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<title>bioRxiv Subject Collection: Pharmacology And Toxicology</title>
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This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Subject Collection "Pharmacology And Toxicology"
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://www.biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.08.737223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The D2-mdx mouse as a preclinical model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a natural history study across two independent sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.08.737223v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction. The quality of preclinical studies for rare diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), relies on the availability of comprehensive natural disease history data. In addition to the classic BL10-mdx mouse, in recent years, the D2-mdx model has increasingly been used as an alternative model due to its reportedly more severely impaired phenotype. To improve our understanding of disease progression in these two DMD models, we conducted a comprehensive natural history study. Materials and Methods. This involved a cross-sectional analysis of key in vivo and ex vivo outcome measures performed in two independent laboratories, using the same study setup in compliance with TREAT-NMD Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), while also taking advantage of site-specific expertise. Globally, largely comparable results were obtained across the two study sites. Results. Body composition showed pronounced differences between the strains, with BL10-mdx mice displaying a hypertrophic and D2-mdx mice displaying an atrophic phenotype. Dystrophic mice of each strain exhibited significant alterations of disease-relevant indices related to muscle functionality and integrity, mostly worsening with age, in comparison to their wildtypes. Cardiac function was affected earlier and more severely in D2-mdx mice. Discussion. Notably, for some parameters, genetic-background related differences were observed, emphasizing the need to include control groups with matching genetic backgrounds in experimental designs. Conclusions. Collectively, our natural history study provides benchmark data for these two mdx mouse strains to guide model selection for preclinical DMD studies, allowing accurate data interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Mantuano, P., Mele, A., Boccanegra, B., Tanganyika-de Winter, C., Van De Vijver, D., Schneider, A.-F., Mele, M., Cappellari, O., Tulimiero, L., Engelbeen, S., Suidgeest, E., van der Weerd, L., Aartsma-Rus, A., De Luca, A., Gordish-Dressman, H., van Putten, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.08.737223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The D2-mdx mouse as a preclinical model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a natural history study across two independent sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.07.736979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytotoxicity of Pelargonic Acid and Its Commercial Formulation Roundup NL (Glyphosate-Free Roundup) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.07.736979v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence of negative health and environmental effects of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has led to marketing of glyphosate-free formulations. A frequent glyphosate replacement is pelargonic acid, which is rapidly degraded, leading to claims of greater safety and less environmentally damaging than GBHs. However, toxicity of commercial pelargonic acid formulations containing several co-formulants have not been determined. Using Roundup NL, a representative pelargonic acid-based herbicide, we undertook tissue culture cell assays measuring viability, plasma membrane integrity, DNA damage, and activation of stress-response pathways. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, Roundup NL was more cytotoxic than pelargonic acid, and more toxic than the GBH Roundup ProBio and glyphosate as shown by reduced viability underpinned by plasma membrane damage. Pelargonic acid and Roundup NL did not induce oxidative stress. However, comet assays revealed that pelargonic acid but not Roundup NL caused a modest but significant increase in DNA damage at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. The murine embryonic stem cell-based ToxTracker system confirmed Roundup NL as not directly genotoxic but triggered oxidative stress and protein damage (ER stress, impaired proteostasis) indicating cell and assay dependency of oxidative stress pathway activation. Our results suggest that exposure to pelargonic acid-based herbicides constitutes a health hazard and that co-formulants present in Roundup NL contribute substantially to its overall toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Ferguson, S., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.07.736979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytotoxicity of Pelargonic Acid and Its Commercial Formulation Roundup NL (Glyphosate-Free Roundup)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.07.737071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voclosporin Preserves Mitochondrial Function Compared With Cyclosporine A in Perfused Human Proximal Tubule Microphysiological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.07.737071v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract Background: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are indispensable for transplantation immunosuppression, yet cyclosporine A (CsA) produces renal toxicity. Voclosporin (VCS), a CsA analog, is proposed to be less nephrotoxic, but mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: Primary human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) were exposed to CsA or VCS in 2D monolayers and perfused 3D kidney microphysiological system (MPS). Viability was assessed in 2D cultures by MTS, mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m) by TMRM flow cytometry, and soluble injury and inflammatory biomarkers in MPS effluents by ELISA and MSD multiplex assays. RNA sequencing of 3D-cultured PTECs was used to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways. Results: In 2D PTECs, neither drug reduced viability. In 3D MPS effluents, KIM-1 did not distinguish CsA from VCS, whereas the MSD biomarker panel showed larger aggregate deviation with CsA. Confocal tomography showed CsA-associated mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas VCS preserved reticular mitochondrial architecture. TMRM flow cytometry showed a treatment-dependent difference in TMRM-positive cells, with VCS yielding the highest TMRM-positive fraction and exceeding CsA, supporting preservation of {Delta}{Psi}m relative to CsA. RNA-seq identified 1188 CsA-specific and 185 VCS-specific differentially expressed genes, with 304 shared. Pathway analysis indicated CsA enrichment of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, p21-associated G2/M checkpoint arrest, and transcriptional signatures consistent with ferroptosis priming, while VCS mainly induced ER chaperone and ER-associated degradation gene programs without activating canonical UPR sensors and showed limited cell-cycle suppression. Conclusions: A physiologically relevant 3D kidney MPS revealed sublethal tubular stress from CsA that is masked in 2D culture, including mitochondrial depolarization, proteostatic stress, and ferroptosis priming. At matched exposure, VCS preserved mitochondrial function and proteostasis while eliciting a narrower, adaptive ER quality control response. These data support VCS as a nephron-sparing immunosuppressant and 3D MPS as a mechanism-based platform for evaluating renal safety of drugs and nominating early sub-lethal tubular injury biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Aryeh, K. S., Tsang, Y. P., Hsu, E. W., Yeung, C. K., MacDonald, J., Bammler, T. K., Himmelfarb, J., Rehaume, L. M., Kelly, E. J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.07.737071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voclosporin Preserves Mitochondrial Function Compared With Cyclosporine A in Perfused Human Proximal Tubule Microphysiological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.06.736814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of NF-κB signaling by Alternaria mycotoxins: in vitro and in silico insights into molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in THP-1 monocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.06.736814v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternaria fungi produce various structurally diverse mycotoxins, several of which exhibit immunomodulatory properties. Among these, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), alterperylenol (ALTP), altertoxin I (ATX-I), and altersetin (AST) have been reported to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate how these selected Alternaria mycotoxins (0.1-50 M) target the NF-{kappa}B signaling pathway in THP-1 monocytes. Key components of the NF-{kappa}B cascade were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Nuclear translocation of NF-{kappa}B p65 and its phosphorylated form (p- NF-{kappa}B p65) was assessed by Western blot, while cytokine responses were determined at transcript (qRT-PCR) and protein (ELISA) levels. Moreover, in silico docking analyses were performed to investigate potential interactions of the toxins with IKK{beta}, and receptor-mediated crosstalk was studied using the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. Co-treatment with RU486 attenuated the immunosuppressive effects of 1 and 5 M AOH, indicating partial involvement of GR-dependent mechanisms. AME, AOH, ALTP, ATX-I, and AST increased total I{kappa}B levels while reducing its phosphorylated form. Additionally, AST and ALTP decreased the protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the I{kappa}B kinase (IKK) complex, NF-{kappa}B p65, and p- NF-{kappa}B p65. While AOH (5 M) and AST (25 M) reduced nuclear translocation of p65 and p-p65, ALTP (2 M) enhanced nuclear localization despite decreasing cytokine expression. Together, these findings suggest toxin-specific interference at multiple regulatory levels of NF-{kappa}B signaling and provide novel mechanistic insight into the immunomodulatory effects of Alternaria mycotoxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Partsch, V., Crudo, F., Schröeder, C., Del Favero, G., Marko, D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.06.736814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of NF-κB signaling by Alternaria mycotoxins: in vitro and in silico insights into molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in THP-1 monocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.06.736731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic characterization of tenuazonic acid-induced cellular stress responses in human esophageal KYSE-510 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.06.736731v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is an emerging Alternaria mycotoxin frequently detected in food and feed commodities, raising concerns about its toxicological relevance. Chronic oral exposure to TeA has been reported to induce dysplastic alterations in the esophageal mucosa of mice, while human biomonitoring data indicate an association between TeA exposure and esophageal cancer, although a causal relationship has not yet been established. At a mechanistic level, the effects of TeA in esophageal cells remain poorly characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of TeA on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial homeostasis, cell-cycle distribution and transcriptomic stress responses in human esophageal KYSE-510 cells. TeA induced a concentration-dependent reduction in metabolic activity and total protein content after 24 h exposure to 0.1-100 M. Significant cytotoxicity was measured starting from 20 M. At sub-cytotoxic concentrations, TeA triggered rapid ROS formation within 5-30 min exposure and induced formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) sensitive DNA damage after 1 h exposure (5-7.5 M), indicating oxidative DNA lesions. In addition, TeA altered mitochondrial morphology after 4 h exposure at 7.5 M, manifested by shrinkage of the mitochondrial network area and perinuclear redistribution, while mitochondrial respiration showed only a non-significant tendency towards reduced respiratory capacity. RNA sequencing after 6 h exposure to 10 M TeA revealed oxidative stress-associated transcriptional changes, impaired antioxidant and stress-adaptive responses, and p53-associated stress signaling. Furthermore, TeA induced significant G2/M phase accumulation after 24 h exposure to 1-10 M.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Grgic, D., Jobst, M., Pais, M., Waesoh, N., Hager, S., Del Favero, G., Marko, D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.06.736731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic characterization of tenuazonic acid-induced cellular stress responses in human esophageal KYSE-510 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.02.736109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DSPE-PEG does not retain targeting antibodies on LNP surfaces in vivo; a higher molecular weight anchor is required 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.02.736109v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrahepatic delivery of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to non-phagocytic cells is a major challenge, with the leading strategy involving surface functionalization with target-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) ligands. We investigate the stability of mAb-conjugated LNPs using two anchoring systems: the commonly used DSPE-PEG2kDa-maleimide and a block copolymer, PCL5kDa-b-PEG2kDa -maleimide, with the hypothesis that conjugation to a 150,000 Da antibody could overwhelm the relatively small [~]600 Da aliphatic anchor on the PEG-lipid in vivo. Shedding of the mAB would compromise targeting. Conjugation integrity following IV injection was assessed by tagging LNPs and mAbs with metal ion tracers that could be quantified by ICP-MS. Results show that DSPE-PEG-mAb rapidly (within 1h) dissociates from LNPs in blood, leading to accelerated LNP clearance. In contrast, mAbs conjugated using PCL-b-PEG remained stably associated with the LNP over the 24h circulation and clearance of the construct. Results are connected to a thermodynamic model that reproduces experimental findings for PEG-anchor(-mAb) shedding in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies anchoring strength as a critical, unconsidered parameter for in vivo performance when conjugating mAbs to LNPs for extrahepatic delivery.

Graphical abstract

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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10303c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ecebdeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7175bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8f594_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Wilson, B., Johnson, L., Liu, J., Caggiano, N., Subraveti, N., Nagapudi, K., Tsourkas, A., Prud'homme, R., Ristroph, K. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.02.736109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DSPE-PEG does not retain targeting antibodies on LNP surfaces in vivo; a higher molecular weight anchor is required]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.02.736169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmentally relevant depleted uranium exposure damages mitochondria, decreases cytosolic reductive capacity, and increases global DNA damage accumulation through a ROS-independent mechanism involving slingshot protein phosphatase 1b enrichment. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.02.736169v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depleted uranium (DU) is an environmental contaminant with a 30 {micro}g/L (ppb; parts per billion) EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water. The mining of uranium and use of DU in modern weapons underly human exposure that disproportionally impacts military and tribal communities in the United States. Uraniums radiotoxic characteristics are understood, but its chemical hazards much less so. In zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human cell cultures we test the hypothesis that exposure to DU negatively impacts cellular function and development through disruption of mitochondrial metabolism. Using a novel shrapnel model with TEM/SEM+EDS, we showed uranium microparticles caused proximity-dependent mitochondrial disruption. In waterborne exposure paradigms, larval movement was reduced and hatching delayed as a result of reduced movement and not enzyme deficiencies in response to 18 ppb DU, below the MCL. Increased DNA damage accumulation was detected in exposed larva and cells. DNA-damage quantitative PCR of DU-exposed larvae showed increased damage in the ahr1 locus (nuclear gene) and decreased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, but mtDNA damage levels varied across experiments. Mitochondrial function was assessed using a resazurin-based assay in the presence and absence of antioxidants and showed diminished cytoplasmic reductive capacity. DU exposure alone did not enrich antioxidant gene expression, contrasting with arsenic exposure, a known ROS-inducer and Nrf2-activator. Sulforaphane (SFN), a potent Nrf2-activator, did not blunt the effects of DU exposure, despite activation of antioxidant response element (ARE) genes (gstp and gss), but did blunt the effects of arsenic exposure. The most enriched transcript in DU-exposed larvae coded for slingshot protein phosphatase (ssh), further exploration revealed ssh1b as the zebrafish-specific ortholog activated in response to DU, and inhibition using an identified SSH1 inhibitor, Sennoside A, partially rescued the metabolic and hatching defects observed. Our data points to a cytotoxic mechanism in which DU disrupts mitochondrial function through ssh1b enrichment that impairs normal mitophagy, leading to decreased cellular reductive potential independent of either ROS production or ARE-activation. Our results suggest that health impacts from DU exposure may be directly linked to impaired mitochondrial functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kalaniopio, P. H., Gibbons, L. B., Allen, R. S., Matthews, S. M., Lujan, O. R., Gaaloul, E., Wilbanks, J., Allen, C. M., Chassman, C. A., Traustadottir, T., Propper, C. R., Salanga, M. C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.02.736169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmentally relevant depleted uranium exposure damages mitochondria, decreases cytosolic reductive capacity, and increases global DNA damage accumulation through a ROS-independent mechanism involving slingshot protein phosphatase 1b enrichment.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.01.735794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ocimum gratissimum essential oil nanoemulsions as a safe topical nanoplatform for antibacterial and wound-healing activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.01.735794v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNatural essential oils exhibit antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, but their therapeutic application is limited by poor water solubility, volatility, and instability. This study developed and characterized a nanoemulsion of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (OGNe) and evaluated its physicochemical properties, dermal safety, antibacterial activity, and wound-healing potential.

MethodsEssential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and formulated into nanoemulsions by high-speed stirring emulsification. Physicochemical properties, including pH, droplet size, polydispersity index, and storage stability, were determined. Acute dermal toxicity was assessed in Wistar rats following OECD Test Guideline 402. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using broth microdilution, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill assays. Wound-healing efficacy was investigated using an excision wound model over 21 days using distilled water and trolamine serving as controls.

ResultsOGNe exhibited a stable milky appearance, near-neutral pH, and droplet sizes ranging from 26 to 224 nm. No signs of dermal toxicity or behavioral abnormalities were observed after topical administration. The nanoemulsion showed selective antibacterial activity, with the highest susceptibility against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 1.125 L/mL), whereas Escherichia coli remained resistant. Time-kill assays demonstrated concentration-dependent bacteriostatic activity. In vivo, OGNe significantly accelerated wound contraction from day 3 onward (p < 0.0001), achieving healing rates comparable to or exceeding those of trolamine during the inflammatory and proliferative phases.

ConclusionOcimum gratissimum nanoemulsions represent stable, biocompatible topical formulations that combine selective antibacterial activity with enhanced wound healing, supporting their potential as phytopharmaceutical nanoformulations for the management of acute skin wounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Fomesseng Negoue, A., Eya'ane Meva, F., Fokou, J. B. H., Voundi Olugu, S. H., Boudjeka, V., Ngo Nyobe, J. C., Belle Ebanda Kedi, P., Houatchaing Kouemegne, A. M., Etame Loe, G. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.01.735794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ocimum gratissimum essential oil nanoemulsions as a safe topical nanoplatform for antibacterial and wound-healing activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles enhance Guibourtia tessmannii antithromboinflammatory therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736249v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThromboinflammation, which represents the pathological interplay between inflammation and thrombosis, is a leading cause of global mortality. Current therapies are frequently associated with an increased risk of bleeding and do not adequately address the inflammatory component of the disease. The African tree Guibourtia tessmannii represents a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using an aqueous bark extract of G. tessmannii (GT-AgNPs) and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties.

MethodsGT-AgNPs were synthesized by reducing silver nitrate with an aqueous extract of G. tessmannii bark. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation, whereas in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Anticoagulant activity was investigated by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT), corresponding to the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, respectively.

ResultsThe synthesis successfully produced GT-AgNPs with an average particle size of approximately 20 nm. Both the aqueous extract and GT-AgNPs exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity. The nanoparticles achieved 95% inhibition of protein denaturation in vitro and 95% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight after 5 h. Furthermore, both the extract and GT-AgNPs demonstrated dose-dependent anticoagulant activity.

ConclusionThe study demonstrated that GT-AgNPs, synthesized from the bark of G. tessmannii, possess significant anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. These findings highlight the potential of GT-AgNPs as nanotherapeutic candidates for the management of thrombo-inflammatory disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Eya'ane Meva, F., Gouli Lougui, L. P., Nguemfo, E. L., Fannang, S. v., Ntoumba, A. A., Bamal, H.-D., Beglau, T. H. Y., Tako Djimefo, A. K., Mintang Fongang, U. A., Sone Enone, B., Tchangou Njiemou, A. F., Evouna, D. I. M., Yinyang, J., Chimi Tchatchouang, G., Fonye Nyuyfoni, G., Janiak, C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.07.03.736249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles enhance Guibourtia tessmannii antithromboinflammatory therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suprachoroidal Delivery of Anti-Angiogenic Peptide Microparticles Enables Sustained Activity with Favorable Ocular Safety 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735614v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal and choroidal vascular diseases are major causes of vision loss that require frequent intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. Anti-angiogenic peptide AXT107 demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies and was advanced to the clinical stage. To provide for sustained delivery of the peptide and avoid complications with intravitreal injection, we evaluated suprachoroidal delivery of AXT107 microparticles (MP-AXT107). The original, soluble AXT107 formulation was ineffective at inhibiting laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in our rat model and was consequently reformulated as microparticles. MP-AXT107 demonstrated high peptide incorporation efficiency, reproducible morphology, and physical and chemical stability for at least 9 months under refrigerated storage. In the rat CNV model, suprachoroidal MP-AXT107 significantly reduced neovascular area by approximately 60% relative to vehicle controls. Safety and durability were evaluated in a 9-month GLP toxicology study in Gottingen minipigs following a single suprachoroidal injection of vehicle or MP-AXT107 (0.125-1.25 mg/eye). Transient increases in IOP and mild ocular inflammatory findings were observed immediately following administration but resolved rapidly without lasting effects. No treatment-related adverse ocular findings were observed during the remainder of the study, and the highest tested dose (1.25 mg/eye) was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect level. Bioanalysis at study completion demonstrated persistent AXT107 localization primarily within choroid/RPE and scleral tissues, with no signs of systemic exposure. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that suprachoroidal delivery of MP-AXT107 enables sustained anti-angiogenic activity with favorable ocular safety and prolonged tissue retention, supporting further clinical development as a durable therapy for retinal and choroidal vascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Mirando, A. C., Lima e Silva, R., Shen, J., Robinson, T. J., Green, J. J., Campochiaro, P. A., Popel, A. S., Pandey, N. B. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suprachoroidal Delivery of Anti-Angiogenic Peptide Microparticles Enables Sustained Activity with Favorable Ocular Safety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor SRT-015: Potential therapeutic for multiple liver diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735673v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsActivation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a ubiquitous redox-sensitive kinase, results in inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, key common pathways in human liver disease. SRT-015 is a novel, small molecule inhibitor of ASK1. This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of SRT-015, compared it to other ASK1 inhibitors, and determined the in vivo efficacy of SRT-015 across multiple acute and chronic liver disease models.

MethodsIn vitro studies determined the kinase potency and selectivity of SRT-015, and cellular studies were used to demonstrate direct mechanisms of action. The cardiac hERG channel inhibition was assessed and PK determined in rodents and nonhuman primates. In vivo studies evaluated SRT-015 efficacy in rodent models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity (acetaminophen (APAP) overdose), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic-disease associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and cholestatic disease (bile duct ligation, BDL).

ResultsSRT-015, was demonstrated a selective ASK1 kinase, and SRT-015 treatment directly inhibited fibrosis, apoptosis and inflammation in activated human fibroblasts, hepatocytes and PBMCs, respectively without safety signals or hERG inhibition. Other ASK1 inhibitors had safety concerns or limited functional activity. Liver and kidney selective PK were observed for SRT-015 in all species evaluated. In vivo, SRT-015 treatment was efficacious in the acute mouse APAP overdose and ALD model significantly (P<0.05) decreasing serum ALT. Using a therapeutic diet-induced obesity (DIO)-MASH model with biopsy-verified fibrosis, SRT-015 treatment significantly (P<0.05) inhibited DIO-induced liver enzymes, hepatomegaly, fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis independent of body weight loss whereas treatment with selonsertib was ineffective. In a rat cholestatic model, SRT-015 treatment significantly (P<0.05) decreased fibrosis and stellate cell activation.

ConclusionsThese findings support SRT-015 as a potential therapeutic for human liver diseases of any etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Elias, K. A., Brown, S. D., Feigh, M. F., McDonnell, N. D., Plonowski, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor SRT-015: Potential therapeutic for multiple liver diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-alanine betaine and nAChRs in Ascaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.30.735465v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthelmintic drugs are used to control soil-transmitted helminths that infect a third of the worlds human population. There is increasing concern about the development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs because of the limited number of compounds available and there is an unmet need for new resistance-busting drugs. Here we describe the presence of a previously unrecognized endogenous acetylcholine analogue, {beta}-alanine betaine, which may serve as an endogenous ligand for an alternate subfamily of nicotinic receptors (DEG-3/DES-2) that could be developed as novel drug targets because their analogues are not present in their human or animal hosts. We collected peri-enteric fluid from female Ascaris suum (a model for the human parasite, Ascaris lumbricoides) and subjected it to chromatography and MS/MS to reveal signals consistent with acetylcholine, choline, and {beta}-alanine betaine but we did not recover betaine. We injected betaine into female Ascaris suum which produced no effect. However, injection of {beta}-alanine betaine, produced characteristic pretzel coiling and injection of levamisole produced a rod-like spastic paralysis. The differences between {beta}-alanine betaine and levamisole suggested that they activate different nAChRs subfamilies. PCR showed that messages of the DEG-3 subfamily of nAChR channels, which are betaine targets and were present in the intestine and body wall of A. suum. Calcium signaling experiments showed that {beta}-alanine betaine increased intracellular calcium of the intestine enterocytes and electrophysiology of the body muscle cells demonstrated that {beta}-alanine betaine produced membrane potential depolarization. In N2 elegans, application of {beta}-alanine betaine produced gradual inhibition of motility, which was reduced in acr-20, acr-23, des-2, deg-3 and lgc-41 null-mutants. These observations suggest that, in addition to acetylcholine, {beta}-alanine betaine - an anaerobic analog of betaine - may function as an endogenous ligand in anaerobic nematodes such as A. suum. An expanded repertoire of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subfamilies in nematodes relative to mammals may reflect a corresponding need for diversification of cholinergic endogenous ligands in these organisms. This repertoire could allow their simpler neuronal system to perform more complex controls and be exploited for development of different and novel subfamily selective cholinergic anthelmintics.

Author SummaryThere is increasing concern about the development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs because of the limited number of compounds available and there is an unmet need for new resistance-busting drugs. The cholinergic anthelmintics are one of the three major classes of anti-nematodal drugs that are used for control and treatment of soil-transmitted helminths. Each of these cholinergic anthelmintics (levamisole, pyrantel, derquantel, monepantel and oxantel) are selective for different nematode nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The differences in selectivity could explain why resistance and species sensitivities varies across the different cholinergic anthelmintics. It is surprising how many nAChR genes are expressed in nematodes with more being present compared to humans. Why is this? Could it be that there are also more endogenous ligands other than acetylcholine allowing their simpler neuronal system to perform more complex control? We looked for additional analogues of acetylcholine in the body fluid of the large intestinal parasite of the pig Ascaris suum (a model for Ascaris lumbricoides) and identified the anaerobic cholinergic compound {beta}-alanine betaine. We found evidence that suggests that {beta}-alanine betaine may serve as an endogenous ligand for an alternate subfamily of nicotinic receptors (DEG-3/DES-2) that could be developed as novel drug targets because their receptor analogues are not present in human or animal hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Williams, P. D. E., Borts, D. J., Liu, D., Byerley-Duke, J., VanVeller, B., Martin, R. J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-alanine betaine and nAChRs in Ascaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.29.735109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenosine A2B Receptor Activation: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Accelerating Liver Recovery After Acetaminophen Overdose 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.29.735109v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States. While N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is highly effective when administered early after an overdose, its efficacy decreases with delayed administration. Since most patients present late to the clinic, there is an urgent need for novel late-acting therapeutic options to prevent progression to ALF. We previously demonstrated the benefit of delayed activation of the Adenosine A2B Receptor (A2BAR) in attenuating APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and this study focuses on its effects on liver recovery after injury. Fasted male C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP, followed by activation of A2BAR 6 or 9 h later and sacrifice 24, 48 or 72 h post-APAP with evaluation of liver injury, the innate immune response and liver regeneration. Delayed activation of A2BAR significantly enhanced liver recovery, with accelerated repopulation of the liver by Kupffer cells, increased macrophage migration to the necrotic areas and their faster resolution. A2BAR activation also upregulated lipid metabolism-related genes in non-parenchymal cells and cell proliferation and metabolism genes in hepatocytes. Remarkably, genes such as Cidec and Plin2, crucial for lipid droplet formation, were upregulated, indicating that A2ABR activation enhances lipid metabolism which plays a key role in providing energy for liver regeneration. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of A2BAR activation not only in protecting against liver injury, but also in promoting and accelerating liver regeneration by modulating the innate immune responses and metabolic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Sanchez-Guerrero, G., Umbaugh, D., Nguyen, N., Jaeschke, H., Ramachandran, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.29.735109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenosine A2B Receptor Activation: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Accelerating Liver Recovery After Acetaminophen Overdose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.29.735161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Retinal Safety of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.29.735161v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of renal anemia; however, their effects on intraocular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of all five HIF-PH inhibitors --roxadustat, daprodustat, vadadustat, enarodustat, and molidustat--on Vegfa expression in the retina in mice. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered each inhibitor. Six hours after administration, the kidney, retina, and liver were collected, and transcription levels were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Renal Epo transcription was significantly increased by molidustat (P < 0.01), roxadustat (P < 0.01), and enarodustat (P < 0.05). Retinal Vegfa transcription was significantly increased by four inhibitors (P < 0.01), with molidustat showing no significant effect. In the liver, Vegfa transcription was increased by daprodustat (P < 0.05) and vadadustat (P < 0.01). Furthermore, renal Epo and retinal Vegfa transcription levels showed a moderate positive correlation with a marginal trend toward statistical significance (r = 0.37, P = 0.08). These findings indicate that HIF-PH inhibitors differentially regulate hypoxia-responsive genes across tissues and suggest that retinal VEGF upregulation should be considered when evaluating the safety of these agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Hoshino, J., Irie, K., Konishi, A., Akiyama, H., Minamishima, Y. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.29.735161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Retinal Safety of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.27.734946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of estrogen exposure on survival, growth, and fecundity of Daphnia magna 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.27.734946v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High concentrations of steroidal hormone compounds are a growing source of concern for environmental pollution in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we examine the effects of two estrogenic compounds (estriol and 17-ethinylestradiol) on fitness traits in the aquatic microcrustacean, Daphnia magna, a key bioindicator species for toxicology studies. The impacts were compared of two forms representing a natural and synthetic estrogenic compound. Growth and reproduction traits were assayed by exposing Daphnia to each estrogen type at four concentrations reflecting potential environmental exposure conditions up to acute toxicity levels (ranging from 0.1 - 50 {micro}g/L). Assaying the effects at a variety of concentrations is important given that it is known that hormone exposures can often result in non-monotonic responses. Both forms of estrogen impact a subset of the traits assessed, in some cases leading to beneficial changes and others causing harm. Estriol, the naturally-occurring estrogen, and EE2, the synthetic version, at high doses shift fitness traits in opposite directions such as adult growth rate as do at low doses for fecundity. In conclusion, our results support the need to assay a wide array of traits using multiple forms of steroidal hormones at a range of doses in order to assess non-monotonic patterns and their impact on an organismal fitness. In particular, assays that extend beyond the conventional measurements of lethality during acute exposure windows will be essential for understanding the impact of increased levels of hormone pollution on aquatic organisms and ecosystem health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Boyle, S., Schaack, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.734946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of estrogen exposure on survival, growth, and fecundity of Daphnia magna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.734343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Design of Two Novel BRAF V600E Inhibitors: Exploiting Sulfoximine Bioisosterism and Chiral Constraints to Evade Paradoxical Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.734343v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy frequently driven by the oncogenic V600E mutation within the BRAF kinase. While first-generation Type IS BRAF inhibitors, such as dabrafenib, are currently prescribed to target this specific molecular vulnerability, paradoxical MAPK pathway activation, and acquired drug resistance necessitate the continuous development of structurally optimized lead molecules. In this study, chemical intuition, bioisosteric replacement, and computational molecular docking were employed to propose two novel BRAFV600E drug candidates. The proposed therapeutics, engineered to incorporate constrained sp3-hybridized aliphatic rings and a sulfoximine bioisostere, demonstrated thermodynamically superior docking scores within the mutant catalytic cleft compared to dabrafenib. Lastly, a homology analysis determined that Mus musculus is a suitable model organism for future preclinical studies and confirmed crucial structural selectivity against microbial off-target kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Yu, Z. H., Siegel, J. B., Morrow, E. R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.25.734343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Design of Two Novel BRAF V600E Inhibitors: Exploiting Sulfoximine Bioisosterism and Chiral Constraints to Evade Paradoxical Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.730994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic profiling of xenobiotic and nutrient transporters in human placenta of different gestational ages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.730994v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe placenta serves a critical role in nutrient uptake and waste elimination for the developing fetus. The placenta is also responsible for the uptake and/or exchange of xenobiotics, including medications, between the maternal and fetal bloodstreams. An estimated 40-80% of women take medications or drugs during pregnancy for a variety of conditions. Very little is understood about fetal drug and nutrient exposure during pregnancy and how it may change over the course of fetal development.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the abundance of transport proteins in placental tissue, which are important in modulating fetal nutrient and drug exposure, over the duration of pregnancy. Mass spectrometry-based global proteomic analysis revealed trends in the expression of thousands of proteins throughout gestation. Focusing on the membrane-associated proteome enabled an increased emphasis on the solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette families of transporter proteins that are critical for nutrient and xenobiotic transport across the maternal-fetal barrier.

Study DesignUsing data-independent acquisition proteomics, relative abundance of proteins in placental tissue samples was profiled across all three trimesters of pregnancy (Trimester 1 = 16, Trimester 2 = 9, and Term = 9). Membrane fractions were generated to enrich membrane-associated proteins for proteomic analysis. Placental samples were grouped into randomized batches for membrane fraction generation and mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomic search results from each batch were imported into the R programming environment from Skyline, concatenated, and normalized as one data set for downstream analysis.

ResultsA total of 6,331 proteins were detected across all samples with 4,210 proteins identified in every sample. Pathway analysis revealed that as gestational age increases, membrane-associated proteins involved in more complex metabolic pathways increase in relative abundance while those involved in extracellular remodeling events and simple organic ion transport tended to decrease. A total of 139 solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transport proteins were identified in all samples, and 80 were identified in every sample. In general, membrane-associated proteins, including solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transport proteins, were significantly enriched in placental tissue collected during early gestation compared to term placental tissue.

ConclusionThis study presents a comprehensive profiling of membrane-associated proteomic changes during gestation and identifies significant gestational age associated abundance changes at the protein level in several transport protein families. The application of data-independent acquisition global proteomic techniques enabled in-depth analysis of thousands of proteomic changes across pregnancy in a single experiment. These data provide critical information to support future studies into the understanding of fetal exposure to xenobiotics and nutrients circulating in the maternal bloodstream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Weaver, E. M., Topletz-Erickson, A., Isoherranen, N., Unadkat, J. D., Arnold, S. L. M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.25.730994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic profiling of xenobiotic and nutrient transporters in human placenta of different gestational ages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.734240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basal Internalization and Subcellular Localization of XCR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.25.734240v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemokines orchestrate immune cell trafficking through receptor-mediated signaling and are implicated in inflammatory, autoimmune, and neuropathic disorders. The XCL1-XCR1 axis is of particular interest because XCR1 is selectively expressed on mature conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s), where it supports communication with activated CD8+ T cells and NK cells and promotes antigen cross-presentation. This selectivity has made XCR1 an attractive target for dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, while emerging evidence also links XCL1-XCR1 signaling to neuroinflammation and pain.

Despite its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms governing XCR1 activation and trafficking remain understudied. Here, we characterize XCR1 expression, membrane trafficking, and basal internalization to define mechanisms that may influence therapeutic targeting. We show that XCR1 undergoes constitutive internalization through a {beta}-arrestin-independent but adaptor protein 2 (AP2)-dependent pathway, distinguishing it from other chemokine receptors with constitutive endocytosis. Furthermore, we identify specific sequence motifs critical for its subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into XCR1 regulation and may inform the development of targeted therapeutics and antigen-delivery strategies in cancer and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Li, Q., Pfersdorf, F., Salgado-Polo, F., Gustavsson, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.25.734240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basal Internalization and Subcellular Localization of XCR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.733437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse-based bispecific immune cell engager model predicts invariance in synapse behavior across different effector-to-tumor cell ratios 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.733437v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cell engagers (ICE) such as bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), within an immunological synapse, bind and link CD3 on a T cell to a target antigen (TAA) on a cancer cell, forming a trimer (CD3:bsAb:TAA complex). With sufficient trimer numbers within the synapse, the T cell can become activated and promote cancer cell killing. Elranatamab, a CD3-bispecific antibody for multiple myeloma, has received FDA and EMA filing acceptance (August 2023 and December 2023, respectively) adding to a growing list of bsAbs that are treating patients. In the drug development stages of ICE bsAbs, mechanistic modeling approaches are often used to attain a greater quantitative understanding of the modality, preclinically, and provide human pharmacokinetic and efficacious dose predictions to aide in Phase 1 trial design. To date, the majority of ordinary differential equation (ODE) trimer models treat the tumor compartment as well-mixed and trimer formation is governed by a bulk population reaction not accounting for individual synapses. This lack of discrimination can lead to imprecise analysis when analyzing results across E:T ratios using metrics like trimers per T cell or trimers per target cell. To this end we developed an ODE trimer model based on single-synapse complexes (one target cell/one immune cell) with 2D cross-linking trimer formation. We show computationally that the number of trimers per synapse is invariant to the value of the E:T ratio for a given free bsAb concentration, a property that cannot be captured by non-synapse models. A simple demonstration of this discrepancy using the well-known Betts trimer model is presented. We then apply the Betts trimer model coupled to a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) module to show that our synapse-based trimer model is easy to substitute in to model TGI, including the addition of a trimer-per-synapse activation threshold function for cell killing. Overall, our model attempts to balance mechanistic fidelity while limiting the complexity of the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Chevalier, M., Zhang, Z., Tolsma, J., Zager, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.733437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse-based bispecific immune cell engager model predicts invariance in synapse behavior across different effector-to-tumor cell ratios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced TRPV1 activation through TLR-4 and PKA signaling in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734307v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The excitability of afferents involved in nociceptive signaling reflects the interaction of several co-expressed membrane receptors. Current studies have shown that Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling can exacerbate excitation evoked by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activity, and this interaction plays a key role in driving and sustaining facilitated pain states. The mechanism by which this potentiated TRPV1 activity secondary to TLR-4 agonism occurs in sensory neurons remains unknown, although intracellular kinase activity is a strong candidate. To address this hypothesized linkage, neuronal cell cultures prepared from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of male wildtype (WT) and Tlr4-/- mice were used to evaluate calcium transients of neurons after capsaicin administration in culture, pre-treated for 30 minutes with the TLR-4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TRPV1 protein expression at the neuron surface in cultured DRG cells with or without LPS treatment was quantified by flow cytometry assay. The roles of protein kinase A (PKA) and C were assessed using selective inhibitors (KT5720 for PKA and Chelerythrine chloride for PKC) applied to WT-DRG neurons or administered in vivo by intraplantar or intrathecal injection, prior to LPS and capsaicin administration. Behavioral effects of in vivo TRPV1 activation were assessed through paw flinch responses evoked by intraplantar capsaicin injection and by hind paw tactile thresholds measured by von Frey filaments. LPS incubation in cultured DRG neurons enhances the intensity of calcium influx following TRPV1 activation in WT but not Tlr4-/ cells. The augmented calcium influx evoked by capsaicin was prevented by the inhibition of PKA but not PKC. Similarly, mice treated with LPS in the hind paw displayed greater nociceptive responding after capsaicin and increased tactile allodynia. The facilitated component was prevented by the local pre-treatment with the PKA inhibitor. Correspondingly, lumbar spinal blockade of PKA resulted in temporary reversal of hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal LPS injection in mice. Together, these results demonstrate the relevance of TLR-4 in modulating the excitability of nociceptor signaling by regulating TRPV1, thereby influencing pain transmission through PKA signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Borges Paes Lemes, J., Franco Malange, K., Panichkina, A., Navia-Pelaez, J., CHOI, S.-H., Dolmat, M., Goncalves dos Santos, G., Dochnal, S. A., Corr, M., Miller, Y. I., Yaksh, T. L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.734307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced TRPV1 activation through TLR-4 and PKA signaling in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing immunomodulatory effects of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in immune and intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734282v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is one of the most frequently detected Alternaria mycotoxins in contaminated food. Despite its frequent occurrence, its immunomodulatory effects remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of TeA on inflammatory signaling and cytokine regulation in monocytes and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) models. NF-{kappa}B activity was assessed using a reporter gene assay in THP1-Lucia monocytes, while cytokine mRNA expression and protein secretion were quantified in Caco-2 and HCEC-1CT cells by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.

In THP-1 monocytes, TeA significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-{kappa}B activation in a concentration-dependent manner starting at 25 M, while cytotoxicity occurred only at concentrations [&ge;]100 M. In HCEC-1CT and differentiated Caco-2 cells, TeA increased IL-6, IL-8, and TNF- mRNA levels at non-cytotoxic concentrations ([&ge;]10 M). In Caco-2 cells, these transcriptional changes were accompanied by increased cytokine secretion, whereas HCEC-1CT cells showed only partial effects on the protein level after short-term exposure. Following prolonged incubation, TNF- secretion was increased and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were slightly reduced. IL-10 remained unaffected under all conditions.

Overall, TeA exerted cell type-dependent immunomodulatory effects characterized by immunoinhibitory activity in monocytes and pro-inflammatory responses in IECs, highlighting the complex immunotoxic potential of this Alternaria mycotoxin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Partsch, V., Crudo, F., Marko, D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.734282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing immunomodulatory effects of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in immune and intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.733678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fructooligosaccharide Supplementation Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Human-Relevant hyperglycemic Diet-Induced Obese Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.733678v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotic fibers that influence gut microbiota and host metabolic function. In a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse study, FOS supplementation was compared with PBS-treated obese controls. Blood glucose was markedly lower at Day 42 (221.9 {+/-} 7.8 vs 138.3 {+/-} 9.0 mg/dL), and remained lower at Day 56. FOS reduced body-weight gain from 8.4 {+/-} 0.9 g in PBS controls to 2.6 {+/-} 0.2 g, corresponding to an approximate 69.5% reduction in gain over Days 1-70. Cumulative feed consumption was not significantly different between PBS and FOS cages, suggesting that the observed metabolic effects were not explained simply by reduced food intake. These data support our thesis that FOS works as an active metabolic ingredient acting through the gut-liver-metabolic axis. Thus, in the present study, dietary FOS supplementation produced marked improvements in glucose homeostasis in a severe DIO model characterized by diabetic-range hyperglycemia that more closely resembles poorly controlled human type 2 diabetes.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIFructooligosaccharide (FOS) normalized glucose levels in a severe DIO model that mimics poorly controlled human type 2 diabetes.
C_LIO_LIDay-42 blood glucose was reduced by [~]37.7% in FOS-treated DIO mice.
C_LIO_LIFOS reduced body-weight gain by [~]69.5% versus controls over 70 days.
C_LIO_LIMetabolic benefits occurred without a statistically significant reduction in feed intake.
C_LIO_LIFindings support a gut-liver-metabolic mechanism rather than simple caloric restriction.
C_LIO_LIData position FOS as an active metabolic ingredient with potential utility in diabetes and metabolic health.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Saxena, U., Shahapur, S., Mehboob, S., Jadhav, P., Samal, T., Kadiyala, G., Gorantla, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.23.733678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fructooligosaccharide Supplementation Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Human-Relevant hyperglycemic Diet-Induced Obese Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.733308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Protease-Cleavable iNOS-Inhibitor Polymeric Prodrug Designed for Controlled Modulation of Nitric Oxide 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.733308v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is frequently overexpressed in inflammatory disorders and solid tumors, where sustained nitric oxide (NO) production promotes angiogenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to therapy. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical translation of iNOS inhibitors remains limited by poor tumor selectivity, rapid systemic clearance, and off-target toxicities. To address these challenges, we developed a protease-responsive polymeric iNOS-inhibiting prodrug (ProCIP) designed for localized activation within protease-rich pathological microenvironments. ProCIP was synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-glutamate) and functionalized with amidine-based iNOS inhibitory moieties. The resulting cationic polymer readily formed nanoscale polyionic complexes with anionic polymers or molecules. In cell-free assays, enzymatic activation of ProCIP resulted in a significant reduction in iNOS activity, whereas non-activated nanoparticles showed minimal inhibition. Cellular studies confirmed efficient nanoparticle uptake by RAW264.7 macrophages and revealed a significant reduction in intracellular NO levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. These findings demonstrate that ProCIP enables protease-triggered iNOS inhibition and localized NO regulation, offering a promising strategy for improving the safety and efficacy of iNOS-targeted therapies in cancer and other inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Alimoradi, H., Panahpour, A., Fallah, A., Delporte, C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.23.733308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Protease-Cleavable iNOS-Inhibitor Polymeric Prodrug Designed for Controlled Modulation of Nitric Oxide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.733995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose optimisation of favipiravir against RNA viruses using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.733995v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Favipiravir (FPV) is an RdRp inhibitor developed and licensed in Japan for influenza but which has shown promising in-vitro activity against a range of RNA viruses. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model was developed for oral FPV and its metabolite M1 in order to optimise the dose regimen against plasma concentration targets for a number of viral pathogens. The model was validated using clinical data and was able to capture the variability in plasma concentrations for a population of individuals. FPV doses predicted to cause in-vivo exposures exceeding in-vitro IC90 targets against influenza, Ebola, Lassa fever, CCHF, SFTS, Andes virus and SARS-CoV-2, lie within the window of observed safe dosing, with SARS-CoV-2 requiring predicted doses of 2400 mg twice daily due to lower in-vitro potency. Simulations showed that a loading dose on day one of treatment should allow plasma targets to be exceeded on day one. Simulations of chronic kidney disease (CKD) showed no change to FPV plasma concentration in individuals with CKD3 and CKD5 compared to healthy individuals.

Clinical data suggested active renal efflux of M1 which led to a predicted 2.2 and 11.5 fold increase in the maximum plasma concentrations of M1 in individuals with CKD3 and CKD5 respectively in comparison with healthy individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Wood, W. H., Pertinez, H., Rowland, T., Owen, A., Fletcher, T. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.733995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose optimisation of favipiravir against RNA viruses using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.22.732379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Targeting EGFR Inhibits Ovulation and Enables a Novel Platform for Studying Ovarian Biology and Pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.22.732379v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian disorders, including anovulation, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), affect millions of reproductive-age women worldwide; however, mechanistic studies of ovarian biology and pathophysiology remain challenging because current experimental approaches often lack selectivity, tunability, or physiological relevance. Genetically modified animal models are labor-intensive and irreversible; small molecules frequently exhibit off-target effects; and conventional antibodies have limited tissue penetration and restricted temporal control. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) represent a highly modular protein engineering platform with advantages in specificity, size, stability, and extracellular targeting, but their utility in reproductive biology remains largely unexplored. Here, we used epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting DARPins as a proof-of-concept platform to interrogate ovarian signaling during ovulation. Screening of engineered anti-EGFR DARPins identified SX-006, a bispecific tetravalent construct with robust cross-species EGFR binding and potent biological activity. Using an ex vivo murine ovulation system, SX-006 inhibited follicle rupture in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 1.21 M without overt cytotoxicity. Lower concentrations of SX-006 preferentially perturbed follicle rupture while largely preserving oocyte meiotic maturation and luteinization, suggesting differential sensitivity of ovulatory processes to extracellular EGFR blockade. Comparative transcriptomic analyses further revealed that extracellular EGFR blockade and small molecule-based intracellular EGFR kinase inhibition produce overlapping but also distinct transcriptional responses, supporting biologically distinct modes of ovulatory signaling pathway perturbation. Together, these findings establish DARPins as a selective, tunable, and physiologically relevant platform for studying ovarian signaling and provide proof-of-concept for extracellular receptor targeting in ovarian biology, infertility research, and non-hormonal contraceptive development.

Summary sentenceAn engineered EGFR-targeting DARPin selectively inhibits ovulation through extracellular receptor blockade and establishes a versatile platform for investigating ovarian signaling and reproductive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Mitra, C., Liu, Y., VanBenschoten, H., Goods, B., Chen, F., Xiao, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.22.732379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Targeting EGFR Inhibits Ovulation and Enables a Novel Platform for Studying Ovarian Biology and Pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of GS-441524 Derivatives as Potent SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Inhibitors via a Direct-to-Biology Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.24.734322v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting viral macrodomains (Mac) has emerged as a promising strategy for antiviral drug development, especially after the outbreak of COVID-19 that claimed millions of lives worldwide. Several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Mac1 inhibitors have been reported in the past few years. In the present work, we converted GS-441524 (IC50 of [~]10 M for SARS-CoV-2 Mac1) to KP-S54 (18c), a potent inhibitor of both SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 (IC50: 44 nM) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Mac1 (IC50: 91 nM) through an iterative direct-to-biology approach. This approach leverages efficient amide-coupling reaction and the mix-and-read fluorescence polarization (FP) assays where reaction mixtures could be screened directly without purification. Cocrystal structure of a selected derivative (12p) binding to SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 revealed the binding mode, which will guide future drug development against viral macrodomains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Peng, K., Chakraborty, S., Wallace, S. D., Noll, J. C. G., Shang, J., Lu, X., Choi, A., Whittaker, G., Fromme, J. C., Lin, H. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.734322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of GS-441524 Derivatives as Potent SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Inhibitors via a Direct-to-Biology Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do nanoplastics reshape microglial support of neuronal resilience? A study of microglial bioenergetics and microglia to neuron communication in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732827v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging environmental contaminants able to cross biological barriers, disrupt cellular and organelle homeostasis, and alter the brain microenvironment. This study investigated whether NPs affect microglia-neuron communication, a key mechanism underlying neuronal resilience, via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) pathway. Using an in vitro model, we evaluated the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on microglial metabolic fitness and microglia-mediated neuronal stress responses. Increasing NP concentrations induced a dose-dependent biphasic effect. Low to intermediate concentrations increased intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in microglia and enhanced microglia-mediated activation of neuronal NFE2L2. In contrast, high NP concentration impaired microglial metabolism, reduced ATP availability, and decreased microglia-neuron communication. These findings indicate that NPs alter microglial energetic status and modulate neuroprotective signalling, potentially contributing to impaired neuron-microglia interactions and increased susceptibility to neurotoxicity.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=129 SRC="FIGDIR/small/732827v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (69K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1080190org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9ea2cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d25697org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@132de2e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LINanoplastics alter microglial metabolic fitness in vitro.
C_LIO_LINanoplastics biphasically modulate microglial support of neurons.
C_LIO_LIHigh nanoplastic concentration reduces microglial support to neurons.
C_LIO_LIMicroglial bioenergetics may link nanoplastics to neuronal vulnerability.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Brunialti, E., Meda, C., Villa, A., Parolini, M., Ciana, P., Casati, L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do nanoplastics reshape microglial support of neuronal resilience? A study of microglial bioenergetics and microglia to neuron communication in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.734114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ergothioneine, alone or combined with vitamin K2, vitamin D3 and magnesium L-threonate, attenuates bone turnover, inflammatory and oxidative disturbances in ovariectomized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.23.734114v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeEstrogen deficiency drives bone loss through interacting endocrine, oxidative, inflammatory and bone-remodeling disturbances. Ergothioneine (EGT) is a diet-derived thiol/thione antioxidant whose effects on the estrogen-deficient skeleton are unknown. We evaluated whether EGT, alone or combined with vitamin K2, vitamin D3 and magnesium L-threonate, attenuates the skeletal and systemic consequences of ovariectomy (OVX) in mice.

MethodsForty-eight female C57BL/6J mice underwent sham surgery or OVX and received daily oral gavage for 12 weeks of vehicle, alendronate (1.53 mg/kg), EGT (30 mg/kg/day), EGT with vitamin K2 (40 {micro}g/kg/day) and vitamin D3 (500 IU/kg/day), or EGT with vitamin K2, magnesium L-threonate (350 mg/kg/day) and vitamin D3 (n = 5-6 analysed per group). Outcomes included the uterine index, tibial micro-computed tomography, distal-femoral histology, and serum bone turnover markers (CTX-I, PINP, osteocalcin), sex hormones, TNF-, IL-6, SOD and MDA.

OVX lowered the uterine index and induced tibial trabecular deterioration, with increased CTX-I, decreased PINP and osteocalcin, elevated TNF- and IL-6, reduced SOD and increased MDA (all P < 0.01 vs sham). Alendronate restored tibial micro-CT bone-volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number (P < 0.01 vs OVX). The EGT-based regimens did not significantly restore tibial micro-CT BV/TV, trabecular thickness or trabecular number (all P > 0.05 vs OVX), but significantly increased trabecular area on distal-femoral histology (OVX 7.6% vs 14.2-15.0% across regimens; P < 0.05 vs OVX) and lowered CTX-I, TNF-, IL-6 and MDA while raising SOD and partially restoring PINP and osteocalcin (P < 0.05-0.01 vs OVX). Because the histological and micro-CT endpoints were assessed at different skeletal sites, structural interpretation is cautious. Apparent increases in serum estradiol were assay-dependent and are regarded as exploratory.

Ergothioneine-based nutritional regimens improved the systemic oxidative, inflammatory and bone-turnover environment of estrogen-deficient bone loss and preserved distal-femoral trabecular area on histology, although tibial three-dimensional microarchitecture by micro-CT was not restored. Because the histological and micro-CT endpoints were assessed at different skeletal sites, the structural interpretation is necessarily cautious. These findings support further evaluation of EGT as a dietary adjunct, with mechanistic and dose-optimization studies warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Liu, W., Tang, Y., Ding, W., Cao, J., Guo, C., Xiao, G. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.23.734114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ergothioneine, alone or combined with vitamin K2, vitamin D3 and magnesium L-threonate, attenuates bone turnover, inflammatory and oxidative disturbances in ovariectomized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.732319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a pathway-selective platelet P2Y1R inverse agonist that suppresses inflammation while preserving hemostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.732319v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The platelet P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) is necessary for inflammation, signalling via Rho-GTPase pathways to elicit functions that are distinct from aggregation (PLC-dependent canonical signalling pathway). Whether these distinct platelet inflammatory functions can be selectively suppressed to preserve hemostasis through the rational design of P2Y1R antagonists has not been explored. In silico molecular docking analysis examined biased nucleotide interactions within the P2Y1R binding pocket. The identified possible key amino acid residues guided rational design to synthesize compounds for pathway selective inhibition, evolving from nucleotide to non-nucleotide structures. The nucleotide analogue KMR-82-13 was predicted to engage distinct regions of the binding pocket and selectively inhibited platelet chemotaxis while preserving aggregation. These findings informed the design of a non-nucleotide compound KSN-159-27, aiming to retain key KMR-82-13-like interactions while improving drug-like properties. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation supported a stable but dynamic binding mode for KSN-159-27 within the P2Y1R pocket, consistent with pathway-selective inhibition. KSN-159-27 displayed characteristics of a pathway selective inverse agonist at P2Y1R towards G12/13-mediated pathways, but not those associated by Gq activation in P2Y1R-transfected HEK293T cells. KSN-159-27 showed functionally selective inhibition for platelet P2Y1R-mediated functions. In vivo, KSN-159-27 suppressed inflammatory cell recruitment, whilst preserving bleeding time and ADP-induced thromboembolic responses, in contrast to the  neutral P2Y1R antagonist MRS2500. This first demonstration for the rational design of a pathway selective inverse agonist at platelet P2Y1Rs has significant implications for novel therapeutic strategies developed to safely target platelet activation during inflammation, in contrast to current anti-platelet drugs used in the prevention of thrombosis.

Key PointsO_LIBiased inverse platelet P2Y1R agonists selectively supress inflammation whilst preserving hemostasis and the ability of platelets to aggregate.
C_LIO_LIBiased inverse agonism selectively inhibited P2Y1R G12/13 (Rho-GTPAse functions) but not Gq activities (PLC functions).
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Pitchford, S. C., Nahar, K., Pan, D., Sisk, C. M., Al-Adhami, T., Ekinci, K., Amison, R. T., Gargate, N., Saji, A., Wills, E., Page, C. P., Ladds, G., Rahman, K. M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.19.732319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a pathway-selective platelet P2Y1R inverse agonist that suppresses inflammation while preserving hemostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ivermectin exposition during neurulation induces Neural tube defects and neuromuscular alterations in Xenopus laevis through purinergic P2X4-signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733173v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeurulation is a fundamental process in the formation of the central nervous system (CNS). The process begins with the folding and fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube which subsequently gives rise to the development of the brain and spinal cord. Environmental and genetic factors that disrupt neurulation can induce neural tube defects (NTDs) and consequently cause additional developmental complications, including motor impairments.

Purinergic signaling is a conserved form of extracellular communication (i.e. paracrine, synaptic signaling) that plays a role in early development. This signaling is mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides, which activate metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X purinoceptors, respectively. Distinct patterns of intracellular calcium dynamics are observed throughout vertebrate development, from fertilization through organogenesis, including neurulation. Among P2X receptors, P2X4 is an ATP-modulated, Ca2+-permeable, ligand-gated ion channel characterized by having the highest Ca2+ permeability and is known to be modulated by ivermectin (IVM).

ObjectiveOur investigation focuses on assessing the effects of IVM treatment during neurulation and evaluating the impact of this drug on phenotype, motor behavior and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure at tadpole stage. These results were compared with those obtained following separate treatments with compounds that specifically block glycine, GABA(A) and nACh receptors, all which have been described as IVM targets.

ResultsIn this study we demonstrate the transcriptional expression for both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors during neurulation, as well as the expression of P2X4. Following IVM neurula-treatments, we observed neural tube defects (NTDs), pigmentation changes, motor paralysis and alterations in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure, particularly affecting axonal branching. In contrast, treatment with the blockers strychnine, bicuculline and -bungarotoxin, used to assess the involvement of GlyR, GABA(A)R and 7nAChR, respectively, failed to show similar outcomes.

ConclusionsIn summary, our results highlight the critical role of purinergic signaling during early development, particularly P2X4 receptor mediated signaling during neurulation which may account for the pharmacological effects induced by the positive allosteric modulator ivermectin.
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Catrupay-Valdebenito, C., Burgos, C. F., Salgado-Martinez, B., Vejar, C., Fuentes, N. A., Yevenes, G. E., Moraga-Cid, G., Castro, P. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.19.733173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ivermectin exposition during neurulation induces Neural tube defects and neuromuscular alterations in Xenopus laevis through purinergic P2X4-signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
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