control defects in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD remains unclear. Here we identify a direct interaction between SMCR8 and the FIP200 subunit of the ULK1/2 autophagy initiation complex, mediated by two FIP200-interacting region (FIR) motifs in a disordered SMCR8 loop. Phosphorylation of these motifs by ULK1/2 or TBK1 strengthens binding and promotes ULK1/2 complex association in cells. Stabilising the SMCR8-FIP200 interaction suppresses Parkin-dependent mitophagy, whereas both stabilisation and weakening impair deferiprone-induced mitophagy, while leaving bulk autophagy, lysophagy and ivermectin-induced mitophagy largely intact. These findings define a regulated C9orf72-ULK1/2 axis and provide a mechanistic framework by which repeat-expansion-associated reduction in C9orf72 complex abundance may contribute to previously observed mitochondrial quality-control defects in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Wang, J., Davis, C., Kunzelmann, S., Maslen, S., Kelly, G., Skehel, M., Schreiber, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.718395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoregulated SMCR8-FIP200 interaction connects the ALS/FTD-linked C9orf72 complex to autophagy initiation and mitochondrial quality control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Amyloid and Glutathione Dysregulation Cooperatively Drive Lipid Peroxidation and Ferroptosis in Neuron-Like Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718809v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by {beta}-amyloid (A{beta}) accumulation and oxidative stress, with aging being its greatest risk factor. Age-related decline in antioxidant defenses, particularly glutathione (GSH), may increase neuronal vulnerability to A{beta}-mediated toxicity; however, the mechanisms linking redox dysregulation to neuronal death remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated how impaired GSH homeostasis influences neuronal susceptibility to A{beta}-associated injury. Human SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells were engineered to express either wild-type APP695 or the familial AD-associated APPSwe/Ind mutant, and intracellular GSH depletion was induced using both pharmacological and genetic approaches. GSH depletion markedly sensitized APPSwe/Ind-expressing cells to cell death, accompanied by increased plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels, and enhanced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. This cell death was not prevented by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK but was effectively rescued by the ferroptosis inhibitors ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1), indicating a ferroptotic mechanism. Similar ferroptotic responses were observed when A{beta} oligomers were combined with intracellular GSH depletion. Mechanistically, A{beta} and GSH depletion synergistically increased transferrin receptor-1 expression and intracellular iron levels while markedly suppressing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a central regulator of ferroptosis. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 restored GPX4 expression and rescued cells from ferroptotic death, suggesting that autophagy-mediated GPX4 degradation contributes to this process. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that GSH dysregulation synergizes with A{beta} to induce lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in neuron-like cells. These results identify impaired redox homeostasis as a critical driver of neuronal vulnerability in AD and suggest that preserving GSH levels or targeting ferroptotic pathways may offer promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ RADEEN, K. R., Hao, C., Wei, Z., Fan, X. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Amyloid and Glutathione Dysregulation Cooperatively Drive Lipid Peroxidation and Ferroptosis in Neuron-Like Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting children's literacy from task-based fMRI: Neural heterogeneity and task-dependent performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719130v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reading is a complex skill with a well-characterized neural basis. Multivariate fMRI analyses have deepened our neuroscientific understanding of literacy by linking neural patterns to behavioral traits. Although task-based fMRI often outperforms resting-state fMRI in predicting cognitive traits, few studies have applied it to continuous measures of children's reading ability. To identify neural markers of literacy, we compared predictive performance across multiple fMRI tasks and reading-related measures. In this data-driven study, we predicted literacy skills in school-aged children (6.7-10.3 years) from eleven behavioral scores grouped into Reading (fluency and comprehension), Verbal (vocabulary knowledge and verbal intelligence), and Naming (object naming speed). Predictive performance was examined across four fMRI tasks completed by subgroups of children (n = 73-97): two active tasks - phonological-lexical decisions (PhonLex) and audiovisual character learning (Learn) - and two passive tasks - word and face viewing (Localizer) and character processing (CharProc). Individual activation contrast maps, categorized as simple (single condition) or subtractive (condition contrasts), were analyzed using a machine learning model with whole-brain predictors derived from principal component analysis. Results showed the highest predictive performance for Reading and Naming with PhonLex > Learn > Localizer = CharProc, and for Verbal with PhonLex = Learn > Localizer = CharProc. Simple contrasts generally outperformed subtractive contrasts in predicting behavioral scores. Key neural predictors, identified through whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses, included the left inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, ventral occipitotemporal cortex, insula, and default mode network regions. Together, these findings indicate that, for predicting literacy traits in children, active tasks and tasks that engage brain systems involved in multisensory learning tend to outperform both passive paradigms and simple subtractive task contrasts. This study provides a methodological benchmark for brain-based prediction of reading ability and highlights the value of activation heterogeneity across distributed regions as a potential marker for tracking literacy development over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Pamplona, G. S. P., Stettler, S., Hebling Vieira, B., Di Pietro, S. V., Frei, N., Lutz, C., Karipidis, I. I., Brem, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting children's literacy from task-based fMRI: Neural heterogeneity and task-dependent performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.718886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring the Human Brain: On the Fabric of Associative Thinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.718886v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concept cells are neurons in the medial temporal lobe that represent an abstract concept, such as a familiar person, in a context-independent way. They are activated by heterogeneous and potentially multi-modal sensory input related to the concept, such as viewing a photo of the person, reading the person's name, or hearing the person's voice. Learning the concept implies connecting the cortical cells that are triggered when such features are perceived with the cells of the concept, resulting in an associative memory engram. Traditional models explain the formation of such an engram with Hebbian learning through synaptic plasticity, the strengthening of existing synapses in response to co-stimulation. However, the low edge density of the brain suggests that direct connections in the form of preexisting synapses between these cells are relatively unlikely, rendering such constructs inefficient and volatile. Instead, it is plausible that more persistent concept engrams rely on structural plasticity, involving the creation of synapses de novo. Yet, it has still been unclear how neurons can project their axons across such a considerable distance, finding a target they do not know in advance. In this paper, we simulate the formation of such structural engrams in the connectomes of healthy subjects, offering a model hypothesis of how such engrams can be formed on a structural level. Based on our model, we further demonstrate how activating a concept can trigger related concepts through overlapping sensory associations, in a process we call a percept--concept loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Czappa, F., Kaster, M., Kaiser, M., Chen, X., Butz-Ostendorf, M., Wolf, F. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.718886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring the Human Brain: On the Fabric of Associative Thinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampus consolidates memory in the upstate of cortical sleep slow oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719155v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical slow oscillations (SOs), a hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NonREM) sleep, have been proposed to support systems memory consolidation by organizing hippocampal-cortical communication. However, whether consolidation requires hippocampal memory processing during SO-defined windows is unclear. Here, we used closed-loop optogenetics to transiently inhibit dorsal hippocampal activity in adult rats (N = 12) during NonREM sleep following object-place association learning, either during cortical SO upstates or outside SOs, compared with a no-stimulation control. Inhibition during SO upstates completely abolished expression of memory at retrieval, despite preserved sleep architecture and intact cortical SO and spindle dynamics. By contrast, inhibition outside SOs preserved memory and only slightly reduced performance compared to the no-stimulation control. Memory impairment from hippocampal inhibition was largely mediated by SO upstates nesting spindles. Our findings provide novel evidence that sleep-dependent systems consolidation requires precisely timed hippocampal-neocortical dialogue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Harkotte, M., Inostroza, M., Born, J., Niethard, N. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampus consolidates memory in the upstate of cortical sleep slow oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide genealogies reveal deep admixtures forming modern humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.17.719197v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, genomic modelling has revealed a rich tapestry of admixtures shaping present-day human populations. These have largely focused on the past few thousand years, when ancestral populations are either well characterised by present-day genomic diversity or directly observed through ancient DNA. Genomic modelling and fossil evidence have so far only provided a fragmented picture of the coexistence and mixing of human groups in the deeper past. Here, we propose a new method, GhostBuster, that leverages inferred genome-wide genealogies to detect admixture events of unsampled ghost populations, while simultaneously inferring accurate local ancestry. Local ancestry enables us to identify ancestry-specific genomic signatures that independently corroborate the events. We identify at least three waves of "back-to-Africa" migrations starting ~14,000 years ago. Applying GhostBuster to deeper timescales reveals that modern humans were shaped by repeated episodes of mixture. Around 50,000 years ago, we identify a human lineage that expanded to form present-day non-Africans, while also expanding within Africa, mixing with the other local African group in varying proportions. These ancient groups help explain polygenic score portability differences within Africa, and exhibit differences in population size and recombination landscapes. Extending our analysis further back to between 300,000 and 1 million years ago reveals two deeply diverged ancestral lineages. These lineages evolved profoundly different recombination landscapes, with different PRDM9 alleles (PRDM9-A and C) and recombination hotspots. We demonstrate that both Neanderthals and ancestral modern humans are formed through a mixture of these two lineages, with no evidence of gene flow from the PRDM9-A-carrying group into Denisovans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Loya, H., Gupta Hinch, A., Palamara, P. F., Speidel, L., Myers, S. R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.17.719197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide genealogies reveal deep admixtures forming modern humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.719124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOBEC3 antagonism fully explains HIV-1 Vif essentiality under interferon and differentiation conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.719124v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) counteracts APOBEC3 (A3) proteins by targeting them for proteasomal degradation, thereby preventing lethal G-to-A mutations and loss of infectivity. However, Vif also degrades additional cellular proteins, raising the possibility that its essential role in infectious virion production may extend beyond A3 antagonism, particularly under inflammatory or differentiation conditions. Whether such conditions reveal additional essential Vif targets remains unresolved. Here, using interferon (IFN)-stimulated or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 monocytic cells, we directly addressed this question. Although type I IFN and PMA markedly suppressed viral production through Vif-independent mechanisms, {Delta}Vif viruses produced from stimulated parental cells exhibited severely reduced infectivity. In contrast, disruption of A3A-A3G fully restored {Delta}Vif infectivity to wild-type levels under all conditions tested. G-to-A mutations were attributable exclusively to A3 proteins under both IFN and PMA stimulation, whereas IFN-induced, A3-independent blocks to reverse transcription were not antagonized by Vif. Across diverse HIV-1 strains, the requirement for Vif was strictly dependent on A3 family proteins. These findings demonstrate that the essential role of Vif is fully explained by antagonism of A3-mediated restriction and that evolutionary pressure on Vif is driven predominantly by the need to counteract A3-mediated restriction and mutagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Shimizu, R., Jonathan, M., Terasawa, H., Saito, A., Monde, K., Ikeda, T. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.719124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOBEC3 antagonism fully explains HIV-1 Vif essentiality under interferon and differentiation conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent antigenic drift of the influenza hemagglutinin lateral patch across time and species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718966v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral patch epitope of the H1 hemagglutinin (HA) was a dominant target of antibodies following exposure to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. However, the conservation and potential for antigenic drift in the lateral patch remain unresolved. Here, we used lateral patch-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to understand the antigenicity of the lateral patch of human, avian, and swine H1Nx viruses spanning from 1918 to 2022. We identified discrete mutations that evaded lateral patch-targeting mAbs in pre- and post-2009 H1N1 viruses, leading to genetic differences in lateral patch-targeting antibodies in individuals across birth years. We observed that the lateral patch remains well conserved across zoonotic sources, suggesting existing lateral patch antibodies could protect against a future H1Nx pandemic. Together, these data support that lateral patch antigenic drift has shaped the human B cell repertoire against influenza viruses and that the lateral patch remains an attractive target for pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Lemus-Reyes, J. I., Fernandez-Quintero, M. L., Ayala, E., Swanson, O., Good, M., Ji, W., Suja, D., Han, J., Ward, A., Guthmiller, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.718966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent antigenic drift of the influenza hemagglutinin lateral patch across time and species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
155 years after Van Beneden: redescription and first molecular characterisation of the enigmatic type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870 (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), and comparison to other Ascarophis species in the North Atlantic 
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</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718624v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nematodes belonging to the Cystidicolidae Skrjabin, 1946 constitute more than 23 genera of 111 recognized species in fish from many habitats including the deep-sea, continental shelves, estuarine and freshwater habitats. The taxonomy of many species within the Cystidicolidae is unsettled due to their small size and correspondingly small morphological characters requiring use of scanning electron microscopy and supported more recently by molecular studies. The type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870, which belongs to one of the first described and most speciose cystidicolid genera with 46 species, is based on a two-sentence description of a single female specimen from an Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, presumably captured off the coast of Belgium in the North Sea (Van Beneden, 1870). New material was collected/examined from Atlantic cod and haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, from Iceland and the North Sea and specimens present in the Natural History Museum, London were also studied. Based on these materials, A. morrhuae is morphologically redescribed and the first DNA sequences of this species are provided, it is differentiated from other Ascarophis species present in the North Atlantic and previous records are reviewed. This information provides a foundation for taxonomic and phylogenetic reconsideration of all cystidicolid nematodes and related families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Appy, R. G., Vanhove, M. P. M., MacKenzie, K., Hernandez-Orts, J. S., Kmentova, N. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[155 years after Van Beneden: redescription and first molecular characterisation of the enigmatic type species, Ascarophis morrhuae Van Beneden, 1870 (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), and comparison to other Ascarophis species in the North Atlantic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GANGE: Achieving Sequencing Without Sequencing With Diffusion Guided Generative Genomic Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718133v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome of a species is its book of life, but opening that book remains a costly affair due to the limitations the existing sequencing technologies pose. Short reads sequencers struggle to capture long and complex genomes, though have high fidelity rate. To counter that long reads from IIIrd generation sequencers are used, which are full of indel errors. Thus, reads from both approaches are collectively used with very high coverage, making the sequencing projects unreasonably high of cost and unapproachable to majority. Here we present a first of its kind generative deep-learning system, GANGE, which not just recovers the correct sequence with high accuracy from indel prone ONT reads at manifold lesser coverage but also extends it by 4kb, achieving sequencing without sequencing, horizontally as well as vertically while maintaining >92% accuracy consistently. This all makes it possible to drastically pull down sequencing project cost. GANGE was tested across A. thaliana, O. sativa genomes and Human chromosome 1 where it delivered outstanding assembly performance. Besides this, it was also used to accurately generate 2kb upstream promoters of all the genes from 12 different species, demonstrating that one can now also take up regulomics research just using RNA data alone when genome sequence is not available. With this all, GANGE brings a democratic turning point in the area of genomics and sequencing research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Gupta, S., Kumar, A., Bhati, U., Shankar, R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GANGE: Achieving Sequencing Without Sequencing With Diffusion Guided Generative Genomic Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.14.718336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cellNexus: Quality control, annotation, aggregation and analytical layers for the Human Cell Atlas data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.14.718336v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale single-cell atlases such as the Human Cell Atlas have transformed our understanding of human biology. Yet, the lack of a robust framework that standardises quality control, expands cellular annotation, and adds normalisation and analytical layers, limits multi-study analyses and the usefulness of this resource. Here we present cellNexus, a comprehensive tool and resource that converts the Human Cell Atlas collection into analysis-ready data by linking quality control layers, metadata enrichment, expression normalisation, analysis and data aggregation. These enhancements enable robust statistical modelling across studies, exemplified by a multi-tissue map of immune cell communication during ageing, which reveals macrophage-muscle axes as among the most depleted regenerative interactions with age. All harmonised layers, including pseudobulk and cell-cell communication summaries, are accessible via a public web interface and with R and Python APIs. By providing continuous integration with CELLxGENE releases, cellNexus transforms large cell atlas corpora into an accessible, reproducible, interoperable foundation for large-scale biological discovery and the next generation of single-cell foundation models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Shen, M., Gao, Y., Liu, N., Bhuva, D., Milton, M., Henao, J., Andrews, J., Yang, E., Zhan, C., Liu, N., Si, S., Hutchison, W. J., Shakeel, M. H., Morgan, M., Papenfuss, A. T., Iskander, J., Polo, J. M., Mangiola, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.14.718336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cellNexus: Quality control, annotation, aggregation and analytical layers for the Human Cell Atlas data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria-mimetic bioadhesives with multivalent mucoadhesion and drug-compatible delivery 
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</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718429v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to adhere to mucus-lined tissues underpins a range of biomedical devices and therapies. However, many existing strategies rely on covalent bonding chemistries and can be unstable, cytotoxic, or incompatible with therapeutics. Here, we present a bacteria-mimetic bioadhesion strategy inspired by Vibrio cholerae. A short Bap1-derived adhesion peptide is grafted onto chitosan to strengthen mucus interactions through multivalent, cooperative secondary bonding, while preserving pH-triggered interfacial bridging behavior. Bacterial peptide grafting significantly increases adhesion energy on porcine intestine, and when paired with a tough hydrogel matrix achieves adhesion energies >400 J/m^2 without forming covalent bonds to tissue. Confocal imaging reveals deep tissue penetration (~80 m) with markedly enhanced mucin binding and no loss of cytocompatibility. Ex vivo intestinal delivery and in vitro drug release tests demonstrate improved drug transport and tissue exposure compared to carbodiimide-mediated covalent bonding strategy. These findings establish a bacteria-mimetic bioadhesion strategy for tissue repair and drug delivery. Novelty Statement: Bioadhesive designs have drawn inspiration from nature such as mussel-inspired catechol chemistry and gecko-inspired dry adhesion. In contrast, bacterial adhesion mechanisms, despite enabling robust colonization of mucus-lined tissues under demanding conditions, remain largely overlooked. This work introduces a bacteria-mimetic bioadhesion strategy that selectively repurposes a short, non-pathogenic peptide derived from a Vibrio cholerae adhesin to enhance bioadhesion through multivalent, cooperative physical interactions rather than covalent bonding. This strategy significantly toughens adhesion even on chitosan, a polymer already rich in adhesive functional groups. By decoupling bacterial adhesion function from pathogenic risk, this study establishes bacterial adhesion peptides as a safe, modular, and mechanistically distinct foundation for next generation bioadhesives with improved drug compatibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hohnston, E., Farrow, M., Yang, Z., Bahmani, A., Liu, Y., Huang, X., Yan, J., Li, J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria-mimetic bioadhesives with multivalent mucoadhesion and drug-compatible delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARMH3 acts as a central scaffold at the Golgi/TGN through interactions with Arl5, GBF1, and PI4KB 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718671v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The armadillo repeat protein ARMH3 regulates the activity and localisation of the Golgi resident lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase III{beta} (PI4KB) and the Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1) that activates Arf1. ARMH3 localises to the trans Golgi network (TGN) via the GTPase Arl5. We used hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and AI-enabled modeling to define the interfaces of ARMH3 with its binding partners Arl5, PI4KB, and GBF1. The ARMH3-Arl5 interface was determined to consist of the N and C termini of ARMH3, with Arl5 binding causing conformational changes in ARMH3 located at a shared PI4KB/GBF1 interface. Both PI4KB and GBF1 form mutually exclusive complexes with ARMH3, with GBF1 binding to ARMH3 through a disordered loop we have named the ARMH3 binding region (ABR). The ARMH3 interfaces in PI4KB and GBF1 contain phosphosites, with the phosphomimetic mutation of GBF1 blocking complex formation. These findings provide new insights into the role of ARMH3 as a master coordinator of GTPase and phosphoinositide signaling at the Golgi/TGN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Scott, M. K., Klynsoon, G. C., Walsh, E. E., Suresh, S., Nyvall, H. G., Burke, J. E. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARMH3 acts as a central scaffold at the Golgi/TGN through interactions with Arl5, GBF1, and PI4KB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsal fins are not universal stabilizers in cetaceans: limited yaw effects and flipper-coupled roll stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.15.718588v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cetacean dorsal fins are traditionally regarded as vertical stabilizers for yaw and roll, yet marked variation in fin area and position suggests that this function is not universal. We combined computational fluid dynamics simulations of five cetacean species with comparative analyses of dorsal fin and flipper morphology across 81 species to test whether variation in dorsal fin morphology reflects the evolution of hydrodynamic stabilization. Yaw-destabilizing moments were dominated by the trunk regardless of flipper posture, whereas dorsal fins were generally too small and too close to the center of rotation to provide substantial static yaw restoration. In contrast, dorsal fins influenced roll stability in concert with extended anhedral flippers. Although dorsal fins were likely present in the common ancestor of extant cetaceans, strong dorsal fin-mediated roll stabilization was largely restricted to oceanic bite-feeding delphinids, in which rapid evolutionary enlargement of the dorsal fin and persistently extended anhedral flippers likely enhanced roll stability. In most other lineages, roll stability could be maintained by flipper posture alone despite small dorsal fins. These results recast the cetacean dorsal fin not as a universal stabilizer, but as a lineage-specific roll stabilizing structure whose function emerges through mechanical coupling with the flippers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Okamura, T., Maeda, M., Nishimura, F., Yoda, K. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsal fins are not universal stabilizers in cetaceans: limited yaw effects and flipper-coupled roll stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PREFERENTIAL INVASION OF DIFFERENTIATED BLADDER CARCINOMA CELLS BY FLAGELLATED GROUP B2 ESCHERICHIA COLI 
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</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.16.718932v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic group B2 Escherichia coli is associated with urinary tract infections and other pathologies, but the basis for this phylogenetic skew is not understood. One aspect of urinary tract infections is binding to and entering uroepithelial cells. To test whether a phylogenetic skew exists for cell invasion, we examined invasion of 10 E. coli strains from three phylogenetic groups into CRL2169 and HTB-9 cells, which are derived from grade 1 and grade 2 bladder carcinomas, respectively. The top four strains that invaded CRL2169 were from group B2: three of these strains had more flagella gene transcripts than the other seven strains. The seven strains that invaded HTB-9 were from different phylogenetic groups. For the model uropathogenic group B2 strain UTI89, which expresses pili over flagella, loss of flagella or pili impacted invasion into CRL2169 to similar extents, but loss of pili had a greater effect on invasion into HTB-9 and a murine infection model than loss of flagella. A hyperflagellated variant of a group A strain did not invade either cell line better than the parental strain. Reported transcript differences, which were confirmed experimentally, showed that CRL2169 was more differentiated. The endocytosis stimulator tanshinone enhanced invasion into HTB-9, but not into CRL2169, which suggests differences in endocytic pathways and is consistent with differences in differentiation states. If the initial or recurring event in urinary tract infection is invasion into differentiated urothelial cells, as opposed to tight junctions, then the role of flagella may have been underestimated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hogins, J., Nguyen, J., Khuwaja, W., Hall, S., Fogg, V., Dong, X., Zimmern, P. E., Reitzer, L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.16.718932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PREFERENTIAL INVASION OF DIFFERENTIATED BLADDER CARCINOMA CELLS BY FLAGELLATED GROUP B2 ESCHERICHIA COLI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
