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<title>bioRxiv Subject Collection: Biophysics</title>
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This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Subject Collection "Biophysics"
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://www.biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.20.733545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation of cell-size systems at long timescales with flexible protein structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.20.733545v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein behavior inside cells is dominated by the crowded nature of the intracellular environment. Progress in structure determination of proteins and protein complexes, based on advances in Artificial Intelligence, provides an opportunity for structure-based modeling of cellular phenomena. Such modeling at the atomic resolution has been advanced by the traditional simulation techniques, e.g. molecular dynamics. A recently developed docking-based approach implements Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling of intermolecular energy landscapes, offering several orders of magnitude faster simulation protocols. The approach allows addressing much longer trajectories of macromolecular systems in the crowded intracellular environment at atomic resolution. The sampling by design avoids low-probability (high-energy) states, which greatly accelerates the simulation process. A notable feature of this docking-based approach is the rigid body approximation of protein structures. The rigid-body approximation had been the primary direction in the protein docking field up until recent developments in deep learning. The rigid-body approach should be quite robust for the higher energy transient interactions that dominate the highly crowded cellular environment, as they likely involve relatively small conformational change. However, it is less applicable to the low-energy protein-protein complexes, especially those involving flexible regions. We addressed this problem by incorporating AlphaFold3 top models of the protein complexes in the mapping of the intermolecular energy landscape, as representative of the low-energy configurations of the protein assembly. By the nature of the AlphaFold predictions, these models involve appropriate conformational change between unbound and bound structures. These low-energy docking poses are combined with the rigid-body docking predictions that cover the multiplicity of the transient interactions. Such combination directly addresses the conformational flexibility of proteins upon binding along with the multiplicity of the transient protein encounters in the crowded cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Yunas, K., Singh, A., Copeland, M. M., Tytarenko, A. M., Kundrotas, P. J., Halfmann, R., Kasyanov, P. O., Feinberg, E. A., Vakser, I. A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.20.733545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation of cell-size systems at long timescales with flexible protein structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dilated Cardiomyopathy E525K β-Myosin Mutation Causes Hypocontractility in Cardiomyocytes Without Altering Crossbridge Cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733270v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The {beta}-cardiac myosin (MYH7) mutation E525K was first identified in 2012 in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Work using engineered myosin constructs has shown that this mutation causes hypocontractility by stabilizing the interacting heads motif (IHM) of myosin despite the mutant E525K motor head exhibiting increased ATPase activity. However, no measurements have been made in myofilaments or cardiomyocytes to determine how this mutation affects contractile function. Here, we present force and contractile kinetics measurements from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes engineered for heterozygous expression of E525K. Contraction of E525K single cells decreased by 65%, and isometric twitch force in engineered heart tissues (EHTs) decreased by 39%. In contrast, maximal isometric force in isolated myofibrils increased by 45%. Structural analysis revealed reduced myofibril content (13.7% decrease) and organization (increased z-disk dispersion angle) in E525K cells. We confirmed that E525K S1 myosin has higher actin affinity than WT S1 and elevated ATPase activity. However, no change was observed in the rate of ADP release. Importantly, there was no change in the rate of force development or relaxation in myofibrils, cells, or EHTs. These findings suggest that myosin crossbridge cycling is not altered under load by E525K. Decreased force generation in EHTs and shortening in cardiomyocytes arise from reduced sarcomere number and myofibrillar disorganization. Additional force deficits likely result from stabilization of the IHM, as recently reported by others. This study demonstrates the value of multi-scale analysis for determining the functional profile of cardiomyocytes containing disease-related sarcomere protein mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Robeson, K. Z., McMillen, T. S., Cooiker, K., Kao, K. Y., Frebis, K., Geeves, M. A., Wescott, A. P., Soriano, R., Goldstein, A. J., Childers, M. C., Goluguri, R. R., Pathak, D., Sniadecki, N. J., Powers, J. D., Davis, J., Moussavi-Harami, F., Spudich, J. A., Ruppel, K. M., Regnier, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.18.733270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dilated Cardiomyopathy E525K β-Myosin Mutation Causes Hypocontractility in Cardiomyocytes Without Altering Crossbridge Cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule insights into DNA gyrase in live bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733238v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular motors travelling along DNA introduce positive supercoils that present as barriers to replication leading to genome instability. To counter these, bacterial cells express DNA gyrase, a topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils. While much is known about DNA gyrase from genetic and in vitro biochemical studies, the spatiotemporal dynamics of this enzyme remain a mystery. Only recently have we been able to observe the in vivo spatiotemporal dynamics down to single molecule level using advanced super-resolution microscopy techniques. We used Slimfield microscopy, a cutting-edge molecule microscopy technique to address the gap in our knowledge. We analysed a dual fluorescently labelled Escherichia coli strain expressing the replisome marker DnaN-mCherry along with mYPet-GyrB as the enzyme marker. We performed sequential Slimfield microscopy of the labelled proteins from the same strain and analysed in vivo GyrB dynamics in live E. coli cells in relation to the replisome. We find that the majority of replisomes are associated with GyrB. Inhibition of gyrase activity reduces the proportion of replisomes associated with GyrB. Interestingly, GyrB behaviour is distinct from that observed for GyrA in a previous study. Our results reveal the previously unknown dynamics of GyrB inside living bacterial cells highlighting the advantages of in vivo single molecule investigations. Our findings also demonstrate the importance of analysing all subunits of a functional enzyme complex to gain comprehensive understanding of its in vivo mechanisms. This study demonstrates the utility of single-molecule super-resolved microscopy as a valuable underpinning technology to understand in vivo behaviour of biomedically important molecules. Our insights will help impact discovery and development of novel antibiotics that interfere with gyrase function, thus contributing to tackling the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Syeda, A. H., Leek, V. A., Maxwell, A., Leake, M. C. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.21.733238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule insights into DNA gyrase in live bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LTP-patterned electromagnetic stimulation induces NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in cortical networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732958v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioinspired electromagnetic stimulation, in which fields are patterned after endogenous neural activity, have emerged as a potential non-invasive approach for modulating brain dynamics, yet the waveform parameters that determine biological specificity remain poorly defined. Complex electromagnetic patterns modeled after long-term potentiation (LTP) have been reported to alter learning and cortical injury outcomes in vivo, yet whether these fields engage cell-scale synaptic plasticity mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we show that a microtesla-strength electromagnetic field (EMF) patterned after electrophysiological signatures of long-term potentiation produces complex waveform-specific changes in primary cortical network dynamics. Using high-density microelectrode arrays, we show that LTP-patterned EMF stimulation transiently increases spontaneous spikes-per-burst activity relative to a frequency-matched sine-wave EMF exposure and a sham, no field control. This waveform-dependent effect was abolished by NMDA receptor antagonism, indicating dependence on glutamatergic signaling pathways linked to activity-dependent plasticity. LTP-EMF stimulation also dynamically altered evoked network responses, reducing active electrode recruitment to direct electrical stimulation immediately after exposure, with recovery at later timepoints, consistent with a reversible post-induction reorganisation of network state. Transcriptional profiling identified a delayed adaptive response enriched for cellular remodeling pathways, and immunocytochemistry revealed increased co-localization of pre- and post-synaptic markers synaptophysin and PSD-95, a microstructural hallmark of synaptogenesis. Overall, these findings show that weak, bioinspired EMF stimulation can induce waveform-specific changes in cortical network dynamics and engage NMDA-dependent, plasticity-associated mechanisms. This work supports the perspective that temporal waveform structure is a key stimulation parameter for optimizing non-invasive electromagnetic modulation of neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kansala, C., St.Jean, J., Nkansah-Okoree, V., Rouleau, N., Murugan, N. J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LTP-patterned electromagnetic stimulation induces NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in cortical networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Buzzing Frequency Influences Pollen Release in Buzz-Pollinated Poricidal Anthers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732968v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Buzz pollination is an important behavior in which bees use vibrations to extract pollen from poricidal anthers. However, the extent to which vibration frequency influences pollen release remains unclear. Here, we quantified pollen expulsion from Solanum sisymbriifolium anthers subjected to harmonic excitation over a broad frequency range encompassing the anther's first natural frequency. We excited anthers to expel pollen and measured anther kinematics and pollen release using high-speed videography. Particle tracking enabled continuous estimation of pollen release throughout each buzzing event, allowing both initial pollen flux and total pollen released to be quantified. Pollen release depended strongly on excitation frequency. Initial pollen flux, total pollen release, and anther kinematics peaked when excitation frequency approached the anther's natural frequency. Anther tip velocity amplitude exhibited the strongest correlation with total pollen release (r = 0.755) and initial pollen flux (r = 0.898). Experimental observations were compared with nonlinear and linear statistical models of pollen release. While both models captured trends in normalized pollen flux, they overpredicted total pollen release, suggesting that adhesive interactions play important roles during extended buzzing events. These findings demonstrate that anther structural dynamics influence pollen release and suggest that vibration amplification may improve the efficiency of buzz pollination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Alvord, M., Cote, B., Morris, S., Jankauski, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Buzzing Frequency Influences Pollen Release in Buzz-Pollinated Poricidal Anthers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell division dynamics generate heterogeneous contact-mediated signaling outputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733180v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact mediated cell-cell communication where direct physical contact between adjacent ligand cells and receptor cells trigger signal output is important during growth, development and regeneration of organisms. While the molecular machinery underlying contact mediated cell signaling is well explored, how the local spatial context of cells affect cell-cell contact mediated gene expression is not clear. Here, we present a vertex-based computational model to study spatial and temporal behavior of contact mediated signal output (which we refer to as output) in growing cell collectives. We consider cell-cell contact length dependent output synthesis and output degradation in receptor cells together with cell division to understand how dynamics at the scale of single cells lead to heterogeneous signal output. By tracking single receptor cells over time in growing cell collectives in silico, we show that cell growth and division lead to continuous and dynamic rearrangement of cell-cell contact between receptor and ligand cells which in turn affect the output levels. Our model predicts that the orientation of cell division plays a key role in the heterogeneity of signal output. We elucidate the link between cell mechanical properties that control cell shape, growth, and division, with signal output in receptor cells during contact mediated signaling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Dawson, J. E., Malmi-Kakkada, A. N. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.18.733180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell division dynamics generate heterogeneous contact-mediated signaling outputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical tension expands the microtubule lattice stepwise and modulates kinesin-1 binding in an isoform-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732986v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has shown that the microtubule lattice possesses remarkable structural plasticity, with its conformation modulated by microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins. However, how this plasticity responds to mechanical forces remains poorly understood. Here, we developed optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy assays to measure the effect of tensile forces on single microtubules. Quantum dot decoration enabled nanometre-precision measurement of lattice distortions of ~0.33% under a change of mean tensile force <DF> = 10.6 pN, within the range of Fmin = 1.29 pN to Fmax = 22.3 pN - comparable to forces from one to three kinesin-1 motors. Within this force range, the binding rate of kinesin-1 isoform KIF5B decreased reversibly within seconds by ~20% and the dissociation rate increased by ~10%, reducing mean run length, that in extreme cases decreased by up to 46%. Substantial heterogeneity was also observed along individual microtubules, where distinct lattice regions responded differently to applied force, implying that lattice expansion is not always uniform. Consistent heterogeneity was observed in cells, where MAPs with competing conformational preferences assembled in non-overlapping patches along the same microtubule. A cooperatively-switching lattice Ising model based on tubulin conformational bistability, supported by dynamics simulations, quantitatively reproduces these observations with a critical switching force Fc = 8.5 pN, similar to established mechanosensory proteins such as talin and E-catenin. Strikingly, no significant effects were observed for KIF5C, revealing a kinesin isoform-dependent mechanoresponse. Together, these findings establish microtubules as mechanochemical signal transducers, converting mechanical forces into biochemical signals with the speed, spatial precision and sensitivity required for rapid cellular responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Lurz, Y., Fischer, B. S. J., Mishra, J., Muras, L., Schaeffer, E., Ostap, E. M., Mohd Rafiq, N., Kulic, I., Pyrpassopoulos, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical tension expands the microtubule lattice stepwise and modulates kinesin-1 binding in an isoform-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell imaging of enhancer-promoter dynamics reveals transient contact-driven gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733446v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are key regulators of mammalian gene expression, yet how they interact with promoters in space (contact vs. action-at-a-distance) and in time (transient vs. stable) remains poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that enhancers can activate promoters across distances exceeding 200 nanometers, challenging classical contact models, but limited spatiotemporal resolution has obscured the mechanistic details of enhancer-promoter (E-P) interactions and their link to transcription. Here, we engineered a synthetic biology platform optimized for the simultaneous visualization of E-P 3D distance and nascent transcription using super-resolution live-cell imaging. By applying five complementary approaches integrating imaging, 3D genomics, and gene expression data across cell lines, we estimate that transcriptional activation is mediated by approximately 25-42 nanometer contacts on the seconds timescale. Our results support a transient contact mechanism for E-P-mediated gene activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Yang, J. H., Pinholt, H. D., Toppen, J., Huseyin, M. K., Jusuf, J. M., Katsifis, C. C., Kaestel-Hansen, J., Mirny, L. A., Zechner, C., Hansen, A. S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.21.733446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell imaging of enhancer-promoter dynamics reveals transient contact-driven gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Checkpoint for Cell Division in Three-Dimensional Microenvironments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732593v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell division within mechanically confining extracellular matrices (ECMs) is a key regulator of tissue morphogenesis and cancer progression. Although the intracellular force generation mechanisms that drive volumetric growth and mitotic elongation are well characterized, how ECMs resist these forces remains poorly understood. Unlike linearly elastic materials, fibrillar ECMs exhibit nonlinear and viscoelastic behaviors that fundamentally alter how they oppose cell generated stresses. Using a fiber level computational model, we dissected the origins of ECM mediated mechanical confinement during mitosis. We identified three distinct modes of resistance: compressive resistance at the cell poles, shear resistance from a pericellular shell, and tensile resistance at the cell equator. The relative contributions of these modes depended on fiber architecture and connectivity; however, shear resistance from the pericellular shell, which was pre-tensed by volumetric growth during G1, consistently dominated as the primary mechanical barrier to mitotic elongation. These findings suggest that the pericellular shell functions as a natural mechanical checkpoint on cell division within collagen rich microenvironments. Notably, a finite element continuum model, despite being the most widely used framework for tissue mechanics, failed to reproduce these behaviors, underscoring the necessity of fiber resolution approaches. We propose that overcoming this mechanical checkpoint is a critical step in cancer progression, enabling cells to divide within the dense stromal matrices characteristic of metastatic tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Rabbi, M. F., Yim, D., Boyd, M., Nam, S., Chaudhuri, O., Kim, T. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Checkpoint for Cell Division in Three-Dimensional Microenvironments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.733030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Intelligence Models for Classifying Wrist Ligament Injuries Using Synthetically-Generated Joint Proximity Maps from Finite Element Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.733030v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/Purpose: Diagnosing wrist ligament injuries is challenging; early detection and treatment are important to prevent osteoarthritis progression. Interosseous proximity maps, a proxy measure for joint space, can be generated from volumetric imaging data and may provide important information about wrist health. Artificial intelligence (AI) could enhance accuracy of noninvasive diagnosis based on imaging-derived metrics. This work demonstrates feasibility of AI training using synthetic proximity map data generated from finite element models (FEMs). Methods: Personalized wrist FEMs for two asymptomatic participants were created from four-dimensional computed tomography-derived anatomic and kinematic data. Monte Carlo sampling varied 22 ligament material properties and simulated 7,500 unique injury scenarios generating 9,000,000 labeled red, green, and blue (RGB) images of interosseous proximity vector fields from FEM-derived motions. Images were associated with 17 descriptive metrics, including gross wrist angles and bone surface pairs, and used to develop mixed-input convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Model performance was evaluated for identifying specific ligament injuries. Results: Average area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for CNNs was 0.757 across all injury types and kinematics. In a subset with clinically-relevant functional angles, the average AUROC was 0.824. Best-performing individual ligament AUROCs ranged from 0.807 to 0.999. Sensitivities and specificities exceeded 0.99 for some ligament injury simulations under specific wrist angles and bone surface pairs. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using synthetic data from FEMs to train AI models for classifying wrist ligament injuries. Proximity-based RGB images may be a relevant biomarker of ligamentous injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Chen, H.-Y., Camp, J., Trentadue, T. P., Thoreson, A. R., Leng, S., Holmes, D. R., Kakar, S., An, K.-N., Zhao, K. D., Andreassen, T. E. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.733030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence Models for Classifying Wrist Ligament Injuries Using Synthetically-Generated Joint Proximity Maps from Finite Element Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending the osmophobic effect to protein side chains with a unified transfer model across osmolyte classes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732849v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the role of the protein backbone and side chains on cosolvent-induced stabilization is essential for a molecular picture of osmolyte action. The dominant view has been that protecting osmolytes stabilize proteins primarily through unfavorable interactions with the peptide backbone - the osmophobic effect - with side chains playing a minor or opposing role. By revisiting the decomposition of amino acid transfer free energies with proper account of the mutual shielding between backbone and side-chain groups, we derive a transfer model that is consistent with experimental denaturation m-values for urea and protecting osmolytes simultaneously - a feat neither the established nor the previously proposed universal-backbone models could achieve alone. A mechanism-dependent interpretation of backbone accessibility is proposed: geometric for excluded cosolvents, complete for binders where cosolvent-backbone interactions are specific. The model reveals that for all strong protecting osmolytes, including TMAO, sarcosine, sucrose, trehalose, and sorbitol, both backbone and side chains contribute favorably to protein stabilization, with side-chain contributions comparable to or exceeding those of the backbone. For urea, the model recovers the known balanced backbone and side-chain contributions to denaturation when the directional nature of urea-backbone hydrogen bonding is accounted for, which makes the backbone accessible to urea regardless of side-chain shielding. Weaker protectants such as proline, betaine, and glycerol are distinguished by competing backbone and side-chain effects that partially cancel. These results extend the osmophobic effect to protein side chains and establish a three-tier classification of osmolyte action: cooperative backbone and side-chain stabilization, cooperative destabilization, and competing contributions. The greater sensitivity of the model predictions to side-chain composition provides avenues for experimental validation of the underlying physical assumptions and for protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Pereira, A. F., Araujo, J. O., Tarraga, W., Martinez, L. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending the osmophobic effect to protein side chains with a unified transfer model across osmolyte classes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing interactions between glutathione peroxidase 4 and phosphoinositides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732910v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is the primary enzyme reducing lipid hydroperoxides, preventing membrane oxidative damage and protecting against ferroptosis. GPx4 is known to engage with lipid headgroups through electrostatic interactions, positioning the substrate for reduction. This work reveals and characterizes binding of highly anionic phosphoinositides (PIP lipids) by GPx4. PIPs are vital lipids in human cells and are central to many signaling processes, particularly in cytosolic facing membranes. Lipid overlay assays confirm interactions between GPx4 and phosphorylated PIPs, comparable to known anionic lipid binders. Protein NMR describes the interaction between GPx4 and PIPs within micelles. The greatest resonance shifting occurs with trisphosphorylated PIP, suggesting that higher anionic charge leads to greater binding, a known driver of GPx4 substrate recognition. Preferred anionic interactions were also confirmed with titration and crystallographic structure analysis of inositol phosphate 4 (IP4). A headgroup-binding site on GPx4 is revealed to be proximal to the cationic membrane interaction site. In conjunction with molecular simulations, these results show that PIP lipid interactions allow full engagement of GPx4 with the membrane and positions the headgroup to allow the lipid tail to interact with the catalytic site. Understanding whether GPx4 preferentially interacts with PIPs will allow better understanding of the protective function of this essential enzyme and a mechanism that may protect essential lipid signaling pathways from oxidative damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Walters, S. H., Park, B., Labrecque, C. L., Musayev, F. N., Van Lehn, R. C., Fuglestad, B. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing interactions between glutathione peroxidase 4 and phosphoinositides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioBrain: A Multi-Agent Framework for Natural Language Driven Quantitative Microscopy Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732700v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in fluorescence microscopy have dramatically expanded the range of biological questions that can be addressed, enabling quantitative observations of molecular interactions and cellular dynamics with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. However, the growing complexity of imaging data has outpaced our ability to analyze them. Despite numerous computational methods exist, they often rely on specialized software environments, heterogeneous data formats, and technical expertise, limiting adoption and widening the gap between data acquisition and quantitative biological interpretation. Here we introduce BioBrain, a multi-agent framework that translates natural-language analytical goals into executable and reproducible microscopy analysis pipelines. Instead of generating analysis code, BioBrain assembles validated analytical methods and can expands its analytical capabilities by integrating existing laboratory scripts into a unified conversational framework. Every selected method and inferred parameter is transparently reported, ensuring traceable and reproducible analyses. On two-channel total internal reflection fluorescence and three-dimensional lattice light-sheet benchmarks, BioBrain exactly reproduces expert-derived results when parameters are specified and degrades predictably and traceably when they are not, while frontier language models generated large, model-dependent quantitative errors despite completing without warning. BioBrain offers a practical path for closing the widening gap between data acquisition and biological discovery, enabling experimental scientists to communicate with computational analysis in the language of biology rather than the language of software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Tsolakidis, K., Breuer, A., Bender, S. W. B., Margaritaki, S., Dreisler, M. W., Oikonomou, A., Hatzakis, N. S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioBrain: A Multi-Agent Framework for Natural Language Driven Quantitative Microscopy Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-sized droplet interfaces reorganize protein secondary structures through confinement-enhanced membrane interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.732854v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell membranes are recognized as regulators of protein organization, yet it remains unclear whether membrane-associated structural transitions arise from membrane-induced destabilization or from the reorganization of proteins already destabilized before membrane contact. Here, we address this question using cell-sized lipid-coated droplets. Native serum albumin and lysozyme showed little structural reorganization, whereas their thermally denatured forms underwent membrane-dependent {beta}-sheet formation. Denatured albumin exhibited progressively enhanced {beta}-sheet-rich organization with increasing protein--membrane attraction, whereas denatured lysozyme selectively formed a localized {beta}-sheet-rich shell at a complementary anionic membrane. Fluorescence recovery measurements revealed strong interfacial arrest in both systems. Together, these results show that membrane interfaces reorganize already destabilized proteins through electrostatic recruitment and that confinement amplifies this membrane effect. Our findings establish cell-sized droplet interfaces as active regulators of protein structural organization and provide a physical framework linking membrane confinement to amyloid-like structural transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Pal, A., Masuda, K., Yanagisawa, M. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.732854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-sized droplet interfaces reorganize protein secondary structures through confinement-enhanced membrane interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capillary bundling of microtubules by condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733462v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeleton organizes the cellular interior using cytoskeletal filaments that rely on bundling, usually executed by stable and ordered crosslinking proteins. Bundling often requires protein complexes with at least two defined microtubule binding regions, as present in many molecular motors. Here, we establish a mechanism of microtubule bundling based on capillary forces, analogous to how wet hair sticks together. We show using in vitro experiments and theory that condensates can bundle microtubules through capillary forces, wherein liquid-like capillary bridges form between microtubules and adhere them together through interfacial and wetting forces. We quantify the structure and dynamics of these capillary bundles using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, and directly measure the charge-dependent interfacial tensions of condensates on microtubules using atomic force microscopy. Lastly, we show that these capillary bridges provide viscous resistance to motor-driven microtubule sliding that is insensitive to the bulk protein concentration. Taken together, we provide a novel mechanism for how cytoskeletal filaments bundle: through condensate-mediated capillary forces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Gouveia, B., de Souza, J. P., Valdez, V., Shaevitz, J. W., Stone, H. A., Petry, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.19.733462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capillary bundling of microtubules by condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8-mediated organization of the TCR-pMHC interface shapes its force response and dissociation pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732622v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanical response of the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is fundamental to antigen recognition, but the atomic-scale mechanisms by which the CD8 coreceptor modulates the complex's conformational states and force-bearing behavior remain poorly understood. We employed all-atom molecular dynamics and steered molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-embedded TCR-pMHC and TCR-pMHC-CD8 complexes to characterize their dynamics and force-induced dissociation. Microsecond-long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that binding of CD8 to the MHC alpha3 domain applies restraints to the latter one, which leads the MHC alpha1 helix to stably bind against the TCR complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and suppressing the fluctuations of the antigenic peptide. Furthermore, under mechanical loading, the TCR-pMHC-CD8 system exhibits a distinct dissociation pathway compared to that of the TCR-pMHC complex, which may strengthen the mechanical stability of the binding of TCR-pMHC. Collectively, these findings unravel the molecular mechanisms of CD8-mediated synergistic stabilization and mechanical regulation of TCR-pMHC, providing new mechanistic insights into coreceptor-dependent T cell antigen recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Li, J., Li, Z. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8-mediated organization of the TCR-pMHC interface shapes its force response and dissociation pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vesicle Internalization Proceeds via a Morphological Phase Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732530v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vesicle internalization proceeds through a series of multivesicular topologies essential for endocytic transport and cellular compartmentalization. The energetic landscapes of related transitions, including vesicle budding and pearling, are known to be governed by the coupling of spontaneous curvature, leaflet area asymmetry, and reduced volume. However, the physical principles driving the structural transformation of hemifused intermediates remain unresolved. Using a continuum elastic model, we identify a morphological phase transition in hemifused invaginating vesicles, from an initial lens-like geometry to an elongated ``kettle'' geometry. This transition is discontinuous as long as the invaginating vesicle's reduced volume is below a critical threshold, but continuous otherwise. The kettle-like morphology is metastable across a broad range of leaflet area asymmetries, potentially enabling a hysteretic externalization pathway. Increasing either the spontaneous curvature of the shared outer leaflet or the size of the invaginating vesicle, alone or in tandem with the host vesicle, turns the kettle morphology into the global free energy minimum. Notably, simply scaling up the size of both vesicles does not eliminate the free energy barrier. This quantitative characterization provides a structural reference for identifying internalization intermediates witnessed in experimental imaging, and maps the morphological evolution of the internalization pathway across its physical parameter space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Schachter, I., Jungwirth, P., Harries, D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vesicle Internalization Proceeds via a Morphological Phase Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-Dependent Softening of Bacterial Model Membranes by Structurally Distinct Antimicrobial Peptides: A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733300v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) act at the membrane interface, where they remodel lipid packing defects and redistribute lateral stresses, yet a quantitative, dose-dependent understanding of how they alter membrane mechanical properties remains incomplete. We use coarse-grained MARTINI 3 molecular dynamics simulations to systematically characterize the mechanical and microstructural response of a 70:30 POPE:POPG bilayer to three AMPs spanning distinct structural classes: aedesin (alpha-helical, 2MMM), arenicin-1 (beta-hairpin, 2JSB), and indolicidin (disordered, 1G89). For each peptide we vary the surface loading from one to four peptides per leaflet and extract the bending modulus $K_c$, the area compressibility modulus $K_A$, peptide localization depth, bilayer thickness, peptide-lipid and peptide-peptide spatial organization, and leaflet-resolved lipid packing defect distributions. All three peptides soften $K_c$ monotonically with loading, but at per-peptide rates that span a threefold range and order systematically by structural class: $-1.39 pm 0.09$, $-0.66 pm 0.04$, and $-0.44 pm 0.01$ kbt per peptide for aedesin, arenicin-1, and indolicidin, respectively. The tilt and twist moduli remain invariant across all conditions, indicating that the perturbation operates selectively on long-wavelength collective deformation modes. $K_A$ softens for the two structured peptides but is statistically indistinguishable from the control for indolicidin, a dissociation we trace to a supraphosphate adsorption versus interfacial insertion dichotomy: structured peptides sit above the phosphate plane and act as supraphosphate wedges, while the disordered peptide threads into the interface without coherently displacing lipids. Independent geometric, spatial-organization, and microstructural observables corroborate this framework, with the deep versus shallow defect remodeling asymmetry providing a clean microstructural counterpart to the $K_c$--$K_A$ dichotomy. Acyl chain order parameters resolve the per-lipid splay from the bilayer-averaged response and show that the per-lipid perturbation tracks conformational state rather than peptide length: the two structured peptides impose comparable per-lipid chain disordering despite differing in length, while the disordered peptide imposes far less. These findings establish a quantitative connection between peptide-induced defect remodeling and the elastic response of the bilayer, and suggest a design principle in which conformational restriction maximizes the per-peptide membrane perturbation, motivating experimental tests on stapled-peptide AMP analogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Saiba, R., Baratam, K., Chakraborty, D., Vemparala, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.18.733300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-Dependent Softening of Bacterial Model Membranes by Structurally Distinct Antimicrobial Peptides: A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining reversible binding rates in 1D systems dependent on diffusion, density, and excluded volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.18.733157v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding reactions in effectively one-dimensional systems, such as proteins diffusing along DNA or other filaments, pose a fundamental coarse-graining challenge because stochastic trajectories are recurrent in one dimension and therefore do not admit a unique, separation-independent macroscopic association rate. As a result, continuum rate equations are not exact in 1D even for initially homogeneous systems. Here we develop a practical framework for mapping stochastic 1D reaction-diffusion dynamics onto effective kinetic models. Using mean-first-passage arguments and particle-based simulations, we define a density-dependent association rate and a corresponding single-rate approximation, and quantify when each provides an accurate description of the underlying stochastic dynamics. We implement 1D reaction-diffusion with excluded volume in the NERDSS software using a free-propagator reweighting algorithm and validate it against known pairwise and many-body limits. Our results show that ordinary rate equations with a single effective rate can accurately reproduce 1D reaction kinetics when the dimensionless parameter governing the ratio of intrinsic to diffusion-limited reactivity is small, with excellent agreement in the strongly rate-limited regime and increasing deviations as diffusion control strengthens. We further show that excluded volume in 1D can appreciably alter both kinetics and equilibrium populations, even at modest particle densities, by reducing accessible length and introducing blockade effects. Together, these results provide quantitative guidance for selecting between spatial simulations, density-dependent rate models, and single-rate continuum descriptions of reversible 1D binding reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Sang, M., Johnson, M. E. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.18.733157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining reversible binding rates in 1D systems dependent on diffusion, density, and excluded volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple routes to red-shifted chlorophyll d-based photosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732656v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina exhibit diverse far-red light-harvesting properties during chlorophyll d-based photosynthesis. Here, we show that differences in light absorption among A. marina strains arise exclusively from Photosystem I (PSI) and reflect variation in multiple low-energy chlorophyll states. Time-resolved fluorescence reveals different combinations of low-energy states among strains, generating a continuum of spectral phenotypes. Cryo-EM structures of PSI at ~1.8 angstrom resolution reveal similar low-energy states arising from distinct pigment environments, demonstrating that red-shifted absorption is not governed by a single conserved motif. Phylogenetic analyses show that spectral tuning evolved through modular variation and reassortment of PSI components. These results indicate that distinct pigment configurations can converge on similar low-energy states, extending light harvesting near the energetic limit of oxygenic photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Mehra, H. S., Magdaong, N. C. M., Flesher, D. A., Shen, G., Ulrich, N. J., Brininger, C. M., Niedzwiedzki, D. M., Miller, S. R., Gisriel, C. J. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple routes to red-shifted chlorophyll d-based photosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.20.733508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral RNAs as Dual Graphs: Extending the Motif Universe of RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.20.733508v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the evolving landscape of RNA research, the classification and analysis of RNA motifs is necessary to uncover the intricate mechanisms governing cellular and viral processes. Here we apply the coarse-grained RAG (RNA-As-Graphs) framework to advance the classification and understanding of RNA motifs, with a focus on expanding the RNA Motif Atlas through the inclusion of novel viral RNA structures. By analyzing 273 experimentally resolved viral RNA structures from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) using RAG dual-graph representations, we identify 14 previously uncatalogued viral RNA motifs. These motifs, which include tRNA mimicking domains, exoribonuclease-resistant domains, and internal ribosome entry sites, expand the diversity of RNA to a total number of 197 dual graph motifs. We applied k-means, PAM, and Ward clustering and observed substantial overlap between viral and general RNAs. The expanded library of RNA motifs and submotifs provides a resource for motif discovery and RNA design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Zbib, J., Schlick, T. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.20.733508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral RNAs as Dual Graphs: Extending the Motif Universe of RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.731580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-contact direct sensing of material properties of biomolecular condensate using Scanning Ionic Conductance Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.731580v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are important regulators of cellular compartmentalization and biochemical processes. Understanding their material properties is critical to elucidate how they control molecular organization and dynamics within cells. However, quantitatively probing these properties remains challenging due to the wide range of length scales, concentrations, and timescales over which condensates operate, as well as the limited force ranges accessible to current nanoscale mechanical mapping methods. We explored the use of a non-contact 3D imaging tool Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) for stiffness measurements of liquid-liquid phase-separated biomolecular condensates. We focus on the Dhh1 protein, which is a regulator of cytoplasmic processing bodies (PBs) membrane-less cytoplasmic condensates that control the storage and degradation of untranslated mRNA. In our study, we investigate the properties of mCherry2- or His-mCherry2- tagged full-length Dhh1 and N- or C-terminus tail-deletion constructs, as well as the catalytically inactive mutant DQAD, under different pH and incubation times. We mapped both spatial and temporal changes in the material properties of the condensates, highlighting the capabilities of the instrument. We found that the removal of either of the two tails led to an increase in condensate stiffness upon shifting the pH from a stress-associated cellular environment (pH 6.5) to physiological conditions (pH 7.5). Additionally, the choice of protein tags led to vastly different results depending on the pH where mCherry2-Dhh1 exhibited a stiffening going from pH 6.0 to 6.5 while the double-tagged His-mCherry2 did not. Our measurements are verified and corroborated by established techniques such as optical tweezer-based fusion assays and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Furthermore, we were able to track the same biomolecular condensate sample for up to 20 days getting insights on the ageing and evolution of the condensates. Overall, our study demonstrates the applicability of SICM for direct measurement of the material properties of biomolecular condensate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Miljkovic, H., Pang, K., Ayar Dulabi, Z., Fatti, E., Naidu, A. S., Shi, J., Penedo, M., Weis, K., Yang, W., Radenovic, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.731580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-contact direct sensing of material properties of biomolecular condensate using Scanning Ionic Conductance Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of mRNA by eIF4F in human translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.19.733470v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For the ribosome to load onto an mRNA during the early steps of translation initiation, the mRNA must be activated by the eIF4F complex. The mechanism of this activation step has remained elusive. Here we employ multi-perspective real-time single-molecule assays to observe directly mRNA-eIF4F binding near the 5' end, mRNA conformational remodeling, and 40S ribosomal subunit loading. eIFs 4E, 4G, and 4B play distinct roles in promoting eIF4F association and stabilizing eIF4A binding. Binding of eIF4F is the rate-limiting step in mRNA activation: once bound, mRNA conformation is rapidly extended in an ATP-dependent manner. The mRNA extended state is the necessary substrate for 43S PIC loading and perturbations to extension delay loading. Features of the mRNA, such as the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end and secondary structures, modulate these steps and regulate ribosome loading. Our results establish a kinetic and mechanistic framework for the early steps in translation initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Alvarado, C., Lapointe, C. P., Wang, J., Sokabe, M., Grosely, R., Dhepe, A., Stackhouse, C., Palo, M., Mamot, A., Jemielity, J., Fraser, C. S., Puglisi, J. D. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.19.733470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of mRNA by eIF4F in human translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Human mRNA Isoform Levels from Site-Specific Splicing Kinetics in silico 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732643v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Splicing of pre-mRNA can result in multiple possible mRNA isoforms per gene due to alternative splicing. The frequency at which individual isoforms occur depends on the intrinsic splicing kinetics of the pre-mRNA as well as intracellular chemical conditions. Computational modeling can potentially provide a platform to rapidly assess how variations in intracellular and environmental conditions, for example differential levels of regulatory splicing proteins, affect kinetics and resulting mRNA isoforms. Overcoming the vast combinatoric possibilities of splicing, however, has remained a significant challenge in modeling its kinetics. Here we report the development of a stochastic kinetic model of splicing that is extensible to most protein-coding genes in the human genome. Our model allows for variations in site-specific reaction rates as well as the ability to introduce additional splicing factors. We experimentally validate the predictive capability of our computational model by exploring the spliced isoform ratio of a target gene SRSF6 under normoxia and hypoxia. This work provides a resource for quantitative, computational analysis of pre-mRNA splicing, allowing for a rapid computational-experimental approach to assess biological hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Thornburg, Z. R., Song, Y. J., Yan, J., Prasanth, K. V., Bhargava, R. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Human mRNA Isoform Levels from Site-Specific Splicing Kinetics in silico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.732449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Bispecific Antibody Developability: Design Rules and Predictive Models from a 160-Member Library 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.732449v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific antibodies deliver functional outcomes that monospecific antibodies cannot, yet emergent self-association, polyreactivity, and aggregation often degrade their developability relative to their parental arms. Whether bispecific developability inherits from the parents or is driven by the format has not been tested at scale. We characterized 160 bispecific antibodies and their 65 parental arms on a uniform knobs-into-holes CrossMab IgG1 scaffold across 10 assays on the PROPHET-Ab high-throughput platform. Bispecific developability separates into three classes of inheritance. Hydrophobicity and surface charge inherit cleanly from the parents (Spearman {rho} {approx} 0.85 to 0.95), so parental-level screening predicts bispecific fate.

Self-association and polyreactivity inherit partially ({rho} {approx} 0.60 to 0.88), with mechanistically interpretable emergent outliers driven in part by Fv-Fv charge complementarity and a parental biophysical ceiling on the hydrophobicity (HIC) by surface-charge (HAC) plane. Thermostability is poorly predicted from parental antibodies ({rho} < 0.4), so it requires bispecific-level testing. The class framework yields actionable selection rules: triage hydrophobicity and charge at the parental level, avoid pairing two high-HIC x high-HAC arms, pair opposite-sign Fv charges to suppress self-association but re-validate at the formulation buffer, and measure thermostability on the bispecific itself. This work charts a tractable path from monospecific sequence to bispecific developability prediction.

SignificanceBispecific antibodies are a fast-growing therapeutic class, yet the rational design of well-behaving bispecific antibodies from validated monospecific antibody building blocks remains challenging. A key bottleneck is the lack of comprehensive, high-quality public datasets linking parental antibody developability properties to corresponding bispecific antibody developability properties. We address this gap by releasing a dataset comprising 160 bispecific antibodies and the 65 parental monospecific antibodies profiled in 10 developability assays. The data show that bispecific antibody developability is complex. Some properties are easily predictable from the parents, whereas others emerge in the bispecific format or from the bispecific format itself. The factors that govern each property can be identified empirically and used to make practical selection decisions. The mechanistic explanations and predictive models reported here establish a compact set of actionable rules. Together, they define a framework for using computational pipelines to convert monospecific antibodies into bispecific antibodies with drug-like developability properties, enabling faster and more effective generation of high-quality bispecific antibodies for diverse therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Ritter, S., Rand, L., Karthick, S., Bloomingdale, T., Smith, A., Ao, X., Pierre, Y., Harris, B., Moller, J., Bhatt, A., Bhatt, R., Schwartz, J., Grippo, L., Cohen, R., Borhani, D. W., Tessier, P. M., Arsiwala, A. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.732449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Bispecific Antibody Developability: Design Rules and Predictive Models from a 160-Member Library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.732501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concealed Conduction Vulnerability in Scn1b Haploinsufficiency Emerges with Osmotic Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.732501v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleSCN1B encodes the {beta}-subunits of the main cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel, NaV1.5. Variants are linked to cardiac conduction disease, often with concealed phenotypes. Whether {beta}1-subunits regulate conduction through nanoscale intercalated disc (ID) structures, e.g. perinexi, and ephaptic coupling remains unresolved.

ObjectiveTest whether Scn1b haploinsufficiency induces latent conduction abnormalities that are unmasked by perturbations in extracellular nanodomains.

Methods and ResultsAdult Scn1b+/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent multiscale phenotyping (qRT-PCR, Western blot, patch clamp, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ex vivo optical mapping, in vivo ECG). Scn1b+/- hearts showed [~]50% reductions in Scn1b mRNA and {beta}1 protein without changes in canonical conduction proteins. Peak sodium current, baseline conduction velocity ex vivo, and baseline QRS duration in vivo were unchanged. However, TEM revealed increased baseline perinexal width in Scn1b+/- hearts. Osmotic expansion of the perinexus with mannitol slowed conduction to a greater extent in Scn1b+/- hearts and prolonged QRS duration in vivo. In contrast, perinexal narrowing with dextran 2MDa selectively increased conduction velocity in Scn1b+/- hearts.

ConclusionsScn1b haploinsufficiency preserves baseline excitability and conduction but structurally remodels the ID at the nanoscale, increasing sensitivity to extracellular nanodomain perturbations. These data support a structural role for {beta}1-subunits in ephaptic coupling, and that conduction is maintained over a range of perinexal widths with pathological conduction slowing occurring beyond a critical width. Importantly, osmotic stress unmasks a concealed conduction phenotype, identifying extracellular nanodomain stability as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate arrhythmia risk in SCN1B-associated disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Maisonneuve, R., Bain, C. B., Dennison, C., Warren, M. D., Gourdie, R. G., Hoeker, G. S., Poelzing, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.732501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concealed Conduction Vulnerability in Scn1b Haploinsufficiency Emerges with Osmotic Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.731174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent Tissue Rheology in a 3D Mechanically Adaptive Viscoelastic Cell Network Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.15.731174v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a 3D mechanically adaptive viscoelastic cell-network model that links single-cell interactions to emergent tissue rheology. Unlike existing continuum or cell-based models, viscoelasticity is embedded within discrete, mechanically adaptive intercellular connections, allowing tissue-scale rheology and phenomena such as swirling and jamming to arise from single-cell behaviors and connection remodeling. The framework is motivated by recent advances in three-dimensional imaging and structural analysis that resolve single-cell behaviors within aggregates. It is validated against two gold-standard bulk assays performed on spherical aggregates: micropipette aspiration and Hertzian plate compression. Under aspiration, the model demonstrates a transition from elastic deformation to viscous creep governed by localized packing and emergent jamming at the aspirated neck, accompanied by increased mechanically adaptive remodeling. Under compression, core rheology determines deformation mode: liquid-like aggregates exhibit enhanced swirling, consistent with experimental observations, whereas solid-like aggregates exhibit affine, Poisson-like deformation. These results bridge cell-scale dynamics and quantifiable tissue rheology including elastic modulus and vicosity, providing a framework to interpret emerging 3D measurements of multicellular mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Kidambi, V., Tomizawa, Y., Hoshino, K. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.731174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent Tissue Rheology in a 3D Mechanically Adaptive Viscoelastic Cell Network Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.733002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Siphoviridae phage tails co-enrich with ex vivo amyloids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.17.733002v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in the environment and are part of the natural human microbiome. Despite their abundance, the role of the human phagome in health and disease remains poorly understood. Here, we identify phage tails in ex vivo amyloid extracts from patients with lysozyme amyloidosis (ALys) and light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Using cryo-EM analysis of the ALys dataset, automated model building, and database searches, we assigned the observed tubular assemblies to a phage tail tube protein (TTP). Although we cannot fully rule out the possibility of contamination, the presence of phage tails raises the question of whether they bind to and are co-purified with amyloid fibrils. These structures may provide further insight into the potential relationship between phage-derived assemblies and amyloid remodeling, with possible implications for future therapeutic strategies in human amyloidosis.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=152 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/733002v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Schaefer, J.-H., O'Neill, R. T., Grotjahn, D. A., Powers, E. T., Lander, G. C., Kelly, J. W. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.733002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Siphoviridae phage tails co-enrich with ex vivo amyloids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target DNA-Mediated Plasmonic Coupling and Assembly Kinetics of Gold Nanorods for Label-Free Nucleic Acid Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732610v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-programmed assembly of plasmonic nanostructures provides a powerful route to couple molecular recognition with optical signal generation. Here, we report the sequence-specific assembly of DNA-functionalized gold nanorods using a sesame allergen-derived DNA biomarker as a molecular bridge. Target-induced assembly produces concentration-dependent assembly growth, plasmon coupling, and distinct assembly kinetics that are readily monitored by absorption spectroscopy, enabling label-free detection of the target DNA in the nanomolar concentration range. The assembled nanorods further produce strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals arising from plasmonic coupling within the assemblies, extending detection to the picomolar regime without the use of Raman reporters. Quantitative analysis reveals that both the extent and rate of assembly formation are governed by target DNA concentration. These results establish a direct relationship between molecular recognition, assembly growth, plasmonic coupling, and spectroscopic response, highlighting DNA-programmed gold nanorod assembly as a versatile platform for investigating hybridization-driven plasmonic self-assembly and nucleic acid detection.

Table of Content

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/732610v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14c6732org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10b3585org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e6df82org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15bfd67_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Sharma, S., Singh, A. P., Pradhan, S., Goel, M., Gupta, N., Patra, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target DNA-Mediated Plasmonic Coupling and Assembly Kinetics of Gold Nanorods for Label-Free Nucleic Acid Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the Structural and Functional role of α,β-unsaturated Ketoesters as Anti-Staphylococcal Agents Targeting Glutathione Peroxidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.16.732695v1?rss=1
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains (like methicillin-resistant S. aureus or MRSA) uses an arsenal of antioxidant enzymes to mitigate host-induced oxidative stress. Among them the non-canonical Staphylococcal glutathione peroxidase (SaGpx) plays a crucial role in bacterial redox homeostasis by reducing peroxides via thioredoxin-dependent pathways. Thus, enabling oxidative stress mitigation during host infection. Despite its importance in S. aureus, its role in bacterial pathogenesis remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the possible role of SaGpx in Staphylococcal virulence. First, we determined the high-resolution crystal structure of SaGpx (at 1.65 [A] resolution) using X-ray crystallography. Guided by the catalytic cleft architecture of SaGpx, small-molecule based inhibitors were then rationally designed and synthesized. These inhibitors exhibited good binding affinity to SaGpx and complete enzymatic blockade. These inhibitors exhibited potent anti-S. aureus activity (MICs 6.25-31.25 M) along with no cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblast wound-healing assays. Furthermore, the in vivo antibacterial ability of these inhibitors was evaluated using S. aureus-infected skin wound mouse model, where these compounds show potent antibacterial and wound healing ability supported by subsequent histological as well as immunohistochemical analysis. These findings suggest SaGpx as a possible virulence determinant in S. aureus and position these synthesized inhibitors as promising antivirulence therapeutics.

HighlightsO_LIThe high-resolution crystal structure of Staphylococcal glutathione peroxidase is solved.
C_LIO_LIBased on the SaGpx catalytic site, ,{beta}-unsaturated ketoesters derivatives are synthesized.
C_LIO_LISynthesized ,{beta}-unsaturated ketoesters derivatives inhibit SaGpx activity and binds the protein at M range.
C_LIO_LISynthesized ,{beta}-unsaturated ketoesters derivatives show in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus at low M range.
C_LIO_LISynthesized ,{beta}-unsaturated ketoesters derivatives show in vivo antibacterial and wound healing ability S. aureus-infected skin wound mouse model.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[ Maji, S., Dam, S., Kumari, A., Sharma, H., Sharma, N., Rana, N. K., Samadder, A., Bhattacharyya, S. ]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.732695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the Structural and Functional role of α,β-unsaturated Ketoesters as Anti-Staphylococcal Agents Targeting Glutathione Peroxidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
